Signal Transduction in Immune Cells: Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Now that we know some things about immune cell structure and function, we need to start understanding how these cells interact on the molecular level, and how signals are translated into cellular response. This means looking at receptor-ligand interactions. What is signal transduction?What are kinases? What are GTPases? What are G-proteins? We need to know about these important cellular components if we are going to understand the immune system, so let's take a closer look!
Script by Stephanie Melchor
Select images provided by BioRender.com
Biochemistry tutorial on receptors: • Receptors: Signal Tran...
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Well you need to know some things about biochemistry and biology first. Check out my playlists on those topics!

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Ligand > Receptor > Conformational Change > activated Kinase Enzyme > Phosphorylation > Amino Acid > Changes in Protein Phosphatase Enzymes can reverse phosphorylation and toggle the changes in protein. (On-off switch)

[@WanderTheNomad]

G protein coupled receptor > binds to ligand > summons G protein heterotrimer with GDP attached > GDP converts to GTP > G protein heterotrimer becomes activated > activates multiple pathways in cell(causing changes) GTPase converts GTP back into GDP, deactivating the G protein heterotrimer(on-off switch) Edit: Is the G protein heterotrimer the same as the large GTPases? 🤔

[@WanderTheNomad]

T cell receptors without attached kinases > ligands attach to T cell receptors & coreceptors(friends) > receptors & coreceptors cluster within cell membrane > intracellular tails form docking sites for kinases Kinase Enzyme > Phosphorylation > Amino Acid > Changes in protein Do the docking sites perform the same role as the conformational change in the receptors with attached kinases? 🤔

[@WanderTheNomad]

Small monomeric GTPases anchored to inner side of cell membrane, remains inactive when bound to GDP Ex: Ras/Rac/Rho 🤔 Are the small GTPases normally bound to GDP? Ligand > Receptor > adaptor proteins localize to cytoplasmic(intracellular?) tails > recruits G-N exchange factors(GEF) > swaps bound GDP to GTP > activates small GTPase > launches cell signaling cascade(activates multiple pathways in cells?)

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Cell response to ligands depends on 1) ligand concentration 2) receptor expression levels(density/concentration/prevalence/frequency?) 3) combination of activated receptors 4) order of receptor activation

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Don't focus on the cult of ignorance, focus on the potential of mankind, and your ability to contribute to progress. Leave the idiots to me.

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The culprit mainly responsible for the cult of prideful ignorance is social media echo chambers of misinformation. If only social media companies would be more strict on misinformation, the problem of ignorance can be tamed because hoaxes and conspiracy theories spread like wildfire on social media if left untreated. Don't let the minority of idiots ruin your potential to do great things. There are plenty of very smart people on this planet and karma will weed out the few prideful idiots.

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Um, what?