Rethinking Henry VIII

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Please join the David Starkey Members' Club via Patreon www.patreon.com/davidstarkeytalks or Subscribestar www.subscribestar.com/david-starkey-talks and submit questions for members Q & A videos. Also visit www.davidstarkey.com to make a donation and visit the channel store shop.davidstarkey.com. Thank you for watching.

[@geraint8989]

How many people can talk into a camera for an hour - seemingly with scant notes - and entirely capture, entertain and educate the viewer? This channel is a treat. I feel like I'm enjoying free Cambridge tutorials.

[@sensumcommunem]

I would just like to thank you, Dr David, for all of your historical insights, and the constant search for the truth. God bless you sir, take care and good health.

[@seanjuly53]

Excellent lecture on Henry VIII, Cromwell, Wolsey and the palace of Whitehall. Thoroughly enjoyed listening on Christmas Eve. Thank you. Sean McGrath

[@joebloggs4807]

I think everyone will agree that David has most definitely become a national treasure. Factual unambiguous narratives are what we all crave nowadays, delivered in his unique no nonsense personable manner Doctor David Starkey doesn’t disappoint - My compliments to you sir, thoroughly enjoyable keep them coming, you have a lifetime of knowledge to impart for all young and old to enjoy many thanks!!!!

[@alililley5697]

A video for Christmas Eve, what more could anyone need?

[@kimberlyperrotis8962]

It’s Christmas Eve, so I saved this video for a treat, for watching when I finish all my cooking and other preparations for tomorrow’s family celebration. We (5 households) are all taking rapid home COVID tests tonight to be sure it’s safe to gather all together, and we’re all fully vaccinated and boosted, but we have elders to protect. Now that my kitchen is spotless again, I’m resting my back and clicking play! Happy and safe winter season, everyone, and peace on earth, I love you all.

[@jonathanedwards983]

Kimberly, fach: are you sure we elders need protecting? Check out Dan Patrick of Texas, who says it all for me. We're fine

[@louisgiokas2206]

What is very interesting is the Reformation. I was a member of the Episcopal church and was married in that church. I was involved for over 30 years because of my wife. In the early part of the present Millenium, I lived in England, and was a member of the Anglican church (the Parish of Saint Faiths at the Hospital of Saint Cross in Winchester). I was even confirmed in the church and still have my inscribes prayer book. This was high church Anglican, or Episcopal. Once we went to a Catholic wedding (my son's violin teacher), and the liturgy was the same as we were used to. It was uncanny.

[@user-zf9yp1mk1n]

It’s just “Catholic lite”.

[@CardinalSlick]

Thank you Dr Starkey. Your books were formative in my wanting to become a History Teacher. I had the pleasure of watching you lecture at Buxton a few years ago before all the madness started.

[@tottenhamhotspurish]

I hope you don’t work in a ‘leftie’ school. You could be sacked for your rightful respect of Dr Starkey. I thought I’d mention the above because anything that we thought wasn’t possible a few years back is now real. We’re on a very slippery slope indeed……….

[@CincinSea]

Merry Christmas and thank you for the wonderful gift of these informal lectures. I loved your book and series on the wives of Henry!

[@jodeeps2287]

I could listen to you for hours, thank you for sharing your amazing talent of researching and telling of history so eloquently.

[@anniegetchergun]

Wishing you a Merry Christmas David. Another wonderful talk by a wonderful man. You transcend the ridiculous cancel and woke culture, and I am so thankful that you started this brilliant channel. You are the man who brought history to life for me and I am grateful beyond words for that.

[@jonathanedwards983]

Annie Getchergun I (a Welshman) am lucky enough to be married to a lady born in Custer SD, not so far from Annie/Deadwood SD. Totally agree with your tribute to Dr.S. Dr.S please accept this fan letter to a leading Englishman, sincere compliment from my side of Offa's Dyke. Agree with S.McGrath also.

[@mickymantle3233]

Happy Christmas. Thank you for these incredible talks David.

[@allanpowell7208]

As always, thought provoking and informative. A master thinker and teacher in a vivacious style but always realistically instructing a common sense of the age. We need more like this icon. Grateful thanks and cheers.

[@ozzythemainecoon8786]

Thank you for speaking in a way that even a Norwegian understands. You are an incredibly good historian and one of the reasons why I am so fascinated by English history. God jul!

