The Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Watch your Ps and Qs

[@erinrobison2547]

Okay seriously?! This took my professor an entire hour to explain, and I still walked away confused. And here I am, six minutes into your video and I've already got it. THANK YOU SOOOOO MUCH

[@Penguinprof]

Love to hear it! Thanks for watching!

[@davidfrisch5099]

True story...

[@TehseenKhalid-c2s]

Love the way you explained it. Thank you 😊

[@Viralscenes3710]

Et ce ratio il l’a bien compris ce principe ?

[@heatherstone333]

I'm a 28 year old married woman with two dogs who enjoys peace and quiet and cups of tea. I decided I wanted more in life so I gave up everything and worked my ass off so I could get into University. I'm now preparing for my last summer exam of my first year at Uni, which is Genetics, tomorrow. I was just sat here crying over my lecture notes totally not understanding a thing and feeling like a total failure. If I don't pass then I disappoint everyone who believed in me and prove all those that didn't right, and will have got myself into thousands of pounds of debt for nothing. This video has just saved my life. I was about to give up altogether, but this video WORKED. I wish I could hug whomever made this video because I'm crying for a whole different reason now! I even got the question at the end right on my own!!! 12 minutes 15 seconds - this video literally may have changed the outcome of my life, I'm totally serious. Thankyou from the bottom of my heart, if only my University lecturers put things as simply as you have.

[@Penguinprof]

I can feel your hug from here!!! YOU made my day!!! I am so happy you didn't give up and I hope this feeling will keep you going... you can do this and now you know there's a little penguin on your shoulder who will nip at you when you think you can't do it. Congratulations to you and thank you for letting me know I could help.

[@samanthabridges2108]

I hope this reaches you because your videos have saved me. It took 12 minutes to understand something I've been struggling with for a week now. You're the greatest and I am going to be a frequent visitor cause your videos are going to help me rock this semester! Thank you so much for all your time and efforts!

[@Penguinprof]

+Samantha Bridges I'm so glad you are finding them helpful - you are SO welcome! Now go KILL those midterms!!! PENGUIN POWER!!!!

[@tieler151]

+ThePenguinProf how do you convert a frequency into population

[@totallymcmylastname9077]

With proportions. The same stuff you do with stochiochemistry or mathematics. but you'll need to know the numbers of the guys you're interested in first ex. there are 13 brown rats out of 41 so its [13/41] so if you're asked for numbers of brown rats in a den of 1000 rats you just need to set up [13/41] = [x/1000] since frequency = specimens/total population. You can just set up the ratios for that.

[@harmabebae5500]

Samantha Bridges iikk

[@nguyenvietnhan4605]

oooo

[@canadianslumbaparty]

Can I just say, this is awesome. I'm a third year biology major and having material explained like this is the actual best thing ever. Everything is going to be okay now that I know about penguin feet.

[@Penguinprof]

So glad to hear that! Yes, if you know about the feet, you'll be just fine.

[@gabino3649]

I'm gonna need gor you to help out in some things if it's possible then

[@mzblue]

God bless you... just wanted you to know that 5 years later, someone still find this helpful.

[@krishashleybaura6224]

Make that 6!! Stay blessed:)

[@reikalake1456]

You're the best! I read this in my Bio book and they worded it so poorly that I was confused in no time. You have such a nice/articulate speaking voice, clear method of teaching, and a great sense of humor. It cleared everything up in no time!

[@jenniferwang946]

I honestly really love how this video is so useful to people of all ages and types! Thanks for making it!

[@Penguinprof]

You're so welcome!

[@PatchJeffa]

That was a better explanation than any I've had at uni so far

[@paulmatei9049]

This video literally just saved me...here I am on youtube browsing through hundreds of videos and when I finally got here it was like I found a secret treasure. Thank yooouuuuu!!!! Please dont stop making videos, they are so helpful and you are so nice. Its impossible not to understand when you make it look so easy.

[@Penguinprof]

So kind of you to say - I'm SO glad it was helpful!!!

[@TheBoombreaker]

I liked your video better, than any other in my mothertongue. You did a good job :)

[@Penguinprof]

Wow, thanks!

