Pronunciation of Old Norse (Medieval / Reconstructed)

[@embrezar]

This dude is awesome. The way he presents his videos is very straightforward, easy to watch, and informative. I came here because I wanted to know how to pronounce the "eth" sound solely because of the Iðunn Apples in God of War, but this dude actually taught me a lot in this short video. Old Norse definitely has a lot of sounds that a native English speaker isn't used to, but perhaps that's what makes it so interesting. I love languages that challenge my perceptions of words and language; for example, the voiced lateral fricative (I think that's the correct term, anyway) in certain languages is something very alien to a native English speaker. Just to clarify, what I am referring to as a voiced lateral fricative can be found, for example, in languages such as Welsh or Icelandic: in both languages, a double-L produces this sound. The way it's pronounced isn't something I can even put into text... it's sort of like putting the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth and forcing breath around the tongue. For a Welsh example, the village called Llanfairpwllgwyngyll is a good example of this sound, and in Icelandic, the ice cap called Eyjafjallajökull is a good example as well. If anyone actually bothers to read this text wall and finds that I have used the wrong term for that sound, please let me know.

[@embrezar]

By the way, the "rðr" part of the words "Miðgarðr" and "Ásgarðr" is really difficult to say. A trilled (or tapped) r, followed by eth, followed by another trilled r... it's really difficult for me but you do it without effort.

[@TheRealParsonz]

Old Norse has alot of sounds that are still used by native English speakers, especially in the various Dialects of Great Britain - however many of them are hidden in words or softened, or in archaic words that are no longer in use to describe modern things

[@chloetwintheii3872]

you described it so perfectly!

[@wendydomino]

":surfer dude pronunciation" haha. I won't forget that :) You're a good teacher.

[@muskhavedoge5501]

hahaha! samesies :)

[@Scareth]

I'm Swedish, and I've grown a sudden interest in my country's old mythology. It's very interesting to learn about, and very educational. I feel that it's somewhat my duty as a Scandinavian citizen to know something about it. I'm going to practice Old Norse. Mainly because it's very interesting to learn a new language, and secondly because it's not as hard as a completely different language, as I already can read some Old Norse because of similarities.

[@frostflaggermus]

norwegian here, and same.

[@CaEkJu]

May the allfather damn us. Me too. Im just from Denmark.

[@TheMykHyn]

so i am sitting here as a german, knowing all the Umlaute and the weirdest pronunciations of words in all sorts of languages of my fellow citizens (german is a funny language, i can tell ) ... but when it comes to understanding how to pronounce old norse, none could tell me how. thank you for your work Dr. Crawford, i've learned a lot today in 12 minutes. With regards

[@flamebird2218]

2:30 Middle English had very similar vowel sounds for a, e, and i before the great vowel shift occurred in the language.

[@Darvit_Nu]

This is a HUGE help! I've been sorting through so many books and I swear each author presents a completely different pronunciation guide... most of which inherently felt wrong to me and didn't flow in the language. This feels right & natural. I'm staying with Prof. Crawford :) Just sad I'm on the east coast or I'd love to take classes from him.

[@pravoslavn]

This lecture makes me wonder about how consistent the application of the Latin alphabet was when it was first applied to O.N. When and where did O.N. come to be transcribed in a Latin-based alphabet? Is there textual evidence for competing methods for spelling (especially with respect to the diphthongs) when scribes first attempted to put O.N. into Latin characters? This lecture is another totally First Class piece of work. I wish I could audit some of your classes !

[@sunshinesilverarrow5292]

Thank you and that a beautiful background! Hugs & sunshine ☀ N

[@weepingscorpion8739]

So: Old Norse: /a/, /ɔ:/, /ɔ/, /o/, /ø/ But Faroese, where becomes (except infront of nasals where it becomes ): Long variants: /ɛa:/, /ɔɑ:/, /ø:/, /o:/ Short variants: /a/*, /ɔ/, /œ/, /ɔ/ * in most dialects before , : [ɛ]. Anyway, point was the interesting evolution of these vowels in Faroese. (/ have fully merged with /).