[@j.burgess4459]

Merry Christmas to Professor Starkey.🎀 And thanks for one of the very best channels on KZbin.

[@luckyfreyalightly6093]

Thank you for this precious Christmas present! Warm greetings from Zeeland (the Netherlands)

[@happyreaper5429]

Your video presentations have quickly become my favourite viewing. I hope you have a very Happy Christmas and good health to you in the New Year.

[@juvenalsdad4175]

Very nice to have this to watch on Christmas Eve. Although drink has been taken, so I will probably have to watch it again.

[@iamtherealcob]

Merry Christmas Dr Starkey!

[@plweis7203]

Fabulous David, thank you.

[@dawni5365]

When David Starkey talks…..I stop EVERYTHING and LISTEN

[@maryearll3359]

A very very welcomed Christmas morning gift. Splendid timing, thank you and Happy Christmas to you, your family and all your family of fans.❤️❤️❤️

[@wessexfox5197]

Marvellous early morning listening on Christmas. Merry Christmas David Starkey

[@carmenfoster6912]

You have presented a very clear and concise regarding a historical myth thank you for the clarity and precise information about someone until now has been an enigma

[@no_namematrix8630]

Time for the history tea!! Christmas edition 🌲🌲🌲

[@adagietto2523]

Enjoyably thought-provoking as always. Might you rethink Sir Thomas More at some point?

[@margyrowland]

Watching this on Christmas Day in Australia 🇦🇺.Thank for a very engaging Christmas present Mr Starkey and I hope you enjoyed a lovely day too.

[@kimberlyperrotis8962]

Henry did a lot of cruel things, even by the standards of his time, but there’s no denying he was a powerful, effective and important monarch.

[@Eris123451]

That good old, "but ?"

[@louisgiokas2206]

When I lived in England, there was a family, whose children went to school with mine, that would go on vacation to the continent. They were very upper-class English. They fully distinguished between England (the UK) and the continent. They were English, not Continental. This is in the current millennium.

[@109-w7v]

I love your videos David. Thank you.

[@louisgiokas2206]

Davis Starkey, you are amazing. I am glad that you do these videos. You are most amazing. I love the references to your own life and experiences. Keep up the good work.

[@melbournemickoz8078]

If Henry was alive today he'd know its down to the man who determines the sex of his children

[@pattierotondo1108]

Somehow, I doubt he would have accepted that fact.

[@suzannetevlin8439]

Thank you so much Dr Starkey. I've just finished viewing this, front to back, and really enjoyed, as always, your rational, calm, and patient explanations of Tudor life. They're a touch intoxicating at times as well, I must admit. Once again I agree with you. I've always felt the separation from the Church was purely based on lust for Anne. She must have been a remarkable, manipulative, enticing woman. The trouble she caused ;-() It's Christmas morn here in Toronto, very quiet, and raining a bit. We did have snow, up until yesterday. Oh well, we'll soon get more. A Very Happy Christmas to you, and to everyone.

[@timmarshall4881]

My thanks and sincere kindest wishes. Great videos which are most enjoyable. Love and peace. Tim

[@matheusgoncalves6246]

Another excellent lecture! How did I discover your "talks" just now sire ? It's a pool of knowledge when it comes to the Tudor dynasty and its parallels with modern politics.

[@izzwizz2094]

Thank you, just such a treat to listen to

[@kaybrown4010]

Go ahead into great detail. Please! This video was a wonderful Christmas gift. Thank you, David. Merry Christmas, and long may you speak. 🙏🏻

[@mistymoor7114]

As a woman having enjoyed your videos on the young prince Henry I was then hoping to get more juicy details ( lol ) re his first marriage and subsequent marital or non marital adventures. Your take on all this would be fascinating and of course a revalation. Was the marriage between Arthur and Cathrine consumated? What took place with Anne Boleyn's sister ( reputed to have had two children by Henry. How many illigitimate children did Henry really have and why didnt he legitimise some instead of constantly chasing a wife for a legitimate heir that never happened? This is the womans perspective of curiosity about all this and how much is truth and how much myth. More videos in this vein would answer a lot of questions. And also I think you called Henry a romantic...well..with all the bedroom adventures he seems to have had , to put it politely, I would have called him more of an opportunist than a romantic !

