The Native American who fought to be Black in 1938

[@nytn]

What do you think about the outcome of this court case and the interpretation of "African descent"? Let me know your thoughts! ⚪ Save YOUR family history with my "Be a Good Ancestor" course. Grab yours now at www.nytonashville.com and embark on a transformative journey of preserving your family's history! 🟢Send me a coffee!: ko-fi.com/nytn13#linkModal ⚪Support more storytelling and get behind the scenes videos: click the "Join" button. 🟢Watch the docu-series "Finding Lola" : kzbin.info/aero/PLvzaW1c7S5hQcox9CjaJWA7QKTYXw9Zn2 ⚪Want to connect? facebook.com/findinglolafilm/ 🟢Grab your own Ancestry DNA test now*! : amzn.to/3UxGKJx

[@chrisnyasia7]

Well, what's the difference between hyperdecent vs. hypodecent? It's all freaking hypocrisy...

[@tyronleung5276]

The 1828 websters definition of American says that originally applied to the aboriginal or copper colored races native to america and must now apply to the european and must forever exahualt the pride of patriotism, negroes on slave ads says they're copper colored so what does that tell you about the negro? Also the Bureau of American ethnology says the blood of the southern negro is unquestionably indian.

[@chrisnyasia7]

The 1990-2001 human genome project, and subsequent projects afterward have thoroughly unlocked the mysteries of the human genome. It clearly indicates, without controversy that humanity is an African species-- the less than 10% that migrated out from Africa, migrated out and introgressed/interbred with sub-humans (neanderthal & denisovan) to become the rest of the world's current population. Again, it's Peer reviewed and accepted without controversy. It is the most dominant (not recessive) gene insofar as phenotypes like skin pigmentation is concerned. You are in denial in accepting Elitist America's extreme wanting to be disassociated with all things African. An entire 1900s eugenics movement was created toward this end... Based on the racist intellectual pseudo scientific legacies of carl Linnaeus, Kant, Voltaire, Blumenbach, Charles Darwin, Francics Galton, Gobineau, et al., the Enlightenment age thinking has justified conqerings and colonizations all over the world, and with it came all their racist hierarchical bs. We are living in the throes of that... What so confusing about understanding this??

[@tyronleung5276]

@@chrisnyasia7 the out of africa theory is just a theory and the genome project recieved evidence that debunks and challenges the out of africa theory and brings forth a multi regional explanation of humanites origin via Albert perry's haplogroup A, american indian Australian and melanesid dna being older and unrelated to the out of africa theory. Native americans claim they're not out of africa theory or bering straight asian migrants declaring themselves as their own race sepreate from the out of africa ape theory, There's blood types that don't originate in africa such as o positive and o negative and there's findings within black Americans like Lena Waithe and Ruth simmions for example mitochondrial dna who doesn't trace back to africa and the australoid melanesid phenotype is the y chromosome father and mitochondrial mother of the american indian race that produced the mongoloid asiatic and the south asian negrito and khoi khoi san bushmen african capoid hotentot.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

@@tyronleung5276 You are West African for life, not a Native American Aboriginal 4 Life, there is no such thing.

[@corvinvasquez6695]

Telling a Native American that he’s not American is ridiculous

[@coolslimm5105]

No it’s not

[@tedfebo1741]

​@@coolslimm5105it's actually delusional

[@coolslimm5105]

@@tedfebo1741 how so

[@theflaggedyoutuberii4311]

It isn't America was created by the white European not the natives before the Europeans, the natives didn't call this land America.

[@siewheilou399]

But starting from what year the Native Americans are citizens as long as they are born in the USA?

[@earltaylor6071]

IT IS NOT PERPLEXING WHEN YOU ARE DEALING WITH HATE AND STUPIDITY.

[@tyronleung5276]

Not just that whie supremacy wanted to remove negroes out of indianess to emigrate to a black ethnostate in liberia sierra leone africa and lay claim to america being a white ethnostate

[@HonestLeighSpeaking]

I think that (in the name of trying not to be biased or be seen as prejudice), we have forgotten some of the presuppositions about the creation of the construct of race itself… It was to create a protected class (and in most cases at all cost). This means that at times we have to define logic… Such is the case with Cruz. His denial of citizenship could have been to set a precedent that would have kept white as dominant and not allowed the American Negro, and the first nations/native American to unite legally. The creation of race is all about protecting a particular group of people that we label as, “White“ while keeping a permanent bottom class that we called, “black”… And the most wicked part is that we make people who don’t fit in either category argue to be in one or the other. Wickedness. .

[@pattiamoh1136]

Not to hidden I have heard of most of the articles

[@keeshabrown7353]

@HonestLeighSpeaking I totally agree with your post! The one-drop rule is not legally in effect anymore. But socially, yes - sometimes. One person may consider you belonging to 1 category simply because someone who fits their definition of that category exists in your lineage. And that's that person's belief - whether we agree or not. Plus, there are those who simply live to argue 😂 But legally, no. America and its de jure vs. de facto systems and practices are crazy, sporadic, and self- serving. That's me putting it mildly. Legally, I am American. With a legal background, concentrating my law school studies in public interest and criminal justice. So I took advantage of every class that explored how throughout U.S. history laws and systems were created to classify and exploit the "have-nots" for the sustainability and benefit of the "favorable" categories of persons. Basically, a legal caste system without calling it a such. Actually read it in case law! 😳 Truth is, some things are no longer legal in the sense that it's not LAW, but is so ingrained in the fabric of society, that it remains in effect in PRACTICE. Anywho, these laws, rules and regulations we explored gave for much interesting and in-depth classroom discussion and a much wider perspective than the "American" powers that be teach and promulgate to mainstream society. But, for the sake of my sanity and precious peace of mind, I digress 😅😆✌🏽🕊

[@cbbcbb6803]

This is American history. This is the history of all Americans.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

Native Americans were not U.S. Citizens until 1924 when the Indian Citizenship Act was passed, and Black ancestry was left for federal judges and government officials who manage immigration/citizenship to decide who is Black or Black enough. The guy who you mentioned (what was his name?), was looked at as a Native American who had no U.S. Citizenship rights, Natives were viewed as Tribal Nation Citizens, and if they weren't enrolled or had documented lineal descent of any Tribe, they weren't seen as citizens of any Nation.

[@iversonwhite1]

Why did native americans have to apply for citizenship?

[@tyronleung5276]

Native americans are white people from the know nothing party

[@ivyd5485]

That’s the question that eluded me in this vid as well

[@brawndothethirstmutilator9848]

Because the Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded Native Americans from US citizenship.

[@advocateforyourself]

I always wondered that because it was their land to begin with.