[@pratitibanerjee7621]

I study in high school in India and we have this in our syllabus. Needless to say our teachers do a lousy job of explaining it... and who ends up feeling stupid ? US. Thanks for making me feel not-so-stupid again. Keep up the awesome work.

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you for watching and for sharing this VERY important message... you should NEVER be made to feel stupid!!! No one is born with knowledge about how to solve these problems (or how to do differential equations or how to dance a Waltz or anything else for that matter) but we all have the potential to learn these things - and it is essential, in my opinion, that we have safe, encouraging learning environments in which to explore, to question and to be wrong. If I can create that kind of environment through these videos, well, that is my career goal. And I thank you from the bottom of my penguin heart for letting me know that you understand what I am trying to do. Best of luck to you in your studies - keep in touch!!!

[@pratitibanerjee7621]

This just made my day !!! And yes you couldn't be truer about the fact that we need to get it wrong to get it right eventually. Contrary to popular belief, biology isn't ALL about cramming up names mindlessly and when teachers like you show us the elegant logic behind it all....there could be nothing better !!! Thank you so much.

[@pinkubhadoria6469]

@@pratitibanerjee7621 Hardy weinberg principle is in class 12th cbse

[@TankuBOSS]

I wish my professor would make problems the way you make them. She puts them into like 10 different steps that are not even in colloquial terms and I just can't wrap my head around it. You're really good at what you do!

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you so much!

[@spiffysixxsense2694]

when i got the mice question at the end right all by myself, i almost cried....

[@nyevs21]

+SpiffySixxSense how did you got it? omg help huhu

[@billytragyu4679]

+Raiza Marie Nieves just stop being such an idiot. That is the solution. :)

[@priangelrae9738]

+Billy Tragyu no need to be rude wtf

[@rachelduncan2406]

i just laughed so hard

[@shriyasrivaz3369]

@@nyevs21 so question says that - phenotype =orange recessive mice are 300 Phenotype =2 alleles =q×q(recessive pheno) Or p×p(domint pheno) So orange mice out of total =300/130000 = 0.0025= q×q Recesv allele? = q = sqroot(0.0025)=0.0479 Dominant allele? =p We know, tot allele =1 therefore p=1-q =0.0.952

[@984594386937468374]

I was sick for a few days and missed what my students are calling the "hardest unit to date" but this video was SO CLEAR! Thank you for the help!

[@windygoga5698]

LET LENI LEAD!!!

[@lovelystar2849]

She said by the end of this video you will understand it! and I was like yeah right. End of the video I'm doing problems in my head 😂😂 ty soo much!!!!!

[@Penguinprof]

You are SO welcome!!!

[@irenedaniel8629]

woww!!!...I understood very clearly...awesome...thanks soooo much ....

[@Penguinprof]

Glad it helped!

[@KaseyJBieber]

You have saved me from failing my final, you a heaven sent!!! Thank you !

[@saveUyghurs]

You speak in such a reassuring way, you're like my fairy godmother, I love it! Other teachers make you (me at least) feel incapable of learning anything. And all of your cute little graphics are awesome :)

[@Penguinprof]

Awww... thank you so much!

[@MegaDara999]

This is honestly such a clear example. I was watching some other video before and wast getting it. Thank you so much.

[@1990SammieJ]

I made a few pages of notes using this video, it was very helpful.

[@thedevilthatyouforgot7981]

THANK YOUUU I'VE BEEN SEARCHING VIDEOS ABOUT THIS HARDY WEINBERG STUFF AND THIS IS THE ONLY ONE I CLEARLY UNDERSTAND

[@Penguinprof]

I AM SO HAPPY IT WAS HELPFUL!!!!!!

[@jabeenthaz133]

Amazing explanation. Thank you so much for this video

[@Penguinprof]

+Jabeen Thaz You are so welcome!!

[@richb3014]

Very well explained. You can also check if you have calculated the frequencies correctly (10:58) in the table, because the total should also = 1 (0.79+0.2+0.01 =1).

[@Penguinprof]

Yes, thank you!

[@outlander271]

Excellent graphics and excellent narration! Subbed!

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you! Welcome to the colony!!!