[@DCND06]

There really is no one who can touch Starkey in the field of history in general and the Tudors in particular. In my humble opinion of course.

[@catherinewilkins2760]

Compliments of the season to you and yours.

[@angelarobinson2961]

I would love to hear your thoughts on the removal of historical statues in the United States

[@cricket8438]

It’s rewriting history! AWFUL!! TERRIBLE!!!

[@kmaher1424]

@@cricket8438 When the inscriptions on those statues proclaim how States Rights was the reason for the Confederate Rebellion? Which the United Daughters of the Confederacy thought more palatable than what was proclaimed by those who seceded? The preservation of Slavery Or perhaps you history minded folk are looking farther back into American history? To the statue of George III pulled down in Manhattan in 1775 and melted drown into bullets? Our Republic has been imperfect but at least we were successful in rejecting monarchy...

[@zoobee]

Happy Christmas David! I will save this video so I can watch it tomorrow night, after all the Christmas festivities and I can watch on my laptop as a Christmas treat :)

[@adrianlawrence5208]

Lip-smackingly good.😋 Love seeing David get swept along by his enthusiasm for the subject.

[@djmcilquham]

What a treat, thank you David

[@English_Dawn]

Appreciated to hear more on Henry VII as a king and father. All too often he seems to be one of those monarchs glossed over in the rush to get to someone else.

[@ivanvoronov3871]

I always look forward to your video Dr Starkey

[@debrasycks1423]

Thank you for all the great history that you tell us. I hope you and yours have a wonderful Christmas and Happy New Year! I cant wait to hear a new Henry the 8 video. Thanks again and keep them coming lol

[@MadameRobinson]

Thank you! I watch your videos over and over and love your books as well! Merry (Happy) Christmas from Arkansas!

[@janicebillington2633]

I can't really imagine David Starkey being merry !? What a deliciously amusing idea. Thanks for that and merry Christmas and a very Happy New Year to you.

[@MadameRobinson]

@@janicebillington2633 Perhaps he would surprise us!

[@janicebillington2633]

@@MadameRobinson I would love that. All the best Kristie.

[@kitty6720]

@15:10 - Oh the shade on UK's present-day govt :-))).

[@markjohnorourke8264]

Happy Christmas to you and yours David , love these videos...History is Safe in your capable and competent hands.

[@tottenhamhotspurish]

History is safe in universities, or is it……. Hmmmm

[@markjohnorourke8264]

@@tottenhamhotspurish History is safe in the hands of Dr Starkey, the University's are different story altogether.

[@tottenhamhotspurish]

@@markjohnorourke8264 - I agree.

[@emmafreeth7493]

I wish that David Starkey had been my history teacher at school! Many years on and now am catching up on the vast subject that is history and find these videos very interesting and enlightening.

[@pinklady3885]

Thank you so much David for making my Christmas eve so enjoyable. Happy Christmas.

[@ruthcollins2841]

Like to hear about the Stuarts especially James 1 & 2 & Charles 1& 2 & Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, and Anne!

[@BaronMichaelDeBlone1066]

Me too. I was already thinking of them before Dr. Starkey mentioned the civil wars close to the end of this talk. He seems to link a lot of these videos so I won't be at all surprised if me and you both get our wish there. Happy New Year.

[@davidprobert8078]

David starkey is absolutely fantastic could listen to his wit all day

[@tracycameron5099]

You are a pleasure to listen to Dr. Starkey...question: it has been said that Henry regretted killing Cromwell in that he didnt realize what he had until he was gone. Do you think that Cromwell deserved what he got? He must have known that Henry would regret it after he saw that he couldnt do without him. Hence Cromwell begging and hoping that Henry would save him in the end. Poor Cromwell. Raised so high by the King, but in the end, tossed on the garbage heap because he wasn't of the nobility. Do you think Henry had ennobled him at the last minute because he knew the end was near? Confusing, that bit. Was Henry forced to take the reins because after Cromwell's death, he had noone to step in that was competent or willing to work? Was Henry paying tribute to Wolsey and Cromwell in forcing his nobles to perform? Thank you. i will become a member as soon as I am able. Long time fan from Canada.

