Latin AE: What's the right pronunciation? TRUE FACTS

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

🦂 Sign up for my Latin Pronunciation & Conversation series on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/53942894 📚 Luke Ranieri Audiobooks: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com 🦂 Support my work on Patreon: www.patreon.com/LukeRanieri ☕ Support my work with PayPal: paypal.me/lukeranieri And if you like, do consider joining this channel: kzbin.info/door/Lbiwlm3poGNh5XSVlXBkGAjoin 🏛 Latin by the Ranieri-Dowling Method: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage/products/latin-by-the-ranieri-dowling-method-latin-summary-of-forms-of-nouns-verbs-adjectives-pronouns-audio-grammar-tables 🏺Ancient Greek by the Ranieri-Dowling Method: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage/products/ancient-greek-by-the-ranieri-dowling-method-latin-summary-of-forms-of-nouns-verbs-adjectives-pronouns-audio-grammar-tables 🏛 Ancient Greek in Action · Free Greek Lessons: kzbin.info/aero/PLU1WuLg45SixsonRdfNNv-CPNq8xUwgam 👨‍🏫 My Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata playlist · Free Latin Lessons: kzbin.info/www/bejne/oGjLlWpvbq6tpLc 🦂 ScorpioMartianus (my channel *entirely* in Latin & Ancient Greek) kzbin.info 🎙 Hundreds of hours of Latin & Greek audio: lukeranieri.com/audio 🌍 polýMATHY website: lukeranieri.com/polymathy/ 🌅 polýMATHY on Instagram: instagram.com/lukeranieri/ 😊 polýMATHY on Facebook: facebook.com/lukepolymath 🦁 Legio XIII Latin Language Podcast: kzbin.info 👕 Merch: teespring.com/stores/scorpiomartianus 🦂 www.ScorpioMartianus.com 🦅 www.LukeRanieri.com ☕ Supported in part by LanguageMugs.com : languagemugs.com/shop/?wpam_id=11 📖 My book Ranieri Reverse Recall on Amazon: amzn.to/2nVUfqd Intro and outro music: Overture of Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) by Mozart

[@haroldchase1881]

Don’t sweat the small minded brother

[@neredan1182]

do you have a video where you check the pronounciation of google translates latin??? is it any good?

[@brianithecringe659]

Luke is such a calm person that the only one that can make him angry is himself with an accent

[@stefanodadamo6809]

As proper for a true Stoic sage, he has mastery of his emotions ;)

[@culturecanvas777]

@@stefanodadamo6809 yes, Luke read Marcus Aurelius meditations in the original language 🤭

[@elijah_oofoof8891]

An accent with throat cancer.

[@PHAD-rf3oe]

Multiple Personality Order 😂

[@krupam0]

I don't know, I think Caragounis got him pretty upset, too.

[@pablosorbara2280]

We have absolutely NO CLUE how Beethoven's music souded like, even though he wrote his music down and gave really precise directions on how to play it, unfortunately he didn't have a tape recorder handy. ... and that's pretty much how people sound when they say there's no way we know how to pronounce Latin.

[@Jchan700]

Yes

[@WalyB01]

This is actually a big thing and leads to many, many discussion in musicology. Even this "true" interpretation has changes over the years within the recording aera giving this an extra meta level of interpretation. So no, we do not hav a clue other than weird 1800 early 1900 century recording devices. Although we can guess, it will never be more than an educated guess.

[@Nikioko]

Well, the way Beethoven is played today, very much differs from what is played in his time. A tempo in beats per minute is very much more accurate than a simple "Andante" or "Adagio". Those speeds are very subjective. Furthermore, the instruments have changed over the time. Is hasn't been until lately that old music is played on historical instruments. And Beethoven was just 200 years ago, not 2000.

[@Muck-qy2oo]

Well, if it comes to the quaestion about the nature of the accent it's really not known whether it was dynamic or musical.

[@lepangolin4080]

@@Nikioko Don't speak about thing you don't know. Beliving to know things isn't knowing them.

[@TheZenytram]

A video showing how latin changed from old latin would be cool.

