Hippocampus and Memories

In this video, Dr Kushner explores the hippocampus, our brain's built-in time machine. Found deep within the temporal lobe, the hippocampus plays a critical role in forming new (declarative) memories, transferring short-term memories to long-term memories (i.e., memory consolidation), and spatial navigation.
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➡️Timestamps:
00:00 Hippocampus
01:09 Where is the Hippocampus Located?
02:28 What is the Limbic System?
03:34 What is the Difference Between Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia?
05:58 How Does the Hippocampus Help Form New Memories?
10:47 How Does the Hippocampus Help Consolidate Memories?
14:31 How Does the Hippocampus Support Spatial Navigation (Spatial Memory)?
15:09 What is a Cognitive Map?
15:24 What are Place Cells?
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[@PsychExplained]

Check your understanding: Retrograde amnesia refers to A. past memories interfering with new memories B. the inability to create new episodic memories C. difficulty speaking clearly D. the inability to recall past episodic memories

[@Seism85]

Inability to recall past episodic memories. 'Retro' is the easy way to remember that.

[@em3poetry399]

The answer is D

[@BAT_24]

D.

[@jaytomson7052]

It be bee?

[@bleh_stfu19]

Which part of the brain damage cause retrograde amnesia?

[@barryfield2271]

My dad suffered from Alzheimer's Disease. The neuron loss of his hippocampus therefore made his memories disappear slowly over time. The loss of his memories was the hardest for me to understand and cope with. Thanks for explaining this clearly.

[@PsychExplained]

Barry, thank you for sharing. I can't imagine watching a loved one experience this type of disease. God bless.

[@robertdavis9246]

You, sir, are an excellent teacher.

[@PsychExplained]

So happy to help :)

[@lujainsalama808]

yes this is beyond excellent!

[@DihelsonMendonca]

Excellent class. I study everything about the brain since my childhood. It's a passion. Sometimes, I think that in the future, we'll have a big book containing everything we know about the brain, or how exactly the brain completely works, step by step. We're very far away from knowing everything about the brain. 🎉❤❤❤

[@nicholassenior1770]

Such a clear explanation. I learnt a lot. Thanks for all your effort putting this together. :)

[@PsychExplained]

You're very welcome!

[@DihelsonMendonca]

Some scientists say that although a person with Alzheimer's disease can't retrieve most memories, they are there. The memories are not destroyed, they can't be accessed. That's the problem.

[@santiagoaurelio3444]

Thank you so much! I appreciate the different colors and diagrams you used.

[@sarahbrown891]

Wow. What an incredible Professional. Thank you for breaking things down so well.

[@eclipsa1203]

not me watching this video an hour before my psychobiology entry exam 🥹 love how this video includes everything i need to know about

[@PsychExplained]

😎

[@sonia5383]

Thank you so much! Loved the drawings and wonderful presentation ✨

[@rosanablanco-cano9268]

Wonderfully, thanks!

[@PsychExplained]

My pleasure!

[@monalaaly955]

You have the knowledge and excellent teaching abilities.

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you 🙏🏻

[@kaurgill1717]

Dr.Kushner🙏Very good & well explained video.FORNIX needs to be researched extensively 😊 Salute to our Gray's, Grant's, Cunningham Anotomy reseach in those days with limited inventories.We all must walk ahead & do more reseach to contribute in modern world with lot of facilities. Thank you.

[@PsychExplained]

Much appreciated

[@antonkulesh5792]

Amazing explanation! I like reading science-fiction books about the brain and such videos helps me a lot to consolidate my knowledge. Thanks!

[@HananGrow]

WOW 👏💖 your explanation is amazing 😍 It's unique in different ways! I am glad that I have found your channel. Thank you!

[@PsychExplained]

You're welcome 😊

[@AliskaBierman]

Excellent video - clear, concise and very well explained.

[@joshualicitra]

Great and simple video. Thank you,

[@erikdalton3662]

Excellent presentation sir.

[@kristinarassidaki4235]

Thanks SO much! You are just GREAT in explaining and teaching.

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you 🙏🏻

[@gpetaluma]

Thank You.. I finally got it. Thank You!

[@garnettewilliams5765]

Thank you so much that was very informative

[@PsychExplained]

Glad it was helpful!

[@ImeldaImelda-ju4jq]

AWESOME! thank you for the thorough explanatory

[@PsychExplained]

Glad it helped!

[@dariusmelquiadez2050]

Very nice review. Thanks

[@seanmkelly8192]

Excellent!

[@user-wd3pe4jx3r]

Enjoyed every second, it was amazing!

[@PsychExplained]

Glad you enjoyed it! Hope you subscribe 😎

[@AtalBur1]

Excellent video

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you very much!

[@em3poetry399]

What a great teacher u are!!! Thx u soooo very much for the video. New subscriber for suee

[@Vidya1939]

Nice lecture tks for video

[@kvh6782]

So awesome, thank you

[@lujainsalama808]

Thanks a lot for this, amazing explanation! Thanks for your excellent effort!

[@PsychExplained]

You're very welcome!

[@jasondu9904]

It was really helphul! Thanks a lot!

