Solving the Puzzle of Black Holes: Hawking, Entropy, and a Theory of Everything

With the power of math, scientists are going even further, using equations to “look” inside black holes, peering at the central singularity where general relativity and quantum mechanics collide.
PARTICIPANTS: Cumrun Vafa
MODERATOR: Brian Greene
MORE INFO ABOUT THE PROGRAM AND PARTICIPANTS: www.worldsciencefestival.com/...
This program is part of the BIG IDEAS SERIES, made possible with support from the JOHN TEMPLETON FOUNDATION.
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TOPICS:
0:01 - Explanation of the concept of entropy
5:03 - Cumrun Vafa intro
6:06 - The puzzle of entropy in black holes
10:25 - Measuring black hole entropy
13:08 - Problems with Hawking's argument
15:20 - Explanation of string theory and how it describes a black hole
22:05 - The puzzle of Hawking radiation
28:03 - What happens at the center of a black hole?
PROGRAM CREDITS:
- Produced by John Plummer
- Associate Produced by Laura Dattaro
- Animation/Editing by Josh Zimmerman
- Music provided by APM
- Additional images and footage provided by: Getty Images, Shutterstock, Videoblocks
This program was recorded live at the 2018 World Science Festival and has been edited and condensed for KZbin.
Watch the full unedited program here: • Darkness Visible: Shed...

[@medaphysicsrepository2639]

I love this guy and his books I love how he is not a douche about everything so chill and laid back.

[@tensevo]

he got the mindset right.

[@jedgould5531]

I know the Aussie PBS guy has disturbingly narrow shoulders. Gotta wonder about hosts who place themselves front and center on camera, and float around - during their videos.

[@tangatoto362]

Sorry, you lost me after about 10 minutes, but I take great comfort that I share the planet with smart people like this

[@WesleyDeGrooteAalst]

It took me 3 minutes to feel stupid. I saw like 25 video's about black wholes and i still don't get it.

[@quahntasy]

Another re-upload. These guys are on roll since the black hole Photo release. Nonetheless, I can never get enough of black holes.

[@Archiekunst]

Right!! I had the feeling I had seen this before.

[@MrTheSilverNickel]

Hawking was a testament to the enabled human being. Give someone every tool they need to enable their talents and they will achieve great things.

[@ozzyperez3190]

Nothing better than being diagnosed with a debilitating disease with 3 years to live to motivate you huh?.

[@davehomme4628]

He is also a testament that a brilliant mind does not believe in the fine tuning of our universe that a creator, God designed and executed it’s creation when clearly that is the case. Brilliant yet foolish.

[@grayaj23]

This video was amazing to me. I never made it past algebra -- not a conceptual problem but actually doing enough work to make it second-nature. So I know that there is no simplification of these issues that accurately describes what is going on. But it is really mindblowing to catch some new tidbit. I'd heard about conservation of information, but never heard any explanation why it had to exist. This video is the first time I heard it explained the way Vafa did here: Information entering a black hole would take with it some nonzero amount of entropy -- and that looks like it would violate a fundamental rule: Entropy must increase, and there can never be a net decrease (outside of random-chance once-in-a-universe anomalous events). Hearing that was like a mindgasm. I know my understanding is superficial at best, but it felt like it took a step forward when Dr. Vafa explained it. The sad part is that I know it's going to be months before I find another lecture/discussion as fascinating as this one was.

[@RaysAstrophotography]

What a great presentation! Brian Greene not only insisted his point on String Theory, but Brian made a case that String Theory may be one of the solutions to resolve the mystery of black hole. Cumrun Vafa, I hardly know about speaking in tandem with Brian made several good points about the inside structure of the Black hole. This is obviously a great presentation and excellent video about resolving the mystery of black holes and admire Brian Greene and new the participant Cumrun Vafa as well!

[@fastrocket]

String Theory is a joke. It's Not Even Wrong. (Google that.)

[@johnfarris6152]

Knowledge is better than love and it's only getting better everyday.

[@davehomme4628]

Brian Greene is a genius. Not one have I ever heard him use a filler word like um as a public speaker.

[@KingBranDaBroken]

I really love listening to Brian.. he is a great talker/host i think i have listened and watched all of his work

[@TheEldritchStrom]

Awesome video. Brian Greene is great.

[@Emcee_Squared]

Maybe it is a re-upload but I understood much better watching it a second time.

[@MP-vf5pj]

I believe tiny black holes exist around the space, where my one sock fallen to : that's the only reason that I can think why socks keep disappearing

[@davehomme4628]

Lol😂. There could be many tiny black holes everywhere in space.