[@josephkolodziejski6882]

That kind of thing sounds straightforwards in theory but can be let down by meaning & grammar changes. Example: Indo-European roots "est-" "ped-" and "sup-" are recognisable to modern speakers (is, est, pedest al/rian, super, uber) giving the impression of straigthforward possibilites for language changes... ...yet a sentence in England 1800 could be like "Once a gentleman hath not many a thruppence" but in the US two hundreds years later be: "He was outta cash that time" Same meaning, no similar words.

[@FireRupee]

@@josephkolodziejski6882 Still really interesting, probably only moreso if it turns out more difficult.

[@y11971alex]

Am I the only person who thinks Old Latin looks cooler than Classical?

[@gianlucadegliesposti7241]

It would awesome!

[@thinking-ape6483]

I second this. It would be wondrous.

[@simonroper9218]

0.09 Glad to see I'm not the only one of us who has been accosted by this man! Enjoyed this video very much.

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Haha thanks, Simon! Much obliged.

[@TheArisen_]

I had Latin and Italian in grammar school. I must say your channel and your passion for languages reignited my own. I am forever grateful to the YT algorithm. Peace and happiness to you.

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Very kind, Alice! Glad you're here. Thanks.

[@danielfabro22]

Time for some more premium quality content. It's funny how literaly a month ago I had no interest whatsoever in any language and now I'm addicted to this stuff

[@martinneumann7783]

If you are curious, courageous, not confused enough and looking for the next level: try German! I can offer you: ä, ö, ü, ai, eu, au, äu, ß and much more weird stuff. BTW: the latin pronuncation of CAESAR in German is quite close to the Latin version: Kaiser (thanks to god we don't have one anymore!)... 😃

[@smallsthetimelord4066]

@@martinneumann7783 When first learning pronounciation I thought it was funny how similar they sounded. (of course likely not a coincidence)

[@Leofwine]

There is a philologist, Axel Schönberger, who claims that Latin was pronounced as a monophthong throughout recorded history, because the Latin alphabet derives ultimately from a Boeotian source - where Greek had monophthongised much earlier. Schönberger also dismisses Germanic evidence for a diphthongal pronunciation and claims that the grammarians' definition of “diphthong” is incorrect. The article: Zur Lautlehre, Prosodie und Phonotaktik des Lateinischen gemäß der Beschreibung Priscians, in: Millennium (Berlin, Germany), 2014-11-01, Vol.11 (1), p.121-184

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

I’m aware of his work. He is wrong. This video demonstrates that clearly.

[@krunomrki]

Latin, id est, Roman alphabet derives from so called "Greek red type" alphabet, but through Etruscan alphabet, not directly. As Titus Livius wrote that language of studies for Roman boys untill the end of 4th century was Etruscan. And Aristoteles mentioned city Rome in his text as an Etruscan city (because it was in sphere of Etruscan cultural influence). Only from time when Rome conquered Greek cities in southern Italy (that is from Pyrrhic wars in cca. 280 BC) presence of Greek language in Rome was stronger and culmination was after Rome transformed Greece/Hellada into Roman provincia named Achaia (you can read about these events in work "Histories" by Greek historian Polybios/Polybius). It was fashion in Rome from 3rd century BC on that wealthy families had or Greek slaves or professional teachers from Greek world to teach their children Greek.

[@barrankobama4840]

I liked A LOT the mention that when Latin was alive there were several variations in pronunciation among its native speakers (like we see with languages alive today).

[@MrMirville]

Exactly : in general the same individual could vary from one pronounciation to another : for instance there was a great hesitancy between short w as in quill and v as ville like in both Sanskrit and Hindi.

[@dimitradimitra5649]

Είσαι μέσα στο μυαλό μου. Στην Ελλάδα και στην Κύπρο διδάσκουμε λατινικά στο σχολείο και είναι πάντα δύσκολο να αποδώσουμε την σωστή προφορά.

[@aemilianusmartinus5472]

I was waiting for this since my name Emiliano comes from Aemilianus, from the clan of Aemilia. Thanks for your videos! There's no inspiration to learn spoken latin as you.

[@TheCutL]

Finally! I was wondering about the pronunciation of "ae" since I've watched your first video. What all your wonderful videos on Latin pronunciation make me wonder, though, is what about all the dark matter in the universe of ancient Latin, that is all the different dialects that have existed throughout the empire and simply disappeared into oblivion. Must have been incredibly colourful back then.

