Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia

In this episode, we finally explore the vast and important religious tradition of ancient Mesopotamia!
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Also check out the Let's Talk Religion Podcast: open.spotify.com/show/0ih4sqt...
Sources/Suggested Reading:
Bottéro, Jean (2004). "Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia". Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. University of Chicago Press.
Michalowski, Piotr (2012). "The Mortal Kings of Ur: Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (ed. Nicole Brisch). Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
Tzvi Abusch, I. (2020). "Mesopotamian Religion". In Essays on Babylonian and Biblical Literature and Religion, Vol. 65: 5-23. Brill.
Van De Mieroop, Marc (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. Wiley-Blackwell.
#Sumeria #Mesopotamia #Religion

[@LetsTalkReligion]

Support Let's Talk Religion on Patreon: www.patreon.com/letstalkreligion Or through a one-time donation: www.paypal.com/paypalme/letstalkreligion Also check out the Let's Talk Religion Podcast: open.spotify.com/show/0ih4sqtWv0wRIhS6HFgerb?si=95b07d83d025481b

[@LetsTalkReligion]

@Buddy Guy You'd have to ask a theologian.

[@mikemelcher1705]

@@LetsTalkReligion if you have an open mind it's all right there on the earth itself. It took me a few months before I actually started to believe some of what Mudfossil University on KZbin has to say. I have no idea what it means but I have seen these stories on my own after really listening to what he says. Gets deep into spirit as well. There's a video about dragon tales. Check it out. If you can see what he sees I'd suggest looking at the holy land. It's easy to say Roger is nuts. I did for months.

[@kiran9220]

Sumerian religion practice similar to today living Dravidian religion practices

[@SOLO.DANDELION]

Thanks, even though we were taught some of these at school it was superficial. Nice to learn more about the history of my home

[@Zurlan]

It's interesting that at 9min 37sec the image has a solar system in the background with 9 planets going around the sun (guess they hadn't gotten the memo about Pluto yet). Seriously though for being possibly the first civilization it's crazy that they understood a heliocentric model of the solar system, and basically had the number of planets correct. People in the 1600s thought Columbus would fall off the edge of world...humanity definitely fell in intelligence.

[@lkriticos7619]

I love that we got a spoiler alert for literally the oldest piece of literature in the world.

[@dougfife7956]

Lmao, I hadn't seen it yet though

[@TheMargarita1948]

Perhaps the oldest KNOWN article of literature. Homo sapiens was fully developed at least 200,000 years ago. Who knows what stories and poetry existed during those many millennia?

[@ChrisNoonetheFirst]

@irabouchard1501Nobody cares

[@stephenspackman5573]

@@ChrisNoonetheFirst I think that's very much the point.

[@ChrisNoonetheFirst]

@@stephenspackman5573 All religions are the same, avoid them

[@themarid6780]

Fun fact: the Name "Iraq/Irak"(العراق) is the Arabicized name for the name of the sumerian city of Uruk(عوروق/اوروك) And the name Iraq give the same meaning as the greek word Mesopotamia

[@walimohmand5365]

I always thought it was that عروق meant "veins" referring to the rivers that supplied the area?

[@BassManiac07]

@@themarid6780 wow sounds like ur triggered by someone who knows how to google lmao sit

[@themarid6780]

@@BassManiac07 Here comes a Kid trying to play the smart one. Before opining your big mouth try to research about aothers nations history.

[@rimacalid6557]

السومرية كلمة غربية ، لا تخلي فرنسي يعلمك شيء عن نفسك. كلهم عرب من أصل واحد ، اختلفت لهجاتهم و أساليبهم في أرض صغيرة بين جبال إيران و جبال الانضول و البحار الثلاث و المحيطين و الصحراء الواحدة

[@rimacalid6557]

@@themarid6780 yes Australian and American is totally different

[@HaiderAli-qc2uy]

Man, you have got next level of understanding and comprehension of religious ideas and practices. Your every content is a master piece. However I am wonder to see the limited number of subscribers as I think you should have millions of subscribers. By the way I wish you luck

[@aodigital9421]

That is based on your perception, it just shows that you have a lot to learn is all, you too can achieve the "level" you speak of my friend.

[@masoodhasnain6406]

Imparting knowledge is the best service to humanity, all the best.

[@jamieammar6131]

Religion is a niche topic. Unless of course one's a zealot. That's a good way to get followers.

[@MicaiahBaron]

A lot of people see religion as either something they want to be following or something someone else will be following. Not as many people are interested in religion academically. It's not a coincidence that some religious videos are more popular than others, and he gets a lot of "if you were religious what religion would you be?", plus of course religious debates in the comments.

[@experience741]

@@MicaiahBaron sometimes i find this kind situation.

[@Omar92Canada]

My childhood friends in Iraq still speaks Assyrian, always fascinates me how it’s still exists!

[@Anastasia-su4zo]

There’s not many of us, much more of our culture has been erased due to radical Islam so it is lovely to hear us being talked about 🤍

[@GoShwkk]

That’s my first language

[@fayyazzaman139]

​@@Anastasia-su4zoHas the ISIS destroyed a lot of historical infastructures and artifacts?

[@TheMargarita1948]

Do your friends write in this language?

[@allinwarda5894]

Assyrian here 🙋🏽

[@pedrovictoralves6949]

You just made me happy for providing 44min of Ancient Mesopotamia's religion in this episode. Thanks!

[@LetsTalkReligion]

I made myself happy by doing it, too!

[@MrBlazingup420]

@@LetsTalkReligion @27:52 This is when you read something about the temple at the top of a ziggurat, something about Ursa Major. They are talking about placing the sword of Orion on the Horizon this is when the Gold and the Silver Gate are on each of the horizons, your 2 mountains and alula the Paw of Ursa Major is at midheaven 7 hours later it will be on the horizon, the seven main stars of Ursa Major was known as the seven oxen pulling the plow, Orion seeds the Earth with his sword, 7 hours later Ursa Major comes down to plow, 7 hours later you'll see Ursa major sit down and take a rest. When Ursa Major is standing on the horizon this is when Vega the harp star in Lyra is at midheaven. Between Gemini and Taurus is the Silver Gate of man between Scorpio and Sagittarius is the Golden Gate of the Gods they are on the East and West Horizon when the sword of Orion is touching the horizon the jaw of Taurus is below the horizon this is in late November and now the sun will soon be in the Golden Gate of the Gods which are the seven main stars of Ophiuchus that forms the shape of a cave door or a pyramidal at the top a Temple. I've left much out because I'm having to use my phone to leave this comment but basically that is what they're talking about

[@AlIraniantv]

Please do vedeo on madeins sabiens of mesoptomia and thier present way of life are they knower of stars and zodiac because it orihinated in mesoptomia

[@hugodesrosiers-plaisance3156]

34:25 "And prayer atones for guilt." Sounds like an Ancient way of saying that dutiful introspection is the way to a peaceful life. Our Ancient ancestors definitely had a wisdom beyond what most modern people would think. I love some spiritual brain-food and your channel always delivers top quality material.

