Shaking Up the Dark Universe: The Dark Horses of Dark Matter

Forget what you think you know about dark matter. After a 30-year search for a single, as yet unidentified, species of dark matter particle that would make up some 25% of the mass of the universe, physicists are starting to consider novel explanations. Some envision invisible matter hiding within the folds of extra spatial dimensions. Others suggest not one kind of dark matter particle, but numerous species inhabiting a shadow universe. Others still conjecture that dark matter doesn’t exist, and instead propose that the laws of gravity need modification. We’ll bring together leading thinkers on dark matter-the revolutionary and conventional alike-for a distinctly unconventional discussion on the dark universe.
This program is part of the Big Ideas Series, made possible with support from the John Templeton Foundation.
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Original Program Date: June 2, 2016
MODERATOR: John Hockenberry
PARTICIPANTS: Katherine Freese, Justin Khoury, Stacy McGaugh, Neal Weiner, Lisa Randall
The discovery of Dark Matter 00:00
John Hockenberry introduction 3:50
Participant Introductions 8:10
What is dark matter? 9:59
Lets talk about WIMPs 15:15
How do we detect dark matter? 17:45
The standard model looks incomplete 28:46
So you want to take apart Newton and Einstein? 37:49
What role did dark matter play in the early universe? 48:00
Can dark matter be a super fluid? 55:15
Will we understand dark matter better if we know about its origins? 1:02:28
What is the headline for the next big dark matter discovery? 1:07:46

[@WorldScienceFestival]

Hello, KZbinrs. The World Science Festival is looking for enthusiastic translation ambassadors for its KZbin translation project. To get started, all you need is a Google account. Check out Shaking Up the Dark Universe: The Dark Horses of Dark Matter to see how the process works: kzbin.info_video?ref=share&v=tP0VoGMRmrQ To create your translation, just type along with the video and save when done. Check out the full list of programs that you can contribute to here: kzbin.info_cs_panel?c=UCShHFwKyhcDo3g7hr4f1R8A&tab=2 The World Science Festival strives to cultivate a general public that's informed and awed by science. Thanks to your contributions, we can continue to share the wonder of scientific discoveries with the world.

[@chrisblack9851]

World Science Festival Mathematics is the only translation I know of, oh wait u can't translate math

[@Jason-gt2kx]

Dark Gravity- Our hypothesis that dark matter is just distortions in spactime by which the curvature alone is the cause of the gravity. Spactime has been observed to react like a fabric by warping, twisting, and propagating waves. These properties have been proven with observations of gravitational lensing, frame dragging, and recently gravitational waves. Fabrics can be stretched, pressured, and/or heated to the point of deformation losing elasticity. Such extreme conditions were all present during inflation, so it is plausible that spacetime’s elastic nature hit its yield point and deformed. Therefore, if gravity is the direct result of warped spactime, and fabrics can be deformed, then a deformation of spacetime could create a gravitational effect independent of mass. Dark matter may simply be a particle of the spacetime’s structure, instead an exotic particle sitting in spacetime causing the warped geodesics.

[@DinorwicSongwriter]

World Science Festival I have solved unification.

[@thekaiser4333]

World Science Festival - Well, if the matter is dark, simply shine a light on it. Problem solved. Much more difficult it would be if the matter were invisible like our Alberich.

[@thekaiser4333]

Jason G. _ Gravitational waves? Interesting. All waves can be polarized. So, what is the best way to polarize your gravitational waves?

[@achyuthaarjun316]

This is the best channel in whole of KZbin......They r giving so much knowledge for free....I'm really happy.....!🌸🌸🌸

[@Alkis05]

It is great that they prepared those videos to explain the experiments. It saved a lot of time on the part of the speakers and made it much more clear for the audience, who otherwise would have to relay on the hand waving of the speakers to try and imagine what they were describing.

[@jimsteen911]

Or actually learn something about that which you're watching people argue over.

[@bbbl67]

Loved all of the talk about MOND, it usually gets quickly dismissed if it even gets brought up at all.

[@realcygnus]

finally ........full episode season !

[@owaisahmad7841]

Great host. He does a lot of research and asks all the pertinent and interesting questions. All scientists equally impressive. Great show.

[@hoplahey]

Very bold to participate in a scentific debate with a short 'leather dress' and carpet burns on both your knees at 13:37.

[@SailingEast]

Alway wonderful to listen to Katherine F who can interject humor on complex theories plus Lisa R who cuts to the chase on complex issues and can simply explain what we know and what we don’t know.

[@ooofuture0970]

this is one of the best one I have watched I love it

[@Cipher71]

I'm really glad he asked what Somerfield (sp?) enhancements are.