[@ZeHoSmusician]

24:51 That cake though! :D

[@fvckinfool101]

Man Hawking would have loved to see the image of the black hole

[@Randomyoutubevideosforyou]

must listen lecture about "Health Challenges in Modern life" | Prof Dr anwar Ul hassan on my you tube Channel

[@chinmay6249]

I think Einstein would have had a stronger reaction and would've been happier than Hawking. It directly proves his theory of General Relativity!

[@fvckinfool101]

Chinmay Moghe You might be right, tho I’m not sure. Einstein did not directly predict black holes, and he did not believe they could exist either. Besides his theory was already confirmed by gravitational waves and gravitational leaning. Doesn’t get much stronger than that.

[@fvckinfool101]

Chinmay Moghe Hawking on the other hand, his fascination was black holes and he dedicates his career to them.

[@chinmay6249]

@@fvckinfool101 Yes. But, imagine how ecstatic he would be to see direct proof of the bending of space-time!

[@SalesforceUSA]

Good Video. This is MIT professor Alan Guth.

[@almcdonald8676]

Does Brian still do research or has he given up in favour of MC ing. He’s pretty slick

[@Gruemoth]

10:42 there's this command called \bigg( \bigg) to get a preetier parenthesis

[@aurelienyonrac]

Entropy is the driving force behind the expansion of the universe. As the even horizon of a black hole expand because of entropy, So does the universe today, at a planck scale, expand because of entropy, So does the universe at the time of the big bang. (Entropy generates time itself)

[@fabriziogiordano7396]

Pls, if u want, explain me how entropy generates time itself, than pls connect (if u can, to the time dialiation), I'm curious

[@BuhuBaha]

@@fabriziogiordano7396 I wouldn't agree with the phrasing "entropy generates time itself". Time, according to general relativity, is a dimenision like space, existing just by itself. But the thing is that time obviously has a "direction" from past to future, yet in our fundamental laws of physics time has no particular direction, the laws are symmetric under going backwards/forwards in time. Only the second law of thermodynamics, that says entropy always increases, defines a direction, namely the direction in which entropy increases. In that sense increasing entropy defines the direction of the arrow of time. Time dilation describes the fact, that the "speed" at which time passes is in general different for different observers, so for example when you are moving really fast or are close to a gravitating object (like a black hole, or also just the earth).

[@mountainhobo]

7:12 Very interesting discussion, but using a wallet with credit cards as an example of entropy will confuse a lot of people.

[@orchoose]

Brian Greene threw like 10 wallets in black hole during this festival. It must be nice to be rich :D

[@almab6875]

I literally cried of emotion. Thank you! What you share is enormous. Thank you Brian Greene!

[@ddstar]

yikes

[@ivanandlove]

Theyve been working on remastering older videos and slowly re-uploading after having taken them down. Though these have almost certainly been timed with the blackhole photo

[@EricWilliamsCG]

I think this video is only a year old, what would need remastered?

[@ivanandlove]

Dont know. They put something out a while back that there would be videos disappearing and explained that as the reason why.

[@Arvand.Kowsar]

Wow! It was so beautiful.( Actually I think)!!!!!

[@johnfarris6152]

Brian Greene "It doesn't have to be true, it's just gotta work." All your books were great! Over and over.

[@thinboxdictator6720]

@MrIntelligentdesign how is FE different from ID again?

[@benjaminmairs9302]

Violations of the Laws of Thermodynamics in a black hole suggest that it is a border of the closed system the Laws define. The Laws of Thermodynamics only work completely in the 3rd dimension. The Third dimension is not an isolated system in a blackhole because a blackhole is a conduit, or a fluid transition between the 3rd and 4th dimensions- hence the bending of Space-Time=3rd-Fourth and the violations. Its shape and movement looks like a hypercube (which we cannot see directly) And correct me if I am wrong but is the Higgs Field somewhat a border between the 3rd and 2nd dimensions? Both light and matter seem to disappear at the edges of our reality (3rd dimension). Light and matter maybe become completely different things in the 2nd and Fourth dimensions. Maybe light and matter are only the language of the 3rd dimension? Please correct me if I am wrong for I am merely theorizing what I think I see thru the lens of an outsider to the Physics community. Utterly fascinating though.

[@BuhuBaha]

Interesting thoughts! However the idea of "dimensions" gets mixed up a bit. A dimension is like a "direction" you can move in, independently of all other dimensions. In our everyday life we know 3 spatial dimensions (up-down, left-right, forward-backward) and 1 time dimension. In general relativity, the theory that describes the (classical) geometry of black holes, space and time are described as one single object, namely 4 dimensional spacetime. The separation into "the 3rd or the 2nd" dimension doesn't really appear here, everything is described as one single 4 dimensional reality. The Higgs field you mention is a field in this 4 dimensional spacetime, so it's an object that simple has a defined value at every point in space and time, and so are light (the electromagnetic field) and matter.