[@PsychExplained]

Great! 😁

[@johankatzenberger1234]

Great video. Thanks alot Buddy!

[@PsychExplained]

No problem 👍

[@bizpronetworks7265]

Great Video and detailed explanation. Thank you for taking the time this is very helpful. Best wishes

[@PsychExplained]

You're very welcome!

[@Ladycyberella]

Phenomenal channel!

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for watching! Please subscribe 😎

[@thebinnyboy]

This was awesome

[@favourites1240]

Really well explained.

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you 🙏🏻

[@alrichcobornman1767]

Excellent video, gonna start binging your channel

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for watching! Welcome 🙏🏻

[@trevorpope1913]

Brilliant, thank you .

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for watching! I hope my other videos help you as well learn about the human mind :)

[@hackthis1767]

I love the temporal lobe and tonotropic design also the fact that it works just like zener diode system

[@phunkymind23]

This was very helpful. Thank you. Would happened with the gain, though?

[@jollyhaobijam8917]

Well explained sir

[@l3tsgame253]

Great Video but theres a little mistake in regards to the neurons. The end of the first neuron in your image heads towards the end of the second neuron but the synaptic activity ist between the End branch and the dendrites of the second neuron.

[@PsychExplained]

L3tsGame you are SO right! Great catch. Let's just imagine the postsynaptic neuron is turned around :)

[@paullemay9573]

Well done. Lots of good detail. Missing bifurcation of hiippocampi tracts into emotional and spatial domains of processing to provide overall context for experience and memory. Otherwise, as I say well done overall.

[@user-jo4zj2ws9w]

you're so great

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for watching 👍

[@shahadatsqint5868]

Fantastic

[@debrapearse5116]

What part of the brain is responsible to retaining information. Example is reading a book, news paper, listening and understanding information. Thank you

[@PsychExplained]

There is no ONE structure responsible for "retaining" information. The brain is a complex organ with multiple regions involved in different aspects of information processing and memory. However, the primary structures responsible for retaining information and processing new knowledge include the hippocampus and various regions of the cerebral cortex.

[@princenawabali452]

Thanksgiving you information of brain hippocampus

[@PsychExplained]

Your welcome

[@jaytomson7052]

The decoding and assembly function does take "time", however, and how much time that it takes, no one truly knows. We could all be long dead... just remembering ourselves alive, like viewing ancient light in the night, through a telescope.

[@deegallarupananda6927]

Very useful

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for watching!

[@lekhanh1672]

Can you explain what diffrents from STM and LTM. Thanksyou

[@guillermosanchez1224]

our brain is amazing

[@user-lm6bl7sq2t]

Hi, thank you so much for your work! One thing remained unclear to me - what the role of hyppocampus in memory consoldation is. Could you please correct me, if I'm wrong? Each time smn recalls the memory of a date the LTP happens, to put it simple, between neurons in temporal lobe and neurons of hyppocampus , thus strengthening the connection between them. And that is how long term memory is formed. And hyppocampus doesnt' play role in LTM itself - storage or retrieving - but rather in formation of it. So when the memories are retrived the neural network doesn't include neurons of hyppocampus, but only neurons of neocortex, does it? Also if sensory information goes from neocortex to hyppocampus - one way, then the connection that strenghtens i is between axons from neocortex and cell bodies of hyppocampal neurons?

[@homognitor3378]

А на русском можешь написать для меня пожалуйста

[@homognitor3378]

Я просто анг не знаю

[@FiroYang]

言出法随. It sounds when you are saying or watching something, a synapse is being created or connected.

[@PsychExplained]

I agree with this :)

[@jollyhaobijam8917]

I am subscribing ur channel

[@serendipity9944]

Very interesting! I often wonder about this. I had an accident when I was 7 and lost all long and short term memory. The thing that bothers me is this, apparently when I got home from the hospital I jumped back on a bike and went to a friends house whom I remembered, not that I remember this incident. Did something trigger these memories? Or where they just floating around before fully being erased? I also believe that for quite a few years after my accident I never stored any memory besides traumatic ones and they are vague. It’s really odd to not be able to look back and recall childhood memories, there’s nothing. However, once my brain healed my memory was sharp…it probably had a reset…but so many will never comprehend what it was like growing up and having absolute blankness and to top it off, for quite a few years I wasn’t even storing daily events into my long term memory.

[@traciemartin2509]

How did you get your to heal? 🙏♥️

[@serendipity9944]

@@traciemartin2509 I would assume time. My accident occurred in the 80s and there was no therapy sessions after I left hospital which I believe there should be to see how one is progressing.

[@Samlefe_]

I would assume neuro plasticity had a lot to do with your new found ability to heal :) you are lucky you had the accident at the age you did. Older than 25 and neuro plasticity is reduced

[@pototo1]

Cell phones apparently damage the ability to convert short term to long term memory, hence the inability seen in many young people overexposed to these devices. Would be interesting to get your comment on this...

[@marianthisotiraki8694]

Many thanks! Is it your great neuron networks that make you teaching so efficiently?! (Thanks that I'm a greek, so easy to explain words like "thalamus, hippocampus, semantic, episodic, amygdala" etc..!) 16:10: You talk about amygdala; is that true? Thanks!