[@Jasonmnicholls]

I love learning because of channels like this. We are only limited by what we don’t know. Everything else sux

[@rathorclemenger6125]

Love watching these.

[@ofinterest2007]

Very informative and entertaining.

[@todfennell812]

Fascinating talk. I'm writing a film script about dark matter and this was extremely helpful! Thank you!

[@j.n924]

Awesome!

[@0.618-0]

Interesting, keep us all posted on your progress or even brainstorming...contributions

[@chaosdeceptions]

wow I've been hanging for this upload thank you so much

[@NathanOkun]

To summarize my prior comment: the books "WORLDS OF THE IMPERIUM", "PARATIME PATROL", "THE LONG EARTH" (especially the last) give the construct. Each Universe is randomly created originally, but the gravity (other things?) leaking between them organizes them into roughly overlapping matter clumps. This accounts for the two galactic clusters passing through each other, with only the matter in the same Universe being jammed into a smaller sub-clump, with each separate Universe having its own sub-clump that roughly overlaps, but has a spread due to the matter not being exactly in the same place in each separate Universe, but near each other, forming a spread-out lump for the leaking gravity effects.

[@bbbl67]

Another fascinating discussion was about Justin Khoury's theory about Dark Matter being some kind of superfluids behaviour. What I wasn't sure he was talking about is whether he was saying Dark Matter was acting like a superfluid, or whether he was saying ordinary matter was acting like a superfluid and that when ordinary matter is a superfluid it creates a dark matter-like behaviour?

[@Tristan-om2ff]

A pathetic display of people interrupting each other

[@DRSulik]

Iron core bodies + magnetism + plasma + Birkland currents

[@brianq-peep9816]

DRSulik why birkland currents 🤔

[@aslimlines3069]

after all these years this still hurts my HEAD.

[@TomTom-rh5gk]

What a great start. This guy knows people.

[@kabiruddin37]

Please keep adding those ...... Grateful to you .... Science progress us all :-)

[@jojolafrite90]

Yeah but we are stuck since more than 10 years. Hearing the same things over and over again.

[@phoule76]

"we have been stuck for..."

[@ResearcherTony2]

would be nice to see if things changed as space-time went from tight and compact to more expanded outward. galaxies spinning. Did things have more mass with a more compact universe. does space and time work differently and move at different speeds with greater compactness.

[@dongreenlee675]

Here is a thought regarding dark matter. If a super massive black hole is at the center of all, or most galaxies and the black hole "eats" matter wouldn't this matter still have gravity? Could the matter trapped in a black hole that can't be seen be the missing mass in each galaxy? If matter can't be created or destroyed then it is still in the black hole and could be why "visible" matter doesn't justify the rotation of the galaxy. The missing matter of the galaxy is in the black hole! Seems like a logical answer to this "great mystery". I expect to hear from the Nobel Prize folks very soon!

[@Psychonaut165]

I’m pretty sure the black holes are accounted for. They can calculate its mass by studying the orbits of the stars that go around it.

[@sabofx]

good stuff! thanx

[@Vatsyayana87]

What do you mean, this was awful, the only time ive ever had to turn one off...

[@gamerN77]

Very intruiging discussion!

[@marcustreker4689]

Not really. This panel was the 'B' team.

[@onehitpick9758]

At least some of them were open minded on the whole Dark Matter existence. I wish people would stop siting CMB measurements as of proof of anything until we have measured and cancelled every last galaxy before the CMB. Until then, the CMB measurements are just low resolution imaging of the remote galaxies, and not what's behind them. We know that because the further we are able to look, we just see more an more galaxies at increased angular density.

[@julskechap]

indeed

[@zwickygalaxy]

No sound scientific academic would assert that Rubin "discovered the Mass-Radial Acceleration Discrepancy" which originated with Fritz Zwicky in 1933. Rubin referred to Zwicky's 1933 published methodology and replicated it. My father also used the more challenging methodology of the Virial Theorem and Rotation Curves. My father's prescient insight was far beyond his time and even too challenging for the scientific hierarchy of today, but in time, will be proven correct as with all of his work, as history has already affirmed. The Poughkeepsie Journal, Vassar College, and PBS Makers Women have all corrected the false credit being awarded to Rubin and corrected the record. Trumpeters as Sarah Scoles continue to bluster and advance a campaign to award forced credit for my father's work to Rubin. Disgraceful.