[@draganjelic8003]

Stuck here reading interesting comments from people who seem to really understand quantum physics... Which books would you recommend for a beginner?

[@henryarero]

Black Hole at the center of universe?or is Black Hole spinning or rotating

[@stevegrivas1460]

Great articulators.

[@davehomme4628]

Very good. I have never heard Brian Greene use a filler word like um. Not one time

[@jonreiser2206]

I think this might be the first time a description of a black hole actually started to make some sense to me. I'm picturing matter going into the singularity where, like a fusion reaction every particle down to the strings and waves are fused thereby creating this crazy gravity well where time stops! Is he suggesting a black hole is what occurs when the energy of every particle down to the string is fused?

[@vikramanand4723]

if entropy always increases with time, the formation of stars, galaxies and planets from the initial explosion of dust and gas is increase in entropy or decrease?

[@aurelienyonrac]

Not always, almost always. Look at the sand on the beach, See how they are ordered by there mass. Always would be too simple. Lol.

[@vikramanand4723]

@@aurelienyonrac I know but that's the assertion of all these videos, and even in books of, for example, Stephen Hawking's A Brief of Time. Besides how do we define order? For example, cloud of space dust, if we go too far away from it, it is just a bright spot. Of all conceptual items in physics, entropy is the most subjective that scientists try to rely upon.

[@aurelienyonrac]

@@vikramanand4723 yes it definitely looks subjective. So it is a good idea to research the mathematical meaning of that word. But yes entropy has to do with comparaison.

[@fabriziogiordano7396]

Isn't because mass curves spacetime non in a ratio 1:1 and so more mass curves even more the warp in spacetime?

[@alb.1911]

How they get this results if we are not able to see or assist to a process of two merging black holes?

[@thinboxdictator6720]

awesome, right?

[@henryarero]

How many black holes that exist in the world or in the universe?

[@davehomme4628]

We don’t have the slightest clue, millions? Billions or even more. We can’t see them. Could be billions of small ones.

[@henryarero]

Is it related to the Bermuda Triangle 📐📐📐📐?

[@S_sOs_S]

area or volume? is it 2D object?

[@jalalkhosravi6458]

Cumran vofa is Great

[@tsgillespiejr]

Sorry if this is a really stupid question, but is string theory not compatible with quantum field theory?

[@BuhuBaha]

String theory builds on the ideas of Quantum Field Theory, but extends them. The equations of String theory should reduce to the old ones from QFT in a suitable limit, so QFT should be "included" in string theory.

[@jessicamaden707]

❤💚 Studying these ideas has the potential to improve your mental health and income on an exponential level. (It's not easy when you start: my suggestion; persevere. I've done it. It was very difficult in the beginning. Nonetheless I have persevered and I have seen my life dramatically improve). Studying physics and actually understanding the entropic moleculic properties on a personal scale can take you out of all forms of darkness. I've seen the process of my very own evolution. It's an absolute treasure!!!! 💚❤

[@Jason-gt2kx]

I have a hypothesis that Dark Matter is not a WIMP, but maybe is a deformation of space-time by which the curvature of space-time ALONE is the cause of the gravitational effect. Gravity is the consequence of the curvature of space-time. It may be possible that the structure of space-time itself could be warped without the presence of mass. Space-time has been shown to react like a fabric by warping, twisting, and propagating independently of mass. These properties have been proven with observations of gravitational lensing, frame dragging, and now gravitational waves. Fabrics can be stretched, pressured, and/or heated to the point of deformation. Such extreme conditions were all present during inflation, so it is plausible that space-time’s elastic nature could have hit its yield point and permanently deformed. Therefore, if gravity is the consequence of the warping of space-time, and fabrics can be permanently deformed, then a deformation could create a gravitational effect independent of mass. DM could be a microscopic imprints or stretch marks like black holes with no mass at the center, but they wouldn't lose their strength via Hawking Radiation because the warped geodesics/fabric is fixed. Prediction: Spacetime's elastic property hits a yield point, so only that part of geodesic's "stretch marks" would remain after inflation stopped. These steep gravitational wells would not follow the inverse square law. They would be steep tiny gravity wells that produce gravitational effects with nothing in them to detect.

[@lucasthompson1650]

Show your math!

[@lucasthompson1650]

Peace Be Upon Me Heh! Yeah, I’m quite familiar with grade 9 math. Mathematics is a language, so of course you can use it for describing both fact and fiction. In physics, however, unless a theory can be used to predict outcomes it isn’t of any use. Math is the way to describe how to arrive at those outcomes, but obviously the math also has to show results that match the real world observations. And for his hypothesis, quadratic equations aren’t going to cut it. Gonna need some tensor calculus and differential geometry thrown in there at the very least - as well as a very deep understanding of quantum & conformal field theory, gauge symmetry, quantum mechanics, and of course all the current models (ΛCDM, for instance) and observations that the theory will have to also explain in order to be even remotely considered by anybody.