[@t0xcn253]

I agree, the bare academic discussion of these concepts is almost more compelling than hearing them in the context of a believer preaching them, because it gives you a chance to objectively appraise the value of any given teaching and decide how it makes you feel or what it could potentially "mean" without being told those things explicitly from a so-called "authority".

[@JamesBiggar]

Great video. It's too bad KZbin feels the need to be insulting and add that 'context' bar under your video linking to Wikipedia of all places (because that's a reliable, unbiased source managed by professionals only), as if you're pedaling conspiracy theories or didn't do a good enough job explaining an ancient deity and might offend a dead Sumerian.

[@kellysouter4381]

😅😆 Wikipedia! Good one

[@rosskaske6357]

Glad people are catching on to the bias of Wikipedia

[@NineInchNarwhales]

Might just be an auto trigger, since annunaki is thrown around in not so nice circles

[@ionia2376]

Yeah it's a shame it had to be put on but I'd rather they auto add this stuff, to help combat people who peddle nonfactual and often bigoted theories

[@skiphoffenflaven8004]

However, one could say that videos like this are simply AV versions of Wikipedia. Also, regular Joe’s edit and construct wikis, just like average Joe’s create “content” on KZbin or Instagram or Facebook. It’s all the same.

[@an0ma1y72]

I really respect this guys unbiased approach to ancient Mesopotamia. You just see so many videos where they fill in all the gaps with conspiracy theorys. It's appreciated that he states that where these gaps are in their culture and mythology. He also states the facts how there commonly known amongst historians and anthropologist. You've earned yourself a new fan! Great work 👏

[@sw8871]

Always happy to see popular channels provide in-depth information on Mesopotamia, something that was severely lacking in most of our education despite it being a foundational civilization. Also glad to see sources like Van De Mieroop, and excited to check out Tzvi. Very good job all :)

[@jbast7160]

V vv v vv v vv de zx

[@papasquat3882]

This is excellent timing. Just had my first session of my first history class in college on ancient Mesopotamia and one of my favorite youtubers makes such an excellent video on the topic. Thank you so much, love your channel

[@orboakin8074]

It's sunday and I'm currently at the last 3 hours of my Wendys shift, doing the dishes and listening to this to pass time. Love it!

[@katryan889]

This is my 1st time watching you. Very good. Thank you so much. I'm American Indian and I am SO FASCINATED that many tribal creation stories are similar. Animism, yet celebrating the Great Spirit/Father or the Great Mother.

[@hughjanus5336]

'''Cosmic sense', the innate affinity that binds each of us psychologically to the All which envelops us. The existence of this feeling is indubitable, and apparently as old as the beginning of thought... The cosmic sense must have been born as soon as man found himself facing the forest, the sea and the stars." -Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

[@yourgothmom]

My great grandmother used to bake bread in the sun as an offering to Shamash, even after our family eventually converted to Christianity.

[@voskreglavincevska7080]

On my terrase in Skople , I am boiling eggs on the sun at the moment . Ha ha ha

[@john.premose]

So what religion was your family before? How long ago are we talking?

[@yourgothmom]

@@john.premose we've been Christian since Christianity existed, as far as any of us can glean. My family were from Mesopotamia, then relocated to Turkey, and then Lebanon. Before Christianity we worshipped shamash. We didn't follow any other Abrahamic religions, if that's what you're asking.

[@john.premose]

@@yourgothmom ok. You made it sound like your family just converted to Christianity a few generations ago, that's why I asked

[@yourgothmom]

@@john.premose no, but some of us retained certain reverence for the old deities.

[@jeanettewaverly2590]

Very interesting and clearly presented. I appreciate your comments on the differences between non-Abrahamic mythology and the linear, “one-version-fits-all” approach taken by the current dominant Western religions.

[@LetsTalkReligion]

It's an important key to better understand ancient mythologies!

[@codyofathens3397]

One of the big reasons for that "one size fits all" approach in Judaism and Christianity, is because the myths we're canonized. In this video, he mentions how there were multiple versions of the different myths, and we can see some evidence of that in the Bible as well, but the authors of the Bible picked versions over others, and wrote them down in their books, codifying which versions were true and accurate, and the others fell by the wayside. There were (and still are, in some cases) multiple versions of the myths of Judaism and Christianity, they're just not canon. **I can't remember the source for this, so if I get part of it wrong, I'm sorry. I'll go check my last paper and edit this with the citation.

[@j.lingle4713]

Agree, but note that the Abrahamic monotheistic religions the West iare accustomed to are originally from BASICALLY the same area, so less a “western” thing than a monotheistic “Abrahamic” thing.

[@stephenspackman5573]

I dunno, this thing about consistency in scripture seems to be a meta-myth in its own right. The christian bible has superficially conflicting creation myths at Genesis 1, Genesis 2, Job 26, John 1 and probably others I can't recall. (Not to mention Darwin, who, while not canonical, is held in high regard by many.)

[@Sgt.chickens]

​@@stephenspackman5573 interestingly enough the church of england i believe actually liked darwins book of species because as they put it the bible was not meant to be taken litterally.

[@DarkFire515]

Fascinating stuff as usual. Great work!

[@ryanbaker614]

Really great stuff. Thank you. It’s amazing that such substantial information is available for the public.

[@alexsarkozi5753]

i just can't wait... greeting's from germany, you deserve millions of subscribers your video's are something else really

[@jon-marcyaden6265]

Fantastic overview! I love the design of your lecture, with pictures, useful source material, as well as scholarly quotes. Thank you for compiling this information and sharing it online!