[@twillis449]

Ms Zwicky is quite correct that Fritz Zwicky was the first astronomer to discover the 'effects' due to 'dark matter'. Here it is about 84 years later and we don't know one bit more about 'dark matter' than did Prof Zwicky. Personally I find it ludicrous that something like 96 % of the matter in the universe is hidden from us and think it is much more likely that we will have to adapt our theories of gravity to understand its behaviour on the largest cosmic scales.

[@SomeGuy-nr9id]

You know they weren't going to let Einstein into the little club either. Its a old story. Zwickys ideas were inspiring.

[@stevebrindle1724]

As Fritz said-Spherical bastards!

[@darklordojeda]

They're too woke. They want to act like women have discovered everything in this day and age. As if men aren't even required. Feminism isn't a good thing, they aren't seeking equality, they're seeking control.

[@Alkis05]

I'm sorry but I wouldn't say Zwicky discovered dark matter. His estimations were too off the mark to warrant any merit to the conclusion that there was some mass "missing". To his merit, he was just ahead of its time, technologically speaking. His estimation that there was 400x mass-to-light ration was orders of magnitude off the mark. That is because we just didn't have enough data and good enough telescopes to get good approximations for distances. But also, because he made assumptions (like assuming most stars were similar to the sun) that were just wrong, as we would discover later. There was good reason not to accept his conclusion. In science you don't get credit for getting to the right answer by mistake. If so, the credit wouldn't go for Zwicky either, it would go to Jacobus Kapteyn. I do think he deserves the credit for being a pioneer in the area, as he does. Rubin's work offered much stronger evidence. Not only that, it stood the test of time, since the fact (stars at the edge of the galaxy have speeds way higher than they should if most of the mass was near the center, where the light was). That being said, I don't think she discovered it either. She presented strong evidence that caught the attention of the astrophysicist community. It took a lot more evidence for the conclusion to be justifiably accepted by the majority of physicists. Things like BAO and gravitational lensing. And it is still controversial, as we can see here.

[@rameyzamora1018]

Watched a Lawrence Krauss video where he said that in 2017 they determined the "ordinary" dark matter is contained in long filaments in the space between and linking the galaxies.

[@harrie1340]

a very interesting video

[@slimygreen1967]

Stacy came up with the point that no one else could answer. 'At what point do we decide we are all wrong'. I think some of them will never get there. Better to spent 100 billion on a new collider just to be sure.

[@kristinadesanjose3839]

nose, eyes and ears. when we scent that something is different different before and after, it gives an an idea that something is not right and we feel it, I had this chicken skin stuffs kind of a feeling. STILL don't know what it is, but I too is trying to figure out, I can't give any answer, I feel so much shoulder pain, sometimes, I am trying to endure it, it's really hard, I cannot give any specific answers, news about religion,politics and science..... watched them already on YOU tube, read some of them through Internet. it mixed inside my mind, so sometimes, I don't know anymore where will I Babe my belief,.I am basing my manner on what the good people (citizens has to do, it is to do the right things but not all, sometimes I hide secrets I hide some of them because I have a doubt and scared, being doubt and scared means also I am using the sense of my feelings. I get mad but I just keep it in my mind, I don't want to have a fight. I am weak in verbal abuse because my mother was somewhat abusive through her words and my father is so strict because I am a female.

[@innerlocus]

Did they ever think that they may be detecting the gravity of the other dimensions that they are also looking to find for string theory to be true?

[@galaxia4709]

Yes, they have

[@harrycoleman6208]

Good point. Alternative dimensional gravity never occurred to me

[@michael4506]

innerlocus yes. If you research into this you will find that extra-universal force being exerted on our universe (in the form of gravity or anything really) is a theory - though not a testable one. We can not test something outside our universe acting on ours. Gravitational wave science holds promise. Top physics admit in debates exactly like this one, that it may be we can never understand dark matter or energy. It's just a name we give to a force we don't understand. It is likely, they think, that we could be looking at an extra directional structure of the universe one that we as 3D beings, can not see. For example, if you were a 2d being living on a piece of paper, and I took a pencil and pushed down on your 2d paper surface. That force would cause it to warp. However, living on a piece of 2d paper you can only see front back up down. You can not possibly turn to your right to see me pushing on your world with a pencil (because the extra direction simply does not exist to you being a stick figure on a piece of paper). At most you could see a little dot - the pencil point touching the paper as it contacts your 2d plane. But seeing that little point you would not understand how it is warping your paper (space) so much. Do some research and try to visualize or understand a 4th direction that you could move your own arm into. Up down left right back forth... You simply can not even conceive any other way to move your arm. Stuck in your 3D world. Or 2d or 1d. There may be 11d. Meaning 11 directions of movement. Something in one of these higher d could be interacting with our directional plane but we could never see or understand or conceive it. This theory makes clear why It's no wonder we can not see "dark energy or dark matter" ... It is tied in with string theory and multiverse of course.