[@PsychExplained]

Thank you for your kind words! 🙏🏻 That was my mistake, I meant to say “hippocampus” when discussing place cells

[@traciemartin2509]

My sin struggles from contamination OCD since last September 1 literally overnight after having the evil vi rus early Aug. His hippocampus right side is smaller. Do you think this is inflammation or permanent or? He always feels like something is poking him. Skin sensation. Nerve endings maybe? I'm just worried about him having permanent damage. He is only 21 😢. This issue is do heartbreaking seeing him in so much distress and he's exhausted.

[@woodydeyuwang4714]

Great video! Thanks for your explanation. I just got a quick question: so in your another video says sensory information (except for olfactory) goes to thalamus first, and then goes to different cortexes, I am wondering which step hippocampus gets involved? Is it A or B? A. sensory info - thalamus (integrate info together) - hippocampus (close to thalamus, integrate info as well? ) - locate memory in different locations; or B. sensory info - thalamus - cortexes - hippocampus (integrate memories from different locations) - transfer new memory to somewhere else? Thanks!

[@PsychExplained]

Great question! I would argue A: Sensory info - Thalamus - Hippocampus/Amygdala - Cortex

[@JaySobbb]

At 16:08 you said "amygdala"... Did you mean to say hippocampus? I'm a bit confused 😅

[@zavierafankam4223]

omg thanks soo much

[@PsychExplained]

Happy to help

[@matthewwong1429]

Are the place cells in amygdala or hippocampus ?

[@PsychExplained]

Hippocampus! I mistakenly said amygdala

[@jasondu9904]

@@PsychExplained I have the same questions too xD😄, now I get it!

[@rafaelguijarro7105]

DMT treatment activates the subgranular neurogenic niche regulating the proliferation of neural stem cells, the migration of neuroblasts, and promoting the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus, therefore enhancing adult neurogenesis and improving spatial learning and memory tasks.

[@sunilsingh-fn4er]

What is solution for mildly reduced right hippocampus due to alcohol addiction..i m facing memory loss issue due to this addiction...it is reversible or not.

[@PsychExplained]

I would recommend to talk to your doctor. Best of luck in your recovery ❤️‍🩹

[@swapnadipghosh2503]

Pardon...i got confused....so does hippocampus play a role in turning short term memories into long term or does it not play a role ????????

[@sumitrabrahma4466]

🙏

[@marygad999]

Do you practice speaking before you record the segment?

[@PsychExplained]

More than you think 😀 I spend about 2-3 days researching the topic. 1 day writing a script. 1 day rehearsing and taking more notes. Action!! 🎥 So much behind the “scenes”

[@HtS643KyS6555GxQ3edA]

It would be cool if we could encode these signals into digital form and reinject them back into a real brain.

[@Repentforthekindomogiah]

It's already been done.

[@Repentforthekindomogiah]

Sadly and not for the good of course

[@jasonchristensen2336]

I just watched this video to hear how it’s pronounced. I thought, “surely it can’t be hippo campus”

[@PsychExplained]

Yep! And a memory technique is, would you ever forget seeing a hippo on a campus?

[@imaniransome2260]

🍽

[@DontCancelMeBro]

Did you skip short term memory?

[@pjjham7768]

This video normalizes animal experimentation you say that you think the hippocampus is cool yet find no fault with having it legioned in an animal or experimented on in a poor rat who was starved to be motivated to find the cheese, then vivosected. There are alternatives out there more precise and more humane then animal subjects

[@aa-ng4ot]

Talking way too fast. Needs to speak a little slower.

[@PsychExplained]

I’ll….slow….down….next…time 😇

[@ConsciousConversations]

Totally disagree. I was coming here to compliment his presentation and this is a reason why! Too many get into that sing song sleepy, slow cadence and I fully cannot get past the beginning. Also, to the creator, thank you for not wasting our time (at least how I feel about it) with the mistake of video presentation that mimic the method of report writing with intros and conclusions. Also, I say keep your flow. What is good about KZbin is we are able to slow down and speed up the playback to our own liking:)

[@aa-ng4ot]

@@ConsciousConversations Why are you under my comment trying to be a triggered troll? I wrote my opinion and the creator showed humility and professionalism and understood that not everyone can understand fast English talking, especially those whose English isn’t their first language. Why you have to come under my comment trying to undermine what I had written, my opinion? You are a classic definition of a troll and an attention seeker. I didn’t ask you or anyone whether you agree with what I said or not. So keep kicking rocks and understand that not everyone is like “you”.

[@aa-ng4ot]

@@PsychExplained Thank you for your humility and professionalism. I did subscribe.

[@aa-ng4ot]

@@ConsciousConversations Usually triggered trolls come under people’s comment and try to undermine what the other person wrote. Not everyone is like “you” who can understand fast English speaking. This video is for worldwide audience whose first language may not be English, thus they can’t understand fast English speaking. The creator was humble enough to take my input and showed professionalism. No one had asked you or anyone else whether they agree with my comment or not. You coming under my comment to undermine what I had said shows you’re seeking some sort of attention.