[@harrywalker5836]

your being lied to..

[@jon-marcyaden6265]

@@harrywalker5836 You mean, lied to about this information from the historical record?

[@raghuramkonkepudi6293]

Great presentation. There are so many similarities between Hindu Religious practices and practises you described pertaining to ancient Mesopotamia

[@klatie256]

There’s a theory that the Sumerians may be an offshoot of the harrapan cultures, which might explain some of the similarities if true 🤗

[@prnvgnsn]

⁠@@klatie256Harrapans may have spread their religion through trade, even the Egyptians’ ancient religion is quite close to Hinduism.

[@hughjanus5336]

Todays Marsh Arabs have been found to be genetically linked, in significant part, to the harrapans via South Asia. 'The ancient Harappan genome, sequenced and described in the journal 'Cell', was compared to the DNA of modern South Asians, revealing that the people of the IVC were the primary ancestors of most living Indians. Both modern South Asian DNA and the Harappan genome have a telltale mixture of ancient Iranian DNA and a smattering of Southeast Asian lineages. "Ancestry like that in the IVC individuals is the primary ancestry source in South Asia today,” co-author David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School.

[@hungsu9204]

Very fine video. Well researched and presented. I enjoy your scholastic offerings very much.

[@josepedroz.2334]

This was my favorite video of the channel so far, and probably the most sober and inspiring account on the mysteries of the mesopotamia, I really loved this. Thank you so much for your work, clarity and generosity

[@castadivanorma8478]

I love all the videos you make,so I am sure this one will be as good as all the previous ones

[@LetsTalkReligion]

Well..?

[@luckydobby27]

Thank you for this clear, educational video and all the work you do, it's very helpful! Please do more videos on this topic, I'm fascinated! *!*

[@spitwings5963]

Love it ❤ thanks for the great content!

[@algepaca]

I think this is a great introduction to this huge and complex topic :)

[@dursunbilinmis8643]

Dude mich Respect for your Channel and your Open minded approach .

[@paulgibbons2320]

Great pace, great content. Very educational. Thank you.

[@Beegee1952]

That was fascinating and informative. Very well done. Thank you!

[@amawesome3190]

So, essentially, according to the oldest civilization known to man, the human race is a genetically engineered slave race, created for the sole purpose of providing labor for the gods. That is a fascinating, if not controversial take on the creation of humanity.

[@Sundar...]

A nice support material for modern globalists like Klaus Schwab. 😂

[@amawesome3190]

@@Sundar... I'm not sure what you mean and I googled Klaus Schwab. According to google he is a German engineer, economist and founder of the World Economic Forum (WEF). I can't make the connection. My comment was in reference to 22:20 of the video where the presenter talks about the creation poem that was written in Babylonia.

[@JamesBiggar]

@@amawesome3190 If you can't make the connection, you're not looking hard enough. World Economic Forum are the key words here. They're a foreign, non-governmental lobbyist group that shapes government policy around the globe to suit elitist interests, despite democratic processes that are supposed to let citizens shape their own policy instead because, you know, we have no real power over our lives as ordinary people otherwise. Evidenced by the current state of the developed world. You're just cattle to them. A cog in the machine. A # meant to produce even better #'s for them. Stray from the herd and you'll learn real quick. One of Schwabs pets, my PM Justin Trudeau, essentially said it himself when he praised China's "basic dictatorship", as he called it, and said he admired it because it was allowing them to better their economy...but for who, is what you should be asking next. Are Chinese citizens better off with the CCP, or an actual democracy? Are Canadians better off with the likes of Trudeau who flirts with authoritarianism, stomps out peaceful dissent using unprecedented power and continues to lie about it even though congress called him out, then stigmatizes and demeans 50% of the population he was elected to represent by labelling them racists and misogynists that we shouldn't tolerate simply because they disagreed with the discrimination his government was and still is pedaling? I'm no political scientist, but the answer seems pretty straight forward to me. These people, wealthy and powerful people, do not care about you beyond what you can produce for them and how they can spin it to make themselves look good to the unwitting and gullible. As one religious character once said, you can always tell a tree by its fruit. Pretty sure that's a warning to watch out for wolves dressed as sheep, pretending to be just like you and understanding your struggles that they perpetuate. No one makes it to the top and stays there without standing on some shoulders. Keep that in mind, folks.

[@JamesBiggar]

@@Sundar... Some things never change eh?

[@Sundar...]

@@JamesBiggar Interestingly, your detailed comment seems to have been shadow banned by KZbin.

[@JDG602]

I have been waiting for this one. Mesopotamia is one of my obsessions and the religion in particular. Wish I had this video when I was learning for the first time. Great work man you never disappoint.

[@wardenofeden]

Nice work as always

[@schophi]

so fascinating. such necessary knowledge. fantastic video, love all the images. incredible!

[@aclearlight]

A truly wonderful, uplifting history lesson, thank you! Your mastery of the material, clarity of expostion and richness of graphical content put your channel in a league of its own. I hope you will consider future episodes tracing the diffusion of ancient Sumerian theology, mathematics and astronomy/astrology throughout the region and indeed around the world. They are with us still. It's wonderful that you are bridging the past and the present with such probitive elegance and clear respect for our ongoing spiritual search on Earth. Bravo!

[@zach6107]

Have you ever thought about doing a video on the Christian mystic Hildegard von Bingen? If you hadn't heard of her I suggest you check it out, not only was she an influential medieval mystic and visionary (thus the nickname Sibyl of the Rhine), she was also a very influential musician who composed many pieces inspired by her visions. She is also considered to be one of the few female Doctors of the Church within Catholicism.

[@ngonfinda9606]

I believe esoterica did a episode on this subject.

[@jeanettewaverly2590]

@@ngonfinda9606 He (Dr. Justin Sledge, creator of Esoterica) did indeed. Check it out!

[@khonyeleaglefergumedov9175]

thanks brother i just found what i might need for my spiritual journey

[@LetsTalkReligion]

I have thought about it many times, in fact! And I probably will! So keep your eyes peeled!

[@12SPASTIC12]

We have a bus stop named after her in Luxembourg!