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Surely it was. We can definitely achieve a good accent for at least some of them.

[@barrankobama4840]

Many of these dialects evolved into todays romance languages and dialects.

[@johnyoung2063]

Exactly, like a proto-Scottish Latin dialect from Antonine‘s Wall. 🤣🤣 I would love to see a video about Latin dialects.

[@SiddharthS96]

The word is also pronounced this way in Persian and Arabic, "Qaisar"

[@Lioish]

The closest I heard too, especially vowels. I am inclined towards the idea that the sounds of ṣ and q make it harder to change the (a) sound.

[@bacicinvatteneaca]

@@Lioish Arabic has a few "qæ" sequences and I have no idea how they do it, I can do qå but qæ is extremely hard for me, I end up saying something like q3æ

[@Wazkaty]

@@bacicinvatteneaca I read that " Qaïsar " "Qa - e - sar" but I don't know if it is the exact pronounciation

[@bacicinvatteneaca]

@@Wazkaty i meant æ the IPA symbol

[@sebastiangudino9377]

@@bacicinvatteneaca But it is not qæ, it's qae. Those are two different things

[@REEDRICHARDS2]

Man, I always looked for Latin channels here on KZbin and I thought they were all very good. Until I stopped here at yours. My quest is over now. Your level is incredibly high!!!! My deepest congratulations!!!

[@murat5108]

Hello, great video, but as a Turkish speaker I wanted to chime in on your first 'home run' viz. Kayseri. The word 'Caesar' passed into Arabic as قیصر, which in Turkish is pronounced 'kayser' [kajser], but in Old Anatolian Turkish, would more likely be pronounced 'kaysar' as vowel harmony was more strictly observed back then. The Arab encounter with the Greeks was, of course, much earlier than the Turks', with the exception of a few isolated encounters for which we have evidence in Byzantine chronicles, so it is not surprising that the Arabic word preserves the diphthong (as qajṣar). The Ottoman Turks even had a phase when they fancied themselves Romans and Mehmed II, who conquered Constantinople, called himself 'Kayser-i Rum', meaning Caesar of Rome. Anyway, Arabic also has an -i(y) suffix that functions to make all kinds of adjectives from nouns, and it also produces place names (Persian also has a similar -i suffix which often gets blurred with the Arabic one, both in Ottoman Turkish and in Persian itself); this is how Alexandria became Iskandariyya in Arabic (the -a at the end indicating feminine gender). Long story short, there is the possibility that the pronunciation 'Kayseri' was a later learned correction to a vernacular pronunciation that the local Turkish speakers would have copied from the Greeks, and which represented the diphthong in question differently. In other words, they might have originally called it 'Keseri' or something which our snooty erudite Ottomans, knowing the etymology of the town's name, corrected to Kayseri. As it was an old settlement, there is also the possibility that they copied the name directly from the Arabic, since the Arabs would have been familiar with it as well. This is suggested by the fact that in old records the town is called Kayseriyye, with the same feminine ending that we saw in Alexandria/Iskandariyya (which I transcribed differently for Arabic and Turkish), though one could also argue that this represents an attempt to approximate the Greek/Latin ending rather than the Arabic feminine ending as such. Of course, you have other evidence for your case, but I just wanted to make some qualifications to this particular one. Edit: I realized that I did not represent the diphthongs properly with the 'aj', but I hope you get my point.

[@s.papadatos6711]

I recently saw the movie "China Syndrome" of 1979. I was amazed to find out that people were still pronouncing the "wh" sound as you did in 4:44 (e.g. in the word whale). It also helps distinguishing some homophones, such as wheather and weather. Also, great content as always Luke, I m really looking forward for some more of your speculations on ancient greek pronunciation used in movies and videogames.

[@weirdofromhalo]

Maybe if English kept the hw spelling common in Old English (hwere, hwat, for a couple examples), there would be less h-dropping and less hypercorrection of the h (like in "haitch" and herb for british english and its derivatives).