[@silver6380]

Faroese has some crazy vowel things happening. What seems to have happened is: Old Norse had long and short vowels, which mostly had the same sound. Gradually, differences in sound in addition to length developed, and eventually, the length distinction was lost. This is where Icelandic stopped. Faroese went a step further, and re-developed allophonic vowel length, and then those vowel lengths diverged in sound again. So now there are something like 28 distinct vowel sounds.

[@annekabrimhall1059]

You have no idea how glad I am to find you! ! ! My dad and son live in Boulder and just published a book, an old Norse historical fiction. I want to say the names accurately! They might reach out to you as a resource for the sequel. Watch for Kelly Nichols and Alyn Rockwood!

[@taojingwu6330]

I’m a Boulder native, and it’s so cool to see something like this from my home town! Also cool to see some influence of Sanskrit in the pronunciation of Nordic languages

[@shm2594]

Thank you. Your teaching method is very helpful!

[@elizabethtorres6069]

Thank you Dr. Crawford.

[@GroshevEgor]

Thank's a lot, Dr. Crawford. It's very usefull for me now.

[@NameSleuth]

Doc awesome video. Youre so cool. Glad youre still creating. Found you exploring the name Kendall which origins from Old Norse. Thank you sir

[@ServantOfOdin]

Old Norse [y] = Modern Germany [ü]. Funnily enough

[@kiwon1974]

yep, we've a slight advantage knowing the ö , ü, ch... sounds.

[@ulfmagnusson6483]

Ü is often called "tyskt y" (German y) in Sweden.

[@leagillact-o-graphy1690]

Ulf Magnusson How cool is that.

[@leagillact-o-graphy1690]

Rafael GS yeah so true

[@leagillact-o-graphy1690]

Does anyone know how to pronounce a “d/th” as soft as in “the” in the middle of consonants as in Mithgradgsthingy??

[@kyleh586]

Great video! Thank you for all your great work and keep it up.

[@NayrbRellimer]

At 10:11, you mention that "v" in Old Norse was pronounced /β~v/ in thirteenth century Old Icelandic. How do we know when intervocalic "f" and "v" merged in Old Norse? Is this mentioned in the second grammatical treatise? When do reverse spellings like æfi for ævi occur?

[@El_Rusofilo]

Excellent lesson. By the way, your Spanish didn't sound flawed at all. In fact, the sound of intervocalic "g" in Spanish is officially a voiced velar approximant, but many people pronounce it more like a voiced velar fricative.

[@hyacinthe4478]

I just found out about your channel I’m SO happy that you still post regularly! Learning old Norse alone is very difficult so you’re my official teacher now lol

[@DaniEIdiomas]

Thanks for the lesson. I'm trying to make my own channel learning Old Norse too and this helped me quite a lot to contrast with other sources of audio samples and findings in IPA. In exchange, as a little favour, I'm translating the video to Spanish. I hope it turns out useful in some way to gain more audience. Cheers!

[@atsukana1704]

For more context on the thing about the ch and spain (Lived there for two years): I don't remember hearing the g pronounced this way but the J (jota) was consistantly done like this particularly in central andalucia. In the west it seemed to vary from person to person in areas such as cadiz and sevilla. If you struggle to pronounce the sound, act like you are making a loogey or try to hiss like a cat.

[@elenablue3229]

Thank you so much for detailed descriptions of old Norse pronunciation!

[@ACruelPicture]

4:50 - So... is Æ pronounced like Ä in Swedish? And Á is pronounced kind of like Å?

[@dan74695]

Á was pronounced [aː].

[@ZiGGyMaidEN]

Great video. As you say, you often hear people pronounce the accented long vowels in Old Norse anachronistically as in Modern Icelandic. I am a native speaker of Faroese - a close relative to Icelandic - and I am curious to know, when you think the long was rounded in Old Norse? In Faroese the most common pronunciation of is the difthong [ɔɑː] as in 'bátur' (boat), but the long sound is preserved in the northern dialects of Faroese - therefore we have the two variations [b̥ɔɑʰtʊɹ] and [b̥aːʰtʊɹ].