[@joannecassidy5369]

Look forward to a deeper dive into this subject, coming from your wonderfully pragmatic approach 🙏💖

[@randecolley7054]

Very interesting and well done! Thanks for the information

[@nowhereman6019]

It's interesting how often we see religious imperialism throughout history, but it totally makes sense. Babylon made their God Marduk the leader of the God's as a way of enforcing their supremacy over other city's. The obvious political nature of this change can be seen in how Marduk just appears after Babylon takes over. The Greeks did something similar by trying to claim that their God's and the God's of other cultures were the same just with different names as a way of infusing Greek cultural supremacy into their subjects. Then the Romans, then the Christians. It's a tale as old as civilization itself.

[@anthonyjohn9000]

God made man, so who made God, the answer is man made God. There is no such thing as one God, ideas of God came from the ancient people who were from Babylon, Sumerian, Egyptians, Greeks, indian and Romans.

[@looseyourzlf]

@@anthonyjohn9000 People have written down many facts and additions, and this is what is proven through this research. The Creator is the One who made things and created man and gave him the ability to know and set controls and laws in this way. As for saying that there is no God, this is one of the dumbest things I have ever heard in my life. Who created things??? You are ? I ? He is a mastermind creator, the wise. people are always changing what's right and wrote what's in their benefit .

[@ZeroChillArita]

@@looseyourzlf i agree this is a classic case of heathenism and for those who go for that way of thinking the show American gods said it best in one of their episodes you believed in nothing that their was nothing after life therefore you receive nothing in death just a box and everlasting darkness. like if your an atheist or agnostic dont try to bastardize the existence of god just because you personally dont believe in anything outside of human creation/understandings of the physical natural world like if their are multiple dimensions according to scientist who non god believers worship who is to say that god dos not reside on the highest dimensional plane of existence atheist will always lose because i can use logic and scientific belief to make them question themselves they wont debunk their own logic just to try and debunk god cuz they still loss if they do so they are stuck in a place of they can not prove or disprove good they can stay in mental hell not being able to find a valid argument to disprove lol

[@looseyourzlf]

@@ZeroChillArita Physicists for example want a physical God. And they brag about their knowledge, which is only a temporal and spatial extension of what the ancients had preceded them, scientifically racists who do not want to believe in a God who is proven by literature and religious sources. Or even the science of logic or philosophy. They just want a god according to their mood.

[@TechySeven]

@@looseyourzlf //"People have written down many facts and additions, and this is what is proven through this research."// You don't need to "research" in order to 'Prove' that people have written down many things... But IF you meant to imply that Your "God/The Creator" has been "Proven" through research then I'm afraid you've no idea what you're even talking about. //"The Creator is the One who made things and created man and gave him the ability to know and set controls and laws in this way."// "Made", just like literally Every Other Word & Letter, is a MAN-MADE Part of A MAN-MADE Language (humanly designed to facilitate shorthand communication of ideas). //"As for saying that there is no God, this is one of the dumbest things I have ever heard in my life."// IF that is truly the case, then it's ONLY Because you are a Wholly-Biased Believer who can Neither Doubt nor Question their own Dogma & Ideology. //"Who created things???"// Merely asking "who" in the first place is Purely An Indication of Presupposition (in other words the ONLY Reason You Decided the Word Should BE A "Who" is Due To YOUR BELIEFS and Nothing More, otherwise you would have instead simply asked "WHY" and/or "HOW" Things "Came to be"). Furthermore we have Exactly ZERO Evidence (with ZERO Examples) of Anyone OR Anything That Has EVER "Made" Something Completely From Nothing, so it makes ZERO Sense to Irrationally Assume That Such A Thing MUST Have Occurred. //"people are always changing what's right and wrote what's in their benefit ."// It's pretty funny that you can SAY Something Like That... and yet Deliberately & Hypocritically FAIL To Apply That Reasoning To YOUR OWN BELIEFS.

[@guythegoth139]

I am so grateful for this video. I am writing philosophical fiction and this video has given me precisely the correct food for thought to impart into the story I am writing now, which includes a lot of religious world building. Your work, along with that of your friends on other channels is invaluable to us who are lost in thought and attempted understanding so thank you from the bottom of my heart. I hope to become a patron some day soon.

[@susielynn7916]

BRAVO! Astounding video! I was grppied and hoping video wouldnt end. Your knowledge is fabulous, and the summary was fascinating!!!

[@markjohnson543]

Another excellent presentation from Let's Talk Religion. Very informative.

[@musamusashi]

Great presentation as usual, Filip: your talent for synthesising complex issues in short and yet articulate videos, stands out every time.

[@LetsTalkReligion]

Thanks man!

[@therealParisHilton]

Been waiting for this episode for a very long time next should be the role and influence of ancient Egyptian religions and beliefs on today's world religions namely the ibrahmic religions

[@StevenJamesCorns]

It seems very likely to me that Akhenaten's version of monotheism and conception of God as an almighty yet benevolent force heavily influenced Jesus's conception of God. How he perceives God is so radically different from the God described in the Old Testament that it seems to me as though it is inspired by a totally different philosophy. The inclusion of Akhenaten's Hymn to the Aten in the book of Psalms seems to suggest that this non-Jewish monotheism was influential has been retrospectively incorporated into the Old Testament.

[@AethelraedTheReady]

@@StevenJamesCorns I have to disagree. Atenism was 14 centuries before Jesus, it was only state religion for about twenty years, records of it were largely destroyed after its decline and it happened in different country to Jesus's own. Atenism was basically a brief anomaly so I can't see a Judean carpenter having knowledge of it. Jesus's teaching is much more grounded in the Apocalyptic Judaism of his own time.

[@StevenJamesCorns]

@@AethelraedTheReady I appreciate your reply and I appreciate your perspective. I'd draw attention, again, to the fact that Akhenaten's Hymn to the Aten is incorporated (in ammended form) into the Torah (Psalm 104). It's only a theory of mine, but it seems to me a probable reason. If you have any thoughts as to why Jesus perceived of God as possssing such a different character, nature, temperament and intentions to the Jewish God described in the Torah - the God which Jesus was supposedly raised to believe in - I would honestly be interested to hear them. It is not my intention to propose false theories. I am sincerely curious about the discrepancy and genuinely seeking a better understanding. All the best.