[@RichardDCook]

I have a friend who pronounces the /hw/ in what, when, whether, whale, which, etc. But not in who! I guess if you did pronounce the /hw/ who would be /hwo/ or /hwu/

[@robbadob9929]

@@RichardDCook is interesting because not all words spelled with it actually have that phoneme: "what" = /hw/ from Old English hw "who" = /h/ (never /hw/ except for Scots) even though in Middle English (~1400) it used to be /hw/; it was probably simplified because of the round vowel in southern accents "whole" = /h/ (never /hw/) from Old English h; the spelling is just by analogy to differentiate it from "hole" Generally, speakers will only merge /hw/ with /w/ (so only #1 is affected by the merger), not with /h/

[@tfan2222]

@@RichardDCookIt’s not in ‘who’ because the vowel is a back vowel, hence the /w/ was dropped (see OE ‘swā’ to ME ‘so’).

[@juanme555]

Dude your beard looks amazing , you should let it grow more. Looking great Luke.

[@C_B_Hubbs]

I paused the video after the first second and laughed for a minute straight at how Luke answeres the question immediately. 😂

[@massimogiudici4190]

Luke....as I told you before: you are the best. Thank you for bringing so many memories of my studies back

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Molto gentile, Massimo!

[@gobbleguk]

Thanks, now I know how to pronounce X Æ A-XII

[@JuniperHatesTwitterlikeHandles]

that's an ash, it's pronounced like the a in.... ash. Or actually it's just pronounced ash in that name. Billionaires.

[@MasterOfWarLordOfPeace]

I will name my kid 1000101 That is 69 in binary numbers ...and I will disown that kid if he/she ever becomes non-binary! just pick a side, dammit!

[@Lioish]

@@MasterOfWarLordOfPeace joke on you if they just convert to hexadecimal instead.

[@MasterOfWarLordOfPeace]

@@Lioish F

[@marjae2767]

Khaaxii using Roman numerals or Khaaib using Greek ones?

[@EkaridonGaming]

I got into this channel from an old video in which you appeared where you tested to see if modern day romance speakers can understand latin. All I can say is that this has become one of my favourite channels(together with ScorpioMartianus ;) ) and has given me great amounts of knowledge about things I would otherwise have not researched on my own. You have provided and are still providing people with hours of educational entertainment and, combined with your humour and fun personality, you succeded in making one of the best and most underrated channels on youtube. Thanks LVCIVS

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Wow thanks, that’s so nice of you to say. A lot more good stuff is coming.

[@EkaridonGaming]

@@polyMATHY_Luke Didn't say anything that wasn't deserved, man! Respect from 🇷🇴

[@marcellodepa]

It's pretty fun that, in Italy, we (at least in my school) don't learn classical Latin pronunciation, maybe because the pronunciation from Latium is more similar to modern Italian. Anyway, thanks Luke! I always thought that learning Latin in school was a useless and tedious process but thanks to your videos now I believe that it only requires a (very) different approach and teaching method.

[@fanaticofmetal]

Yeah, an example : In ecclesiastical Latin the word "Amicitia" is pronounced "Amicizia"

[@mario8833]

Yes, that's why I decided to learn latin but with ecclesiastical pronunciation: it's more comfortable to me. It sounds better to me, since I'm italian, even though I know Virgil (or Catullus or whoever I like to read and enjoy) didn't speak like that

[@stephan9071]

I also learned the rustic pronunciation back in school. That was in Romania, and the classical one does not align well to modern Romanian.

[@acomathes]

It made me really happy that you mentioned the city Kayseri!

[@claudiopeli2774]

Congrats! An extremely detailed explanation that clearly shows your deep knowledge of this language and its culture.

[@spelcheak]

Can we use a similar method to find out how the dinosaurs pronounced pterodactyl?🤔

[@spelcheak]

/s, obviously

[@Michail_Chatziasemidis]

Oh, I know... *ahem*... Gruaaarrrgh!!!!

[@paavohirn3728]

Very cool! The tiny bit of Latin I learned was using the ee pronunciation and I just came across the ae today so I wanted to know. Now I know. Thank you!

[@acomathes]

Fun fact: many province names in modern Turkey were adopted from their old Greek names. Some examples: GR -> TR Amaseia -> Amasya Attaleia -> Antalya Palaeokastron -> Balıkesir Parthenia -> Bartın Prusia -> Bursa Hadrianapolis -> Edirne Smyrna -> Izmir Eis stin poli -> Istanbul ... and many others.