[@glowingtresses5320]

Truly enjoyed this

[@MKHNitro]

Thank you David for your unapologetic intellectual rigour examining our history Keep Rethinking !

[@brenmanock]

I avidly get my fix of history through your channel bc I eschewed history as a youth. It’s so fascinating to me now, esp British of which I’m half. Kudos to you Dr Starkey!

[@charmedsuperior2222]

Merry Christmas ❤️

[@petah-peoplefortheendlesst4668]

Shouldn't Starkey be concerned that thinking and rethinking is a very traumatic and triggering thing to ask of the contemporary University pupil??

[@lukmaes6290]

Thank you Dr Starkey for content and style. Are there similar talks somewhere on the golden ages of Bruges and Antwerp?

[@ContextShakespeare1740]

David Starkey Please could you do a rethinking Shakespeare. Knowing the real author behind the pseudonym, helps us understand the political commentary in the plays. If we do not understand the author we cannot put the plays in their correct context, the court of Queen Elizabeth, the marriage crisis, the factions at court and the characters at court. A midsummer nights dream, Bottom repeating Hercules, a nod to Hercules de Valois, the queen fell in love with him, there was a rumour in court that queen Elizabeth had been given a love potion much like Titania. He called for Honey bags, Queen Elizabeth gave Hercules Francois de Valois the Duke of Anjou moneybags. "The moon - methinks looks with a watery eye. And when she weeps, weeps every little flower," when the queen agreed to an engagement with the duke of Anjou, ladies wept so loudly outside her room that they kept her awake. The character Polonius is a parody of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, his daughter Ann de Vere (ne Cecil) is similar to Ophelia, and Laertes his son Thomas Cecil. Hamlet shows a deep understanding of the law. Shakespeare's use of rhetoric and legal terms suggest that he has the understanding of the law that a judge might have. It is time that the biofiction of the man from Stratford is challenged, we need to look at the historical facts, that he never referred to himself as a writer, he was never referred to as a writer in his lifetime. If we believe in academic freedom, the authorship question should be allowed as a serious subject for historical study. I have been really impressed by this series of videos. I would love to see Shakespeare tackled, because when you get the author right you can put the writing in the correct context, then Shakespeare can tell us so much about Tudor history.

[@AP-di6gu]

You have pay £100-a-month on Starkey's Patreon to suggest topics.

[@mattwilson50]

The succession was certainly a recurring theme in Shakespeare's plays - some of the best of 'em: _Macbeth,_ _King Lear,_ _Hamlet,_ _Julius Caesar,_ _Richard III._

[@ContextShakespeare1740]

@@AP-di6gu Thanks AP but I am a poor student, hopefully if there is enough interest in the topic for it to be taken up for discussion.

[@maryearll3359]

@@AP-di6gu It's more like £10 per month and worth every penny.

[@maryearll3359]

@@ContextShakespeare1740 Check out the prices, it's not £100!

[@robinlillian9471]

Henry VIII was raised by women, but didn't learn anything from it, like how to form a lasting romantic relationship with a woman. He was only about the excitement of courtship. To him beautiful women were prizes to win and not people. He lost interest in his conquests shortly after he made them and looked for someone new.

[@jmiller05]

There was something primal in Henry's relationships to women too. As soon as they lost their utility in terms of fertility, he quickly lost interest. Of course one could argue this is because his dynasty was fledgling and he needed a Male heir but also there was something animalistic about his approach to women.

[@BaronMichaelDeBlone1066]

I think both comments have some validity. Might I add a further consideration to this line of thinking: Henry was placed in a predominantly female enviroment from a very young age and I think this would have made it very easy for him to acquaint himself with the opposite sex in general but perhaps heavily contributed to a difficulty in focussing on a single object of affection. Normal procedure on failing to produce a male heir was to wait and keep trying whether applying for an annulment or not. This case always diverts my mind back to the failed marriage between Eleanor of Aquitaine and the King of France from which he finally got an annulment only for her to pop out one royal baby after another with a much younger king (Henry II of England).