[@AethelraedTheReady]

@@StevenJamesCorns Thank you for your respectful discourse. Regarding psalm 104 firstly, I think the connection is possible but not certain. If it is based on the Hymn to Aten, then it depends what we mean by it having an influence on Jesus. It influenced the psalmist and the psalms in turn influenced Jesus, but I would have to consider that a secondary influence and I think Jesus would have had little chance to know of the original source. Consider that today most Jews and Christians don't know the connection to the Hymn to Aten even with access to such information freely available. Admittedly I didn't know of the connection until this discussion, so thank you for bringing that to my attention.

[@AethelraedTheReady]

@@StevenJamesCorns Then regarding Jesus's view on God, I think it's best to look at what his points of difference are with the Judaism of his own day. He quotes scripture, visits synagogues and the temple so I think it's reasonable to assume that his background is Judaism, but it's certainly worth looking at his differences in views. I think the main difference is that Jesus views the kingdom of God as being a cosmic event to occur at the end of the age, rather than a strictly nationalist view that God's kingdom will be the restoration of a temporal kingdom of Israel. Related to this would be Jesus including the gentiles in salvation. Other main differences would probably be an emphasis on keeping the spirit of the law rather than the letter, and promoting the spiritual benefits of poverty. My point is, I think that Jesus's teaching makes most sense if you view it as an offshoot of the way Judaism was practised then. In the differences listed I don't think any of them contradict the nature of God in the Old Testament. God created heaven and earth, is sovereign, is loving, but will ultimately bring judgement on sinners. I don't feel there's evidence to suggest that Jesus viewed God as being a sun god. YHWH has many more traits related to a storm/sky/war god, which makes it more likely that the primary source of early Hebrew theology is Indo-European in my view.

[@mkooij]

Man what is the piece of art at the first seconds of the video? It's breathtaking

[@miketacos9034]

I love your videos, I always learn more about things I thought I knew a lot about.

[@sleepforeveryone]

Thank you for sharing your research and understanding of this topic. Ancient Mesopotamia culture and religion have always been fascinating to me, and there is a lot of misinformation out there regarding it. You did an excellent job at explaining it!

[@LetsTalkReligion]

Thank you! There sure is a lot of misinformation, and I hoped to counter that with this video

[@lh384]

Wonderful episode. You cleared up a few things for me about the Mesopotamian religion that hadn't been clear to me before. Thank you!

[@bikit1316]

My men, your content is so chill and intresting

[@caluhhhhhhm]

always love ur videos man!

[@neva_nyx]

Please continue with Mesopotamian religion! You're the first to throughly go over what the area believed with absolute respect to the science backing it all up. Thank you so very much.

[@robgau2501]

This was a great refresher course for me. I had taken for granted how long ago I learned all of this. It was nice to be sort of reintroduced to the Mesopotamian deities. I spend most of my time being on the fence about whether or not these gods are technically extraterrestrials or ultraterrestrials or just ancient deities.

[@hughjanus5336]

Ikr, there is a lot of money to be made from selling pseudoscientific ideas to the public as evidenced by the numerous books and TV shows that keep popping up. A lot of these ideas are also tied to nationalism and various other kinds of group identities. People have a desire to claim that their ancestors were the first to arrive in a new land or develop some advanced technology, claims that have even been used to justify war and invasion.

[@paulh2468]

Great video! Thanks for doing the research.

[@pedromiguel3227]

Thank you for this fantastic information. Subscribed.

[@progressivelibertarian2570]

So helpful to understand the religious mindset of ancient people! Thank you!

[@user-if4nx2jn8r]

So much interesting stuff, but I have to say I think one of the most fascinating aspects is how prosaic the origin story of humanity is in their mythology. A lot of religions try to romanticize human beings as having some sort of grand purpose to the divinity of said religion, but in this case it was popularly understood that humans were created to be servants, like a roomba or something.

[@dineesuka]

I mean, it's sort of the same in Abrahamic religions. Humans were created to worship and be obedient to God/

[@userMB1]

Great video Filip!

[@nazar1979iraq]

Very very interesting. Thanks for the episode!!

[@0therun1t21]

This culture is extremely interesting to me and I'm happy I found you, thanks! I wish we knew more about cultures that are even older, like Gobekli Tepi, and how the same types of construction and symbolism are connected all over the ancient world. I think it's interesting the Sumerians understood the role of sperm and eggs, when people after them didn't.

[@lgmoses3876]

Gobekli Tepe is Armenian heritage.

[@medstudentsarah3745]

The video is about Mesopotamia. Gobelki Tepe is Mesopotamian. The British gave parts of Mesopotamia to Turkey and Syria which made Mesopotamia smaller in what is called Iraq.

[@hughjanus5336]

Perhaps GT, located in ancient Upper Mesopotamia, was built by the Samarrans, a prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians, who have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia.

[@spaceshipidentified]

The Sumerians were located where Iraq is now and started their religion around 4,000 BC. This 6,000-year-old religion was the first Bible-like religion to speak of gods. Sumerians were the first to emphasize the importance of maintaining good terms with the gods. They would do good things for others to avoid angering the gods and stay in their good graces. Religion was essential to daily life, requiring daily worship and prayer. Kneeling and bowing were common practices. Sumerians had both male and female priests who performed daily rituals. These priests prayed, sang hymns, and played music in temples for 800 years before anyone else. The Sumerians were also the first to study the stars and map their movements, seeking signs from the gods. They would look to the stars for guidance on their future and ask the gods for a better life. The Sumerians were the first to claim that humans were made out of clay. According to their beliefs, humans were created by the gods to be servants because the lower gods were tired of doing all the mundane daily work. This concept of serving a higher power is still echoed in various religious beliefs today. The Sumerians also introduced the story of the great flood and the ark, which featured two of each animal on the ark. The clay tablets even provided the boat's dimensions. After the flood, the story included the release and return of a dove. Sumerians were the first to claim that the gods promised never to flood the Earth again. Some people today use this belief to dismiss concerns about global warming. The Sumerians described heaven as being up high, the underworld down low, and Earth in the middle. They believed that the area beneath the Earth was where ghosts, souls, and lower gods resided. According to Sumerian beliefs, after humans died, their souls would travel to the underworld to await reincarnation. Regardless of the quality of their lives, souls would wait for an opportunity to enter a new body, which could sometimes be an animal. The Sumerians did not last for 800 years. Within the Sumerian borders, the northern part of Sumer began altering the religion. They changed the names of the main gods but kept the core story, with some modifications. For example, An became Anu, and eventually, the name changed multiple times, culminating in the term "God." These differences caught on in the north and expanded. Eventually, the south demanded that the north adhere to tradition, which led to the first civil war. The con men who originally started the religion were ironically destroyed by a slightly different version of their own beliefs, but the modified religion continued. The youth that took over and changed the religion were called the Akkadians. The Sumerian religion never stopped changing and ultimately became incorporated into the Bible. The civil wars fueled by religious differences persist to this day. The same thing happened to the Egyptians when they adopted and altered the Sumerian religion. Eventually, the Egyptians had a civil war over whether the sun god should be called Atum or Ra. Similar conflicts occurred among Catholics regarding the date to celebrate Easter. As long as religion is around the recipe for a civil war and unrest will always be around. The only way to stop future religious civil wars is to understand the really real truth. In order to stop all religions, you must know their origins. You can view the sources, examine the photographic evidence, and discover the really real truth at religionsorigins.com.

