Sámi Mythology and Culture

#sámi #saami
In the frozen Far-North of Europe, beneath the Northern Lights, lies a land of snow, endless tundra, and dense forests. Where ancient languages and songs echo on the frigid air.
This is Sapmi, home of the Sami people. The
indigenous people of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia's Kola Peninsula.
But who are the Sami, what is their story? Let's find out!
If you would like to help me with making more videos you can always buy me a coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/irishinf...
Also if you have any good recommendations books/audiobooks please let me know in the comments!
Please like comment and share!
Music used in video: • No Copyright Loop Read...
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Sources and References:
Noel D. Broadbent, Jan Stora - Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami
Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience
Neil Kent - The Sámi Peoples of the North: A Social and
Cultural History
Veli-Pekka Lehtola - The Sámi People: Traditions in Transitions
Gutorm Gjessing Changing Lapps: A Study in Culture
Relations in Northernmost Norway
=--=
F.A.Q.
How old are you?
29
Where are you from?
Dublin Ireland
Where do you live?
Oulu, Finland
What camera gear do you use in this video?
Canon EOS 2000d, Samsung A52
Boya MM1 microphone
What program do you edit with?
Video Guru
Please like comment and share!
For business inquires: [e-mail]
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irishinfinland

[@eleusis3456]

love this video! my grandparents were sámi, but when they married they left their family behind and moved to america. they always refused to teach any of the children or grandchildren about our culture in an attempt to make us more american. videos like this make me finally feel connected to my heritage

[@williegarland8888]

I am Saami too. My father’s side is Saami and my mother’s side is Irish. When my parents were very young, there was a stigma with both backgrounds in America so they just called us Americans and didn’t want to go any farther into it. Except when I came along. I have what is called Saami eyes. I have always wanted to go to Sapmi to visit people like me. I feel that I already know what they are like because I was born with some of the Saami gifts. 😄

[@nuusgtattoo25]

Learn your language! I’m learning Lule and teaching my son as well.

[@signetofhelix]

this happened to me too! but great grandparents instead

[@johnlastname8752]

There are still people alive today that remember being shamed in school for their Saami identity here in Sweden. It has caused a lot of people to distance themselves from their Saami heritage.

[@hank4920]

@@johnlastname8752 Sofia Jannok is proud of her heritage

[@JoyBeardSunde]

I'm half Native American and I'm pleasantly fascinated with how much my tribe aligns with these people, especially the nature part, we see God in nature and we use drums, it represents the heartbeat of mother earth❤❤❤ love this video, I want to learn more❤❤❤

[@grogarda6591]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWmxc4tvbNB3fpYsi=JvW0iC4JwWnmJrTE

[@BritMemes]

The sami and native Americans are genetically related I'm part sami and my dna test sad I'm 5% native American even though I have no native american family members and have never been to America lol

[@conservative6759]

@@BritMemes maybe your forefarhers f**ked the same reindeer?

[@alaruno8325]

Interesting video, however you forgot to mention that there is more than ONE Sámi language. In fact there are 9-10 different Sámi languages, some are mutally intelligable with eachother while others are not. Maybe you were not aware of this since in Finland it is mainly the North Sámi language that is spoken among these 9-10 ones.

[@tuijasaari1463]

In Finland three are spoken, majority pohjoissaame. In Inari region inarinsaame and some kolttasaame.

[@alaruno8325]

@@tuijasaari1463 That's why I said "mainly" the North Sámi language. I think the other two got very few speakers, just some hundred speakers each I would guess.

[@Aimothewizard]

My mother is Sámi and we are Northern Sámi. I myself cannot speak Northern Sámi but my mother and sister have tried learning the language.

[@MicheStrole]

Cool presentation.. im Swedish and Saepmis , Sami on my mothers bloodline. My wife is Philippino who also come frome a tribe.. im whery hooked to shamanism and cultre. Its so awesome that there is a Echo that can be heard through out native american, Inuit, Saepmis / Sami and easy Asian tribe folks has so much in common... Cheers 🪬🌚🔥

[@Stello]

Being Finnish in Ireland, it's ironic that this is probably the most I've ever learned about the Sámi people and their history 😂🤦‍♀️ Like, we must have learned something at school (waaaay before you were born), but definitely nothing like this! Thanks for the great video, well done! ✨

[@satan6himself]

Can you make a video of karelians too?

[@IrishinFinland]

Of course!

[@evilsun1000]

My grandparents are from Karjala and sad but true, I know almost nothing about the culture.

[@satan6himself]

It's also easier to communicate with others if u know how to speak karelian😌

[@satan6himself]

@@evilsun1000 Karjalazet nuoret Suomes is very helpful if u want to reconnect to karelians and karelian culture! Also learning the language is a plus since it's actually a endangered language..

[@satan6himself]

@@evilsun1000 And I recommend listening to other karelians in your family and in social media too! Mind if I ask where are they from? My family is mostly from Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia

[@davestrasburg408]

The Saami are an utterly fascinating people, being maybe the last people in Europe to be forcibly Christianized. For long, they were persecuted, and the last vestiges of their age-old religion destroyed; but it is making a comeback these days. The "other" Finno-Ugric peoples are of major interest; l find utterly riveting the hall in the National Museum in Helsinki that is dedicated to these peoples - true patriotism is a national trait of Finns! l warmly recommend the book "The Finno-Ugric Peoples" by Toivo Vuorela.

[@seidr9147]

It's fascinating to see in Finnish history how the Sámi people are sometimes represented. There's no doubt that once the Sámi people used to inhabit the whole of Finland. Vikings, or the Old-Norse, also mainly traded with and taxed the Sámi people. There's plenty of loanwords between the Old-norse and different Sámi languages as well as Sámi artifacts found in Sweden and Norway as an evidence of these interactions. I think it's a little touchy subject to some Finns even today. Many pseudohistorians even completely reject the fact that the Sámi was inhabiting Finland and the influence they once had - as well as, that there wasn't any clashes between the two cultures. Sámi people just "happened out of their own will" to move out of their original lands to even further north. Sure, some Sámi people were peacefully assimilated to arriving Baltic-Finn tribes, but there's also evidence that the more agriculturist Baltic-Finns had an condescending attitude towards the nomadic Sámi, especially after the Finns became christians. There's also plenty of Sámi folk tales, in all of the Sámi languages in Finland, about "tsuudit", probably an Baltic-Finn tribe that used to rob and pillage the Sámi people.