[@schnek8927]

Me, a Swede: "It's just Swedish..." Which is cool! Our language really hasn't changed much at all in the last one thousand years!

[@ImTheRealGambit]

I love this guy. I'm teaching myself old norse..its kinda easy and kinda hard

[@Copyright-di4we]

Thanks. This will be useful. Can you do Faroese next?

[@leagillact-o-graphy1690]

Copyright 2015 On some vote for Faroese from my side.

[@saxebbel1986]

"whether you wanna call it [scanian] swedish or danish is your own opinion" this is gonna ruffle some feathers 😂

[@LOSTNTH0UGHT]

I hope you are enjoying being back in beautiful Colorado, I'm hoping you get a chance to visit the Viking exhibit while it's in Denver,, I really enjoyed visiting it, and hope you will to, thank you for your wonderful videos

[@josenova1370]

Really loved this video Jackson

[@anApparition]

Excellent video, thanks so much! Im trying to teach myself ON and had so many questions about pronunciation and this was exactly what I was looking for.

[@sandskeletor1]

Awesome wow u really have Allot of subscribers from the last time I viewed these videos good excellent that your doing this

[@Ganagankyu]

Wishing you. *Puts hat on* All the Best. What a boss, lol.

[@Trildin]

So incredibly dorky, lol. Great video though

[@ActuallyAimless]

Totally off topic, just got here trying to learn more about Norse Mythology and just wanted to say you are super handsome! ... In all seriousness though, thanks for the video! It was very helpful. You're a great teacher! :)

[@zecuse]

7:21 Didn't realize you said the word buoy? Also, I'm here because of God of War's use of the foreign letters in _some_ of the names/words.

[@RockandrollNegro]

Prof Crawford: Could you weigh in on how certain Norse names ending in an vowel took on an "-ed" or "-rd" ending when transplanted to Anglo? Example: Becke (Norse) = Beckett (English). Ubbe (N)= Hubbard (E). Hille (N) = Hilliard (E). Just wondering where those suffixes came into play.

[@qploper]

I don't think all of those names are of Old Norse descent, Beckett might be since it fits with other names that were transmitted to England post-Norman Invasion such as Hackett (Hacket) or Bennett (Benoit). Old English personal names were usually two word compounds (dithematic); in this instance we can see that Hubbard appears to contain the parts 'hug' (meaning mind/heart) and 'berht' (meaning bright; seen also in Robert, Egbert, Hilbert) , ultimately meaning 'bright mind / intelligent' and could be considered a variation of Hubert much like Hibbard is a variation of Hilbert. Hilliard contains the first element of Hilbert which is 'hild' (meaning battle) and the second element is likely 'ward' (meaning guardian / warden; seen also in Howard, Stewart/Stuart, Edward). Beckett is an interesting one because it seems largely limited as a surname, most likely derived from a place name consisting of either 'Bicca' (personal name/nick name) or 'beo' (bee) and 'cot' (cottage / home) together or come about a way similar to the name Everett which is from Eoforheard ('eofor' wild board + 'heard' strong) but it could potentially have roots in a short monothematic Old Norse name which was then modified into a diminutive, similar to Emma becoming Emmett, by the Norman speakers. Not enough to go on for Beckett.

[@leomaracosta631]

Love the way you explained it all. I'll stay tuned to your channel as I love old norse and everything tied to the viking age.

[@Llonerin2]

Found this video in the related videos for your "Viking Names and Their Meanings" that i was watching pretty much only to have the right pronunciation of Ulfr. And.... this is pretty hard for me (maybe 'cause i'm italian and need to adapt into using an explanation made for someone using a different language than mine) but i LOVED this video, and immediately subscribed to your channel. I'm pretty sure i'll watch this video a couple hundred times again, together with all your other videos. Thank you.

[@aerobolt256]

Often in languages there will be a slight difference in the articulation of long and short vowels. Sometimes it can be seen pairs such as [iː] and [ɪ], [eː] and [ɛ], or [uː] and [ʊ]. Would anything like that apply to Old Norse?