[@cherrytraveller5915]

Henry was in love with the idea of falling in love. He wasn’t prepared for the reality of an actual relationship. He was an over dramatic romantic

[@fleetskipper1810]

Henry was never in the position of needing to make a marriage work. That requires some equality between the two partners. None of his partners were ever going to be equal to him. I also think that his mother raised him to be a narcissist, much like the current “spare” Harry. He was doted on, he was privileged, and he never had to suffer the consequences that a normal boy would suffer when he didn’t behave. Given the number of children who never grew to adulthood, it is interesting to me that Henry the seventh didn’t raise his boys more equally. I would’ve thought that he would’ve taught them both in the same manner in order to increase his chances that A properly educated royal son would actually assume the throne as an adult.

[@sherryd3299]

I love how Im able to see your lectures more now that you have been "cancelled."

[@Thestephouse1]

Thank you so much

[@martinadrempetic2395]

It is so interesting to listen to Dr.Starkey again, i would like to travel back in time just to see the magnificence of Whitehall palace...we can only speculate how it looked like, it must have been impressive! Looking forward to your next video Dr.Starkey! Can you do a video about Henry & Anne? I hurd that Henry was more in love with Anne than she was with him and thinking of Henry, was he able to love someone in our modern sense of way because he was a bit of narcissist? Thank you...greetings from Croatia 🎄☃️🥰

[@fleetskipper1810]

Can anyone tell me why the Whitehall palace was torn down and when? It seems like it should’ve stayed up.

[@henriettanovember4733]

Thank you for this series! For me as a historian this is a real treat!

[@phildurling7185]

A review of Thomas More would be interesting. The film "A Man for All Seasons" maybe gives a skewed idea of what he was like. Christopher Hitchens, before he died, gave a very different perspective. Thank you for this on Henry VIII, who in my mind, is one of our greatest Kings. An early proponent of Brexit maybe, though for very different and selfish reasons. He at least originated the idea that no foreign Prince could have sovereignty in this country and enabled free religious thought that would come to fruition centuries later.

[@alancumming6407]

Thank you for this marvellous lecture. It enabled me to better understand the governmental changes that took place during Henry's reign. Also, from the upheaval of building construction down to the problem of 'desk space', your Talk (as always) made the past come vividly to life. It also made me consider just how unsettling and exhausting Henry's reconstruction of government must have proved for all in the King's service.

[@kmaher1424]

Such a brilliant man. Who does not realize that using "Woke" is not a sign of intelligence over here in the US. Histiry is continuously being reached. Impress us with your skill!

[@ambersmalley6619]

Happy late Christmas to me !!! Thank you so much for these veidos , I'm so happy I found this .

[@karenattwood5035]

Fascinating. Been binge watching Tudors and Cromwell, wish we'd studied this for History at school, might have passed?

[@katherinecollins4685]

Absolutely amazing

[@jlemaire9418]

I'll bet you didn't know there was Anglophiles in Louisiana. It is a fact, Sir. Many, many thanks. You got balls, Ole Timer.

[@SuebooPumba]

Read all your books and videos love listening to you tell history

[@deborahlocker860]

Dr. Starkey, I am proud to have a copy of Virtuous Prince and Six Wives on my bookshelf. Speaking of which, it would be very gratifying if at some point in time, you could share your own favorites from your (no doubt extensive) bookshelves with your viewers.

[@brightmoon7132]

I have always said, in spite of what the motivation may have been, Henrys great gift to humanity is indeed "breaking the bonds of Rome". And even still, these hundreds of years later the catholic church has too much power. But it is withering, and it will continue to wither until it is gone.

[@user-zf9yp1mk1n]

The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.

[@aleksandrajablan]

Do Anne please

[@nancytestani1470]

Yes, your right..never thought that way..Cromwell…police…

[@nancytestani1470]

Loved his mother..

[@snoozeyoulose9416]

Very good. I had assumed that the English Civil War primarily came out of the lack of new titles given by the Tudor's because of their contentious hold and potentially questionable pedigree not wanting to upset the old order, subsequently keeping capable wealthy merchants/men untitled and frustrated, leading to their energies being cast in a more destructive direction. This perspective of the King being represented through a new form of beaucracy makes sense.

[@jeromesullivan4015]

Looking at Henry VIII, for that matter, any historical figure, judging them by modern standards, seems unfair to say the least. Most were a product of their times, situations and status etc. I really enjoy these talks..

[@Cynomyn]

I enjoy you. Your voice touches me downstairs.