[@tolbaszy8067]

Alternative dimensional gravity NEVER occurred!

[@macroinfo5904]

Electricity is the only Force there is no gravity

[@ehart624]

MOND = Modified Newtonian Dynamics. Had to look that one up.

[@thekaiser4333]

Civilized people call it Modified Gravity.

[@StSol-nq8gz]

Electromagnetism, electric currents in interstellar space plasma, and Maxwell's equations explain all observed phenomena of galactic rotation: no dark matter is needed. The Universe is electric.

[@EKDupre]

@@StSol-nq8gz Wow! Put this enlightened chump on that panel of experts! Electric universe? Get fucking real.

[@StSol-nq8gz]

@@EKDupre Your blinders must really hurt. Why don't you set up your own low density plasma lab, apply some voltage across the chamber filled with plasma, and see with your own eyes how little rotating galaxies are formed by electric currents. Seeing is believing. It is high time to finally abandon Einsteinian metaphysics and reexamine the foundational assumptions about the Universe.

[@Harry-Hartmann]

A very Good Video 👌🏻👍🏻

[@harrie1340]

nice rings harry 👍

[@Harry-Hartmann]

Thanxz

[@jasonboycott599]

Could dark energy possibly be that since space is a vacuum, were effected less by it closer to where we are in the universe because of all of the matter and it's gravitational effect? Outwards further where there isn't such a cluster of galaxies holding everything together.. that the space out that far just kind of "sucks" harder? Also I was thinking that another possibility could be; consider if the observable universe is inside of a bubble. The "wall" of the bubble would have to be made of out something, presumably with a mass, perhaps the matter accelerating faster than predicted is closer to the "wall" is being pulled towards it? If we where dust on a random page inside of a book.. When you open a book to a random page a slight vacuum is created when you open it. Maybe we're just being pulled off the plane we're on?

[@MrGunsgunsgunsguns]

they posted many videos including this one some time ago, yet they removed all of them soon after they posted the 2015 world festival talks. I really wish they could post all of them again. kind of interested in what difficulties caused the channel to remove them.

[@ashwadhwani]

Named WIMPS by the scientist out of anger, that they would not interact and allow him to make an observation

[@NathanOkun]

Think about this: Visualize our Universe as a flat phonograph record in the middle of an infinitely high stack of records. If gravity works not only in our Universe but between Universes (Multiverse), then what would be the average gap between the records to cause the existing dark matter effect? If this is a possible scenario, then "dark" matter is merely regular matter in nearby Universes superimposed on ours -- that is, the Multiverse is a true interactive thing, not just a bunch of separate things. This would cause nearby other Universes to be roughly congruent with ours as to matter distribution, though gradually this is lost as the "distance" in whatever dimensions that separate them increases. If true, then we will NEVER directly detect dark matter particles unless we can reach across into nearby alternate Universes. NOTE: If gravity can cross between such places, perhaps other things can be pushed across the gap, too. This seems to me to be simpler than coming up with special weird "matter" (perhaps with negative mass -- flubber) to try to fix this problem.

[@Ramiromasters]

If you are spinning something with an imaginary rope that is 50,000 light-years across and then let go, it will take 50,000 years for the object at the other end to start moving away perpendicularly to the circumference. If you are a black hole swing that rope, it may take longer for the information to get out from your event horizon. I know this may seem overly simple but... Could it be?

[@stephencreaghuys3692]

Dear Mr. Green, I'm a middle aged recovering junkies, with limited, mathematical education, so the equation I am going to keep thinking about by asking the same questions/pressure in quite crude terms. The first one is this, by agreeing that string(M) theory, and ithe related variants seem more likely than loop quantum gravity, is it not esssential to find the equation similar to the description of the energy/pressure variants that created the initial vibration of the srtrings, branes and yet unnamed process that allowed these vibrations as perhaps an initial state that, included in its fields a mechanism fir variations which would the be a relatively homogenous state from which the conditions for inflation was emergent, no fundamental? I think this equation would bring earlier states, but by no means answers them. In this equation, which would probably describe gravity as variation needs to assume the infinity as a prime state, as it will not make senss, if no multiverse is predicted?

[@nathanscottshoemaker2554]

Its sintered space, super excited potential particles that because of acceleration are not time effected giving them longevity fall within a resonant harmonic that sets the appearance of material structure.