[@hassanminbaghdad]

Wow this video is amazing. Thanks so much for presenting this topic in such a clear and easy to follow manner. Also love the visuals

[@100youmiro]

Thanks for your priceless work dear autor and happy new year to you

[@achingzeemeek2768]

History and the myths of the antiquities captivates me. And your channel with quality contents is a treat. Have you ever conaidered about making a video on Totems?☺️ would love to see you making it.

[@pthaloblue100]

Excellent video on a complex topic, thank you!

[@margaretlumley1648]

Thank you so much for this intriguing and beautiful video! 😍

[@corsaircaruso471]

Really fantastic material, sir. Well assembled and well presented. Thank you so much!

[@Fear_ALLAH_and_speak_the_Truth]

But we need to ask this question Why Egyptian pyramid on one $ USA? There also written "in god we trust" so they believe in one-eyed antichrist? Left-eyed antichrist symbol ? Persian Shia sufi Husain bin Monsoor Hallaj also used to worship jin saytan to open his 3rd eye and he was possessed by the dev-ill (devi-iil) that's why these blasphemous words “anal haq (I’m truth/god) and prostrate to me” were coming out from the mouth of mansur hallaj. kabbalah Jews, Illuminati & Freemasons, Christian saints, Buddhists monks, Hindu pandits, Persian shia sufis, dewbondi, tableeghi Jamaat, berelvi (Rizvi) pirs and Satanists also worship jin shaytan through meditation to open 3rd eye in order to reach the highest level of spirituality. May Almighty ALLAH protect us from this antichrist dajjalik fitna Aameen.

[@heqaib]

Filip: This was quite an overview of a super complex topic. Every sentence in your video could be expanded into hours of academic research. It was an excellent summary and introduction at the same time. I took several courses on Mesopotamia for my MA in ANE; hence I have a background in the material. I have one minor objection, the use of the Yazılıkaya relief from Hattusa. AFAIK, there is no connection between the Hittite and Mesopotamian gods. An image of Oannes would be a good addition. Congratulation on a tour de force presentation!

[@hughjanus5336]

As the Hittite culture was gradually penetrated by the Mesopotamian spirit, the Hittite started using cuneiform writing and worshipping the main Mesopotamian deities together with their own ones. This syncretism was particularly expressed during the late imperial phase of the Hittite civilization. The Hittite Empire was the most ancient Indo-European civilization known, 1750 - 1180 BCE, becoming an empire during its late period.

[@heqaib]

@@hughjanus5336 Cuneiform was used for many languages starting in the 4th century BCE. I belive your referring to the so called Neo-Hittites. Refer to Trevor Bryce on this period. BTW: it's only us who call them Neo-Hittites, they didn't call themselves that.

[@js1423]

Great video! Hopefully you'll dive deeper into this culture!

[@Tibicena]

Sublime as always, thanks a lot for your videos

[@anotherappco]

I love how youtube automatically made sure I wouldn't accidentally think and make my own judgement in regards to the Anunnaki.

[@yurineri2227]

24:33 a very interesting explanation I have seen for the similarities between the Mesopotamian flood story (Atrahasis) and the biblical one was that Noah's Ark was supposed to be an alternative telling Atrahasis (which would have been well known at the time) to serve as a version of the story that would have key differences that would help promote the religion and explain the differing theological positions and points for example: -in Atrahasis there are various gods (in Noah's Ark there is only one) -in Atrahasis the flood happened because the humans were annoying to the gods while in Noah's Ark one it happens as just retribution for the humans being bad -in Atrahasis the humans were saved because of an opposing god while Noah's Ark god takes action to save some of his creations -in Atrahasis at the end of the story the humans are cursed while in Noah's Ark god enters a covenant with the humans great video by the way :)

[@philliprude5997]

This is what really happened. kzbin.info/www/bejne/pIG7f4h5gs91qs0

[@neckashi6971]

Similar story comes from hinduism (Vishnupuran) where the flood is pralaya(destruction) and lord vishnu's incarnation of a fish rescues manu(men) along with seven celestial/sages (saptarishis) in a boat to start a new beginning or a Mahayuga/Satyuga. It's gonna happen because humans will turn evil and bad becuz of demon/satan named kali ruling people in their minds through his powers. First, lord vishnu's 10th incarnation (kalki avatar) defeats demon kali and establishes dharma/righteousness/humanity which is the foundation of hinduism then lord shiva the destroyer of the universe starts pralaya to start a new yuga(period) called mahayuga or satyuga after the destruction.

[@l.-._.-._.-._.-._.-.l]

To add to this the book of Enoch goes into the nephilim (fallen angels), some compare them to the annunaki, who taught humanity about the stars and many other things. Gram Hancock and Russell Carlson have a theory that the sphinx has water damage and could be far older than people think and the damage came from the floods. This is a stretch bit what if the sphinx was built by the nephilim/annunaki and got wiped out by a water based cataclysm. Also the sumerians have statues that look like the sphinx, human head on an animal body.

[@elsasalah]

And story of Nuh AS from Islam is similer to Noah's ark. Also I've heard about a chinese legend similer to Noah's ark as well...