[@ThorirPP]

It seems like the modern attitude is that there wasn't a lot of difference other than being long and short, with the exception of the long a, á, which is considered to have been more like a long ǫ. This attitude kinda makes sense, as the use of the latin alphabet would have been relatively new at the time and therefore its use would make phonetically more sense than it would with later times. But then again, there could have been a small difference between them and we just don't know because we cannot go back in time to check.

[@jandhi2043]

Not a linguist, so take what I say with a grain of salt. I think long vowels generally tend to be more tense in their articulation, such as in the difference of [iː] and [ɪ]. Icelandic did develop such a distinction before the syllable length restructuring it underwent, so its a possibility- in fact, the distinction between Old Norse long and short vowels in modern Icelandic is entirely by quality and not length. However, an argument against it could be that Old Norse kið [?] becomes Swedish kid [kiːd], with a long vowel in Swedish due to all stressed syllables becoming long. [ɪ] > [ɪː] > [iː] seams less likely to me than straight [i] > [iː], so I would expect ON [kið]. To highlight why the former is less likely: in Old Dutch tenseness contrast between [yː] and [ʏ] arose before the later syllable length restructuring. The then lengthened [ʏː] did not merge with [yː], and instead lowered to [øː], and similarly the lengthened [ɪː] merged with long e, both due to their difference in quality to their tense counterpart. Similarly, in Latin, due to the difference in tenseness of [iː] and [ɪ], the latter merged instead with [eː] rather than with the former when length distinction was lost. I know no sources on the quality of ON short vowels, so this isn't by any means first-hand evidence. I would just not expect it to be a significant difference considering the trends of other languages in which a larger difference in tenseness rather than length emerged in short-long vowel contrast.

[@axelnilsson1785]

Short old Swedish /i/ became /e:/ and merged with the existing long e, the other short vowels where also lowered when lengthened. The exception being when a voiceless consonant following, then that was geminated instead. Exceptions are either loaned from certain dialects or are recent spelling pronunciations. Some, mostly western, Swedish dialects still keep lengthened old /o/ distinct from older /a:/, this is often transcribed with ô in dialect literature. fôgel, hôl, gôr are examples. So in general, when in open syllable without geminate or voiceless consonant. Short /u/ and /ɛ/ merged with their long counterparts. /a/ = /ɑ:/ /o/ = /ɞ:/ /i/ = /e:/ So yes, since this process is pretty much the same in Middle English, Dutch and Icelandic it supports the statement that short vowels had a slightly lowered pronunciation compared to long vowels.

[@jandhi2043]

Huh, I didn't know of that change in Swedish, just worked off of words I could find on wiktionary- thanks!

[@dianelunn-parsons7340]

Aero Bolt Articulate question.

[@sheilas1283]

I love your videos and the scenery is breathtaking.

[@a.fuentes1891]

Amazing video, keep it going! 👍

[@hippis563]

This so frakin good ! im a swe and Jodinedhimr !

[@poopitypoopoppopoop]

As a Dane, hearing you explaining our wovels in a manner English people can understand is pretty hilarious. Great video though. Interesting to see some of the words that are root to modern Danish.

[@LaNeona]

How would somebody pronounce Queen Tyra's runic name? I see strange similarities with: - Ashera - Ashira - A hera - A Shiva - Aethera - Korra - Chi Ra - Keiyah - Kala - Qi Ra - Hella / Hellenes

[@brightonbegole5459]

Another way to explain the G sound when it’s not G like “gone” is that it’s literally the Dutch G or CH.

[@ashtonchase1574]

Great video, you have helped me out a lot with old norse , thank you and keep up the good work!

[@elenoire7955]

if i pass my old norse exam it will be thanks to you

[@thevikingvox1277]

This is my favorite video of yours.

[@MalkWilliams]

Thank you! This has been incredibly useful, and exactly what I was looking for! I'm an audiobook narrator, just about to record a 10th century Norse historical fiction novel, and this was a perfect primer. One question: You said that a is basically "o" as in "got" (/ɒ/ in IPA), but in the examples at the end, "ar" in Miðgarðr and Ásgarðr, it's more of an /a:r/ sound. Have I got that right?