[@dasarath5779]

tsuudit? sounds suspiciously like the slavic "chude" which was a term used to refer to baltic finns. also completly unrelated but the fact that the word "finn" used to mean sami is quite interesting. maybe those old norse stories about finn magic and rulers are actually referring to sami?

[@ahkkariq7406]

@@dasarath5779 The old Norse stories about finn magic are most certainly referring to the Sami. The other group it might have been is those who gave the name to Finnskogen in eastern Norway, at the border to Sweden. This group arrived in the 1500. There are several archaeological findings of Sami origin in Southern Norway that indicate that the Sami were present in the area around the lake Femunden. Regarding the "tsjudit", there are several names of places in Finnmark (Northern Norway) that indicate Russian influence in some form. Many associate these names with the raids of the Tjuds, especially if there are steep mountain slopes in the area. This is due to the legend of the Sámi boy who lured a herd of Tsjuds off a mountainside, and they plunged to their deaths. The story has been filmed and can be seen in the film Veiviseren/ Ofelaš/ Pathfinder from 1987. Interesting that Chude in slavic languages ​​refer to Baltic Finns.

[@Passioakka]

@@dasarath5779 In older days the sami was often named finne or "skidfinne" - skii finn - here in Sweden. My hubby have a couple of them in his family tree. They lived further west towards the area where many Finns had emigrated to (Finnmarken) while my sami ancestor was just called sami.

[@JoeSmith-sl9bq]

Fin is Latin, because the area is at the end (Fin) of the earth

[@maleficara]

Appreciate this video a lot. Having married into Sami-Savo family the culture both lost - and what is being preserved - has become near and dear to my heart. I hope someday you and yours will get to experience a trip up to Inari. I can't wait to visit myself.

[@IrishinFinland]

Ah thats fantastic! I'll definitely be up there soon! 🤞🏻🤞🏻🤞🏻

[@lyrigageforge3259]

@@IrishinFinland Nice video. Thought to tell you what that picture reminded me about, but it is cool to see at least somewhat researched info and mats used in right context like this. The last time I seen that thumb nail image being used in a Tube video some fool was speaking about american natives - and yea I left a message under that video to tell them about ignorant imagery choices. I am not even sami, but that one annoyed me to see, but then again so many people just smash picks on videos about anything. Like using picture of sauna on video asking if 'sweating it off' is valid way of getting rid of a fever - another stupid choice yea, especially considering that 'sweating it off' was really old way thought to help for fewer, wrong way at that, but really having nothing to do with sauna. Internet is a bit eye-rolling in that manner. By the way, you said before something about people complaining that you aren't a historian - they can go back to their stuck up circles, the world is free for anyone to speak and get interested about any a topic. I enjoy these videos.

[@annelirantala8689]

Rovaniemi library have special sector for samibooks. 🇫🇮

[@iyanla09]

Dive into the Main or Hmong of the East Asia. I am Hmong and noticed a lot of similarities, such as the culture, clothing, no written language, being Indigenous, and we're very "White" for an Asian group. We naturally have blonde hair and hazel eyes. Although our origin has been lost through generations and genocides. I came across the Sami and can't help if this is the native DNA that runs in my family.

[@david82633]

Met some people from the Hmong community in Laos, was even invited to a traditional wedding. Sadly lost contact with them

[@adrianjarvinen]

A friend of mine who is Hmong had the same realization when I shared Sámi culture with them. There are definitely a lot of overlap

[@janelarson7065]

Thank you so much for these videos! ❤

[@barbielunmar-gg3dm]

My grandparents are Swede, but we’re very dark skinned. I asked my grandmother why we are so dark and she said “Well them Laplanders used to come down out of the mountains and they were pretty lonely boys.” I am so interested in learning about the Sami culture! Would love to find out if I have actual ancestry with these amazing people.

[@grogarda6591]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWmxc4tvbNB3fpYsi=JvW0iC4JwWnmJrTE

[@HinekuraFasipa]

That's so interesting. My husband is part Sami and our children too.

[@GeorgiaGeorgette]

I love this channel, there is something comforting about it that I can't quite explain.

[@Son-of-Tyr]

Great video as usual buddy. Very interesting. Keep making them and I'll keep watching. Slainte

[@gregcrowe8885]

Thank You for caring. Very pleasant presentation.

[@Jl-pm6fp]

Thank you so much for this fascinating and well-presented lecture about an extraordinary tradition and people!

[@mononen01]

Love the content mate. Keep it up! 🍻

[@user-ed8ir3ls4e]

i found your video after watching film "sami blood" and it helped me a lot to understand something from their culture. keep it up! actually, as a skyrim lover i`m going to watch your playlist about finland in skyrim

[@IrishinFinland]

Legend! Enjoy! And may Talos guide you. Always 🤟🏻🔥

[@shelleymcafee8197]

Hello, Thank-You so much for shari g this interesting-info of the Sami-peoples. I’ve recently become aware of the Sami heritage through My Mother’s Family, and am fascinated to learn more of Who/Where We came from!

[@savid3089]

👍🌹🌟 Thank You so much of this sharing 🌹🌟👍 i appreciate that you tell to world of our nation 🇫🇮 Full watchibg here 🤗🌸🌼 kiitos tästä videosta 🇫🇮🌸🌼

[@florawinter4721]

I am writing my research paper about the sámi people especially about their art and jewelry and can recomend the books: Sámi Dáidda, The Sámi Peoples Of The North by Neil Kent as well as Die Samen und wir by H. U. Schwaar. I´d love to hear more about the Sámi mythology. Thank you for the video! :)

[@zsoltsandor3814]

As a Hungarian I have a thing for the Sámi. Interestingly it was in Sápmi that an Austro-Hungarian (as in Habsburg-era) geographical-astronomical expedition came to realize that Hungarian and Sámi are related languages.

[@PriesterinDesLichts]

Interesting!

[@grogarda6591]

My dad was Sami and my mother half Hungarian and half Norwegian 😊

[@zsoltontube]

@@grogarda6591 that's cool.

[@grogarda6591]

@@zsoltontube thank you 😊

[@grogarda6591]

@@zsoltontube my mum always said it was some conection as well, and something about the languages having something in common that only is found within these two languages...even though sami languages have many different roots..so i dont know..but sami people often believed my mum was sami because of her look..so, yes..some conection it is 😊

[@fractalcp]

Really like and appreciate what you're doing. I am an American with Sami ancestry. At the National Nordic Museum in Seattle we are having a Sami Film Fest at this time. Will be watching your videos with interest and enjoyment. Thank you for your work.💙🤗

[@IrishinFinland]

Thank you!