[@arturocastillo740]

Our Ancestors across the world were trying to warn us in the facts that they witnessed a phenomenon in the sky coming down and changing our world in a violet way. This disaster caused the flood and shift of landscapes around us

[@PAPA_CEO_PUMA]

Thank you! Going to listen to your material during work now Subscribed

[@thegreatone107]

Thanks for the dedication and honestness so appreciate as I am a student of wisdom on a spiritual journey

[@Hollylivengood]

This is amazing. Have you done a video on Hinduism? I'm just finishing up the Mahabharata, and here is a religion that is so complicated, the gods mentioned in the book are confused about it. Be interesting to see a video on this intricate religion.

[@neckashi6971]

This video told things that are very similar to Hinduism

[@Hollylivengood]

@@neckashi6971 I don't see it. Unless it's that the gods want to fight all the time. That seems to be the founding theme in all religions.

[@latifa1310]

Thank you for your colossal research and work, there is so much to take in ...

[@joelhofma3904]

Great video thank you. Very well delivered

[@legacyvanish]

great video, thanks for upload

[@disturbedrobot]

Fantastic episode Filip! Thank you so much for covering this. I have been enthralled by Mesopotamian religion for some time, it's pretty amazing stuff. You mentioned briefly witchcraft, and this is something I have also been trying to research myself. I wonder how intertwined, if at all, some of these very ancient belief systems like the Mesopotamian peoples had were with what we now call witchcraft. I've always viewed witchcraft as more or less one of the earliest roots of what would later become "religion". A kind of folk religion even. Do you think this could have been something of a source or seed for some of the older belief systems, like that of the Mesopotamian peoples?

[@StevenJamesCorns]

There is indeed a link in their use of deliriant plants to induce mystical visions. Mesopotamian statues frequently depict people with dilated pupils - a side effect of the use of datura and related plants - mandrake; popular with medieval witches etc. There's a good book by Christian Raasch called Witchcraft Medicine, if you're interested.

[@StevenJamesCorns]

Ratsch - Excuse me.

[@disturbedrobot]

@@StevenJamesCorns thank you for that, I will most definitely look for that book!

[@StevenJamesCorns]

@@disturbedrobot You're quite welcome. I have similar interests and theories on the origins of spiritual/mystical thoughts - and hence the origins of all religions. I'd also recommend Gordon Wasson's book The Road to Eleusis concerning the Eleusinian Mysteries of Ancient Greece - a ritual involving consumption of Ergot wine or similar. Also Wasson's writings on the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms as the central sacrament of Aztec and earlier central and South American religions. Also the Hindu Rig Veda refers to the use of 'Soma' as a vision inducing intoxicant. It seems to me that most religions stem from the use of an active 'sacrament'. Best wishes.

[@LetsTalkReligion]

I don't think there is a single "root" of religion. Religion in itself is a modern western concept that is applied to various phenomena around the world. I tend to lean to the Durkheimian idea that what we call religions essentially stem from sociological factors and inherent behaviors of human beings.

[@kkolodner]

great episode and wonderful research. In my opinion, saying that having one version of a story is a feature of Abrahamic religion is at best a gross over simplification. Just in genesis alone there are two separate creation stories and in Jewish tradition there are many more. In the Tora there are two versions of the ten commandments, the heart of the Jewish law and so on. logical consistency = Truth, is the Greek philosophical approach to truth; this is unessential to Abrahamic faiths. Taking this approach for the interpretation of scripture is very much a feature of the protestant religion, specifically that of modern America. This is not true for Abrahamic faiths as a whole, not even for Christianity as a whole, and definitely not for Judaism with which I am most familiar. Too many people today just assume that all religions are versions of modern Protestantism. Just assuming that the protestant approach to religion is the same for all Abrahamic faiths is annoying.

[@Duragizer8775]

I agree.

[@tyrongibb-wg5xc]

That was an amazing presentation, thankyou.

[@Stuffydice]

thanks so much for this! Super interesting topic and episode.

[@Amadeu.Macedo]

Since I have been deeply interested in Ancient Mesopotamia for the past seven to eight years, I would like to congratulate you on the solid contents of this video. However, according to Amanda H. Podany, Professor of History at California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, there was no word for "religion" in Sumerian, Akkadian, and (possibly) Elamite, since the gods were so intrinsically connected to every aspect of humanity's daily life that they could not conceptualize a "specific terminology," associated to their rituals and worship of their favorite divine entities. In fact, Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Elamites did not consider the gods of other peoples illegitimate, rather, if they encountered foreigners worshiping strange deities, they simply assumed that such entities, albeit new and strange, represented gods of which they were yet unaware. After all, there was just one Sun and one Moon, and every civilization had a different name for such divinities; and if they were to travel to a foreign city, they would endeavor to worship the local gods along with their very own... In Assyria, Aššur (Ashur) was so powerful that most of the other gods were viewed as his manifestation; the only other gods, especially in Nineveh, which were adored were Ishtar (the goddess of love, war, and - yes - "prostitution") along with Ninurta, who also represented a combat-related divine being... Moreover, every woman - including princesses - was expected to go to the Ishtar Temple in Nineveh to offer herself to any male who visited the premises to secure sexual services, at least once in her life! (I know, it is unbelievable but true). Finally, during the New Year Festival in Babylon, which you have correctly described, the king was expected to "hold the hand" of Marduk's statue, which later would be transported (for the duration of the weeklong festivities) to a temporary (vacation-like) site. BRAVO! P.S. Might I suggest that you consider checking "the Myth of Adapa," which explains why humans were not granted immortality... It's fascinating! www.britannica.com/topic/Adapa

[@anthonyjohn9000]

God made man or man made God, the answer is man made God, every nation has their God according to the languages and names. With so many Gods, some inteligent group thought and invented one God ,to make this one God powerful and true stories and concepts were copied from ancient SUMERIANS, EGYPTIANS, BABYLON AND GREESE. You can all these man made doctrines and prophesies which are man made in the bible.

[@Amadeu.Macedo]

@@anthonyjohn9000 You are absolutely correct since human beings, possibly as early as the late paleolithic (based on a multitude of Mother goddesses unearthed) have been drawing images and/or erecting statues to symbolize divine entities. The fact whereby some modern religions have turned monotheistic does not change the crux of this discussion: "divine beings represent men's fabrication, in order to explain incomprehensible natural and cosmic manifestations."

[@BeardedKemosabe]

I’m absolutely ecstatic. I have been so interested in these cultures and you are my favorite historian for this type of information. Thank you my friend!! All the Abrahamic religions bases.