[@Ghostkerder]

Yep! A few more for your list: Sebasteia -> Sivas Sampsunta -> Samsun Trebizond -> Trabzon Nisibis -> Nusaybin Ancyra -> Ankara

[@ultrasgreen1349]

And more: Nikaia-->Iznik Ikonion-->Konya Kaisareia-->Kayseri Antiochia-->Antakya Mersina--> Mersin Adrianoupolis-->Edirne

[@KinGiliath4177]

So now you basically start a war

[@nomnom7697]

@@KinGiliath4177 why would Greeks be triggered about it?

[@KinGiliath4177]

@@nomnom7697 greeks and turcs are mortal enemies

[@Zestieee]

I swear I love your videos so much. They just keep getting better.

[@Dimetropteryx]

Would be interesting to hear your take on scientific names.

[@M4th3u54ndr4d3]

Very interesting. In portuguese, an ancient way to say "era" or "age" is "Aeon". The Æ is still pronounced exactly like this. We pronounce ah-eh-ON. Sometimes we can say Eh-ON, like the rustic pronounciation. But we never had this shift towards "ee-on"

[@lydwac]

now i need a video about pre-classical old latin.

[@FSantoro91]

Sarebbe molto interessante se tu potessi produrre un video sulle differenze tra la pronuncia rustica nel periodo classico e la pronuncia "ecclesiastica" o italiana del latino! 😁

[@BrandonBoardman]

La pronuncia ecclesiastica è semplicemente la rustica pronuncia del periodo classico con la fonologia dell'italiano moderno.

[@mrmoth26]

It's definately pronounced like ae not ae or ae.

[@danielmoura9421]

Maybe like æ

[@gideonros2705]

😂😂😂

[@tylere.8436]

@@danielmoura9421 No, more like: Æ

[@hjf3022]

So great to see Diodorus making a cameo.

[@craighughes536]

Right on my fellow linguist master..the beginning of this video is what I hear all the time…thank you for this

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Thanks, Craig!

[@arieliturbide6326]

Excelente clase de fonética Luke!...sigo aprendiendo con tus videos, grazie mille!

[@marloc2019]

Love it. And your impersonation of doc evil is fantastic by the way

[@Nikolej100]

4 years ago, when I first learned Latin, I instinctively read ae as I and my teacher took 10 minutes to explain to the whole class that it was e. Today I want to send her your video.

[@BuddyNovinski]

I haven't had this much fun with languages since Mario Pei (1901-78). Of course, there is "The Loom of Language", but it was only in book form.

[@PrestonRobertNorris]

Excellent opener. Mach’s gut!

[@matheuspeixoto8689]

Wow thats i love etymology, a whole interesting history of just one syllabe

[@TheBryanrobertjones]

this is the best goddamn video I have ever seen on KZbin. perfectly thorough, whilst concise and agreeable, Elegant. good teacher

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

You’re very kind. I have many more videos of this type.

[@TNTErick]

Finally here comes Luke! with fun, informative, great videos that save us from the mundane post-pandemic lives!

[@bbpsicologia]

Professor, thank you again! Great subject. Great video! Bravo!

[@Andu972]

Informative as usual :) Would it be presumptuous to ask about the "OE" diphthong and it's evolution and transformation?

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

For the future.

[@xolang]

@@polyMATHY_Luke looking forward to it. as I mentioned, even in my father tongue we often pronounce ai as è, but oe usually ends up sounding like u, which is why it's interesting to see how in Latin it ends up sounding like è too. I mean è and u sound nothing similar IMO. 😁

[@gaborodriguez1346]

I only know that "oe/œ" used to sound like "oi" in "choice".

[@finnianquail8881]

its pronounced ayyyyyyy im walkin over here

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

hahaha

[@dknapp64]

I like your channel a lot. I lived in Brazil for 3 years and speak Portuguese. I was surprised at how much of your spoken Latin I understand in many of your videos.