[@grogarda6591]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWmxc4tvbNB3fpYsi=JvW0iC4JwWnmJrTE

[@vjusta]

so intresting! thanks

[@tuksu80]

Our family is Sami and I speak the language (one of them) too.

[@BrianLarsen-fs9nh]

Thank You soooo much on the info on the peopleand of thier lifestyles . FURTHER

[@IrishinFinland]

🤟🏻

[@rhyacinthlevrini6577]

I have been involved in shamanism of the indigenous People of the Northwest United States. Three years ago I met a Norwegian who lives in Tromsø, Norway and whom I went to visit last March 2022. I left my Heart in Tromsø and will be returning this Summer 2023 for three months, and my focus is to learn more of the Sami and experience being in the Far North. I see already the similarities between the two cultures. North American indigenous people revere the buffalo, the Sami the reindeer; the indigenous people of North America lived and still use teepees covered in buffalo hides, whereas the Sami live in similar shaped tents called "lavoo" covered in deer skins. Thanks for sharing this informative video. I subscribed to learn more.

[@Limbzbiscuits]

I remember a replica of a sámi drum, noitarumpu, or a witch drum in english, from school. We had it in our music classroom and would often play it and sing folk songs. It had a piece of a reindeer antler tied to it, which was used to drum the sámi drum.

[@morokolli8700]

That drum dont "work" whitout "karhun kyrpäluuta" .. sounds a bad word but thats the thing you drumming off "bear penis bone".. far as i know🙂🥁

[@Nai_101]

Coming from a Sámi, that feels very iffy to me

[@Ebruskaya]

There is a book called The Viking World from Routledge. In it there is a chapter on Sami people with a useful list of further resources. Thank you for the video, safe travels and a happy 2022 🥰🌈

[@IrishinFinland]

Appreciate the tip! I'll certainly check that out!

[@evamayakornstad2576]

What a great story. According to my family story, I have a drop of sami blod in my body. My great grandfather was from Norway and moved to Denmark. My grandmother looks so sami, she was short, and her eyes are very like the ones you see at sami propel. I was at the sami marked in Jokkmokk this year, and at the sami museum there. There is a lot of books there. I will also recommend a book, written by Anne Gjeitanger, its in Norwegian. Its called En reise til reinens rike

[@justforfunsies5000]

I had a set of 8th great grandparents who came to the American colonies from Denmark, and their one descendant looks like the Sami men. I ended up finding out that I have 1% native North American in my DNA which is 100% impossible except for that tribal connection. I had never heard of the Sami people until my one friend told me to check out videos of joik songs. I almost fell over, literally, b/c I’ve been singing like that for a massive portion of my life with no knowledge of joik even existing. My dad and my pappy always had a strong connection to, and affinity for, animals and a VERY strong connection with nature. Same with my son and I. It’s astounding how even if it’s a trickle, the blood still makes itself known. I recently watched a video of the Northern Sami language and my jaw hit the floor (figuratively, of course). It sounded like a language that I randomly speak, like it’s coming from someone else. English is literally my first and only language. When your ancestors want to make themselves known, they do not hold back. Lol!

[@scanpolar]

Interesting !

[@gutzberserk6857]

I coming in Lapland last week, I’m falling love of this place. I decided to leave Switzerland and going live in Finland ❤

[@amethyst5538]

I would more than interested in learning more about Sami. They have always have fascinated me. This video like a small gift.

[@neuthral]

love your videos, if youre ever in Tampere i would like to have a beer with you or ten

[@mariaruiz348]

Wonderful Video I love it!!!! Very interesting information. Please continue sharing. Thanks!!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

[@raidershawaiijohan3828]

I remember my great grandmother in Kittila Finland spoke saami but I didnt understand her.

[@christopherpeters409]

My grandfathers people are sami my pal pal was in the sami protests in 1970s to fight the damb that would destroy lots of the reindeer land etc sami people are amazing. More i learn of my ancestors more id like to go live withem

[@david82633]

Are you from the states? There are some communities there if you are looking to reconnect. Most parts of the community is very open for people wanting to reconnect, especially if your grandfather speaks/spoke the language

[@gregcrowe8885]

Kin folk. Thank You ❤️

[@courtneydixon5347]

Perhaps a video about immigration away from Finland. Did one area have more of an exodus? Thanks again!

[@earthwaterfall1498]

I would absolutely love that!!

[@denniswrande6004]

Wow such an interesting video about the Sámi Mythology and their Culture i have soo much respect for their people and culture and as i was younger i remember my Grandfather from my mom's side told me he had Sámi origins and that he was not sure though but we had an big painting about an Sámi Hunter and gather who were walking on the wilderness in the northern sweden and i have wanted since an long time that i want too to travel up too Sapmíland there and see how they live and learn about their culture and customs and they are such an cool and impressive people and culture as i would like too be there and visit the Samí an honoring their culture by giving an good word for them when im traveling around the world i will have in mind about Samí i have heard Samí jojk which have been touchy and sensitive for me too hear, i think that the Swedish state have too say sorry for the things they did on the Samí people and make better for them and giving them more rights as an human.

[@margaretthatcher5486]

i never knew what i was heritage wise and learning about sami people has been really cool for me because ive always had the beliefs my ancestors had, like that everything in nature has a soul. learning about joik was super heartwarming for me cuz ive always make little songs to my cat and people i like

[@littlebirdbecca]

Thank

[@user-vi5kf3qr8e]

I have sami ancestry, calling a sami a "lapp" is considered highly offensive almost akin to a n word.

[@RobertoBarabbas-pz4uo]

Much of the info in this presentation has been part of my life thru my past intergenerational, subconscious, especially my Y's official name: Running Reindeer! My association with Finnish and Norwegian friends reinforced my appreciation of this culture!

[@kristofferhellstrom]

I love the Sami!

[@bridgeman1443]

:) i am sami

[@DavefromWork]

It's worth mentioning, that the runed drums had a wildly different design on them BEFORE christianity, just something to keep in mind when you look at the art on them.

[@pibly7784]

Was curious as to how you ended up in Finland. Did you move there for work?