[@ScottCarroll]

Are the galaxies spinning like a top, or is space warped and everything is moving straight? Does centripetal force actually come into play here?

[@curtcoller3632]

25 years ago in the classroom most of my colleges were telling girls with short shiny leather skirts: This is a "learning" institution, please dress appropriately. Today those girls are University Professors and show up a the WSF. Times have changed - and so has our understanding about the cosmos.

[@shauhame6364]

wait in quantum field theory isn't a particule just an exitation in it's field ? then why can't you have 5 times the energy store in the fields as random noises (not big enouth of an exitation to make particule) count as dark matter ? does someone know ? i'm kinda lost with QFT ^^

[@billhenry7213]

Physicist by day, warrior princess by night.

[@enlongchiou]

Had anybody considered that we used wrong unit ? vacuum energy ch condensate into matter ch/c^2 = pm*pl/(4*pi/3), ch + ch/3 + (ch/3)/2*pi = 100% to ch = 72.13%, dark matter 24.04%, regular matter 3.83%, pm^(1/3) = m/(6*pi) as proton in down quark state pm^(1/3) deduced only 1.27% for regular matter because we treat quark as point particle as density on string, if we treat quark is string, and electric charge(of weak interaction) as matter, 1.27%*(6*pi) = 24.04% dark matter as in regular matter, just because we use wrong unit cause mystery.(m, pm, pl, c, h , pi for 2.17*10^-8, 1.67*10^-27, 8.8*10^-16, 299792458, 10^-34, 3.1415, unit : kg, meter, second)

[@gregsharp8420]

And here is another I am working on, i call it the "simulation paradox" which could forbid us from knowing a single equation to explain the universe, here goes if we were to find such an equation, then use it to make a simulation on a computer, press play and watch the big bang, then galaxies form, then life, and eventually advanced life, then observe them as they invent machines etc, then speed up the simulation, to a point where the advanced lifeforms start inventing things we have never seen, and we copy them making scientists and inventors on our earth obsolete, lol, etc etc and ill leave the rest up-to you

[@CorwynGC]

Your computer simulation would need to be as big as the universe, and there would be no way to 'speed it up'. Also, not a paradox, since you haven't shown a contradiction.

[@supershipsupernaut758]

If the WIMP dark matter particle won't interact, then how does dark matter turn galaxy's ?

[@SalesforceUSA]

Good Video. This is MIT professor Alan Guth.

[@gavinjulyan8541]

Can someone help me with this "At Which point in time was time created? and also this that if Space and time was created at the big bang, in which "SPACE" was the SINGULARITY {small) existing in prior to the big bang.

[@777cozmo]

I know the answer but I shall not tell

[@kepler1175]

The host of this has some great humor

[@josecasillas4081]

great stand up.

[@neilanderson891]

At 15:48, Dr. Katherine Freese talks about which of the four known forces of nature that dark matter is theorized to be subject to. For example, dark matter must not be subject to the electromagnetic force because its not giving off light (maybe she was speaking loosely, and meant to say "not giving off electromagnetic waves, because not all electromagnetic waves are in the "small slice" of the electromagnetic spectrum that we call "light".) I thought there was a theory that dark matter "exerts" gravity (allowing galaxies to spin faster) but dark matter doesn't get pulled out of its position as other matter does ... which would violate basic physics.

[@rajmiraj7254]

is this possible the stars has a velocity becozz of meissner effect between the Stars and D.M Or quantum loking between both of them?? becozz we know the stars has a velocity not becozz of gravity ....Maybe////

[@mikejr.garza.7883]

What is eternity as a dark matter or a light in affinity of the sky's.,

[@rosscotheredroo1070]

I think we have Dark Energy all wrong, I have a theory that what we are really observing is gravitational forces effecting us from outside of our universe. Basically all of our calculations only consider the forces within our universe that we can observe and measure, Which would be like figuring out physics from within an explosions shock wave and observing that your "Universe" is expanding but something is effecting it from the other side, Here on earth, We see shock waves dissipate due to the external air pressures slowing the expansion eventually, But if you are moving towards a source of gravitational pull, You would observe an acceleration instead. And I believe there are bodies that not only dwarf our own universe, But also large enough to create the events that bring a universe into being, Objects outside of our expanding shock wave that are impossible for us to observe and factor in to existing theories, And it's these bodies that we can't observe or calculate that plague some of these mysteries. (As a side note, I also believe that universe sized black holes crashing into each other in "Deep space" And eventually collapsing under their own force is what precipitates "The big bang".

[@rosscotheredroo1070]

Dark Matter = Black holes, Dark Energy = Gravity, G'Force = Extra Mass

[@TheTukTuk2008]

Wonderful discussion! Thank you!