[@allejandrodavid5222]

Parece um superpoder

[@DarkoSayd]

Il Tormento e l'Estasi : Aprire il video col timore che Luke pronuncerà il fonema latino in maniera diversa da come l'hai imparato, ma lo pronuncia come credevi e vai a dormire contento! :)

[@sebastiangudino9377]

Quite a common thing with this types of videos, thankfully!

[@filippo6157]

Hahahahahaha

[@anthonylogiudice9215]

You read my mind! I wanted to know how one would pronounce "Aetius" (The great Roman general, Flavius Aetius) in the classical Latin when the "AE" is in front of a Latin word. You confirmed it for me that it was pronounced more like EYE-Tee-us. As you indicated in your video, the monophthong pronunciation would be the shorter "E" sound, as in "yet".

[@hrotha]

Flavius Aetius didn't live in classical times though. It's not completely clear when the monophthongization of became standard, but I imagine by the mid 5th century it must have been very widespread if not universal

[@anthonylogiudice9215]

@@hrotha Did the Aetius gens exist in the classical period? Assuming that it did, the Dipthong pronunciation would have been used.

[@JerryCrow]

Right gotcha, you are explaining how languages evolve via means of monothonging or what ever it was, so the "ee" in english ceasar has formed such that the a just rotated 180*. And languages that dont have the dipthongs as native tend to do this.

[@KnicksBasketball96]

Was looking forward to this one since you mentioned it last week, amazingly done as always

[@memenatsuki2577]

This is the best explanation so far

[@Cachoeira1986]

Great information as usual, my friend.

[@benw9949]

Thank you! I've been hoping for something to clear this up for a while. (Still in the diphthong [ae/ai] portion of the video, not yet to where it morphed in between Classical into Vulgar and then Common Romance, so I'm still looking for clarification between [æ, æi] before [e, ei]. But I figure this will answer that.) Thanks! Aha! The progression makes sense, but I wasn't expecting [æe] in there. Thanks much for clarifying how we got stressed close E [é] but that Æ was separate and didn't merge with it, to get to IE, [je] regularly in most daughter languages, plus the distinctions on open È and Ò rather than close É and Ó. Quite how we got e and o in some situations, but ie and uo or ue in others, has been a question I've had for a while. :) This helps me understand which phonetic environments did that. Note: It's odd that Æ could morph into IE, and yet from Middle English to Modern English, we get EA (long open E) changing to our modern long E in some cases, and AY/EI or short EH in other cases, which is why EA in English spelling (and occasionally E) is sometimes "long E" and sometimes "short E" or like AY/EI in the cases. So in other words, in some cases (environments) it transforms faster than others. So this shows Latin to daughter languages Æ or E to IE (YE) wasn't so unusual. Why Spanish went to UE instead of UO or UA doesn't quite make sense to me, and yet it happened. But I'm still at a loss to understand how French went from EI to OI to [wa] so consistently. It seems so improbable, yet it absolutely happened.

[@italuswikiano1191]

So glad you have confirmed the long 'e' for the Medieval Latin "saecula saeculorum" in the Latin "Glory Be." Tibi ago gratias!

[@jozmiguelcardenas7809]

Thanks for the explanation

[@jstantongood5474]

And am consistently impressed with his linguistic prowess.

[@elvisman2000]

Destroying the doubters of Latin pronunciation with TRUE FACTS and LOGIC

[@mikechad27]

Ye

[@feleslucis-emanueldearaujo6237]

As always, I'm somewhat late to watching this great video! Thank you for talking about this 😺

[@LAURENTSCT]

caelum also made in french 'Ciel' (sing) and 'cieux' (plur), it's one of the few irregular plural where the pronunciation is different and where you can make the differentiation between singular and plural when spoken. And to make it easyer it also exist the plural 'ciels' for 'ciel' with the same pronunciation, when 'ciel' is a painted vaulted ceiling and not the sky.

[@xolang]

I reckon in French, -als or -els often becomes -aux or -eux. like how the adjectives ending in -al often become -aux in plural. or cheval --> chevaux.