[@nyc466]

Aednan by Linnea Axelsson is fantastic.. An Epic with some sprinkles of information that will make you think twice about if the Sami were a sect of the saved 'God like people' before the meteor hit. They came from the East and have many of the same originating beliefs - I hope we can uncover more and give this wonderful culture more light. The respect they have for nature, peace & simplicity is admirable & just reminds me of the Nepali aura & Tibetan ways. I cant quite explain it - but as nomads who used the rivers, I bet they traveled to many places. They display Sami warriors in the History Channel viking show. The brief mention of reindeer and how the women tie their hair is mentioned, but its not enough! Give us more! It's truly unfortunate how they were much washed away by the 4 nations around - and like many cultures and primary inhabitants, conquered in a sense. There is so much alive deep down and if we all keep listening we can learn more :)

[@svampfredde]

The kvens also lived in Sapmi. I think there was a thibg called Kvenland.

[@david82633]

Kvens are mostly descendents of finnish people

[@svampfredde]

@@david82633 yes! like the sapmi people there are all decendets from the finno-ugric people

[@flambr]

Being born in northern sweden, to my understanding, L*pp isn't outdated but rather disrespectful from the start, it was a slang term meaning "pocket" (as in sowed pockets on clothes to cover holes as opposed to "ficka" which is what you can put a phone in) referencing how Sami are so poor they can't afford new clothes. I am a big proponent for never using the word!

[@david82633]

Unlikely to be the actual origin, as the name is documented in use for far longer than such a stereotype. I otherwise agree with your comment

[@DavefromWork]

@@david82633 Snorre (the book Edda) wrote in the year 1220 about trade and diplomacy between Norwegian chiefs/kings with "the lappland kings" , so it's likely stemming from a national / area descriptive.

[@david82633]

​@@DavefromWork most likely. Lapponia might be named after the people though, so difficult to say what came first.

[@CultofThings]

Cute doggo 7:09

[@korvkioskshelvete]

I’m intrigued by how sami and native american cultures are so similar. The jojk (singing) sounds like native american singing. Sami ”kåtor” looks like native american tipis. The sami leader is like a chief. Clothing and physical appearences are very similar. I live near Jokkmokk in Sweden, wich is considered the Sami capital. Btw, sami dried reindeer jerky is the best snack in the world! Tell me if i should send you a piece!

[@IrishinFinland]

I would absolutely love to try that!

[@anni8456]

These are actually in traditional Finnish and Karelian cultures as well. Look up ”kota” or ”Karelian yoik” for example. Very similar traditions in multiple Finno-Ugric cultures in Siberia as well. It’s fascinating how these traditions have stuck for thousands of years among the Sami and other Finno-Ugric people.

[@bastardwhoreson]

@@TN-bp2cf Actually sex did have a role to play in we'll declare in your positions and who took care of the children sex is a part of the culture just not in the way you described please stop Being disingenuous

[@davestrasburg408]

@@IrishinFinland l agree!

[@davestrasburg408]

l meant that l agree with lrish in Finland.

[@rursus8354]

Sorry, but the Sápmi people living in Sweden and Finland thousands of years ago, is at the very least a misnomer. Sámi (like all Nordic peoples) is a mixed people. There are traces of a Paleo-European language, that some call the Pre-Sami substrate, and others call the Paleo-Laplandish not related to the Finno-Ugric languages, nor of course Germanic, and it is believed that this language was spoken as late as 600-700 AD, which is just about before the start of the Viking age. The Sámi people are an admixture of these Paleo-Laplandish speakers as well as immigrants of a Finno-Ugric Proto-Sami people somewhere in what's currently Finland or Russian Karelia. These Paleo-Laplandians were the original first inhabitants of Scandinavia, not really the Sámi people.

[@hephaestus333]

Pretty accurate comment here, thanks.

[@tesspeelz]

❤❤❤

[@vasilykatuma5689]

Mate, imo you are A VERY FORTUNATE PERSON... by heritage (Ireland) and winds of fate (Finland) you have lived amongst the most BEAUTIFUL AND PURE people. Live on your DREAM!

[@IrishinFinland]

Thank you Vasily! I've never thought of it like you have described, it is very fortunate indeed!

[@SkySpiral8]

Using “pure “ to describe people sounds too much like racial purity mythology.

[@carenclarke6896]

Wow, fascinating. I was told that I was "Irish and Norwegian" growing up. After DNA testing my test showed that I am 4% East Asian. Our Scandinavian history goes back to Northern Norway around Tromso area, northern Sweden with some FInish. I also found out I am almost 25% Ashkenazi DNA decent coming from Jessel, Wallenstein and Bernstein families from the Rhineland/ Altace of France and Hungry and also Argentina Sephartic, On my fathers side I found out through research I am related to the Queen of Scots, and Irish King I have a little English and Cypriot ancestry. I know the Norwegian families took farm names but it is difficult to trace our Sami surnames. I found all this later in life. Who knew? Found this all later in my life. What is interesting is that some of my mom's family are from North and South Dakota as well although, I do not have any Souix heritage.

[@AnomalieVoid]

I have a theory that many of the native American tribea were here from Europe originally crossed the land bridge. I am also in America and have Saami ancestors but was always told I was Cherokee until doing my genetic tests I have no native American only Norwegian and Scandanavian.

[@protestagain]

Don't forget that the Sami people also lived in southern Norway and Sweden. There is evidence that they also lived south of Vänern in Sweden and in whole southern Norway until two hundred years ago. Sami, or the people who followed the ice in Europe, was divided in two or more groups. The earliest group could manage to get from nowadays Denmark to Sweden over the ice. Those groups a little bit later had to go the eastern route, and they were a little bit assilimitatet with eastern people, but at least they arrived in nowadays Finland. Some followed the ice, and met with the first group, and then the people were going to be the sami people.

[@david82633]

I doubt the sámi lived in Kristiansand in the 1800s. Do you have a source for this?

[@protestagain]

@@david82633 Not in the city, but in the mountains, Setesdal and so on.

[@protestagain]

@@david82633 In the 19th century, they had almost been completely assimilated into Norwegian, as is also seen in Sweden. But they were still Sami, even if they outwardly appear to be good Norwegians.

[@protestagain]

@@david82633 Sorry, all my links sources has disappeared

[@protestagain]

@@david82633 I am a Sami, but me and my ancestors, we lived, og live in Denmark/Norway, Sweden and Russia/Finland. I don't know which country I belong to, but I have a passport, but I'm a Sami and I know our history. Never doubt.