[@lucasthompson1650]

Tesla: the Jim Morrison of Physics.

[@lucasthompson1650]

Peace Be Upon Me I don't need truth, I just need what works.

[@lucasthompson1650]

@Peace Be Upon Me I like Brian Greene but I'm not a fan of String Theory (his field of physics). What works? Computers work, that's quantum mechanics in action right there in the semiconductors running your CPU. GPS works, thanks to general relativity and careful calculation of the time dilation experienced by the GPS satellites. Lots of things work, and if they work reliably you can bet your ass there's an equally reliable mathematical theory that describes it - even if we, in some cases, we haven't discovered it yet.

[@ajit_edu]

23.16 How could one of the particles created by quantum fluctuation escape the graviitational force produced by black hole ?

[@paulmichaelfreedman8334]

Magnetic field. All particles spawned from the vacuum are pairs with opposite charge. One gets pulled in, the other gets ejected.

[@ajit_edu]

@@paulmichaelfreedman8334 I am aware of it. But the same hold true for normal space. But in the case of later, matter and antimatter anilate each other ? Is it because of the strong gravitational pull at the event horizon that pulls those particle away before it could anilate ?

[@paulmichaelfreedman8334]

@@ajit_edu With elementary particles, when they get accelerated (by magnetism for example) their tiny mass and enormous speeds they reach quite easily, You should think of them more like photons. Their spacetime trajectories get either bent inwards towards the singularity, or outwards. So it's EM (mostly) fighting against Spacetime curvature rather than tangible gravity.

[@mcapps1]

42

[@MrBitterman75]

You were faster...

[@orchoose]

Its differnce whan theory predicts things that we later actualy find in nature like GTR, and pure mathematical constructs like ST witch you than try to reverse engeneer to fit some natural phenomena like BH

[@phi-ws8mz]

Shows that no information will ever be lost because the information will always be available in the event horizon. Easier way to think about it is that it’s an infinite hard drive that will be destroyed.

[@parthsavyasachi9348]

So until now we did not really know the diameter of even horizon (or the area) but somehow they found out that the area and how it relate to the entropy? How did they verify their formula?

[@Jason-gt2kx]

Seems like a black hole would act more like a recycler than a bit storage machine. Intuitively, I would assume anything that goes into a black hole would lose all its uniqueness and be crushed down to 0s and 1s and then just stacked or grouped together with all the rest of the crushed information. So, yes everything that went into a black hole would be there broken down to its lowest state, but everything would be crushed down so much it would just be like similar bits of recycled info. I think black holes destroy information in this process like recycling aluminum cans. All the materials that made up the variety of cans is there, but broken down and scrambled. There would be just a group of 0s and 1s so you couldn't reconstruct all the individual components that originally went in. The raw material of energy is all there but broken down and recycled so individuality information would be lost.

[@sandeepvk]

i need to watch a cat video after this

[@henryarero]

What is Black Hole?Is it on earth or in the universe?Which planet can it be found?

[@sahilkhokhar2367]

The captions are coming wrong after 4:20 . What's happening.

[@edwardolvera5280]

learn english, u moron

[@joelisSHI]

Does information disappear when it leaves the black hole? Look what information just that one particle meant to Stephen Hawking when he figured out where it came from. Information must create the same information as it leaves. Can not go anywhere... (Well... what is relevant. ) That's my opinion. (And Stephen was questioning himself and was right to..) Loving the genius

[@joelisSHI]

My college thesis was that consciousness happens before matter Everything is infinite before it is finite. The only thing around is that is real without illusion is awareness. We fail to give creation the value it deserves. 1 + 1 = a new 1

[@joelisSHI]

@Megan Hackett .. create something that changes reality and you are eternal. By definition. Nothing after your creation can happen without you.

[@ajit_edu]

27.47 Isn't the information paradox explained by Holographic Universe? Why does the guest keep on saying that - we haven't understand yet?

[@aurelienyonrac]

Do you feel that you understand that you are the light of consciousness shining through the hologram? That your simple presence is the light of the universe? That you are not separate from the universe but that the universe is happening within you?^_^

[@benlindsay6012]

Q = How do you observe a black hole? A = Very carefully... and at a safe distance.

[@muthukumaranl]

I didn't get the description of Hawking Radiation & as a result how that contributes to the black hole disappearing. If its just the quantum fluctuations at the edge that result in particles where one falls in & another escapes & is seen as radiation then that radiation is not out of the material IN the black hole & should not result in the black hole losing information & disappearing...confused..