[@N05Y573M]

So, if your head olds faster than your feet’s does, couldn’t just be a light phenomena this acceleration perceived on the edge of galaxies? Or greater degrees of displacement of this bodies?

[@marcustreker4689]

A somewhat week discussion. Not up to usual levels. I'm glad the astronomer was part of the discussion...he at least anchored his contribution in some actual science.

[@xavieraguerrevere9716]

in the standard model should be included the spacetron (space particle, the root of gravity)

[@HeldDerNamenslosen]

Such brightness in the video, such darkness in the comments..-.

[@rccrazy]

OK so I'm just brain storming, couldn't they both be approached as multiple\many states that we just can't see? And what I mean is, the fact that we can't see or observe them and I don't know how to word this, but I suppose in a physical form\state but only measure them, couldn't there be just an assortment of matters and energies that we may never understand or be able to observe in any way, shape or form?

[@nyquix6249]

Aw yes. A Dunce Boa. Great idea!

[@Vatsyayana87]

lol yes!

[@ialrakis5173]

What if it's not something pushing things further/faster apart but something pulling them faster. So , outside of what we know.

[@gordongiroux1020]

uh oh what happened to her knees? ...been taking some dark matter I bet

[@mrbuchanan6305]

If it was doggy knee shed probably hide it ... noticed that straight away though 😂😂

[@jackieow6692]

1) If photons have no mass, why do they bend in their trajectory as they go past a large mass like the sun, for instance the precessional change of Mercury's orbit. So on Earth we see Mercury appearing around the horizon of the sun artificially sooner than it should? If there is no mass there, what is the gravitational force grabbing? (2) If I take my rocket into a black hole and land on a singularity, suppose I get out a flashlight and put the base of the flashlight on the singularity. I point the flashlight toward the event horizon at straight up = north or 12 o'clock, and I turn it on. The photons can't escape because there is too much gravity. That means they have to slow down. But photons can't go slower than the speed of light because the speed of light is constant. So what happens to the photons between the singularity and the event horizon if I try to point my flashlight away from the singularity? (3) What is going on inside an electron with its internal structure such that something spins one direction to generate in the outside world what we label as "negative charge" but something spins the other way to cause what we describe as "positive charge" if it were a positron? Ditto for positive charge in protons and negative charge in antiprotons. (4) If a neutron is inside a nucleus, it has a half life of billions of years. But if the neutron is by itself in free space, it has a half-life of about 400 seconds. (a) Why stable inside a nucleus, even for tiny deuterium or tritium, but unstable outside a nucleus? The neutron decays into a proton plus an electron plus an anti-matter neutrino. (b) How can an anti-matter neutrino exist inside an ordinary matter neutron back when the neutron existed as a neutron? Or if it was there in another form as a proto-antimatter neutrino, what form was it in? (5) If high energy gamma rays collide, they can condense into matter. Can all forms of matter form in this way, for instance how about neutrinos or Higgs Bosons-- do they form from Big Bang level collisions of gamma rays? (6) Where can I park my spaceship so that if I look in one direction I will see a panorama of billions of stars and galaxies, but if I turn around 180 degrees there is nothing to see because the universe hasn't expanded there yet? There are places the universe hasn't expanded to yet, so there have to be vast numbers of places (or a large outer surface) where such sights could be seen. Or, to mix questions, could it be the edge of the universe is where it goes down the drain to the center of black holes which is why you can't see anything there? (7) If time happens more slowly at the center of the earth, how can there be a blue shift of light at the center of the earth? With a blue shift, the electromagnetic waves happen with greater frequency which means the waves are moving [perpendicular to the direction of propagation] more quickly. The tick-tock of light's electromagnetic pulsations is happening more quickly with the higher energy of blue light. If more gravity means blue shift and faster pulsations, then denser gravity means time's events happen more quickly, not more slowly. (8) For the paradox of a stationary twin and a twin in a rocket at 99% the speed of light. from the point of reference of the twin in a rocket the twin in a rocket is stationary and the other twin is, in comparison, moving away at nearly the speed of light. So why does the one age and the other not? It must be that the one that stays young stays young because it is having kinetic energy added to its system. Or perhaps moving relative to a HIggs field slows down time. Or maybe something else. How would kinetic energy slow down time, or how would a moving Higgs field slow down time? If time slows down at the center of the earth, how is it that more gravitational force slows down time? Is there an interactional commonality among kinetic energy, Higgs field, and gravity?