[@drivewithbishop4426]

Did some deeper diving into my ancestral past and not only has the last 3-4 generations met up with the traditional Sami, but I'll be damned, that's exactly who and what I look like. Even dispositions he described make the most sense in a non-sensical world outside or Sami tradition. I'm nomadic, thrive in the cold, have an innate ability with working animals and have made a career of it etc etc. Almost every point he made I'm checking boxes.

[@businessgoosep936]

can you do one on koralian

[@IrishinFinland]

In the middle of making that one! Will be released in the new year 👌🏻😎

[@businessgoosep936]

@@IrishinFinland thanks

[@Budismo7917]

Interesting view about the upper world, so the milky way for them its the lost souls? and whats the name of their main god and goddess, you know like they called them the Stalo or the vikings with Odin and Frigg. I thought the vikings some of them descend from the Sapmi, im sure they must have some mix dna maybe

[@genevievesiebes1756]

Great movie called Sami, story of a young woman and her heritage...im sure you know about it. Amazing movie😅

[@zyciekarlita]

🍄🌠🍀

[@user-jr8kd7nu6i]

I have questions about the

[@jrsgarage7623]

Crazy how much that first pic looks like my nephew. I am full blooded forest Finn or Sami I think.

[@chikkime]

I have to ask about the sources you have that state the Sami were looted by the Vikings. The evidence/sources available speak of trading and alliances between Viking and Sami, at least when it comes to the Norwegian Vikings. Look for example to "The voyages of Othere" where the relationship between the Sami and the Viking chieftain Ottar from Hålogaland is described, approximately around the year 870. Not to say that some raids/lootings could not have occurred, but even Harald Fairhair was said to have married a Sami woman, and the sagas' often talk about how the Vikings traveled to the Sami to seek their magical assistance. Could it be that you instead mean the Karelian raids from the 12th and 13th centuries, where looting and killing were more often described?

[@mktzi7678]

Those people living in northern europe 10 000 years ago were not sami. Sami culture arrived to finland/scandinavia 4500-3000 years ago from western siberia/volga river area. Those earlier people are called giants in sami stories and in finland they are known as jatuli. So before of us sami here was "jatulis/giants" who probably speaked basque type language. Last of those earlier smaller numbered paleo european people disappeared/went extinct culturally by assimilating/mixing to sami the uralic speaking tribes from siberia. Finns, karelians, estonians etc were later born from some of the early sami men leaving the sami way of life and continuing to assimilate/mix to the indo european agricultural farmer people in estonia/volga and lost pretty much all of the culture of the siberian uralic speaking ancestors. Sami are uralic by language but also live like the uralic speaking ancestors from siberia. Finns, karelians, estonians etc speak uralic language, but are culturally mostly from indo european farmer folks and really almost nothing uralic culturally in finns and karelians. Well actually the finnish language is more of hybrid/mix between uralic/indoeuropean/indoiranian/lost paleo european language than just fully uralic. Even sami languages are hybrids like that, but a lot more uralic than finnish/karelian/estonian is. The only (almost) fully uralic language is nenets. Most finns still cant accept the fact that uralic languages are from asia even when pretty much all linguists are saying so.

[@ahkkariq7406]

It is a myth that the Sámi migrated into Scandinavia from Asia 3000 years ago. That is outright wrong. Those who migrated in were not Sami. Sami ethnicity arose on the site as a mix between people who lived there before (and who were closely related to today's Norwegians) and those who migrated in from the east. Genetic research shows that the Sami and Norwegians are closely related, with more than 90% common genetic material. This is because the early immigration to Norway came in two pools, one from the south and the other from the east, north of the ice. These two groups spread along the coast, and over time mixed. The oldest archaeological findings show continuity along the entire coast. Later immigration, both in the north and in the south, created the divide between today's Sámi and Norwegians, linguistically and in ways of life. Sami language contains a large part of unknown origin. It is believed that these are remnants of languages ​​that were spoken in Europe before Indo-European languages ​​took over. There are remnants of this/these languages ​​also in Norwegian. Those who migrated into the south brought agriculture with them. In the north, for example, it is not possible to grow grain. Sami ways of life are closely related to the way people in Norway lived before the Indo-Europeans brought agriculture with them.

[@Landeville]

Thanks for another great video! I live In northern Savo, and we have loads of place names that relate to Lapland (Lapinlahti, Lapland's bay and Porovesi, Reindeer lake etc), which tells that Sami people and Lapland were once way more south that they currently are. Correct me if I'm wrong, but i'm afraid we "new finns" drove Sami people out of their own lands and 100s of kilometers up north.

[@Mystcret]

I wouldn't use words "drive out". Both Sami and Finnish people lived quite nomadic life so it's completely normal to move to new areas. I don't think there aren't even any findings/stories etc about wars or conflicts between Sami and Finnish people (during that time period, obviously).

[@seidr9147]

@@Mystcret There's plenty of evidence that would indicate that the Baltic-Finn tribes in fact, drove Sámi people from their original lands to go even further north. Remember, Sámi people used to inhabit the whole Karelia region once. There is plenty of folk tales in all the different Sámi languages, that describe "tsuudit" a Baltic-Finn tribe that used to rob and pillage them. Also in Finnish folk tales and myths, there seems to be despising attitude towards the Sámi and their shamans which would indicate some kind of clash between the two cultures.

[@sakari1835]

@@seidr9147 Sami people come from Siberia, and their appearance already tells it. They have those typical asian eyes, which only exists among them because of the harsh climate in Siberia and also their grey skin. Finns on the other hand, set foot on Northern Europe way before Sami people’s arrival. Sami stayed in Lapland ever since they arrived there from Siberia and have no relation to Finns not so ever.

[@seidr9147]

@@sakari1835 well that's one way to read history. Wrong nevertheless

[@invisible-zt8xh]

I still have the A2+ ancient arctic blood group 1000 years later. 😬

[@herrakaarme]

Still just 500 years ago, the Sami people's area of influence was spread much farther south, but gradually it receded to Lapland. Consequently there are some geographical names from the old times remaining in places far from the current Sami lands. Some of the names were preserved when Karelians, Savonians, and others spreading north adopted them from the Sami people.