[@brawndothethirstmutilator9848]

@davruck1, The classification then was “Indian”. If you can’t understand people using modern category labels when referring to the past you should go get a spotter to monitor your comments when you KZbin.

[@gazoontight]

The absolutely twisted logic and mental gymnastics that some of these court judges use is literally incredible in every sense of the word. People were not African enough, not white enough, not whatever enough. It’s crazy. Absolutely crazy.

[@tyronleung5276]

You should see the mental gymnastics these republican or democratic elderly boule shill gatekeepers with these fake conscious fake woke afrocentric pan african hotep black identity extremist, these mognolcentric anti black racist native americans who hoard info and steal their straw mans and internet meme culture from alt right white supremacist egyptology forums, and these white supremacist eurocentrist, do to hide negroes american indianess forcing a wakandanized zamundanized african misappropriation on to people. 1) Hiding the Genealogy of white slave owners convincing the public to be disinterested in deep diving their family tree the mornons and government have hoarded in their records, the u.s. government in both political parties refusal to pay slavery and jim crow restitution, cash reparations debt, and genealogical Repatriation to an american indian tribe for the negro. 2) using all types of browbeatting excuses like freedmanizing negroes indian blood regurgitating 5 civilized tribe honorary aryan model minority victimization Olympics of alleged indians owning africans when there were black slavers in 1790 throught 1860s, pseudo scientific dna haplogroup grift eugenics babble. 3) curriculum censorship revisionist historical cherry picked half truth, and the free masonic cover up behind the scenes in books like tigers of Tammany, playing indian, and negro with a hat marcus garvey auto biography, daughters of the confederacy, jack d forbes africans and native americans etc.

[@hitmusicworldwide]

​@@davruck1The same way that white people and European people are two different things.

[@stacyfrederick9183]

Not only that; but what that judge did and the opinion he wrote was in my opinion unconstitutional! He should have been disbarred. We have a curious system in this here United States where we don't strike old laws down that MO longer serve us at any level; let alone at a national level. We just write new laws over top of the older ones hoping they will nullify the old ones. So bad old laws are still technically "on the books". It makes for funny human interest stories but it is actually no laughing matter. So you have all these ridiculous contradictions. Enough to make you want to claim asylum in your own country and fly the flag upside down and backwards at half mast as the international sign of distress. Kids, there really are unicorns out there; they are just called moderate Republicans, independent voters and Constitutionalists! You know what a Social Security card represents? Do you? All citizens are little living bond issues to pay the national debt! Stick that in your ear and smoke it!

[@nytn]

@@davruck1 In this context, he had African heritage, whether or not he was "black" was not a legal issue in regards to this case. Or it should not have been...

[@findingbeautyinthepain8965]

@@hitmusicworldwide Iceland and Greenland definitely aren't part of Europe. Sweden, Norway, Finland, (South) Ireland, Wales, and Scotland are considered part of Europe, but they are technically islands. There are a lot of white people in Northern Africa, who’s ancestors have been there for hundreds of years. There are even white people who have been in South America for generations. Not all white people are European. All white people descended from Europe. But all white people descended from Africa before that.

[@JustFluffyQuiltingYarnCrafts]

These criteria for citizenship/naturalization/etc. seem to flip from vague to specific on a whim. I am sure there are enough of these stories to provide almost daily content. I know that it takes days and sometimes weeks to compile this information since there is no single repository of data. Additionally, some stories are hidden or shielded in the hopes that the researcher will hit a wall a give up. You are doing an impressive job of hopping over those "walls" to find the details of these stories and weeding through the real truth and the public truth. Thank you. ❤

[@thinkbeforeyoutype7106]

Great reporting as always

[@nytn]

thanks so much

[@fiendssanctuary]

If anything it shows how much the so called Justice system is flawed and why we the people need to know the law in order to uphold the system of law. It also shows how they use words to get the outcomes that they want.

[@jeromewomack2496]

Question, is this "one drop rule" still in effect today? What books would you recommend pertaining to this subject?

[@johnnyearp52]

No, I don't think so. But I could be wrong. It doesn't benefit rich white people as much anymore.

[@keeshabrown7353]

I don't think it is legally in effect anymore. But socially, yes - sometimes. One person may consider you belonging to 1 category simply because someone who fits their definition of that category exists in your lineage. But legally, no. America and its de jure vs. de facto systems and practices are crazy, sporadic, and self- serving. That's me putting it mildly. Legally, I am American. With a legal background, concentrating my law school studies in public interest and criminal justice. So I took advantage of every class that explored how throughout U.S. history laws and systems were created to classify and exploit the "have-nots" for the sustainability and benefit of the "favorable" categories of persons. Basically, a legal caste system without calling it a such. Actually read it in case law! 😳 Truth is, some things are no longer legal in the sense that it's not LAW, but is so ingrained in the fabric of society, that it remains in effect in PRACTICE. Anywho, these laws, rules and regulations we explored gave for much interesting and in-depth classroom discussion and a much wider perspective than the "American" powers that be teach and promulgate to mainstream society. But, for the sake of my sanity and precious peace of mind, I digress 😅😆✌🏽🕊

[@sr2291]

​@@johnnyearp52It is socially in some areas.

[@johnnyearp52]

@@sr2291 Probably so.

[@QLivin]

Almost feels like it is. You have people who are biracial that just identify as Black but you don't see that so much with other races.

[@clementmckenzie7041]

This is an odd case, In the United States Native ancestry trumps African ancestry due to land rights. In many parts of the U.S. natives did not have land rights, but African Americans did. So any native ancestry was enough to dispossess you of your land. I often Bring up the case of Leana Horns Father who lived as a black man despite having no black ancestry. His Father was white and his mother was Native American. They registered his birth as colored so that he could inherit his father's land and he moved into the light-skinned black community. Where he stayed for the rest of his life. A judge bucking the one-drop rule prior to 1967 is amazing to me. I am going to research the particulars of this case. As I said previously people didn't go to court to be declared black. It was too easy and identity to assume unchallenged.

[@TheHoodVoice2024]

Which is proof some Indians were so called black passing

[@tyronleung5276]

The 1828 websters definition of American says that originally applied to the aboriginal or copper colored races native to america and must now applied to the european and must forever exahualt the pride of patriotism negroes on slave ads says they're copper colored so what does that tell you about the negro? Also the Bureau of American ethnology says the blood of the southern negro is unquestionably indian.

[@brawndothethirstmutilator9848]

This appears to be an example of someone petitioning the court to be declared “black”. Guess you can’t keep making the statement that no one ever did it.

[@digitalassetlucky]

amazing video as always, you touch on such interesting topics, and you do so effectively. Thanks for your work

[@nytn]

that really made my day. thanks:)

[@neksraven]

My Great-Great Grandmother "Became Black" to be able to keep her children and have Citizenship rights - She was 107 years old when I last saw her in 1976. So she was born roughly 1869... My uncles asked her why she became Black - She said Indian people had no power. Black people had power.