[@dalia9512]

You're literally the sweetest most passionate teacher I've ever come across. 😭 I teared up watching this! You made it sound so fun! ❤God bless your kind soul!

[@Penguinprof]

Wow, thank you!

[@boccaluppo930]

The key is to do this problem over and over, and over. I am finally getting it!

[@kdesignkhalifa]

Thank you! I finally get it! You're a great teacher

[@rurusiddi]

you explained it better than all the men on youtube thank you! their voice was so monotone and not clear enough

[@lukeisunlucky]

Holy honk lady i love you! My professor spent 3-4 hours on this and still didn’t understand a thing! Thank you!

[@Penguinprof]

Well, I love you too!!! I'm so glad it was helpful!

[@anamartinez4002]

This is the best video on Hardy-Weinburg that I have seen so far. Extremely helpful !!! Thank you so much !

[@hazwanfuss]

Idk why there is so little numbers of people watching this. it's extremely easy and full of student friendliness. Thankyou so much prof!

[@sanatdas2011]

This is really helpful & I really appreciate the amount of effort that you had to put. Thanks, @ThePenguinProf.

[@binujpin]

So clearly explained ; great teacher !

[@wade5941]

Thank you for all you do to provide information in a clear and unbiased manner. You make the complicated understandable.

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you SO MUCH!!! :)

[@MaryamKhan-j4m5o]

Amazing how a video from 11 years ago just helped me understand something I’ve been trying so hard to understand for days! I could cry right now 😭😭 i even got the question at the end right all by myself 😭😭😭

[@Penguinprof]

I am SO happy to hear that! Thanks for the feedback, and congratulations!!!

[@aaronneiman2139]

Needed this for my thesis! Thank you so much!

[@barbaradixon3820]

I can't imagine why this video received 13 thumbs down :^( Could it be they are unhappy no likes their videos on the same topic? This is an excellent video. You taught me in minutes what my professor with a Doctorates degree couldn't. Thank you.

[@Remascard]

While the content past four minutes was incredibly useful for biology students wanting to solve hardy-Weinberg problems, the first four minutes contain history which is not necessarily applicable to H-W problems, and the individuals who down-voted may have felt that ThePenguinProf wasted 4 minutes unnecessarily.

[@isaachernandez7178]

the dislikes come from proffesors at universities who do their job worse than this woman does and get mad ;))) fucking greatest explanation of all time thank u

[@IamGianneisy]

I have been struggling for 2 weeks in my lab class and my lecture, asking TA's on how to not over think these problems and your video is the one to teach and simplify it for me! Ugh seriously amazing!

[@Penguinprof]

I'm SO glad it was helpful!

[@premkumarjulien]

Beautifully presented and Inspirational. I am also a teacher.

[@parisa5670]

Oh man i love you. Thank you so much !!

[@Marlene_592]

I've sat in class for two hours and watched probably four videos, and you have explained it so well to me. Thanks a lot! Hoping to ace any hardy-weinberg problems on my test tomorrow because of you :)

[@MsNinjani]

very helpful!!! you explain things so plainly and clearly. thank you so much

[@Nazmussakib1548]

I am so glad that I have found this video. It is mind blowing how the concept is explained here so easily. Appreciate the work.

[@Penguinprof]

Glad it was helpful!

[@kesiyarony5740]

starts at 8:18! but it's really helpful to watch the whole video

[@courtneymaynard8853]

I have a BIO final tomorrow and I was dreading the Hardy-Weinberg questions... NOT ANYMORE! This video was extremely helpful, thank you!

[@Penguinprof]

Glad it helped!

[@karlatrujillolcegsolana3702]

Dear Person that decided to share this knowledge. You are Aaaamazing! Thank you for walking us through this concepts. It is not difficult to understand, but it needs to be broken down and you did that in such an awesome way.

[@Penguinprof]

Glad it was helpful! Thanks for watching and for your lovely comment.

[@tomsadeh9624]

Best genetic timeline I've heard! Great explanation and easy to follow :)

[@mayaarciva2097]

I don’t know if you are going to see this ,but thank you so much you helped me understand it much better :)

[@Penguinprof]

I see you and I am so glad it helped!