[@TheDReturns]

Just moved to Colorado a little less than a year ago, gotta ask, where in the world are you in this video?? I need to visit that in person.

[@fugyomom]

Aaron Mitchell I could be wrong but I think he's actually in Wyoming.

[@saatvikam]

He says at the very beginning he's in central Colorado.

[@TheDReturns]

Kate Elliott I'm not sure if you know this, but Colorado is a large place. I also wasn't able to actually watch it, just saw the thumbnail. I was asking for a specific location.

[@craigh4868]

Kate Elliott hmu on snapchat

[@superturkeylegs]

I'd guess somewhere near Estes Park

[@Dovah21]

One thing I'm not 100% on yet is the pronunciation of the letter V. It is always a hard "vuh" at the beginning of words? Because I've heard Norse words with Vs after the beginning letter take on a "wuh" sound like the letter W in English.

[@Fyrwulf]

The real pronunciation of Freyja is a bit of a mind screw. I always knew the R was rolled, but ey = oy is so counterintuitive.

[@octobermoon9]

I appreciate this video very much I even took notes.

[@LeviAbercromby]

Still helping people mate, cheers

[@redditama6090]

Dr. Jackson Crawford,please do a video on Vafthrudnirs Sayings

[@johnnyjoe7054]

Very good video to the point and informative

[@noelgreenabq]

Oh my (Old Norse) word... this was SO helpful!

[@IamKyuTee]

How is Liði pronounced? So confused. I have a friend with a family member in their ancestory with that as their name. People have said it was all kinds of pronunciations. But the original name was written Liði but the British changed his name to Lige. Please answer so my friend can have peace about her ancestor's true pronunciation of his birth name Liði. So would it be L with th luh sound, short i or long i, th as in the eth, short i? So would it sound like lu L-i-th-i? With both dhort it's? Please help. Li-ethi

[@ussassu]

Please explain to be the difference between the o and hooked o pronunciation?? They are really exactly the same - same with their long versions. Really don't get this. Also why wikipedia says that long á is pronounced as long a and not o?

[@venakew]

I've started a few days ago a beginners Old Norse course online and just out of curiosity was wondering how one would pronounce þjófr? After watching this am I right in saying it would be Th-ee-Yoh-Fir?

[@mrminer071166]

My study of math impacts my historical phonology. if a reciter chooses to adopt a pronunciation scheme in which a is drifting so as to trespass onto the phonological territory of hooked o, then the one-to-oneness of the writing system is compromised. So I'm going to be inclined to adopt an earlier system of pronunciation in which a (as in father) and o-hook (got) are kept separate. (BTW: I recite Homer, Sir Gawain, Beowulf, Vergil etc. For Homer, it's fun to restore the digammas.)

[@heinemann0074]

I didn’t know the y vowel was so hard to pronounce. So I’ll teach ya. You make the í sound like in feel and then you put your lips forward in an o shape like you’re trying to pronounce an O. You’ll get what sounds like a dark í. Ø is somewhat Easier. It’s like the English uh or um. It’s less oo-ey if you know what I mean. One last thing is that my sisters name is Freya. We pronounce the e it doesn’t become an ø. Although people have gotten freya confused with frøya. This is coming from a modern Scandinavian so this is the correct way to say it now. If it sounds like what you are saying in old Norse, then I apologize.

[@faramund9865]

So. I came across this chart that said that á is long a on omniglot. What reasoning do they have an what reasoning do you have. Do you have a video on the reasoning behind these sounds?

[@sentinelshoshin4632]

After returning to pronunciation, it occurs to me: Why is the 'I' in "Odin" pronounced like 'i' instead of 'ee'; as in, 'O-thinn' and not 'O-theen'?

[@benji285]

8:39 I'm sorry, you tell us that "g" is also a velar fricative but I've never heard you pronounce it as such in your videos, yet I searched, besides, you don't give any explanation or example in this video, could you please give us some clarifications 🤔?