[@hitmusicworldwide]

Native Americans were originally recognized as being sovereign citizens of their own separate nations, remember Native Nations have treaty relations with the United States. Treaty relations only occur between nations, not between ethnic groups and races of people. Native Americans were made citizens after 19 24. On June 2, 1924, Congress enacted the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. The right to vote, however, was governed by state law; until 1957, some states barred Native Americans from voting."

[@engineerjac]

💯 % correct thank for answering this question correctly.

[@jessecortez9449]

The term, sovereign citizen, is an oxymoron. If a man were sovereign he wouldn't be a citizen and vice versa. A sovereign rules over himself and typically rules over others. A citizen is granted privileges by a specific location (city, state, nation) but concedes a level of autonomy for these privileges hence not sovereign. The right to vote actually resulted in Natives conceding a level of autonomy since voting implies that another person has authority of ones life to a level because otherwise they would he unfit to govern themselves in specific situations. Before the Indian Citizenship Act, they would have been classified as aliens, in legal terms, despite them living on the land for generations. That status would have served them better if the legal fiction trickery wasn't so manipulative and counted on them being ignorant of the entire system. Notice how many Indigenous people use terms such as Nation rather than Tribe. You'll hear Navajo Nation or First Peoples Nation and so on and mostly hear Tribe when referring to the history of the people. Claiming Nation status is an effort to use the legal system against itself. The U.S. government can easily use the legal system on citizens of it's Nation but it a whole other challenge to try and use that legal system on people of another Nation despite that Nation occupying the exact same land mass.

[@bucktooth002]

I wanted to be Native American & got reclassify from White to now other. Majority of my DNA is Native American @%50.

[@brachiator1]

Fascinating story. It underscores how ridiculous racial classifications have been. And this case seems to violate previous precedents.

[@tyronleung5276]

The 1828 websters definition of American says that originally applied to the aboriginal or copper colored races native to america and must now applied to the european and must forever exahualt the pride of patriotism negroes on slave ads says they're copper colored so what does that tell you about the negro? Also the Bureau of American ethnology says the blood of the southern negro is unquestionably indian.

[@keeshabrown7353]

Yes. Including the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act. Clear legal precedent that the judge seemed to purposely not even address. Makes me want to find the actual case and read the opinion to see if the judge even acknowledge the law existed. My gut says if acknowledged, it's applicability was disregarded with the argument, "Well, can Mr. Cruz actually prove his Indian/Native ancestry, or was it purely speculation on the part of him and his parents?" 🤦🏽‍♀️ Have mercy!

[@keeshabrown7353]

OK so I just read the case. Not even 1 mention of the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act. Hadn't been repealed or overturned, so clear & applicable precedent was just completely disregarded! Gotta love America 🤦🏽‍♀️I don't hate it, but I don't love it or romanticize it either

[@rachelann9362]

Unfortunately, This STILL happens. There was a viral video out west of a “Karen” screaming at a darker skinned woman in a convenience store for reasons I can’t remember. The Karen eventually screamed “You’re in AMERICA, GO BACK to where you belong!” The victim looked at her with a you got to be kidding me. She yelled back “How about YOU go back to where YOU belong. MY PEOPLE have been here for THOUSANDS of years!” The victim was Native American, and she looked it. I think the lady thought she was Mexican. I forget what tribe she belonged to, but they were historically in the region where this even happened. It’s not as blatantly done, but it’s still there. I’m in Virginia now, and there’s tribes that have only JUST been federally recognized. There’s a few others just in my county that are still fighting. And they were related to the tribe that helped Jamestown! My hairdresser is legit related to Pochantos. Some look more NA than others. It also turns out I have relatives that came into the colony of Jamestown, and some of the ones further north in VA. I live in WALKING DISTANCE from some of my relatives, heck a road is named after one of them. It hurts me knowing my people very likely caused the deaths of the Native Americans, especially the people I live among now. It’s also possible I’m related to some.. I haven’t dug down that deep into ancestors stories, but it’s possible. I also have family that came into Mass Colonies in the 1600s and 1700s, and they contributed too. It’s hurtful that Native Americans that were ALREADY HERE for literally THOUSANDS OF YEARS are still told they don’t exist, even though there’s documentation of the tribe. They’ve been split up, told to not speak their language or do anything that isn’t America . They are subjected to murders that go unsolved, poverty. And even when we do recognize them, there’s mass shootings to get them off of their land that turned out to be on top of an oil field, kicked off there lands, money stolen from them a couple hundred years. That money stolen some of it was recently in the Supreme Court, and a HECK of a lot of money was given out. As a descendant of some of the original Europeans that came to North American, I am saddened by what we did and what we continuously do.

[@pete6300]

@10:30. I disagree with this argument. I don't agree with the birthright citizenship. Just because they are natives doesn't mean they are under the US government. There are specific laws and treatise separating natives from the US. They have their own governments and law enforcements. Part of the ability to operate as an independent nation means you aren't a US citizen.

[@-parttimeartist-7379]

That's why when she said she didn't research I knew it would an emotional hot take. It seems like this gentleman wanted off the reservation and was trying to take a shortcut

[@pete6300]

@-parttimeartist-7379 to be fair her position is the current position of the Supreme Court. It's why birth tourism is a thing. I'm willing to bet he had businesses and wanted to get around paying for trade agreements his tribe negotiatiaded. On top of that the American government at that time heavily taxed non citizens.

[@desalines]

The difference between a national and a citizen is slim. Nationals enjoy all the rights of citizenship except for voting. Not sure if they can hold public office. Puerto Ricans and USVIs are nationals but not citizens. Native Americans are mostly nationals since some 1st nations tribes retained their autonomy.

[@pete6300]

@desalines Puerto Ricans are citizens. They have access to birt certificates and social security cards. Your right about the Virgin Islands, Samoa and Guam I think.

[@nytn]

Who put him on the reservation? 🙃

[@DonnyRamsoondar]

Bob Marley "One Drop" song comes to mind, It took me years to fully comprehend this concept (One Drop is a Musical term also, I comprehended the double meaning years after learning about DNA), It was explained to me by a friend in secondary school of African descent and in Law School by my lecturers. I am certain my Trinidadian Girl cousin's son who looks like me but is a product of multiple interracial marriages, that is, both Grand parents on each side and both Parents all being of different ethnicities would have a similar fate like Mr. Cruz.