[@johnnyboy1243]

exactly my thought. it doesnt make sense how that way BH should evaportate - on contrary it should be GROWING

[@BuhuBaha]

Great question! The first thing to realize is that this story of "creating a particle-antiparticle pair, one falls in, one flies out" is just a very rough description of what's really going on, and this analogy can not capture the whole story. However what you could add is this fact that was mentioned also shortly, that at the event horizon, space and time sort of "switch roles". In some sense the particle that falls into the black holes has another sense of "time" and related to this, another defintion of "energy". You can then think about it, like the particle that falls in has "negative energy" and thereby actually decreases the energy of the black hole. (And of course remember E=mc², so energy and mass are basically the same thing).

[@sharvarigorivale2348]

Can all black holes we known.Have same escape velocity?

[@davehomme4628]

Good question. I’m not sure if we know. What we do know is the escape velocity is greater than even the speed of light which is like 300,000,000 meters per second. So nothing can escape from any black hole therefore not sure if it evens matters.

[@cdgt1]

In string theory the universe is not equal to three it is equal to nine. I propose that it is equal to ten. The permittivity x permeability x max. speed of light squared = 10 and is dimensionless. 8.854187817 x 10^-12 F/m x 12.56637061 x 10^-7 H/m x 2.99792458 x 10 ^8 m/s x 2.99792458 x 10 ^8 m/s = 10 F/m = 10^-11/36Pi, H/m = 4Pi x 10^-7 c = 1/sqrt((F/m)(H/m)). A^2s^4/Kgm^3 x Kgm/A^2s^2 x m^2/s^2 is dimensionless and equivalent to ten.

[@lanimulrepus]

Get back to me when you show experimental results supporting these ideas...

[@trailblazer2001]

Why are you guys re-uploading the same stuff?

[@gamestv4875]

They are stuck in high entropy.

[@gabbarisback6052]

@@gamestv4875 😂

[@oneclick8438]

Why are you guys re-uploading the same stuff?

[@WillJukedTheBox]

what if a black hole is like a cosmic inter-dimensional microtubule and the universe is something akin to a macro fractal of a cell undergoing mitosis which is why it appears toroidal in shape much like a cell in anaphase and seems to be copying information and sending it somewhere else beyond the veil of the event horizon? Could it be possible that reality is so vast that our entire universe is nothing more than a cell in the body of a higher dimensional entity?

[@davehomme4628]

Could be. Maybe.

[@christopherwibbe4712]

So if Greene is speaking, how is he watching too? at 0:16 Is it spooky action in the audience?

[@theshadowzye8596]

Any object no matter how dense, will resist gravity, so if the singularity fundamentally doesn't have infinite density, then it must have spatial dimensions, and in turn it should fight back against the surface gravity of the black hole. Which should result in an increase of the event horizon's radius as the black hole looses mass, and ultimately to something akin to a supernova at the end of the black hole's lifespan. Why do we still expect black holes to vanish??

[@jackhammer8439]

If one particle is sucked into the black hole an the other is “radiated” away from the black hole...how is this a loss of energy if be particle is still going into the black hole. Or is the heavier particle getting pushed out? What energy or force is pushing things away from a black hole? I don’t understand how this equates to the black hole losing energy. Not to mention the ungodly amount of gas and other stuff getting pulled in through the regular operation of extreme gravitational pull. Such a huge amount of stuff to cram into a black hole yet it loses energy? Also if a pair of particles are created near the event horizon I don’t understand how one is sucked in and the other is radiated away when essentially they are for arguement sake on the small scale in the same place(relative to the size of the black hole). They should both be sucked in no?

[@BuhuBaha]

Great question! The first thing to realize is that this story of "creating a particle-antiparticle pair, one falls in, one flies out" is just a very rough description of what's really going on, and this analogy can not capture the whole story. However what you could add is this fact that was mentioned also shortly, that at the event horizon, space and time sort of "switch roles". In some sense the particle that falls into the black holes has another sense of "time" and related to this, another defintion of "energy". You can then think about it, like the particle that falls in has "negative energy" and thereby actually decreases the energy of the black hole. (And of course remember E=mc², so energy and mass are basically the same thing). Of course all these ideas apply to an isolated black hole, when nothing else (gas etc) is being sucked in. This extra stuff would of course increase the mass (and the size of the horizon, as was shown with the example of a single particle).

[@Golden-Boy-]

i thinke all that get inn to the black hole get crushed so much that its completly destroyd and absorb and all the strings that is inside the partical get blowen out as radiation

[@metafuel]

If there is any theory that truly rings true with the Universe I believe String Theory comes really close to an answer. What I really believe is the Singularity is creating "musical" vibrations that in turn Create. I reckon that's why I Love music. It connects one to the universal Singularity. Be at peace people. We are all just music.