[@johannajames7824]

Oh I would LOVE to take you out for lunch! You could talk history to me all day

[@fkjms73]

Love Prof. Starkey! Big fan from Saudi Arabia! 🇸🇦👑🇬🇧

[@johnpatrick4185]

Big fan of Mr Starkey, and very thankful for these videos.. But do wonder if value added could be even higher with a bit more structure to the presentation... e.g. Outline, agenda, visual elements to reinforce, etc. Find myself sometimes losing the thread.... But then, could just be me with my dyslexia, or whatever.

[@martygahan]

Merry Christmas.

[@myvibe3893]

England and it’s Colonies should be forever indebted to Henry V111 for canceling The Catholic Church. The Anglican Church has been the backbone of English Greatness.

[@user-zf9yp1mk1n]

He cancelled shit! There are still billions of Catholics. H8 was a hypocrite (among other things) who was still a Catholic the day he died. Anglicanism is just “Catholic lite”.

[@nancytestani1470]

Yes, circumstance, don’t forget..all the other kings, Francis was a young king, Charles was not old either..so all kinds of preening, showing off between of the 3 of them..

[@dianeparker5993]

Happy Christmas....

[@nyceimsuijuris6965]

Spending the first 20 minutes, the catalyst described as an ossified romantic for the reformation, does not look into what was primarily taking place at the time. The purse was annexed to the common law, the feudal land tenure system, which, hiding in angst, is the unpopular mention of securing a new tax for its replenishment, and so Henry focused his attention upon the state of the 'use, the equitable use to land namely, which was overreaching the rights established in the common law; thereby no longer a dependable stream of money. He spent from 1532 to 1535 to pass his bill, the Statute of Uses 1535, from which is the primary vector point, known today, as the foundation for the modern day trust. Parliament administrates over all territory subject to a trust. . . the common law does not. He captures the land, held in mortmain, to be returned under the King's control; a more severe undertaking to that of Edward I, in 1290, and the Statute of Mortmain. Historians play to the melody of the the public-pied-piper-flute. One just needs to look to what is most important in English law, the principle topic throughout all of history, which is securing rules of action over land and it use. All the other stuff is rather just Shakespearian Guff... lol.

[@tooshlong]

The last line. Again. "fighting between the monarchy of Westminster and the monarchy of Whitehall". Smashes it everytime. Brilliant way with words. It's a shame you have robbed the Normal of your presence on their screens, who'll never even know you're on KZbin, all because you didn't shut your big gob, really.

[@donaldcatton4028]

Subtle indeed..

[@nancytestani1470]

So, it is easy to fall in love..wonderful, exciting..skin glows..ha..but staying in love…seriously tough

[@mattwilson50]

Prof. Starkey isn't a puritanical sort - unlike Malvolio, whose characterisation was meant to insult Puritans.

[@FiveLiver]

Viewers may find this video of interest. ​​Panagiotis Constantinou - King Henry VIII's Six Wives - Real Faces - Queens of England 11mins 8Jan22

[@jeanmorin3247]

Supremely interesting!

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

Once again writing women out of history. It was Anne who brought Henry the books that influenced Henry’s decision. That justified his leaving the Church (which he never really left) which had messed him about for six years regarding his divorce. She worked together with Cromwell (not yet her enemy) to be in Henry’s ear night and day. What Henry wants Henry gets. But it was a woman (and a son) that made it happen.

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

@@shaynechafin3558 The arguments he used from the Bible were in support of his divorce from Katherine, not separation from the church in Rome.

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

@@shaynechafin3558 Fair point. We will never know. Henry wanted the power and the money. The problem for Anne was once she showed him what he could do, his sociopathy went beyond her counsel and soon he grew tired of her advice. My real point was women being written out of history when their influence was stronger than is acknowledged.

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

@@shaynechafin3558 Yes, and it was Anne with Cromwell’s help that showed him not what he should do but what he could do and thereby unleashed all that followed.

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

@@shaynechafin3558 No, not at all. I mean for decades people have questioned if Hitler had been a successful artist would he have become the worst criminal( along with all his willing executioners )of the twentieth century? These are things we will never know because that’s not what happened. And what happened is all we can judge upon.

[@LindaLinda80Linda]

@@shaynechafin3558 Define ‘change chats.’

[@alanaadams7440]

Some people love falling in love I think that was Henry