[@mohdnoor9974]

The moderator did an excellent job here

[@tomasotreasaigh111]

He did, about a year after this the 'me too' movement ended this guys career. Writer Suki Kim wrote an article about him accusing him of bullying and sexual harassment in the work place and old John here had to wheel himself off to exile. I didnt read the article, he may have been rightfully vilified I dont know, but I know that the 'me too' movement destroyed a lot of innocent men because any person accused of anything was guily until proven innocent and immediately vilified. Innocent people suddenly found themselves in ruins because of some claim made by a woman either out of malice or madness. For that reason it was very harmful at times and became a tyrant and bully itself at times also.

[@SciHeartJourney]

Where is the abridged version of this lecture?

[@bertnijhof5413]

That unifying theory is published by Erik Verlinde early November 2016, University of Princeton and now University of Amsterdam.

[@SerZachariah]

"you having a good time?" not here to have a good time , here to learn.☀

[@Kvantifierad]

Why not both!

[@SerZachariah]

I hear you

[@veritas41photo]

Yeah, I agree. Right from the start, I got the idea I was on the wrong channel... Comedy Central, maybe, with standard stand-up comedian stuff. John Hockenberry's initial approach is out-of-place, at best.

[@kiqyou]

so, is quantized gravity still not a thing yet?

[@mrgonzalez-colon4815]

A third possible solution to the mystery of dark matter is what I call 'Identity' (not undetected dark stuff or not an incomplete understanding of gravity). Identity is that which allows an entity to be considered as a relevant being, worthy to be recognized as a separate entity from others. Dark matter is the persistence of ordinary matter's identity projected to infinity, that is, dark matter's identity overcomes the identity of ordinary galaxies by virtue of a projection to the infinite (an infinite amount of time). The ordinary matter that galaxies are made of, contain an insignificant identity (making their identity as not the important part of observation of the cosmos). We can turn it around and say that ordinary matter is the one that is invisible if we consider the excess in identity dark matter has in its essence. Again, the persistence of matter's identity to infinity is what makes ordinary matter insignicant when compared to the most essential matter in the universe which is what we call dark matter. In a simple sentence, dark matter's identity is substantial in the infinite future and ordinary matter's identity is insignificant in a more reduced space, hence the relevance of dark matter carries more weight and the recognition of it as a separate entity overcomes the identity of ordinary matter.

[@santosicat1716]

they can only measures the beginning of universe with 'Song'

[@brianstevens3858]

Superfluid does not fit well, as SF's tend to adhere and spread over surfaces, so filament nature that is observed would be formed by?

[@joshua3171]

liquid surface tension of the cocktail................................

[@joshua3171]

depends on how many shots your adding :) , no WIMPS here after a few

[@randallabracadabra]

I wonder if these dark matter particles interact with the brain during meditation.

[@diamondfoxymegalodon6026]

For Manny years, I believed Neutrinos, have been the start of our quest to take the next steps, in understanding our, Universe...

[@simonmasters3295]

Diamond. Too many commas.

[@alfarisish]

i just love these arguments..

[@MishyLon]

nice

[@gr-xw3sp]

It is true that some models for DM predict peaks of DM at the center of galaxies, but those are mainly classical computational models that assume DM in galactic halos as a classical gas of point particles. But that's not the way DM exists: since DM does not interact with any radiation it never exists as localized point-like particle (like an electron sometimes is.) Quite the contrary, it only exists in states similar to a free wave under no potential. In fact the only potential that DM "feels" is the gravitation potential, so the DM particles in galactic halos are in a non-localized state similar to those of electrons around an atomic nucleus (but under gravitational potential Vg(r) instead of electrical, of course.) This link below shows a publication of a quantum model for DM galactic halos which predicts their distributions being flat at the center of galaxies, as have been observed: @t

[@SomewhereOverTheRainbow2023]

Can dark matter be some kind of pressure?

[@narutowebby]

Katherine is amazing I love that boa!!

[@johndavis6119]

Has anyone looked into the possibility that dark energy is a subtle energy that has not been discovered because we are looking in the wrong frequency range?

[@harparkrat1]

My theory is that the black holes are responsible for keeping the galaxies together. The gravity attraction coming from the black holes may be superior to what the scientists believe.

[@ramchandradey4059]

I believe ,it is both simple and complex as it is our understanding yhat defines something so . Indian tradition of spiritual cosmology reveals that inaddition to spacetime continum in which we are still pulling on our existence thate are other continum like prana-rayee and mindself etc etc . Electromagnetic field in its various manifestation at different levels of reality points towards existence of other photon like both virtual and real ,stable and unstable particles penetetrating in to our being and becoming in the process of evolution .The book ,Vibrating Universe and Maya in Physics of Prof N C Panda of odisha india may provide some clues to our evolutionary understanding of Dark matter and also Dark energy

[@GhaliSooki]

Excellent subject & video. But there was no need for the background music at all. There should never ever be any background music in films or documentaries videos. Hence please no background music.