[@oriongurtner7293]

Entropy isn’t loss of order, it’s the collection of prior universal patterns’ energy Basically there’s no required order, but there’s always a record of ordered progression along a temporal path, so there’s a general observable pattern to that lack of a pattern I dunno, honestly, quantum mechanics escapes everyone

[@seanbutler4346]

Or maybe it's as simple as as change of state. So if there are 11 dimensions or 9 or whatever, why are we describing something as powerful as a black hole in terms of 3 dimensions? The singularity cannot be observed as a 0 point or infinity, beginning or end, it should be calculated as a change of state into the other dimensions that we cannot perceive. The energy does disappear from out 3 physical measurable dimensions because it is transferred to some of the others. The problem is that if we cannot perceive those other dimensions then how can we utilise them? If we can conceptualise them, then we find the answer to time travel & teleportation.

[@tensevo]

I have no doubt some of the ideas within string theory are clever, but we await experimental evidence of these strings and dimensions. It seems like you could just keep modifying the theory to fit the observed data. Which sort of implies it is a model, rather than a theory. Interesting though.

[@gordondurr8350]

I know exactly how black holes are created and how they work. I'm not an Einstein or Hawking, but I've figured this out anyway. How I did this is my secret, but I will explain them. Black holes are creators of galaxies, this much we know for sure. BH's have infintite different sizes and the biggest and strongest are the ones who control entire galaxies of billions of stars. Most all stars explode then reignite and become stronger. A BH that can create galaxies is a super old and many times exploded star. Probably trillion of years old. It's not a singularity, it has a massive form. This is where the periodic table comes in play. At some point the remnant core of this giant, old star contains the heaviest metals in the universe. Very magnetic, super heavy metals are what's left after this final explosion of its life cycle. This final explosion is what starts a galaxy. Trillions of stars will start their life after this explosion. Anything surrounding this explosion will vaporize and help out the creation of new stars surrounding the new BH. The sheer power of the new BH is it's super immense magnetic power it now has. BH,s this size are basically an enormous magnet. If anyone wants more thoughts, please just ask, as it's impossible for me to explain it all in one comment. The periodic table is involved and these materials comprising of the BH will never be discovered by anyone. But how this material is created is a long trillions old cycle of a star.

[@jayvyas1827]

👍👍👍

[@smileyfacejosh]

Food for thought: If a blackhole is so dense that it bends light and space time toward the center / singularity, then the singularity must be inherently more disorderly according to newton's second law that dictates "the entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time". Question for the public: If by orbiting a black hole near the event horizon speeds up time relative to the satellite / pilot due to einstein's theory of relativity. Does orbiting a whitehole reverse time or slow it down for the satellite / pilot?

[@tejaszarekar9145]

You ll have to invoke general theory of relativity here. Forget about the Kind of black hole just think about the mass. If hypothetical white hole has similar mass that of black hole counter part it will speed up time imho…

[@enlongchiou]

From Einstein equation KE+VE=8pig*E/c^4=8pi*gm/c^2=2(2pi*r) black hole to string theory ch=2pi*gm^2=2pi*l*mc^2.

[@aurelienyonrac]

Nice job. Thank you. Can you translate this in mathematical format? "Entropy is the driving force behind the expansion of the universe. As the even horizon of a black hole expand because of entropy, So does the universe today, at a planck scale, expand because of entropy, So does the universe at the time of the big bang." (Entropy generates time itself) Thank you so much.

[@CatholicSatan]

I wonder about Hawking radiation. I've no doubt it exists but radiating to lose mass? If one of the two halves of a virtual particle pair fall into the black hole and one radiates, isn't this a zero sum? Why would the Hawking radiation cause the black hole to shrink if it has gained mass from one of the particle pair?

[@BuhuBaha]

Great question! The first thing to realize is that this story of "creating a particle-antiparticle pair, one falls in, one flies out" is just a very rough description of what's really going on, and this analogy can not capture the whole story. However what you could add is this fact that was mentioned also shortly, that at the event horizon, space and time sort of "switch roles". In some sense the particle that falls into the black holes has another sense of "time" and related to this, another defintion of "energy". You can then think about it, like the particle that falls in has "negative energy" and thereby actually decreases the energy of the black hole. (And of course remember E=mc², so energy and mass are basically the same thing).

[@tylerv0558]

Can anyone explain to me how a quantum fluctuation, sending a particle into the black hole, leads to the black hole evaporating over time. All I see are particles that weren’t there, appear there, and add a particle to the black hole, and send the other particle out as radiation. Seems like the black hole is just gaining a particle.