[@LAURENTSCT]

This is more complicated than it seem, otherwise this is not French. For old words like cheval this is true, plural is made with -aux, but for new or borrowed words plural become regular with s, like 'carnaval' => 'carnavals' or 'chacal' (jackal)=> 'chacals'. also if there is no feminine form of the word we have regular plural like 'bal' (ball) => 'bals' or 'pascal' => 'pascals'. for -el it's always -els 'sel' (salt) => 'sels'. This is for words ending with -iel that we have the same 'rule' than for -al, with old words vs words borrowed or without feminine form.

[@departlatin]

Wonderful and accurate explanation. I myself prefer the pronounciation /ái/ for two reasons. In Spain it's very common to pronounce this dipththong /aé/, what is a terrible mistake, as the the stress falls on tbe second part of the diphthong. In addition to this every Spanish pupil learnt by heart that a and e never, never are a dipthong (in Spanish I mean). So if I do not force my student to read "ae" "ái", they would make two mistakes; first, they would not make the diphthong; second, they would place the stress wrongly, saying /aé/. So, in this case, I go for /ái/, though it is not exactly tbe right pronounciation. By the way, this is too a common mistake among teachers of Latin in Spain.

[@jan-toreegge9252]

Ha ha ha ha ha! For me this is the perfect Friday night entertainment, accompanied by a G & T. I didn't quite expect the "eye" explanation, but I've been asking myself for some time whether we are to regard this as a diphthong or monophthong (or when it was one or the other). As a Norwegian, though, I had expected something like [æ] rather than [e]. I obviously need to dig deeper.

[@lrsalves]

Amazing your channel! Thanks for this video

[@Tubomiro]

Yaaaaaaaaay another rant video! Yay yay yay yay Luke!

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Just wait till next week!

[@antonpanon1567]

Love it thanks. So well presented Any chance of exploring the pronunciation of " logos, logoi" or "οι πολλοί "in ancient Greek, modern Greek and English. Much appreciated

[@hcesarcastro]

It was interesting how the got to Proto-Germanic. Do you have any knowledge on how this process happened? Did speakers of Moselle Romance also kept the sound, or had it already monophthongized by then?

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

It came from 1cAD Latin

[@Iledomair]

I love it. Great video!

[@Olly133mhz]

BIG thanks for sharing that list of grammarians - I’ve been looking for something just like that to get stuck into! 🙏

[@ryuko4478]

Caesar was also loaned in Classical Arabic as قيصر /ˈqajsˁar/ though it was loaned to Hebrew as קֵיסָר‎ which would /qesɔʀ/ in Tiberian Hebrew

[@SPVRINNA]

Luke, are there any videos of mostly classical pronunciation with the monophthong vowels you described? I would love to check them out!

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

I don't think there are many recordings. Some people use that, but they're not aiming for historical pronunciation.

[@rogeriopenna9014]

Almost all classical Latin (and most romance languages) are based on monophtongue vowels. Just need to see IPA, where English vowels are represented by two Latin monotone vowels. Except French They can have 10 vowels in a row for a single vowel sound.

[@shellyharry8189]

Fascinating! Thank you!

[@NorthernerDiaries]

As always, thanks!

[@ingvarjensen1088]

It's 2 a.m. now and I'm getting my combination of education while being talked into sleep. Thank you, Luke ♥️

[@ranierimaciel463]

Gratias Luke !

[@y11971alex]

I think one of the authors wrote that the 1st declension plural nominative is a contraction of thematic a- plus the 2nd declension ending -ī, so the disyllabic ending -aï would be historically justifiable. On a similar note, the archaic genitive singular was apparently -ās as in “paterfamilias”, which was also displaced by the 2nd declension.

[@HeWhoComments]

This channel is the best!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

This comment is the best

[@danielconde13]

One thing that confuses me for quite some time: there's a town nearby me, in Trás-os-Montes region, Northeastern Portugal, that was founded by the Romans, as Aqvae Flaviae. Everybody I heard trying to pronounce that - thanks to a hotel there called just like the ancient town's name - do it as "Aqua Flavia", which always seemed wrong to me. So, what would be the correct pronounciation? Aquai Flauiai, Aque Flavie, both, none...?

[@brookeaclin8940]

Again, I thought my pronunciation in high school was pretty good, but there are all these little nuances that my ears can barely distinguish!👂

[@JV-km9xk]

What are some of your favourite words or phrases in latin to say/hear? In Italian, my favourite phrase is "è vero" or "davvero". Idk but they sound so satisfying to hear and say words with V and R rolls.