[@EliteTeamKiller2.0]

Man, I never noticed the length of vowels in English with respect to the consonant they end on.

[@maxximilian__]

Valheim is

[@ne.laser_jon]

banamaðr, from what I’ve read is the word for slayer. How do you pronounce this??? I’m trying to find a good name for my fishing boat and this word has been sticking out to me and I haven’t the slightest idea how to properly enunciate it. Can someone help?

[@adamjohnston7401]

Any chance you can translate " all my relations " ? Its a lakota saying. As we are all related in one way. Thanks in advance

[@annabunches]

Word-for-word I'm pretty sure that would be something like "allar mín frændr", although you can vary the word order pretty freely in this phrase. "Frændr allar mín" has the right 'feel' to me, but I'm admittedly an amateur. ;)

[@justanothercurious2243]

I have two questions: 1. I am not sure about the pronunciation of á. The professor opts for the [ɔ:] pronunciation, with the argument that he and many other scholars believe that the rounding of á (which originally sounded [a:]) to [ɔ:] took place quite early (ca. 5:35). However, some other things I have red, from Old Norse scholars as well, is that á had the value of [a:] somewhere until the 1350, the time when Old Norse period ends. Then it got rounded to [ɔ:], as in modern Norwegian "sal", German "Saal". If this is correct, than should´t á has the value of [a:], at least in mythological names (Àsgard, Àrvakr etc)., given the fact that most of the sources dealing with Old Norse cult and religion are prior to this time? Are the Old Norse scholars divided in this regard? It's not that I want to be polemical with the professor, I just want to know how to transcribe á correct. By the way, I checked another video when he speaks of Hávamál, in the first syllable it is [ɔ:] allright, then in -mál it sounds more like [a:] (Compare also kzbin.info/www/bejne/gHqmmIGIr6qBpbM - though the lady who is doing this video is not an Old Norse expert, the the video is very instructive however) 2. I guess that when a word originally starts with f - for instance "fari" - is then used in a compound noun, the "f" retains its phonetic value [f], even though it is inside the (new) word, i.e. compound noun. For instance, in "Mundilfari" the "f" should have the phonetic value [f], right? Anyone competent to answer or to share thoughts to these questions? Thank you!

[@kingaxolotl7570]

So I was wondering, I am terrible at trilling my r, so is it possible to speak old Norse without trilling an r? I can’t roll my r because I have a medical condition on my tongue that won’t allow me to trill.

[@ryanhines719]

Would love to know how to pronounce Trjegul. As in the name of one of Freyja’s cats.

[@AlexisGolzman]

In Spanish I'd read it as "Triégul". Not so difficult.

[@laynepaige5397]

Tyvm, I like the video; it might be easier to give examples of all the vowel sounds from words that actually use it in that way. Like you did with ‘pet’. An ‘o’ to represent the ‘a’ sound might be confusing. You could say ‘fa la la’ or for ‘U’ you could do ‘tutu’ :)

[@Wolfie.22]

So do you have a video on how to say Freyja's Cats names bygul and trjegul?

[@v.watson4179]

Thank u so much for this channel

[@meaghannreillymcinnis2711]

Hey great video! Very pretty and informative, I am trying to figure out the pronunciation of an old Norse name, an I'm curious if yourself or any of your followers, could provide me with the phonetic pronunciation of 'Saebjorn' Thanks for any help! :)

[@oddmustelid4339]

Could you please have a post that shows a phonetic chart for all sounds in Old Norse? I am unsure of other sources.

[@adrien437]

I think the G like a vibrant CH is like in Flemish Dutch. For instance the word "goed"

[@pipocrack221]

Myndbandið er mjög gott þakka þér kærlega fyrir, ég lærði nýja hluti um landið Mitt

[@masonmorgan7071]

is there a reconstructed archaic Norse or old east norse pronunciation and if there is are there any PDF files to learn it like a new introduction to old Norse I would love to learn more about old east norse than the very very little I already know about it thanks in advance dude

[@superturkeylegs]

So is o caudata comparable to å in modern Norwegian?