[@BuhuBaha]

Great question! The first thing to realize is that this story of "creating a particle-antiparticle pair, one falls in, one flies out" is just a very rough description of what's really going on, and this analogy can not capture the whole story. However what you could add is this fact that was mentioned also shortly, that at the event horizon, space and time sort of "switch roles". In some sense the particle that falls into the black holes has another sense of "time" and related to this, another defintion of "energy". You can then think about it, like the particle that falls in has "negative energy" and thereby actually decreases the energy of the black hole. (And of course remember E=mc², so energy and mass are basically the same thing).

[@horrorhabit8421]

Yeah, I just asked the same question. Perhaps the answer lies in the entanglement of the two particles, but I can't figure it out past that.

[@horrorhabit8421]

@@BuhuBaha Ah, the negative energy thing makes sense. Thanks.

[@horrorhabit8421]

Here's the problem I have with a black hole radiating away in connection with Hawking radiation. For every new photon radiating away, a new photon has gone in, which should increase the size of the event borizon. I don't see how a photon that was never inside a black hole could carry energy away from it. Are the two photons considered an entangled pair? Edit: Upon further consideration (and consultation,) I was abusing this analogy a bit. It's only an approximation.

[@kenadams5504]

The two photons are an electron and positron of a quantum particle , and they are entangled . They are a quantum particle created by quantum flucuations that result from extreme gravity at the event horizon. The gravity pulls one of the pair in , and the second one floats off as hawking radiation. Their entanglement means the entropy of the event horizon one is also with the radiated one....and this results in black hole entropy /information not being lost when the hole ameliorates from the radiation .

[@horrorhabit8421]

@@kenadams5504 Oh wow, I've struggled with this for a while, but your explanation actually makes it understandable. Thanks!

[@xthe_moonx]

if shits going into the black hole as well as 'radiating' how does it get smaller? would it not get bigger because its adding particles to the black hole? even if anti particles go into the black hole and annihilate with w.e is inside, there should still be an equal number of normal matter going in to cancel it out. so really it shouldnt get bigger or smaller just because something that was never inside it 'radiates' outward. so no information is going anywhere. it a huge assumption that the black hole with fizzle out based on that. i think black holes make space fold in on itself so hard that it goes inside out, creates Einstein-rosen bridge to waaay out where dark energy is, and thats why space between stuff is expanding, its blackholes twisting space in on itself so that it expands somewhere else in the universe. and if black holes do fizzle out, its because thats where the energy is going. cant really say they fizzle out tho unless u actually see one fizzle out. i think the info just stays in the black hole.

[@BuhuBaha]

Great question! The first thing to realize is that this story of "creating a particle-antiparticle pair, one falls in, one flies out" is just a very rough description of what's really going on, and this analogy can not capture the whole story. However what you could add is this fact that was mentioned also shortly, that at the event horizon, space and time sort of "switch roles". In some sense the particle that falls into the black holes has another sense of "time" and related to this, another defintion of "energy". You can then think about it, like the particle that falls in has "negative energy" and thereby actually decreases the energy of the black hole. (And of course remember E=mc², so energy and mass are basically the same thing). Although we don't know what Dark Energy is, I have never seen a connection to wormholes being made . In fact, Einstein-Rosen bridges connect two black holes, which have positive mass, so they would actually have the opposite effect of dark energy (which "drives the universe apart", whereas positive mass "pulls it together").

[@indianaoutdoors8935]

I wanna know how this intersects with psychedelics

[@Deepakyadav-vp8xx]

If black hole is pseudo black hole please explain

[@letsif]

"There cannot be an infinity in physics". yet quantum indeterminacy is infinitely unknowable by definition.

[@Nyarlathotep_Flagg]

Only for as long as string theory doesn't explain it(patches up the holes). To a great degree, quantum physics are highly incomplete math, merely general estimates. String theory seeks to correct this in a sense.

[@gerryb7859]

huh?

[@luudest]

Why is the entropy of a Black Hole not proportional to its volume?

[@manishsingh-vk8if]

That's the surprise.

[@birupakshchoudhury7057]

16:55 what the hell was that

[@Apollyon-sz9sn]

Maybe it's the information from a black hole that's powering our sun?

[@davehomme4628]

No. Nuclear fusion is what gives our sun and all stars there energy

[@tensevo]

Imagine yourself as Einstein watching this video.

[@temporaldeicide9558]

Wait a sec... So... If you were to shove a genius inside a black hole... is would get larger but if you were to shove a not-so-genius inside a black hole... then it wouldn't go as large?

[@codyramseur]

The structural difference between a genius and not-so-genius is probably not that great, and knowing or calculating something is not always the same as being able to produce order.