[@msrenee7023]

ONE DROP RULE WAS A LIE AND WAS CREATED DURING SLAVERY BECAUSE THOSE WHITE PEOPLE THAT OWNED BLACK PEOPLE DIDNT WANT THEM TO GET THEIR PROPERTY AFTER THEY DIED

[@Pou1gie1]

@6:41 I can't believe this test tested for Basque lineage! I've never seen a test that tested for this. They usually lump them in as Iberian. I wonder what test this was.

[@shabakahouse2125]

So Upsetting

[@romecottrell6444]

This was very interesting video, there's things that I wasn't aware of concerning this topic. Thanks again 😀❤️.

[@nytn]

You are so welcome! It was new to me, too

[@tiktoksbytopic1897]

Incredible work. Keep going.

[@losangelesnefastvs]

Hey! What synths do you got back there?

[@nytn]

LOL. Too many. Those are a Behringer Poly D Polyphonic and a Wasp I think (Behringer, too).

[@YadinZedek777]

You make beautiful productions of these topics, I would love your video on Jews and the different types of Jews and the history of the US and the treatment of the Jews.

[@nytn]

Thats so kind of you. I do plan to do one on the Jews. I think it will have to be a multi part video though!

[@YadinZedek777]

@@nytn I thought you were going to say that, I can't wait to see the outcome.

[@jazzluver9749]

Fascinating into your point. The laws were defective and left to individual interpretation which flies in the face of having laws in the first place or having guiding principles. Why we feel it necessary to classify individuals by race in the first place is beyond me

[@johnnyearp52]

Slavery is why the USA started classifying people by race.

[@nicolefillie5785]

My mother did her ancestry DNA and found she was mainly African decent and Bangladeshian my fathers grandparents were from Italy but their true ethnicity is northern African and middle eastern, my fathers mother is from Lithuania and father from Italy when I found out about our true ethnicity i was shocked, because I thought we had Portuguese and native Indian people come up to me and try to talk to me in Spanish and I don’t speak it and I don’t have any Latino in my blood

[@Ramiel_Izreal]

Northern Africa touches the Iberian Peninsula, this would be your “true” Latino connection.

[@nicolefillie5785]

@@Ramiel_Izreal Algeria

[@nicolefillie5785]

@@Ramiel_Izreal my fathers grandparents migrated to Naples Italy from Mali and Cyprus near Turkey

[@saltwatertaffy7020]

Actually, the Italian is Latino because Italian is a Latin based language.

[@saltwatertaffy7020]

😮

[@tedfebo1741]

I remember going to buy CDs back in the day and seeing Native American and Hawaiian music under world music, when I brought that to the attention of the employees there, by the next week they changed it.

[@siewheilou399]

From what year the Native Americans who are born in the USA automatically have the citizenship of the USA?

[@Alfwholikescats]

what year was the court case ? Native Americans did not get official US citezship until 1924. Its crazy smh

[@nytn]

1938…..

[@tyronleung5276]

​@nytn Native American is not "American Indian." a native american is a European of the "know nothing party, pilgrim descended patriots of the Whig party, the bowery boys etc." declaring America to be a lilly white ethnostate, segregating emigrating and dick policing the negro out to lay claim a black ethnostate in africa. a "native american" not an indigenous inhabitant it's a "politically correct" term adopted by mongoloid phenotype american indians hating the label "Indian" thinking Columbus named America's inhabitants after a place called "bharat hindustan" when india as a country didnt exist until the 1940s. The 1828 websters definition of American says that "originally applied to the aboriginal or copper colored races native to america; and now applied to the european and must forever exahualt the pride of patriotism." There exists negroes on slave and runaway ads says negroes are copper colored brown so what does that tell you about the negro and the indian ? the Bureau of American ethnology states "the blood of the southern negro is unquestionably indian." You also have scientist that says the Australoid melanesid race being the father of american Indian race and the modern native american amerindians are bering straight Asian nomads or recent manilla galleon asians brought through angel island and mexico to replace the negro american indian phenotype.

[@vawa_82]

On the low, this case is actually a jewel for those who know what to do with it and I thank you🎉❤🎉 for dropping this 🔥 despite you may not even know you did it😂. There's a big difference between America and the U.S. Good case, here's the citation: In Re Cruz, 23 F Supp. 774 (E.D.N.Y. 1938).

[@johnroddy8756]

My Aunty goes to the States from Europe in the 1950ths does the history test and becomes a Citizen 100 pc White .No Court case no arguments over percentage of blood.

[@makeyyyy7890]

American history is crazy

[@nytn]

it is! But it's a blessing in some ways to be able to go back and pick through the events that got us here today

[@nicholasbenjamin3826]

There was an "Indian Citizenship Act" in 1924 granting all Native Americans born in the US citizenship at birth, so he likely wouldn't need to be naturalized unless he was from some other country. Maybe his lawyer really sucked, or he was First Nations Canadian rather than Native American, or he was born in Brazil to Native American parents....If his name was spelled "Cruz" I suspect he was from someplace Latin (like the Dominican Republic), and the Judge decided to deny him citizenship before he read any of the Court documents.

[@nytn]

this is what I was thinking but did not have any proof for it

[@lynncombel1106]

Curious how this judges decision was not brought before a review of some kind or appealed. Sure wonder what happened to them.

[@nytn]

me too, Im still looking around for more info. I contacted a NY attorney 😆

[@sr2291]

I think they determined those catagories by skin color. Did that include North Africans?

[@bamboosho0t]

There was a heavy focus on pheonotypes to describe who is "Black" or "Indian/Native American", "White", etc. It has lasted in many ways to this day. If you APPEARED to have Black/African phenotypes (dark, shorter kinky, wavy, curly hair) and wide nose bridge and prominent lips, regardless of your skin color that meant you're Black/African. This gentleman, Mr.Cruz, likely did not disply enough overtly African phenotypes to classify him as such. 1930, to be considered White if you were considered a white person by those in the community where you live. So it was also a judgement by de facto jury of peers to say what you were. These aspects still linger where some racial groups are devoid of ethnic context. But thats another story.

[@modgirl2001]

A friend of mine told me about her ancestry. She is of mixed heritage- Native American, black and Caribbean and Portuguese. She identifies as Native American with strong ties to her father's family in New England. Some of her family looked white, others looked black or Native American. The census takers would go by their own perceptions on who they designated white. Some people in her family were listed as white, some were listed as black or Native American. We should all remind ourselves that we are all human beings- race is a social construct.

[@yamomma6479]

My husband's family is from Louisiana and similarly some people were labeled white or black on their birth certificate based on what the nurse put down by LOOKING at them..

[@JCSAXON]

It’s a carnival, no doubt. Any child born anywhere is a native though. Our ancestors had tribal wars in the wild but the sophisticated cities that existed have been eradicated as well. We all stand on the bones of prior civilization, conquered by blood or “resets”. Who could ever own soil? We’ll never know because it’s impossible but our brief history will be deleted

[@tommygamba170]

Thousands of families of natives were pushed out, to south.