[@ninahendricks4218]

Thank you so much! Remember not to use trailing zeros though ;) Genotype frequency for hetero should be 0.2, not .20, and 0.2 is how the answer would appear on a multi choice exam, or should be entered on fill-in-the-blank questions, so keep that in mind everyone =)

[@laurenkerr7932]

Nina Hendricks in this context you would use the extra zero

[@amberbosma7464]

I have a biology test tomorrow, and I did not understand a thing about this but I could not find any good Dutch videos (I am from the Netherlands) so I started searching for English videos and this helped me so so much! thank you!:)

[@adlesal24]

Although I am not preparing for any exam but I don't like to come across a medical principle without fully digest it. So, I would like to thank you because your explanation was like the digesting enzyme which make absorption for this topic is much easier for me. I hope that if you have a time you make another brief video on cases of X-linked Alleles, how can we deal with them using HW equation

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you so much for letting me know! And I'll put your request on the list.

[@adlesal24]

@@Penguinprof this is kind of you

[@zullyhall3438]

What an amazing channel! I enjoy watching random knowledgeable videos and this takes the entire cake (I watched the donuts video hehe and loved it). Very well explained videos. Kuddos (clapping). Wish all my previous professors had your style of explanation (on any subject matter). Makes paying attention worth the time. Kept me from snoring past the first sentence. Ty.

[@Penguinprof]

Thank you so much for watching and for sharing such kind words!!!

[@lalawoohooo]

THANK YOU!!

[@Penguinprof]

You are most welcome!

[@vouvouche92]

merci beaucoup, ça m'a tellement aidée

[@AquaticLogic]

This video is so well done. Thank you! I'm in a 4th year genetics class and i'm so thankful you posted this!

[@TheGlamorization]

wow, I don't think you understand how grateful i am for this! thank you thank you thank you!!!!!!!!!!!

[@adriennesmith3601]

Thank you so much!!!!!! I have a major exam on this tomorrow and we just learned it today. You saved me!!!

[@lorityler6398]

Thanks so much! Your videos have really helped me get caught up! Plus the penguins are super adorable!

[@harshavenkatesh898]

Thank you so much! You explain it so well! Really helped me with my test

[@floppyfox6930]

Really easy to understand. Like your style and your bright voice .Keep on uploading videos ! :D

[@jacquicl1984]

you're an excellent professor! Thank you so much for your help ;P

[@quiquev9214]

Keep on the good work! Thank you.

[@thrashers8041]

Only video that helped me gain a full understanding of the principle. Thanks!

[@shiilovesdogs]

Wow this really helped me for my ecology class, and the other genetics videos helped me a lot for my genetics class. So clear, understandable and fun! I wish I was your student in your class!! Penguins are cute and It's nice how your passion for them allowed you to work with them!! I read your story on your site, and it was really touching. It motivates me to follow my dreams and never give up!! Thank you so much again and I look forward to more biology videos!! :) God Bless.

[@girijaedwards]

Wow, try being 65 yrs old & taking Epigentics and Genetics , This short video was a God- sent. It's amazing how people see such clarity in something that is potentially so confusing. The whole video was very well done . Thank you, Angel of Clarity.

[@lorityler6398]

Haha! I'm in my 40's and working on a master's! I haven't had math in so long that I freeze up. This video made me feel so much better!

[@jenniferwang946]

I’m 14 👀

[@ETFbvbAA]

OMG I ACTUALLY GOT THE RIGHT ANSWER WHEN I DID THE PROBLEM AT THE END THANK YOU SO MUCH I HAVE A MIDTERM TOMORROW AND MY TEACHER JUST WENT OVER THIS IN LIKE 3 MINUTES THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU

[@eviegraham6094]

you are literally the best!! I have been learning this for 2 years and now I get it!!!!!!!

[@Kindatheist666]

Wow!!! Absolutely fabulous!!! Thanks and leave it here please!!!

[@Penguinprof]

You got it! Thanks for watching!

[@Zeke-goat]

Thank you so much! I didn’t understand any of this until your video!

[@Penguinprof]

You're welcome! I'm so glad it was helpful!

[@pukamon1681]

Thank you so much! Now I totally get it.