[@wainow6839]

What happened to those people is seen in the genes of Finnish people: assimilation. Genes and cultures mixed together. And that is nowadays the ”difficulty” especially in the northern Finland. Who is Finnish, who is Lappish and who is Samic is the question.

[@bjrngumundsen939]

@@wainow6839 please be respectful. We don't use that racist derogatory word Lapp. We aren't filthy people as the word indicates. You wouldn't want people calling you racist derogatory names now would you?

[@danielmalinen6337]

The occurrence of the Sámi-derived names of some places and water bodies in the Uusimaa and Finland Proper suggests that the Sámi-language settlement has sometimes extended as far as the southern coast of modern Finland. Possibly because of this, it has previously been believed that at the beginning of the Iron Age, Finnish-speaking settlers moved to the area of present-day Finland and pushed the Sámi people to the north, and the Sámi had to flee because these clashes with them. But today, according to researchers, this traditional view of events in Finnish folklore is not how it really happened. The current perception is that this ancient Sámi settlement of southern Finland hasn't retreated to the north, but they have stayed and only adopted the proto-Finnic language through, for example, marriages and trade relations.

[@sentimentalcircuscurator]

I commented on your video but it disappeared like two seconds ago.

[@IrishinFinland]

KZbin, honestly, I'm fed up with this crap

[@BirkaViking]

The ship petroglyph isent Sami its the same style as from the nordic bronze age culture (boat culture) and I actually doubt the other also was made by Sami since they also look like the same style as from the south Sweden see the The King's Grave. And the Sami came to Scandinavia around 5000 years ago from the east. Greetings from Sweden.

[@MilenaAnnina]

Those people were treated like Indians in America. Finnish newcomers ruined their lives. In 1960's they even took Saami children away to grow up in Swedish and Finnish families! In 1990's group of people called themselves Finnish Indians and moved to live in forests of Lapland. They were in news every day protesting against...everything? Governement didn't get those protestors out of the woods, it was the funniest shit ever 😅

[@jokemon9547]

Funnily, or not so funnily enough, both Finnish and Sami migrants to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s received discrimination or outright hatred towards them. This was due to both groups being categorized to belong to the "yellow race" based on the supposed belief that both genetic and linguistic origins of the two were mainly eastern. Hell, there were even signs outside of bars and other establishments with the statement "No Finns or Indians". Also, Finnish migrants and the local Indians got along fairly well because Finns were usually settled near native reservations in Minnesota and Wisconsin and aspects of both cultures were similar.

[@MilenaAnnina]

@@jokemon9547 At least my relatives have had good life in those places cause of lumberjack skills. Finns brougt yenkees a gift how to build certain seem in a loghouse, eli miten tehdään perinteinen suomalainen hirsitalo.

[@franChangeIsFreedom]

More on my Sàmi ancestors please.🙏 Like how did we get to the USA?

[@SSecret_Hugz]

I imagine through semi recent migration or ye old Leif Ericson

[@Gotprivacy-noyoudont]

Perhaps like most of the Swedes and Finn’s: homestead act - that displaced and disenfranchised the native people of the US of the Americas.

[@tinkerbellbetty]

TARTAN CLOTHING INTERESTING

[@sabrinaleedance]

It amazing to see all the similarities between the europeans, asians and north americans indigenous beliefes and cukture especially in Europe becore roman and christian influence

[@chumycepeda4248]

Sami Peoples they are very alike as the American Indians they have similar shelters as the American Indians

[@splatoog]

it is because we are both indigenous peoples. we made homes from similar resources

[@ercanqa7452]

1000 years later people will look at the ruins of major cities in different regions of the world and think wow they hade similar shelters .

[@jonsson7184]

Sami people were forced to pay taxes to finnish tribe mens called "pirkkalaiset" in viking period.

[@jokemon9547]

Birkals or pirkkalaiset did their thing in the name of the Swedish crown starting from the 13th century, so past the viking period. However I do not doubt that Finnish people had already been collecting things such as tribute from the Sami for centuries before the Birkarls.

[@vesatolvanen2043]

Birkarls or Pirkkalaiset in finnish, were not a tribe. They were men, who were given a Birk-rights by the King of Sweden. Birk-rights gave them right to collect taxes on behalf of the King.

[@bjrngumundsen939]

Thank you for this video. Great video aside from the occasional racist here who hasn't learned that we don't use racist derogatory words to describe ourselves.

[@IrishinFinland]

Do you mean in the comments or.......?

[@bjrngumundsen939]

@@IrishinFinland Yes, we don't use the word Lapp. It's an ugly derogatory racist word we don't use to describe ourselves and it is extremely offensive. Unfortunately many none Saami looking for a fight like to use this word just around the time a left hook connects to that person's head. I learned English in Scotland and Ireland and it's something I don't use daily. Ireland is BEAUTIFUL AND AMAZING! If i ever go back one day I'll be sure to visit inish mor Strabane and Galway again as i did in the 1990s.

[@bjrngumundsen939]

@@IrishinFinland greetings, I wanted to point out a few things just so there isn't any misconception about what I wrote. We have faced many challenges and after the Germans invaded and burned everything to the ground our new leaders told us to stop being Saami or face punishment and it happened to many including my family. Trying to teach us to be more Norwegian and less Saami just isn't possible for many of us and so some simply give up their identity as Saami people or you try to live a relative quiet life or you become militant and stand your ground and fight for what's right. The government did everything to punish us most worked through forced labor and did so for years. I know for a fact many Saami will not be willing to talk about these things with you or will deny that they actually happened because this has been a great embarrassment for us and the resentment towards foreigners and the government has come to a point where people no longer openly talk about what we want as a combined nation of Saami. If you are looking for the truth and not simply something something that someone is going to tell you to pacify you then I'd strongly advise you to meet a gentleman by the name of Hermannsen. He would be willing to talk more in detail because ever since I have spoken the truth I have been attacked time and time again for speaking the truth. All of the attacks have been made of course by NON Saami people. Strange how in this day and age we still are treated as second class citizens in our own country. Speaking the truth now days has a heavy cost. Be safe.

[@canesugar911]

​@@bjrngumundsen939would you say its akin to using the "N" word???

[@bjrngumundsen939]

@@canesugar911 I'm simply NOT going to entertain you. Read what I wrote. That should be sufficient.

[@garnerjoyce606]

Family: Scots/ Irish/German/ Scandinavian etc heritage or not/ families grew & grew

[@chumycepeda4248]

they could be the lost ten tribes of Israel according to the History they went to the North.