[@rja7420]

Dark matter may be entropy in its ultimate form.

[@alexb6695]

Is there any posibelety of what 19th century physicians called "ethyl" was actually dark energy? Both terms discribing some sort of force. Or am i totally wrong?

[@generalzod2444]

What if dark matter was matter on the way to becoming regular matter and responsible for expansion and our own existence

[@owencampbell4947]

People should imagine dark matter like a water soup with a lot of ingredients in it. A liquid invisible to us body, that holds everything electro static somehow. There might be a burner somewhere that causes the whole universe to move the way it does and keeps it in a perfect shape.

[@Boballoo]

And then the camera pans out far beyond the Universe and we see a tiny stooped old man with grey hair and wearing a white lab coat, whistling as he tends to his burner under the large pot. He sang to himself while stirring the brew and adding more drops from a little blue bottle in rhythm with "One little, two little, three little Universes, four little five little, six little Universes . . ."

[@floyd920]

Could dark energy be connected to dark matter in the same way as energy is connected to matter?

[@benjaminhenkin4303]

No

[@bjornove9264]

A report from 2020: No WIMPs detected at LHC so this panel needs to do a deep rethink

[@TheRealFlenuan]

The LHC is not powerful enough to detect the best candidates anyway

[@LetsbeYannis]

what kind of scientist uses ounces to describe a cocktail recipe?

[@Mikey-mike]

In other words, "We don't have the slightest clue how the universe works." Obviously a principle exists which hasn't been imagined or discovered yet.

[@robertparadis6840]

Based on my theory, dark matter represents more than 99,9999 % of all matter. Normal said matter is composed mainly of dark matter. What we see (atoms and molecules) is made of compact dense packs of dark matter reflecting photons. RCP

[@08wolfeyes]

I still think they are missing something because when they talk about dark matter interacting, they say it affects gravity. Gravity is the bending of spacetime and so that means there is something else that makes up matter, not just what they are saying here. If you bend space then the space bending must be made of something.

[@godfreybett1370]

I like this comment. The properties of gravity are still not fully known or understood

[@joppadoni]

what if it is the frequency that we cant calculate, measure.

[@espaciohexadimencionalsern3668]

yes it is as you go up from yellow to oraange it becomes less dense and it becomes less dance than orange if you go to red, now if you go down from yellow it becomes more dense till you get to white tha is the haviests of all the colors. Check out ALTON HARP INTRINSIC RED SHIEFT here he says that the visible universe counts with 7 steps in wave lenghth so the rainbow

[@appleyhead]

There is always room for something never room for nothing.

[@marfmang511]

Dark mater and Dark energy is simpler then you think.... Dark mater: If you take into account that space can not exist in the presence of mater for example if an atom would pop out of nowhere, it would displace space time from its core out to the edge of the electron cloud creating a dense region of space around the atom creating a gravitational field.(Space itself must be made up of partials, such as the Higg's meaning space has mass too) Now the atom either displaces space 100 percent or maybe almost 100 percent leaving the atom floating in a thin area of space surrounded by a dense area of space leaving room to help explain the double slit experiment. Dark Energy: This Is so simple its not funny... Everything in the universe rotates so why not the universe its self rotating creating the out word force pulling space time like a pizza being tossed in the air to stretch the doe. As the universe expanded the over all gravity of the universe lost it effect on the expansion, and the rotation was steady giving an accelerating universe I ope I explained this to your understanding. Would welcome questions to clarify more if need be.

[@ryanclouse299]

I don't believe the higgs boson has mass itself, it imbues particles, that interact with it, mass. The mass from the test I think is the LHC creating an interaction with the higgs field. If anything I don't think empty space can have mass greater than all the of Leptons and almost all of the quarks. if empty space were to weigh as much as the higgs boson. And as for the dark energy explanation: Can you explain how the universe itself started spinning and why the spinning is accelerating to create a universe that seems like the expansion rate is speeding up? If you ask me though, I don't think super galaxy clusters are spinning.

[@alangarland8571]

Nitrogen is not inert In fact it's an essential part of most organic chemistry. Plants absolutely require nitrogen if they are to thrive.

[@MrKafein]

Physicists will be capable of understanding the so-called "Dark Matter" when General Relativity will be completed. Our understanding of physics didn't change much since the 1950^s...