[@gregs5154]

I had a similar thought about teleporting people. You would compress the information in the person to transmit them quickly through the teleporter. Think about the same way you zip up large files for email. So then would the "file size" of the human depend on how complex they were as a person? :) Einstein wouldn't shrink much, but I would zip down to maybe a gigabyte! And then depending on the baud rate of transmission, there would be a time to transmit the "zip file" of a person down the wire to the destination teleport decoder. So if the file is large (person is complex) it would take longer. If the teleport distance is small, it might be faster to walk to the destination than teleport there *depending on the file size*. So QED: in the future stupid people won't have to walk as far as intelligent people; they'll just teleport. Enough :)

[@shuvamkumar7978]

Hii

[@leonoradompor8706]

I am a black hole,a magnet!

[@jamesturner1348]

not buying string theory and its dimensions. Also if entropy increases and the amount of info one needs to describe the system is greater for larger entropies, how much information would we need to describe the universe when all stars are gone?

[@tomasb8986]

What happens when You crush matter to maximum? Dont say singularity.. tell us how U imagine it

[@RollyBM]

I dont understand why black holes' absorptions are important from the viewpoint of entropy, because afaik absorptions through black holes never finally happen due to the warping of time. So, why not everything fine then from the perspective of entropy?

[@BuhuBaha]

Oh absorptions certainly do happen. If you fall into a black hole you will cross the horizon and fall towards the singularity in a finite amount of time. It's just that from the outside we can never see anything cross the horizon, because (by defintion) we cannot see past the "edge", the event horizon, and it looks like nothing ever crosses the horizon. This is however only due to our outside perspective, from a "birds eye" perspective we can completely track the infall of stuff across the horizon.

[@RollyBM]

@@BuhuBaha Thank you, this "birds eye" perspective is hard to understand for me.

[@BuhuBaha]

@@RollyBM Oh don't worry, nothing about black holes is easy to imagine! Maybe think of a plane flying around the earth. If you stand on the ground and watch the plane fly across the sky, you can only see it when it's right above you, but not when it's on the other side of the globe (it's "behind the horizon"). However, on a world map you could track the whole path of the plane without problems. It's just a matter of perspective.

[@RollyBM]

@@BuhuBaha Very kind... I still dont get it. I have to investigate further on my own...

[@mmo4754]

Why do black holes lose mass with hawking radiation if it's actually gaining a particle? this has never made sense to me. Also, why does it radiate more quickly when the black hole is smaller?

[@mmo4754]

Ok does anyone have a more helpful answer?

[@johnlewis5330]

The particle going in is the anti particle!

[@mmo4754]

@@johnlewis5330 because???????

[@johnlewis5330]

Because quantum foam continually creates pairs of particles and anti-particles. They're called virtual particles. But near the surface of a black hole the theory is the anti- particle is captured and its counterpart particle flys off. That's all I know.

[@mmo4754]

@@johnlewis5330 ok thank you, but it doesn't explain why the anti particle goes in. why can't anyone tell me lol ^_^'

[@itssanti]

but if the black hole emmits particles dont these particles have information? And if the black hole evaporates by emmitting particles, isnt the information restored in a different way? Im stupid, sorry. Its counterintuitive the whole thing

[@RC-wi6xm]

Remove condoms from your wallet before tossing the wallet into a black hole

[@Golden-Boy-]

i dont thinke the black hole vil get smaler, but if the black hole get smaler = the galaksy stars and planet vil be lost in to space. the galeksy vil be spred all over. becors i thinke the back hole is the 1 that keep the galeksy togeter with the super gravety effect so all galeksy have 1 black hole in the midle that keep it togheter.

[@gerryb7859]

entropy....hot to cold

[@jedgould5531]

2:41 The Jesus lattice

[@kltan7261]

The big bang shows that black hole is not the end of everything...

[@BuhuBaha]

How so?

[@zodiacfml]

7:20 I still don't get it when they say that it disappears/information paradox/disappears when something gets into a black hole. For me, it does not disappear as matter is still present in the black hole's mass and volume

[@shanm4629]

And it comes out in radiation when blck hole shrinks and dieappears

[@durgadasdatta7014]

Balloon inside balloon theory.

[@dutchpy1]

The biggest issue is that humans are living inside the SOUP we are discussing and thinking about.

[@davehomme4628]

Could be. We cannot test that theory though. Not verifiable

[@MrFloppyHare]

I wonder what kind of people vote down a video like this..... O.o

[@gerryb7859]

entropy kmao

[@thawiseninja1559]

Not first 😭

[@cinevile]

woman at 0:15 yawning already 😂

[@wahyuniantonio2938]

Yes the smear which throw outside of it will be used to build for something else, see those poor things no treat hahaha