[@prywatne4733]

The change from [ai̯] > [ae̞̯] > [ɛː] is really interesting to me as a very similiar thing happened in Slavic. For example, the Latin word "caesar" was borrowed into Proto-Slavic as *kaisari, and later the "ai" diphtong shifted into a long "ɛː" which is called a "yat" by slavicists, so the word shifted into *kēsari and then (because of the third slavic palatalization) into *cēsari (and into *cēsarĭ in Late Common Slavic, written as cěsarь in notation on wiktionary) which is where we get words like Russian царь (car', Tzar) or Polish cesarz (emperor) from. An example of a native slavic word with this shift can be the verb *waidētī (to know) which shifted into *vēdētī (written as *věděti by the notation used by Wiktionary btw)

[@stipe3124]

In modern times AE means Yes in certain non Latin language that is spoken very close to Italy . But this is offtopic, great video and keep the good work .

[@xolang]

in my father tongue there's quite a few words which is spelled with "ai", and pronounced that way in the standard language, but is often pronounced as "è" when spoken most people, in the capital city area at least. I also still remember clearly how some teachers at school _always_ pronounced ai like è.

[@adnanbezerra6014]

Do one about the TH, like in Catholicae

[@cemreomerayna463]

One word about Kayseri; your pronunciation is almost spot on, except that Turkish stops in the initial position are always aspirated.

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

Good note

[@melindaengstrom8910]

Gratias, magister optime!

[@raggersragnarsson6255]

Why cant our school language teschers be as good as you? So engaging.

[@DeinLateinlehrer]

Bene et clare explicavisti! Nuper hac de quaestione disputatio inter philologos Germanicos orta est. Nam Axel Schönberger pronuntiatum restitutum partim in dubium vocavit et antiquis iam temporibus litteras "ae" sicut monophthongum pronuntiatas esse. Cui assensus non est Jürgen Blänsdorf. Disputatio iucunda sed fortasse supervacanea. Cura, ut valeas!

[@annamariapegoiani3747]

Molto interessante! A seconda della provincia in cui si nasce e si cresce, in Italia, abbiamo diversità nell'apertura della [e]. Oltre all'accento della frase, la semplice apertura della vocale varia e anche di molto!

[@mattilatvala4164]

I, as a Finn, have always pronounced Classic Latin "ae" simply as the Finnish Ä, and - it was correct. 🙂😎

[@miklosnemeth8566]

Yep. Rustic pronunciation

[@LazyMarmotPresent]

Jajaja i love your rants!

[@mjackstewart]

The helicopter pilot in you becoming angry is HAWT, dude … 😀

[@felixarquer7732]

Don’t forget Catalan! We still pronounce “cèsar”, “cel”, etc. with an open “e”.

[@xolang]

in Romanian, sky is "cer". I'm not sure if it's open or closed though. I think they don't make such distinction in Romanian.

[@mawile3037]

" out of the park " sound board earned you a like lol 😅

[@EFO841]

ah, /ae/ understand it now... ps love the stubble !

[@Pandadude-eg9li]

Speaking of time machines. Going to 5th century BC Rome and analyzing the Latin of the time would be a pretty sweet idea. Especially since not many writings are extant pre-4th century BC in Ancient Italy.

[@Cyclonus2377]

I confess: I always pronounced the æ sound as [EE]. Ex: [SEE-ser]. And the city of Cæsarea, I pronounced [Seh-se-REE-uh]. It was the way I always heard it pronounced. But all these years, we were all apparently wrong. As always, very fascinating. Thanks once more for sharing your knowledge 🙂🙂

[@unanec]

I like pronouncing it as a long E honestly

[@josealonzogonzalez6601]

Dude omg you connected so many suspected dots.. gracias amigo

[@polyMATHY_Luke]

De nada!

[@Prostopyotr]

00:25 That would’ve been a perfect time for 1920’s cartoon cuffed-fists fighting.

[@rogeriopenna9014]

Marius, from Arpinum, southern Latium: é Sulla, patrician from Rome: AI!! CIVIL WAR there you have it, the real reason for the Civil War that started the end of the Republic