[@leilamitchell3489]

OMG I love you! It took only 12 minutes to understand something I've been struggling with for a week

[@grichardgarrett1970]

Leïla Mitchell Hello

[@grichardgarrett1970]

Leïla Mitchell well I am a genius

[@deepaksoner4034]

Brilliantly explained...thank you so much

[@lucierauscher6820]

Bonjour je suis une élève française, j'ai un examens de biologie demain et je ne comprenais pas la loi de Hardy Weinberg, je viens de regarder votre vidéo et j'ai super bien compris!!! Merci infiniment, vos explications m'ont beaucoup aidée!

[@misstaniamaryam]

BRILLIANT, you took such a difficult topic --> Made it soo simple and easy to understand. THANKS A LOT!

[@Penguinprof]

Glad it was helpful!

[@oliviaw5250]

This was an excellent video!!

[@TheElusiveDirector]

Thank you so much for creating this! You made it so easy to understand!

[@ComfyLaur]

This video was explained so well and actually helped me to understand better. THANK YOU!!!!!!

[@Penguinprof]

You are most welcome! I'm so glad you found it helpful.

[@sakthivelb9074]

Quality content. Keep it up

[@Penguinprof]

Thanks, will do!

[@devikrishna9118]

Thank you soo much. I totally understood this now..my teach took hours explaining this..

[@graceb2404]

Excellent video! Just have to remember that after assigning p and q alleles, I have to square root the homozygous recessive genotypes to get q. After obtaining q, everything is golden.

[@ash-rs1it]

Nice, but the slide @11:14 may confuse some frequency and % are different p is the frequency p^2 is the %

[@jessicapeltier9205]

Thank you so much for the clarity. If it wasn't for the way you went over the steps of the actual formula and the square root part I would have been still beating my head into the ground last night.

[@praveenkumartripathi8266]

Explained very nicely!

[@jeanlanz2344]

Hi. Thank you for an excellent presentation. This would make it clearer in step 2 : "Calculate q by taking the square root of the number of homozygous recessive individuals/ total individuals." Also, "The number of penguins with blue feet divided by total individuals is q squared, not q."

[@Gusanomurasaki]

I like the video but i still dont understand the demonstration of why (p+q)2: genotype are two alleles, so p and q,each one by itslef are alleles, why one allele is (p+q).... i believe (p+q)2 reference to the presence o two alleles from the progenitors of population

[@deepaksoner4034]

Really easy one... excellent job..

[@digiconvalley]

I love your style! Thank you very much!

[@sp1cebl3nd]

Good video! Well delivered, well structured, but if you point out something as emphatically as at 9:10, you should say "the FREQUENCY of penguins with blue feet etc." - yet for me, the untanglement due to the discrepancies afterwards led to a better understanding for me. Therefor - Thank you

[@shaunakiyomi]

bless your soul i may have a chance at my exam thank you Penguin Prof!

[@SuzanneTegroen]

9. Solve for the genetic structure of a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy). In other words, what are the frequencies of the 3 genotypes? (1 point) Hint: you’ll want to use the formula p 2 + 2pq + q 2 I need help figuring this one out please

[@nfevelo]

How is this concept applied to real world populations without the assumptions ? What additional methods would needed to understand the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in a real world population? Pedigree method, molecular markers?

[@Penguinprof]

In the real world, we measure whether the observed genotype frequencies in a population differ from the frequencies predicted by the H-W equation. With this comparison, it becomes possible to understand what kind of changes are actually happening over time in a population. In other words, we use the H-W principle as a point of comparison to determine which assumption(s) are not being met.

[@nfevelo]

@@Penguinprof Thank you Penguin Prof!!!

[@TheYardvark]

Excellent video, really helped me a lot!

[@wasif788330184]

It was really informative , could you please explain the breeding selections , thanks

[@barbarabm94]

Thank you so much! You just made it so easy to understand

[@kiranpunjani3853]

I love this video...simple and to the point

[@reyna7100]

I love her voice. It makes me happy and doesn't make me feel so much like biology makes me want to die haha

[@raykangoo4674]

thanks a million i finally understand this after soo many times of trying

[@josephcjose1366]

Very helpful. Thank you

[@paulgroover760]

excellent video, thanks!

[@markbinnis6210]

Excellent video.