[@mwatson4283]

Are the Saami people related in language, culture, or geneticly to the natives of Japan, The ainnu? Alaska? Or natives in Canada? Haplogroup d

[@david82633]

Linguistic relation to Siberians, no known connection to Ainu or inuit

[@livanitaanilsen7226]

Stállo was not the vikings eh WAHT? I have never heard about that.

[@david82633]

Stállo has represented tons of different things throughout the years

[@user-jr8kd7nu6i]

The Sami Asian for example siperian

[@amadeuz8161]

Don't mix Scandinavian ethnic groups with Finland. Just saying before anyone starts to think we are part of those. Like our history is closer to the Saami than Scandinavian just that we were heavily influenced by the church so we might seem similar but no we ain't(The First Swedish Crusade was a mythical military expedition in the 1150s to Southwestern Finland by Swedish King Eric IX and English Bishop Henry of Uppsala). Only about 200 years of chopchop and the damage was done(However, the Christianisation of Southwestern Finland is known to have already started in 10th century, and in the 12th century, the area was probably almost entirely Christian) then Russia chopchopping form the other side and we have today's history of theories. My point is: Do not mix us with the Scandinavian group because we do not share their history except for the last 800-900 years. Have seen too many youtube videos calling us Scandinavian so I felt the urge to remind people, else I love your videos about our history :D

[@amadeuz8161]

Lets try again damn auto link remover aihe/artikkeli/2013/02/13/suomen-asuttaminen its on Yle so I do trust it with 90%.

[@NotOrdinaryInGames]

It's not always remembered, but these people and the finns are cuisins. Anyone denying this is....... in denial.

[@veikkovuorma]

Sami and Basque people (living mostly in Spain) have interesting connection dating back to time after last ice age. Around time when both lived close to each other’s around modern time Germany area. If someone is interested to read long article about it let me know.

[@jokemon9547]

That might be have been the paleo-European genetic ancestors of the Sami (although pretty much every European group has genetic ancestry from those people, not just the Sami), but would you really consider them to be Sami at that time? Especially since many of the defining features of Sami culture and all of the Sami languages came about from the migrations of Finno-Ugric speakers into Finland and Scandinavia much later. The Sami are a lot more connected to those early Finno-Ugrians in terms of culture and language than to those old Europeans who have left a genetic impact and some loanwords into Sami languages.

[@emmiegreen7111]

Me!!! 🙏💚

[@veikkovuorma]

@@emmiegreen7111 after re checking, I found it only in Finnish, but there might be English version. Professor name is Kyösti Julku and article was in Kaltio. Article number 3 I think year 2002. That is he’s work on that, in Finnish

[@veikkovuorma]

Name of article “Suomalaisten kaukaiset juuret” (ancient roots of Finnish people)

[@emmiegreen7111]

@@veikkovuorma thank you!

[@suzanneolivar1]

Can anyone show Sami tribe clothing from Lapland? My Grandmother was named Edna Randelier. Her family was from Lapland and moved to Helsinki before coming to America in the early 19 hundreds. I am of Lapish Sami reindeer headers descent. I married a Norweigian of Viking descent in the USA. My son is Sami and Viking. He is descended from Eric the Red on his Fathers side. I would love to know more about my family's history. We know so much about the Vikings in our family tree. Just trying to preserve my culture. Thank you.

[@suzanneolivar1]

My Father was of Spanish and Puerto Rican heritage. I kept his name to honor his heritage.

[@Nai_101]

The traditional Sámi clothing is highly, highly varied from place to place. We can tell where you're from, if you're married etc etc from your Gákti.

[@splatoog]

the clothing is called a gákti. it depends on many things on what your gákti would look like. i would suggest asking family members what your group's gákti looks like. i also do not recommend calling it lappish and lapland, those are like slurs in sápmi.

[@david82633]

There is no real geneology reaching all the way back to the viking age, just so you know

[@thorjohannessen6256]

@@david82633 can you prove that? How do you think you came to be? You were hatched from an egg with no DNA evidence? Really? Prove it. No links just an explanation will do. How could anyone say that they are Indian or African or Chinese without DNA proving so many generations.

[@aceyzam5807]

The video is both accurate and not. Saying that the sami used to inhabit all of finland is extreamly missleading. The region was originally populated ”proto-finns” or uralic- finns who came to the area around 4000 years ago. They spoke a language with we today know as proto-finnic. This is the proto language to finnish, estonian, north sami, and karelian. The languages only started to seperate around 1000 yeard ago but are to this day borderline mutually understandable. Proto finns allso had the same religion and culture until Swedish, Danish and Russian colonialism, genocides and crusades. To say that ” the sami are the indiginous peoples of finland” frames the finns as some kind of outside invader and colonialist power witch is not only un true but also extreamly easy to dissprove. The sami are simply put the only proto-finnic group to survive the opression of our people due to theyre geographical isolation. Unfortunately finns later allmost did to the sami what was done to them after independence but the luckily that didnt happen. I hope this more acurate version of history eventually becomes more well known and this idea of ”finnish white guilt ” is put to rest.

[@Benny_San]

You are related to the Sami ! Do some research on the Sami and Celt connection

[@IrishinFinland]

Interesting! I will indeed! ✊🏻✊🏻

[@valhoundmom]

You should do a little research into the similarity of the Sami noaidi and Irish druids....very interesting Also, stop calling Finns and Sami Scandinavian. They are not.

[@lizad5772]

Can you talk more about this please? Any links you can send? I'm wondering this myself and looking into tge similarities just based on my intuition. I've already found some language links between sami and Gaeilge.

[@david82633]

Most Sámi are Scandinavian, though Fennoskandian would probably be ideal

[@valhoundmom]

@david82633 well Scandnavisn is cultural linguistic group with Germanic Language. The Sami language is Uralic, probably closer to Finnish. They have occupied parts of the Fennoscandic peninsula for probably longer than the Germanic people- like the Finns they do not share language or cultural lore origins with the Germanic people, I'm sure both groups influence each other a great deal, but they aren't quite the same. Genetically or cultural.

[@david82633]

@@valhoundmom Scandinavian can mean many things, including germano-scandinavian, but that isn't the only use of the word. At least not in Scandinavia. From an international perspective, maybe

[@david82633]

@@lizad5772 which linguistic similarities did you discover?