[@kaydenpat]

Subscribed. Interesting discussion on the arbitrariness and ridiculousness of racial classifications.

[@nytn]

that's it 100% Thanks for being here!

[@stephanienwadieiiamhybasia]

So sad. I don’t understand why he applied for citizenship anyway? We never applied for citizenship ever. We were “taken here” from Africa. ( descended from enslaved Africans). They had no problem, drafting my male relatives into the military.

[@nytn]

Im wondering if he was on a reservation

[@stephanienwadieiiamhybasia]

Who knows if he was on a reservation? My Grandmother thought we were “Just Indian “ but never thought of asking for citizenship. She had a social security card and so did my grandfather. All my male relatives were drafted, until they stopped doing it. It is a shame they made him suffer so much.

[@JaneAtwellRobinson1825NY]

I know nothing of the judge's motivations or the history of the case, but I see the same strange and conflicting ideas about adulthood in our nation. There is an age of consent, an age at which someone can drive a motor vehicle alone, and yet someone is not considered "adult" until 18. But then there is this idea that people can't support themselves fully/ have their own medical insurance until 26! And again still there is the legal drinking age. So... "who is black" and "what is an adult" seem to have been decided based on the perceived benefits and threats to society. And it's not consistent in any way because no one court or law clarifies it.

[@BronzeSista]

Native Americans became US citizens on June 2, 1924, when President Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act into law. The act granted US citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US. I am surprised this happened in 1938 unless he came from another country.

[@michaeltaylor8501]

Are you absolutely certain that this Indian was American Indian & not South Asian Indian? I ask this because this is a case from around 1938 & American Indians were granted U.S. citizenship in or around 1924; so, there would be no question of citizenship unless he was of South Asian Indian decent trying to get U.S. citizenship based upon his 1/4 African ancestry. See, the 1870 Act covers 2 separate catagories only - each catagory with 2 key words each: • ALIEN of African NATIVITY • PERSON of African DECENT Now this justice referred to State statutes & this clues us into the meanings being used for some of these key words; for, in the statutes of a Union State an ALIEN is not a PERSON & vice versa (& neither is a CITIZEN in the full sense of the term within any Union State) - as there are 3 catagories in Union State statutes: Citizen, Person, & Alien (& each one is distinct from the other two); so, Mr. Cruz was likely an ALIEN South Asian Indian with some African ancestry (aka: African DECENT - NOT African NATIVITY). Remember, NATIVITY & ALIEN are paired together in one catagory & African DESCENT & PERSON are paired together in the other catagory. It appears that Mr. Cruz didn't fit either catagory being an ALIEN & NOT HAVING NATIVITY (because he clearly had African Decent - but his African Decent didn't make him African enough, because African Nativity was required in his case, being how he was an Alien).* * = Again, this wouldn't have even been a case around 1938 had he been of American Indian heritage; so, I say he was of South Asian Indian heritage (aka: East Indian heritage).

[@tellitellis4117]

I could only wonder how Native Americans became U.S. Citizens, what court case?

[@JOSECARABALLO-e1n]

Why are you ising a picture of a Native American, when talking about black people???

[@mb91435]

Americans will find any way to be racist! I know I've wondered if my 2nd great-grandparents were American citizens. I'm pretty certain they never applied for it, but they also died in the '50's so for most of their lives they wouldn't have needed something like a social security number 🤷🏼 and they never resigned tribal membership. So I err on the side of thinking they were without the national citizenship.

[@nicolefillie5785]

You mean Europeans will find anyway to be racist

[@12tanuha21]

@@nicolefillie5785 Americans. Call a single european country that give the people race labels like the USA do.

[@lukedailey9069]

None of these policies were made or implemented by African Americans.

[@tyronleung5276]

African american was implemented by free masonic free negroes by orders by white free masons

[@bko2173]

Thank you for exploring this topic. Reclassifying people caused serious problems for those directly affected and indirectly for descendants of those reclassified. It's easy to see the shifting goal line when race is determined. If the goal was to make you pay taxes, you miraculously ended up in the group that had to pay taxes. If the goal is to withhold citizenship, you are just slid into that group. Est coast native Americans were slid into the category of free persons of color, but when it benefited the government, These free persons of color became African negro..

[@John-cg1ex]

It is very simple. The 1870 law was post Civil War when the United States was serious about integrating children of Africa into society, but that did not last. So instead for a minority, ie the petitioner, if being black provides a benefit, he is not black; but if as in most cases being black is a disability, then you are black, ie the one droip rule. I would ask how many people of African descent actually were naturilized as citizens over the year? My guess is very few.

[@dplj4428]

4:08 tainted blood basically.

[@BronzeSista]

My husand comes from a Black/white family who are classified as colored, even though he looks white and so does his sisters. So there are a lot of Black people in the United States who look white. There are a lot of people like this in Lousiana. Just like your Italian dad wouldn't be considered white in many states in America, especially in the Southern States.

[@t.nelson9345]

You are my favorite constitutional KZbinr lawyer. It's coffee time. Send me that," Buy me a coffee", again.

[@nytn]

My dad talked me out of law school. Probably for the best 🙃 It's good for me to edit out the most pugnacious parts of my videos before posting. Cant do that in real life LOL

[@stacyfrederick9183]

This happened when? In 1932? I thought U.S. citizenship was given to native Americans in 1924? Was this gentleman from Canada? Mexico? So there is something worse than being black? Being native American? Then a lot of tribes have the one drop rule for constitutional citizenship in their tribe. Tribes were considered domestic dependent nations. Then there is the sphere of influence for the entire western hemisphere as part of the Monroe Doctrine. And that runs straight into Manifest Destiny. I once heard of a native man actually gave up his identity as a native American and his right to be part of a tribe with communal property to have the right to own property individually and avoid the restrictions of treaties and reservations. In otherwords he had no choice but to be declared legally a white man. Can't remember the name of the case though. Of course he still wouldn't have citizenship. Weird, huh?

[@nytn]

1938!

[@stacyfrederick9183]

Oh wow!That is even more absurd. Did immigration quotas and the isolationist political climate of post WWI have something to do with it? Was there a lack of documentation on the part of this gentleman?Did he try to get asylum? Legal alien status? Naturalized citizenship? Was he deported?