[@ApocalyptoX1]

Excellent info. Thank you for sharing.

[@hectormanagey9354]

Well presented. Thank you.

[@kartheekg]

Fascinating to know that it is as much close to Hinduism as possible but still so vastly different!!

[@LetsTalkReligion]

The ancient polytheistic religions tend to have a lot of similarities

[@neonationalist1772]

That's not possible bcoz Hinduism didn't exist that time

[@kartheekg]

@@neonationalist1772 I only meant there are similarities but never indicated anything else in my statement. Also, as Filip mentioned, there seems to be in general similarities amongst most polytheistic religions in general. I don't know how/why for that. As I was watching this video, I was just noting many counterparts in Hinduism that are part of religion of ancient Mesopotamia. I can list them if you want to I am not sure what you are disagreeing here about, that similarities don't exist? I can assure you they do exists. I was born and in India and seen /experienced them directly

[@alevator606]

@@LetsTalkReligion that’s because a lot of aliens came to Earth and people wrote down stories about them

[@maryamabdullah6373]

@@alevator606 there is no Alien, they are devils , not only in religion holly books mentioned but even civilizations mentioned in their texts about the devils and creatures, the Alien word came from modern west countries

[@gonzowarburn7045]

Please do a video on Mesopotamian witchcraft. There is so little info on this subject, and every book I have picked up is some goofy necronomicon and/or Satanic fantasy mess. You are unmatched in depth and presentation.

[@hughjanus5336]

Ikr, spending so much time on Victorian fantasies is such a waste is, and their assessment on how the ancients viewed magic is also vastly incomplete. I recommend 'The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice' by Ritter, etc., which can be downloaded for free at the Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture's website.

[@cryptidfaerie4107]

love your videos!

[@willbfreed]

Great work!

[@shadowdragon3521]

I love how they put a context blurb on your video because they assume it's going to be about the ancient astronauts theory

[@algepaca]

Let's talk religion at it again, spreading vicious misinformation and conspiracy theories 🌝

[@quinnjohnson9750]

I had a chuckle. Either that or flat earth/

[@wildmen5025]

I rolled my eyes so hard when I saw that

[@tkgawa]

In Gobekli Tepe, in Anatolia, there's evidence that the settlements had been sites of worship before they were made permanent, and perhaps before the people who used it were primarily agricultural. When I hear that Mesopotamian cities grew from their centers of worship, it makes me wonder if the area was used ritually even before the establishment of a proper Mesopotamian civilization or the farming groups that preceded it.

[@hughjanus5336]

Perhaps GT, located in ancient Upper Mesopotamia, was built by the Samarrans, a prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians, who have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia.

[@tkgawa]

Thank you! I'd never thought of GT as a extension of Mesopotamia but it's fascinating to think of Samarrans as founders of the cultural zone. I wonder to which extent they had cultural influence and gene flow into the Akkadian population.

[@hughjanus5336]

It seems that the Sumerian civilization was preceded by several prehistory cultures in the region, the oldest known one being the Ubaid civilization, which emerged around 5900 BC - 4000 BC. Apparently they left pottery, drawings, tools and such, but no writings.

[@tkgawa]

@@hughjanus5336 - It sounds now like a more interesting story of sites trading hands between successive and contemporary civilizations until they reached critical mass as the Mesopotamian city states.

[@JaxAndree]

Please keep up the Great Work! 👍

[@ashurbanipal6121]

Wonderful job. Absolutely brilliant.

[@shadowdragon3521]

A fascinating topic that isn't discussed nearly as much as it should be. I'm eagerly awaiting your follow-up videos on Ancient Mesopotamian Religion.

[@aodigital9421]

Did you notice the video has a fact check on the annunaki? That fact checking is only supposed to exist for covid19 misinformation, not the annunaki.

[@CirclingDuck]

How did the Mesopotamians influence Greek philosophy? I'd love to watch a video about that.

[@TheNera2010]

You may already know but I want to say it because I was looking for it in the video but couldn't find enough. Hittites , Phrygians and Lydians were the bearers of the Mesopotamian culture and civilisation. They brought lots of things to the West. For example, Hittite's main god is very similar to the Zeus.

[@olegkirovskii2720]

@@TheNera2010 Hitites were indoeuropeans, which makes their religion close to that of the Greeks' (similarly to how Viking religion is similar to the Greeks') coming back to the original question, messopotamians made great advantages in math, time counting and calendars, they also invented things like astronomy/astrology. so they laid the foundation to many Greek discoveries.

[@basilofgoodwishes4138]

@@olegkirovskii2720 Thales of Miletos(one of the 7 sages of Greece who were very influential to the later philosophers) is said to have used Babylonian math according to Josephus Flavius, who made it clear that the Greek themselves based a lot of their stuff on older cultures and weren't the first and best people in the world. It's even mentioned in one of his works what I said. Very interesting, they seemed to knew what Babylon was in the ancient world, don't you think?

[@medstudentsarah3745]

Look it up on Wikipedia. Even though it's not reliable sometimes, they actually did a good job this time. They detailed how The Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesopotamian) affected Greek myths and tales for example and how some Greek Gods came from Mesopotamian tales like Ishtar/Inanna becoming Aphrodite...etc.

[@asimmuhammad7170]

Its so lovely to hear you. Good man

[@Camilo199]

Amazing work.

[@ajungfan3301]

Wow Filip the Atrahasis poem gave me the chills!! Really makes me think of the possible overpopulation that resulted from humans switching from hunter gathering to farming and also the young driers flood hypothesis!

[@elliottprats1910]

What over population??? Humanity had a severe Y chromosome bottleneck peaking roughly 2K years after the younger dryas. The worse area affected at peak is estimated to have had an 18:1 female to male ratio, that kind of bottleneck eliminates the possibility of overpopulation.

[@LetsTalkReligion]

It's a really cool story!

[@daleblue22]

You're a gem bro!!!!! Long live Enlil, Anu, Inanna and all the ancient Gods of Mesopotamia.

[@AndrewEvenstar]

no

[@daleblue22]

@@AndrewEvenstar no.... what?

[@experience741]

Another great video filip. Thank you for presenting about ancient Mesopotamia. because i always interested in ancient Mesopotamia.

[@anweralqattan2037]

I really admire your work