[@FintasticTC]

I think Hungarian-Turks-Finns are kind of family from Altai mountain and lived very long time together.. Hungarians and Turks say’s they are ethnically family,also Turks says Finns are also their family there is a lot similar in the cultures but nobody cannot proof… I been searching many years about it somebody says yes they are family and somebody says not 🤦🏼‍♂️I believe they are because they come all the way together and same kind of peoples,language and cultural also religion a lot of similar 👌remember Uzbeks,Kazakhs,Tatars are Turkish the same ethnic’s!! They also speak Turkish!who knows

[@ercanqa7452]

this is science fiction with no proven evidence , but we have lot of tatars and other east asiatic looking people in turkey, they are the children of war refugees or economic migrants , Turkey has a mixed society today , the only thing that holds this artificial nation togheter is unreasonable masonic nationalism , with occult stories who can't be proven either . You are living in a dream world my friend , the name turk was given by europeans , there is not a single "Ottoman" document that mentions altai , finns , urals or fucking hungarians .

[@ercanqa7452]

CC = 33 07 james bond agent of London , you are all freaks who live in my anchestral land , we are trying to discover our Anatolian roots and some bitches are talking about artificial nationalism created by western imperialists . Fucking destructional occult .

[@Lupupu]

The Sami people are the only remaining indigenous people in the EU.

[@Haabott]

The genetic origin of the North-Saamis of Norway is no longer a mystery. The first generation of North-Saami babies was born about 2000 years ago on the coast of Finnmark, Norway. They were all the results of the union between women from one indigenous local Stone-Age population and the men from another genetically unrelated Iron-Age indigenous population. These two indigenous populations were: 1) The females of the local Scandinavian Stone-Age people of Finnmark, Norway. They were speaking a Proto-Scandinavian language/Paleo-European language. Note that about 95% of the DNA of the Scandinavian Stone-Age people comes from the West European Hunter-Gatherers who were the first to populate the ice-free coast of Norway at the end of the last great Ice-Age about 12000 years ago. 2) Iron-Age males with North-Siberian nomad ancestors (proto-Finns about 2000 years ago) speaking a Finno-Uralic language. It should therefore come as no surprise that the paternal lines of 100% North-Saami reindeer herders from Karasjok, Norway go all the way back to North-Siberian nomads living thousands of years ago. The contact between these two genetically distinct indigenous populations resulted in a y-chromosome genocide (y-genocide) where all the local Stone-Age men and boys were either killed or expelled by the conquering Iron-Age men. This kind of brutal behavior was not at all uncommon at this time. Commonly the conquerors adopted the culture and way of living of the conquered populations. This appears to have been the case also at the coast of Finnmark about 2000 years ago. The Finno-Uralic language became the dominant language in the new mixed population. But most of the Paleo-European local place names and words for various daily activities, including words for fishing and hunting marine mammals, for which there were no words in the nomadic Finno-Uralic language, were all adopted into the new North-Saami language. The ethnic DNA-profile of North-Saamis reveals about 44% Scandinavian Stone-Age ancestry, about 44% North-Siberian ancestry, and about 12 % from nomadic herders that entered Europe from the South-East during the Bronze-Age. The equal size of the two first mentioned fractions constitutes an important genetic marker of a y-genocide. Also, note that the North-Saamis do not show any significant admix of modern Finns/Kvens. The latter is quite remarkable and shows that the North-Saamis during most of their existence genetically speaking hardly mixed their neighboring populations. ​ The presented study further outlines a new coherent North-Saami history where the Coastal-Saamis for the first time is one of the central elements. The new information suggests that Coastal-Saamis were the sole guardians of the whole North-Saami culture for about the first 1000 years of this unique culture's existence.

[@homegym_overlord1370]

@@Haabott Fascinating stuff. Could you refer me to any sources for this?

[@Haabott]

Saami DNA | Prehistoric ancestors | Coastal Saamis

[@mktzi7678]

@@Haabott In sami stories Son of Sun and his crew (siberian men) travel from land where sun rises from(sun rises from east) to northern far away land of "giants". The travel was done because of lack of woman in the tribe and because of tales about the giants land having precious metals. The son of sun tricks the king of the "giants" and runs away with the giants daughter. The first samis are then born from the marriage of son of sun and giants daughter. Son of sun is the uralic tribes from siberia(like nenets). The "giants" are the paleo europeans.

[@Haabott]

Hey interesting do you recomend some good books about saamis or udmurts i find them interesting same with Ancient North Eurasian and shamanism and animism

[@paskajaakko3965]

I feel like more people would like and subscribe if they did that voluentarily, Instead of doing it because they're told to.

[@IrishinFinland]

Ah that's youtube these days, No one really cares about subscribing no more, I've been following a channel for 3 years now and only realised last week I hadn't subscribed! Sure I just type the channels name in and see if new videos are up! No harm in giving a little nudge now and again

[@hdahlia]

Pyytämällä saa enemmän tykkäyksiä ja seuraajia kuin ilman, kyllä se menee näin. Ihmiset ei vaivaudu muuten.

[@emmiegreen7111]

I want to support the creators I follow how I can. Sometimes I forget to press “like” and appreciate the friendly reminder.

[@amethyst5538]

Same as the rest. I have watched KZbin for so long I sometimes forget to subscribe so that the creators can benefit from it.

[@eerolz8758]

If it didn't help, every youtuber wouldn't be doing it. And he doesn't even push it to our faces and just asks politely for it. Can understand that it's sometimes annoying when people just say it in middle of the video, just before the most important parts, but doing it in outro is not in anyway bothersome.

[@Menthepomme]

When discussing the L word it is best to censor urself as much as possible and to clarify that it is extremely offensive

[@666myname666]

IRA in Finland OMG lol

[@IrishinFinland]

I don't get it

[@billsadler3]

I did my BA thesis (www.billsadler.blogspot.com, Vision Quest) on cross-cultural, trans-historical cultures. Most of the near Arctic cultures are very similar on all continents. All are visionary, matrifocal, semi-nomadic hunter gather peoples. All use the drum and whatever psychoactive substances are available, mostly Amanita Muscaria mushrooms, popular fairy story imaged red and white fungi. Reindeer would sometimes eat the mushrooms. The shamans following the herds knew that if they ate that yellow snow, visions of flying reindeer might occur. The cosmologies are fascinatingly related. Merry Christmas! Happy Yuletide! Sacred Solstice1 Yatahe!