Scaling functions introduction | Transformations of functions | Algebra 2

Scaling functions introduction | Transformations of functions | Algebra 2 | Khan Academy

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The graph y=k⋅f(x) (where k is a real number) is similar to the graph y=f(x), but each point's distance from the x-axis is multiplied by k. A similar thing happens when we graph y=f(k⋅x), only now the distance from the y-axis changes. These operations are called "scaling."
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@isnansunuyuntaro2974 4 жыл бұрын

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@fundamentalsofphysicsnmath4306 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for such a nice explanation. Love you from India.

@TasyaAdzkiya Жыл бұрын

Summary of this video: In this case, the output or the dependent value is f(x), so it means that f(x) = y because we often put the dependent value on the y-axis to see the effects of different input/x-values more clearly. Think of the baseline as the one that have the scale factor of 1: 1⋅f(x) or f(x). • If we were to scale a parabola and put the k (the scale factor) outside of the parentheses (k⋅f(x)), there are two general scenario with each unique property that differentiate them from the scenarios we get if we put the k inside of the parentheses (f(k⋅x)): 1. If you were to scale it by a factor greater than 1 or more negative than -1, the parabola would be narrower because the f(x) or the y-value will increase faster for a given input/x-value compared to the baseline. For example, for x = 1, let's say f(x) = 2x²+3 and compare it with 2⋅f(x). By substituting 1 as the x and calculating it, f(x) = f(1) = 2⋅1²+3 = 2+3 = 5, whereas 2⋅f(x) = 2⋅f(1) = 2⋅(2⋅1²+3) = 2⋅(2+3) = 4+6 (we distribute the 2, which is just multiplying 2 to each of the terms, we do this to show you that the y-intercept changed from 3 to 6 because it is multiplied by the scale factor) = 10. See? for a same input/value of x, the output/value of y or the f(x) will be 2 times greater because, in this case, we scale up the whole expression (the f(x)) by a scale factor of 2. We know from the slope-intercept form that the y-intercept is the constant number of the expression (not the scale factor, which is the constant number that we use to scale the expression, it's different). So, in this case, the y-intercept of f(1) is 3 and the y-intercept of 2⋅f(1) is 6. For the same input/x-value, the y-intercept depends on the scale factor. In conclusion, we know that if we put the scale number outside of the parentheses, it means that we have to distribute the scale factor to all of the terms of the expression, thus changing the y-intercept because the y-intercept is one of the factors of the expression. The y-intercept will change based on the scale factor: the greater the scale factor, the greater the y-intercept because we're multiplying the scale factor with the y-intercept, and vice versa. This works if the x is negative, too, because we care about the distance of the scale factor from 0, and if the scale factor is negative, it will just form a parabola that is upside down. Beside that, the more-narrow-or-wide result from the negative scale factor use the same logic as when the scale factor is positive. If the scale factor is more negative than -1, the parabola will be more narrow, and vice versa. 2. If you were to scale it by a factor that is between 0 and 1, the parabola would be wider because the output/y-value or the f(x) is increasing slower for a given input/x-value compared to the baseline. You can think of the scale factor as a fraction because it helps you think of multiplying every terms of the expression by the scale factor that is between 0 and 1 as dividing every terms (because, for example, 1 times 2 is greater than 1/2 times 2). Let's use the same example as before: for x = 1 and f(x) = 2x²+3 and compare it with 0.5⋅f(x). f(x) = f(1) = 2⋅1²+3 = 2+3 = 5, whereas 0.5⋅f(x) = 0.5⋅f(1) = 0.5(2⋅1²+3) = 1 + 1.5 (from distributing the 0.5, we can see that the y-intercept changed from 3 to 1.5) = 2.5. See? for the same input/x-value, we get an output that is 1/2 times as greater as the baseline because, in this case, the scale factor is 1/2 or 0.5. In this case, the y-intercepts of the two equations also changed (because we put the scale factor outside of the parentheses, which means that we multiply the whole expression by the scale factor): the y-intercept of f(1) = 3, whereas the y-intercept of 0.5⋅f(1) = 1.5. • Scenarios if we were to scale a parabola with a scale factor that is put inside of the parentheses: 1. If we were to scale a parabola and put the k inside of the parentheses (f(k⋅x)), the greater the k, the narrower the parabola would get, but it wouldn't change the y-intercept. Let's look at the same example: for x = 1, compare f(x) = 2x²+3 to f(2⋅x). After calculating it, f(x) = f(1) = 2⋅1²+3 = 5 and f(2⋅x) = f(2⋅1) = f(2) = 2⋅2²+3 = 11. See that although the output changed, the y-intercept doesn't change because what changed is the input/x-value. The change in input eventually lead to change in output, but what differs is that the y-intercept is not directly affected by the scale factor. The change in output is also not caused directly by the scale factor, rather it's directly affected by the input that is directly affected by the scale factor. In this case, for x = 1, in f(2⋅x), you will get f(2), which have greater value if we compare it with f(x). In f(x), you will only get f(2) if the input/x-value is 2. So, in this case (where k = 2, which is greater than 1, and we put it inside of the parentheses), everything is happening faster compared to the baseline because the scale factor is directly affecting the input, hence it's more narrow. The same goes if the scale factor is more negative than -1, what differs is that the parabola will be upside down. At 4:42 and onward, Sal explained it perfectly. Sal also explained it perfectly in a Khan Academy video titled "Scaling functions horizontally; examples", especially at 1:38. 2. The same goes if we were to scale a parabola and put the k that is between 0 and 1 inside of the parentheses, the parabola will be more wider, but it will not change the y-intercept. That is because for a given x, everything is happening slower compared to the baseline, hence it's wider. The reason why everything is happening slower is because if the scale factor is between 0 and 1, the scale factor is basically dividing the input/x-value. In conclusion, if the scale factor is outside of the parentheses, we multiply the whole expression by the scale factor, thus directly changing the output. That is also the reason why the y-intercept changed when the scale factor is outside of the parentheses: because the y-intercept is one of the terms in the expression and we multiply every term in the expression by the scale factor. But, if we put the scale factor inside of the parentheses, we only multiply the x by the scale factor, thus changing the input. The change in input also will result in the change in output, but the change in output is not a direct result of the scale factor. The y-intercept doesn't change if the scale factor is inside of the parentheses because it's not being multiplied by the scale factor. Oh and I forgot to mention that if the scale factor is negative and is outside of the parentheses, it will be reflected across the x-axis. If the scale factor is negative and is inside of the parentheses, it will be reflected across the y-axis. If there is two scale factor that are negative and are each multiplying inside and outside of the parentheses, it will be reflected across both axes; you can think of it as reflecting it across the y-axis first and then reflecting that reflection across the x-axis or you can do it the other way around. For more of it, check Khan Academy videos on reflecting functions. Please correct me if I'm wrong and sorry for the bad grammar!