[@nytn]

He applied for naturalized citizenship. My understanding is that he was from the US. I have not been able to find much on this case, which is strange

[@stacyfrederick9183]

Thanks for your reply. So if this was 1938 and all native Americans got citizenship in 1924 and he was from the U.S. in the sense that not only he was living within the borders of the United States but born in the United States; he should have automatically been a citizen regardless of whether he was black or native American or even Asian or South Pacific islander. Was he born close to the Mexican border? Or the Canadian border? Was the border disputed? Was his birth and where undocumented? What did anybody do for that matter in the time before birth certificates let alone social security cards and numbers were mandatory? Really? Seriously? My own grandmother, my father's mother didn't even know what year she was born although she knew the month and the day. It would be interesting if you could delve into the 1924 citizenship act and exactly what it entailed. Especially, with the upcoming movie Killers of the Flower Moon about the lynching of the Osage and the land grab because of the oil on their land. Land that was given to them in treaty. I think all native tribes should do what the Cherokee have done with the one drop rule and the Constitutional Cherokee stuff. Think of the implications for political power. What if a large section of the U.S. population could claim dual citizenship? Mind-blowing!

[@lindyashford7744]

@@nytnHi Danielle. Interesting video, as is this thread. 1938 was a bit of a difficult year in general, even in America. In this citizenship case is there any reference to any rights of residence? Was this man applying from a state in which the 1924 ruling had not yet been implemented, I understand there were some states which delayed it. Was there a detailed judicial summation that would explain the decision further? My other less legal question is why did this man want to travel, or need citizenship? It certainly is a curious case, and I am not sure the one drop theories are necessarily being played to here because different rules had been applied before 1924. So maybe the answer lies in a more detailed look at how those changes were implemented and how many indigenous people actually did get citizenship documentation…. Governments can drag their heels a lot about such matters. Could his actual application have occurred many years earlier than his hearing? Is there any info at all about what happened to this man? Citizen or not surely he ought to appear on census records if he stayed in the US, the same if he moved to a neighbouring country.

[@grassrootsndns]

My tribe a internal conflict half the tribe wanted to become us citizen what happen is the tribe split into to bands... One band moved to Oklahoma and became Citizen band Potawatomi Potawatomi

[@melissabrackin3790]

Wow. This decision seems incredibly insane to me.... of course he was an american citizen. The denial of his case just leaves me stunned..... I think im going to be scratching my head about this video for awhile because I absolutely don't understand how his petition could be denied or agree with the judges justification for such a ruling.

[@strangecoasteroutdoors799]

When I did the 23andme test I got 18% native ancestry but by the tribal rules I am considered “half” native. What’s funny is that 80% of my ancestry is white so in Latin America I’m considered fully “white”

[@coreylevine8095]

This show that the One-Drop Rules is a joke

[@chrisnyasia7]

Simply calling it a joke is the understatement of the year... It is one of the great scourges upon mankind. Administered with evil intent, it had a deleterious effect upon all who it affected-- and not just "black" folk... It made those whites who wouldn't have ordinarily been racist, racist...

[@Reborn2h2o]

I better they were trying to keep native Americans on a reservation, and this would defeat the purpose. Native nations are sovereign nations thats why you just can't go on to reservations unless u have citizenship or invited by a citizen. I am a descendant of Crews of Halifax county Virginia. My. Gg. Grandmother was Mary Crews she was African,,, Native and European.

[@dplj4428]

5:15. very very much excluding any claim of being white, yes. 7:44 no consensus and definitely arbitrary unless. Danielle, - in which year was birthright citizenship made law? - who benefited initially by birthright citizenship? - Does Project 2025 plan to undo birthright citizenship, directly or indirectly? -

[@corinjacks8359]

It's as if the so called African is indeed The American Indian🤯 just the distaste "if you got 1 DROP YOU NOT INDIAN"👀its like someone "hated" that a so called African was in America 1st;you should watch Dane Calloway

[@nytn]

no, the judge was saying he needed to be half African to count as African. The native american had no bearing

[@BronzeSista]

I think that had his family been known as Black people, he probably would have gotten the citizenship. The one drop rule, was created why White Americans. Anyone with a Black parent and a Parent of some other race/Chinese/Spanish/Iranian/German/Italian, you will be classified as Black by the United States Census. Thats why in the Black Community you'll find Black Americans who look Arab, Indian, Asian, Latino and White. Biracial is not a race in the US. This hasn't changed in the US, but if you look white in appearance/phenotype, you'll be treated as a white person.

[@ESCAGEDOWOODWORKING]

'The Spanish system' allowed for people, regardless of origins, to marry and to inherit, legally, and they did. How is it that there's such rich variation in the people's of Spanish America today, and much less in the British parts? Enslaved people in the Spanish world, could buy their freedom, petition courts if mistreated in certain ways, and earn pay. Enslaved people were actually recorded in baptisms, because they were considered human. That Spanish poster of all the variations of families, actually condemns the notion of a 'rigid system', because it was those people, and those families, mixed together, that were the society in Spanish America. That's not to excuse slavery, but to lay out some differences. And to verify this, one just needs to navigate to Family Search, and thumb the endless baptism records, for a start.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

But the caste system erased so many Indigenous People by relabeling their offspring if they had admixture. The Spanish system is genocidal too.

[@ESCAGEDOWOODWORKING]

Thomas Oklahoma, Indigenous People were the ones that wed with the Spanish, and the Spanish with the Natives, and they became the Americas. From the start, the conquistadors were not just Spanish, but indigenous, and African too. What you designate as genocidal, would have to be properly placed on all those involved, who became the same people, together. And they were all the ancestors of those that live across the Americas today. The tendency to minimize Native contributions to the creation of the Americas, is incorrect.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

@@ESCAGEDOWOODWORKING So you're into colonizer labeling, lol. No wonder why so many so-called Mestizos and even many with predominantly Indigenous admixture ignore or spit on their Indigenous roots. The Spanish caste system is wicked, it's a Indigenous erasure system.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

Listen, If the Spanish conquered North America I would be labeled that silly ant-Indigenous term "Mestizo" to destroy my Indigenous identity and culture, just because I have nearly 40% Euro Admixture. I'm Native by identity, lineage and heritage and that should be the case with so many so-called Mestizos across Latin America, but I blame the racist caste system labeling.

[@ESCAGEDOWOODWORKING]

​@@Thomas_Oklahoma You are gaslighting, you should have more respect for yourself. Read a little more. But not to establish the narrative you wish, but instead, to arrive are a slightly clearer view of the truth. Because in the end, people will find you to be a liar, or at best, less than smart.

[@ivyd5485]

Something is missing from this story: if his mom is half-African American where was he born? Was he born in America or was his grandparent one of the Black slaves who escaped into Mexico intermingled with the indigenous there resulting in his mom being 1/2 black but not American? Being indigenous by itself doesn’t give a right to American citizenship unless his tribe was actually indigenous to the US Territories. So I assume because he had to apply for citizenship he was either from Canada Mexico or elsewhere???