[@girv98]

å is usually /o/ or /ɔ/ depending on dialect. ǫ is transcribed as either /ɒ/ or /ɔ/

[@pk6004]

Can I ask how would you pronounce the old Norse nickname "bua"?

[@Omizuke]

Hmmmm so the accent here is to extend the vowel and change the word. I was wondering about similar words or if they just had a truck load of more words. In spanish an accent, when used is needed, mark the strong syllable. And there are many words that depending on what syllable you emphasize the word change meaning. Instead they prolong vowels instead of changing the emphasized, since all are on the first. Also the vowels pronunciation are a lot easier to read for people that dominate language similar to spanish. Noticed something similar with Japanese. Vowels sound the same, many consonant as well. And they have a ¯ (macron) over vowels like ā, ō, ū that made them into long vowels. And the more I look for pronunciations for words on other languages the more I'm glad my first language was spanish. Because I can see a harder struggle for many language if I only came from english. We are also familiar with "Ñ" which was great for Tolkien's legendarium. I see people struggling with the ñ commonly. Oh! Aragón, I have some ancient linage from there on one side. Tho I mean the old kingdom before Spain was a thing. Anyway, your Aragón was okay. And this video was amazing. Thanks so much!

[@mikehancock1157]

Old norse is very close to speaking dutch? Am I right on this?

[@vysheslavuzumati1269]

great video! by the way where is this place you filmed from? its breathtaking

[@saatvikam]

He mentions at the very beginning that he's in central Colorado.

[@Amber-xm1yr]

Found this while trying to find the translation for “fate/destiny” in old norse. Inspiration from binging on the last kingdom on Netflix. I think I found the translation for fate is urõu?.... is that right?

[@williambilson1555]

Excellent! Thank you!

[@russelljenkinsfearn]

Thank you that was really useful

[@Nuke_Gunray]

One question to other ppl interested in nordic myths:Why does Loki kill Baldr, although through Völuspa it was known that he would be sentenced to his agonizing punishment?

[@pravoslavn]

Have you any comment on the fact that O.N. always stresses words on the intial syllable? Are there any historical antecedents for this in any other known Proto-Norse or North Germanic languages? And while I have your attention... what are the technical names for syllables further "back" in the word than the ultimate, penultimate and ante-penultimate syllables? I once heard "pre-ante-penultimate," but I think that was just someone's guess.

[@dannicron]

Root syllable stress is a common Germanic feature, also found in languages as German, Dutch and so on.

[@anotherelvis]

Did old Norse also have pitched accents similar to Swedish and Norwegian, or were these invented later?

[@chloetwintheii3872]

this is so silly but I've been trying to figure it out for ages! How do you roll your r's? if anyone has any good vids or resources I would be so thankful!

[@GuywithaTrexskullonhishead]

If you know know how to say 'r' then just say it louder and put more exhaling into it.

[@baryamalikavalc8851]

Thank you for all this ♥️♥️

[@Cejpat]

how do you pronounce the Old Norse word "svǫrthr"? Thank You Professor. Respectfully, Christian

[@MrThorp1]

is the old norse you speak from pre vowel shift? Do you have a video on the great vowel shift?

[@ztube9030]

Do you have a video on the r trill, I can't do it!

[@thrownswordpommel7393]

I'm sorry to tell you that, but it's possible that your inability to pronounce that sound is incurable. Either you need more training, or you have what we call " r moche " in Italian, and that, sadly, can't be changed at all.

[@refntyrdottir9647]

@@thrownswordpommel7393 i couldnt pronounce it to start with but figured it out eventually

[@faramund9865]

Oh you also do the -r voiceless, guess I'm not alone.

[@KetchupBlood94]

How about in you own opinion, do you consider Scanian a Danish Dialect, or Swedish dialect. Historians might say Scanian is Danish that have been "Swedified"(svenskt), but what would you, and linguist, say?

[@adamqadmon]

Are there any videos where you show to pronounce elder futhark runes?