[@nytn]

I could not locate that information, I was curious as well. I did not see anything referring to Canada in this though

[@hitmusicworldwide]

The Jay Treaty provides Native Americans from the United States and First Nations citizens from Canada freedom to move back and forth, enjoy social services, residency, and other privileges in BOTH nations at will. This is something that Native Americans and First Nations people understand and take advantage of. It is only people who have no knowledge about this situation who find this to be news. The Jay treaty was concluded after the war of 1812 between Britain and the United States. So there is nothing new about this. Many of my ancestors have taken advantage of it and people take advantage of it to this day.

[@nytn]

This is true, and it required 50% BQ which he met.

[@ivyd5485]

@@hitmusicworldwide so I guess what you’re saying is he probably didn’t have indigenous ancestry to Canada or the US otherwise there would’ve been no need for him to pursue American citizenship - thanks for clarifying about the Jay Treaty it is not something I was aware of

[@bucktooth002]

Should've changed his Spanish last name to a English one before applying for citizenship.

[@chrissorrels7093]

Trying to follow the details of hundred year old cases can be confusing. Slaves were granted citizenship during emancipation. But slaves of indigenous American tribes were supposed to become free citizens of the tribe rather than the US. Its possible that this person had black ancestry as an Indian tribe citizen rather than an emancipated slave from the US. It's not clear from the discussion. There was never any federally recognized one drop rule so im not sure why thats even mentioned. Even today there's no definition of black - it usually falls down to appearance and not everyone agrees.

[@batya7]

Egregious lack of consistency in the interpretation of the law. This should have gone to a higher court but the poor guy probably couldn't afford to take it farther.

[@Kall_Mii_Kemo]

Africa refers to the territory of Carthage after it was consumed by the Roman empire

[@YadinZedek777]

This case is ridiculous he should have been made citizen because he was both native American and African American. He should be a de facto citizen!

[@h.d.odin1]

This is confusing because in 1924 all Native Americans was give American citizenship. So in 1938 why would he need to apply for citizenship?

[@Eniral441]

He should've been eligible under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.

[@jerdavis9489]

A Native is a descendant of foreigners. American applies to foreigners now. I am Indigenous Niiji. Haya Haya. Neanderthal DNA is Afrikaan

[@TheHoodVoice2024]

My grandmother was half native half black.

[@tyronleung5276]

What's a half native half black if australoid niggas were already here and bering straight mongols came later The 1828 websters definition of American says that originally applied to the aboriginal or copper colored races native to america and must now applied to the european and must forever exahualt the pride of patriotism negroes on slave ads says they're copper colored so what does that tell you about the negro? Also the Bureau of American ethnology says the blood of the southern negro is unquestionably indian.

[@Thomas_Oklahoma]

@@tyronleung5276 You have serious identity crises going on, you are West African in origin. Your DNA, hair texture, skin-tone point you and all Black Americans to West and Central Africa.

[@kingkoopa2334]

Wait til you find out the natives were black...

[@nytn]

great username

[@kingkoopa2334]

@@nytn you must know where I got it from lol

[@kreal1]

This is called "Forced Transfer" in the laws of war see 18 USC 1091 which deals with the topic but only mentions children not adults. Louisiana Purchase Treaty and United Nations Declaration of Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples covers the dual citizenship of Indigenous peoples and occupying colonial powers. I myself reject all americans and canadians legal rights over me and all Louisiana Creole or other Indigenous. I am a well seasoned war veteran a Muslim Mujahid and a royal as well as a trained tribal leader. Citizenship is a bad move Americans always act in-bad faith. Dread Scott also with Louisiana Creole Treaty rights immediately aftee french and Indian War and during the Seminole Wars. Dread Scott claimed to be a Louisiana Creole via province of French Missouri he was married by a native judge. The judges split native from african and then they played colorism game to class all dark skinned as African and lights as Indian. The dread Scott ruling also said we could never be citizens. Why would you want to be at a enemy foriegners mercy. I am suing for independence as well as continuing my military struggle against the United States for sovereignty and independence of the Muslim Louisiana Creole. I am well aware the majority of Catholics are happy with status quo plus their not persecuted the same way so they are more likely to want to be Americans. I also side with the Gilbert E. Martin line of Louisiana Creole politics and Imam Jamil aka H. RAP Browns line of sovereignty politics only. Democracy makes us slaves just by foriegn governments presence on our land on top of that their 13th amendment legalized slavery forever. Why continue to assimilate? Anyways people will comment and say I am a radical extremist which is fine. I know the real cconsequences of being forced to be an american citizen. I will always state I am an enemy of the United States of America and I will never ever accept being an american. I want sovereignty fully restored Indigenous independence.

[@ramonjamison373]

I did a DNA test with My True Ancestry and discovered my ancestors arrived in America in 1900BC from East Africa to Catoctin Antebellum Maryland. Thats 4k years ago. My Native Tribes didn't show up until 900ad which were 7 different tribes starting with the Ameridian, Athabascan etc European showed up in 550 bc from Lithuania Germany. Then the country was underseiged and the people were enslaved.

[@coolslimm5105]

Dna testing is a scam. Don’t believe me then look into it. They can’t trace your origins that way. Do genealogy research by way of family records. Anyone claiming that they can trace your family’s origins via dna testing is full of 💩

[@johnnyearp52]

That makes no sense.

[@coolslimm5105]

@@johnnyearp52 it’ll make sense if you do your own investigation and see that it does make sense

[@johnnyearp52]

@@coolslimm5105 I have done my own research and it doesn't make sense.

[@coolslimm5105]

@@johnnyearp52 what research have u done

[@trollinmartin7260]

Black Americans did not have the right to vote at that time and did not have full citizenship. Not only that you had racial massacres still happening to Black Americans. Tulsa is just one example. I would like to know did his Native genes on his Mother side come from rape being that Native American owned Slaves of African decent. This is an intresting story.

[@tyronleung5276]

Negroes owned slaves too during 1790 to 1860s

[@tyronleung5276]

So that native americans owned slaves is a deflection and a over exaggerated straw man europeans and native reservations use to africanize and remove negroes of american indian descent

[@LawrenceDaniels-so9zv]

The black man was given the vote in 1870 in most states because of helping win the "CIVIL WAR" there were some black congressmen at that time, but jealousy & hate slowed the process 😮

[@jaiyabyrd4177]

Why and How did Native American Tribes have yo seek Citizenship in a land that was initially theirs ❓ And wouldn't that breech Treaties the Native Americans had❓

[@-parttimeartist-7379]

Did this case use the term african or negro? But to get back on subject. Did this man go through legitimate avenues to attain citizenship or did he just try to sue and attain automatic citizenship off of the strength of his half black ancestor. Native Americans who live on the rez are considered apart of a sovereign nation not citizens. Trying to apply the one drop rule in the 20th century was foolish in this person's case. Especially since he looks like a "pure-blooded" indian.

[@nytn]

African. He didn’t sue he went through the naturalization process.

[@oceandiamondxx]

the way American Natives have to disassociate from their identities to survive is just so sad

[@ernestmwape]

And i thought i ve read and seen enough bizare cases of "alienating" people in USA!😢 A Canadian working in public service posted video complaining about being passed over promotion bcoz of One-drop rule😢😢 very case. This also lays basis/ foundation for continued redistricting and gerimandering in USA - and you call elections free and fair?😊

[@tommygamba170]

Black people today use these same rules today.

[@JollyGoodJewWitch]

Sad but true.

[@TonyMishima92]

And that makes sense at this point. The average Black American is 20% White with great variability. We can't really draw a line on who's Black enough.

[@davidross2004]

@@TonyMishima92And yet many of us do, and will enforce these “rules” with the same arbitrariness. I’ve experienced it too many times to count.

[@brawndothethirstmutilator9848]

@davidross2004, Look no further than the comments section of this kind hearted young woman’s channel to find examples. She’s not trying to claim some form of “blackness” (whatever that term even means) and there are still numerous comments accusing her of “cultural appropriation” or “trying to be black”, and out casting her and othering her….and she’s just talking about her family history. It’s disappointing to see.

[@LawrenceDaniels-so9zv]

​@@TonyMishima92not true, this is a trope, all white people didn't own slaves & all white slavers didn't rape slave women, because it wasn't beneficial....there were white prostitutes back in those days😅

[@marianneeckertjensen4723]

Totally absurd..

[@JOSECARABALLO-e1n]

You have no idea how many imposters out there.

[@coreylevine8095]

Ever heard of Partus Sequitur Ventrem a legal word that say a Black slave who give birth to a mixed race child for a White man the child is still a slave but if a White woman give birth to a mixed race child it is free.And have you also hear about a man nane Harry Bridges and his girlfriend name Noriko Sawada sue the state of Nevada to get married in 1958 and the 1948 court case in California call Perez v Sharp in wish a Mexican American woman sue California to married a Black man.Women like Noriko Sawada and Andrea Perez help ended the bans on Interracial Marriage in those Western states those laws came there do to the results of the Mexican-American war 1845-1848

[@dinkster1729]

Lots of bizarre interpretations of the laws of the past and even laws of the present.

[@natanyaaberra8735]

There are 3,000 indigenous, autochthonous and genetically African tribe none of whom are white. Yes, many whites are born in Africa but are genetically not African. There is a difference between ethnicity and nationality and a difference between jus soli and just sanguinis! Finally, there is only one group of people who are indigenous to a location, and they are Africans. Other people came from different location to be where they are now. Africans NEVER came from a another location as they were always in Africa!

[@Skiskiski]

THAT IS ABSURD! HE LOOKS BLACK WITH NATIVE HERITAGE.

[@catherinedavis1241]

Maybe he was American but from Canada! Too bad, I wonder if he made it into the US?

[@kindnessfirst9670]

ALL race laws are (and always have been) arbitrary. The "one drop rule" was first codified in law in 1910 as Tennessee State Law. Every US State defined race differently. Even during slavery a person could change their race by simply crossing a State border.

[@jeremyhodge6216]

The One Drop Rule makes things complicated. That's why I don't go by it 🤔

[@rykson161]

Remember what they did to the Haitians?

[@kazimierzmajowicz5196]

You forgot to take your medication🥴🤣

[@kazimierzmajowicz5196]

History lesson for you Polish Patriots Once Fought Alongside Haiti's Slaves uprising against the French. Polish community in Haiti, but there are other villages as well. Cazale has descendants of surviving members of Napoleon's Polish Legionnaires which were forced into combat by Napoleon but later joined the Haitian slaves during the Haitian Revolution. Some 400 to 500 of these Poles are believed to have settled in Haiti after the war. They were given special status as Noir (legally considered to be black, not white despite actual race) and full citizenship under the Haitian constitution by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the first ruler of an independent Haiti

[@floroma2820]

If you are Native American then you are American. What ami missing?

[@foreword69]

Don’t interchange Native American to American Indian, two different ethnic groups of people

[@mikaelbeckfjord3898]

AGAIN IF DWIGHT MAAN AIN'T THE DEVIL 👿? THEN HE'S THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE UNTIL THE REAL ONE SHOWS UP!

[@dw7312]

Hmm 🤨 be carful on the tone when you say Black too much negative stereotypes brought on by racist people’s propaganda, especially when they say Black. It’s in a nasty undesirable tone.

[@SeasideDetective2]

I was not aware of a person who was one-sixteenth African being called a "mustee." One of my great-great-great-great-grandparents on my father's mother's side, who was from Virginia, was a mustee. Since my paternal grandmother's family was already well established in Virginia by the late 17th century, I'd guess that my Black great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparent was a slave woman who had at least one child with her master, and that child must have been granted his or her freedom and become "white." According to our "23AndMe" DNA test, this hypothetical slave woman was most likely brought to the United States from the Gambia (the West African country depicted in "Roots"). The "one-drop rule" is still with us to some extent. Why else would we call Barack Obama "the first black President?" He is only half-Kenyan, and was raised by a white single mother and two white grandparents. He's just as white as he is black.

[@hitmusicworldwide]

It might also be because Barack Obama's physical appearance suggests that he is of African descent more than it suggests that he is of Iris descent as his mother is. I think it's been found out that his mother has some African American heritage as well most people's ideas and concepts of race are based upon appearance to this day especially among the ignorant and uneducated and those who tend to generalize everything without consideration. If you take most common everyday people who don't pay attention to nuances and tend to classify everything by what they know ( which usually isn't much at all) and compare say a Mariah Carey look alike to Lupita Nyong'o, You most likely will run into the opposite generalization. You can see that in the comments here people classify people based upon what they know and what they think they know It's a social thing It's not based on much consistency unless you're starting with something that is undeniably one particular look or the other and the difference between lupita and Mariah is greater than Barack Obama and Colin Powel.

[@IMaKing80]

I don’t think he should of received citizenship because of his black blood. There are a lot of African Americans now who have Native American blood who are denied rights and citizenship in Native American tribes.

[@nytn]

But it was law of the land, African descent= citizenship

[@MrGaryg20047]

My ancestors were here for thousands of years, and we became US citizens in 1924 Heee!

[@nytn]

and for Cruz, not even then

[@dw7312]

Clarify - a certain type of so call white.

[@Jenjen-qc5eq]

Disgusting, forget about the one-quarter African descent the fact he is three-quarters Native American is enough for him to be an American citizen. I am astounded that Native Americans of all people should have to apply for American citizenship, joke