Standard Japanese vs Dialects (Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima)

[@ThatJapaneseManYuta]

Learn Japanese with me -> bit.ly/3xQMofm

[@ammaranuar2544]

I thought the Kansai dialect was very different and difficult to understand, until I heard the Hiroshima dialect lol

[@natsudragneel4284]

What should I do? There is no button to submit my email and name?

[@randghassan133]

I didn't receive an email :(

[@migsireneo1540]

How much?

[@SonGojit456]

キュッベって誰？

[@mngts]

The japanese subtitles are so much more helpful than just the english ones.

[@giuseppetardini1424]

@V O it would be sooooo practical!

[@nootics]

Definitely a lot more satisfying as well

[@shotakonkin2047]

I've heard so much Japanese that it's almost becoming subconscious, I still need to grasp pitch accent.

[@anonymousmadlad433]

Because you want to learn it

[@With_Me_JAPAN]

My dialect is Osaka dialect and I live in Tokyo now. Not so many people at business situation notice I'm from Osaka but once I get to be friendly to them, they will ask me "are you from Osaka?" Always love the moment actually! Thank you Yuta-san for your informative lesson!😊❤️

[@clanDeCo]

Keep speaking osaka ben! It's beautiful

[@SamPearman]

I get this when I travel, and I love it too. It gives me an identity in Japan. I'm non-native but speak 関西弁。

[@shu830]

YOU'RE FROM OSAKA FROM AZUMANGA DAIOH?!?!?!

[@Səv]

Interesting 😮

[@zaheer4511]

"Because alot of you guys watch hen....anime" 😂😂😂😂😂

[@neutaq5553]

I had a giggle at that myself LOL

[@chadwick5343]

That was delivered perfectly.

[@SHRIIMPSUCKS]

chicken anime

[@naufalzaid7500]

Uhm.. Yes! We watch hen na anime! 😂

[@VaivaPaula95]

Omg died xDDDD

[@Yeneney]

"Speaking bad japanese is better than no japanese" Thank you! I needed to hear that :) great video as always!

[@RVered]

Valid for any language tbh. Most native speakers are very cordial and accommodating to someone doing their best. Well... maybe except for French people lol if your French is anything but perfect, you get angry grimaces and unsolicited switches to English.

[@Dankyjrthethird]

@@RVered French people are dicks. Québecois ppl are homies and chill

[@jo3473]

@@RVered i'd argue even if ur french is impeccable lololol. ah, the french. each of them, individually, the very best at being french and also at everything else.................... somehow...

[@dannyphantom121]

@@RVered That’s bc they speak English. In Japan most people only speak Japanese. It’s easier to learn Japanese because they don’t speak English, meaning that u have to speak Japanese, even if u speak broken Japanese.

[@ananasnapero5291]

The Hiroshima dialect made me feel so nostalgic because I heard it everyday when I was on my exchange year ;;-;; My host father especially had a strong dialect (my host mother was kind of embarrassed about her dialect but I always found it so cool and charming). I truly miss Hiroshima region😔

[@tadslab1140]

I was born there and got brought up for 15 years. I’m now 20 but I have pride being born there ❤

[@Piekalla]

i've always thought the kansai dialect was super cute! it's so easygoing and sing-songy. hiroshima dialect gives off a "sorta grumpy but cool old man at the bar with lots of interesting stories to tell" vibe, which is so weirdly specific but that's just the impression i get.

[@werwar27]

yeah same, it sounds like a cooler more manly version of Japanese. I can see why it was used in Yakuza movies

[@baronvonbeandip]

I wish you woulda hit that Aomori/Tsugaru dialect. It sounds so flippin cool.

[@xxEzraBxxx]

replacing と and へ with さ is crazy.

[@NoFuqinIdea]

I was so scared of learning japanese dialects until I realized that I don't even understand most dialects in my native language (german) and there is really not much of a need to learn a dialect unless you wanna live in an area where the dialect is being spoken.

[@Mikaela_Westmt]

True that!

[@Bareego]

German dialects are a lot more divergent though. If you haven't grown up in Germany, understanding people from for example Bavaria, the Palatinate or Saxony can be a bit tricky. I was lucky enough to grow up in Germany so don't mind :D

[@djinn666]

What about Swiss German? Can that be understood by Germans?

[@NoFuqinIdea]

@@djinn666 As someone from west germany I find it genuinely easier to understand Dutch than Swiss German. Been to Bern once and didn't get a single word when I asked someone for the way.

[@TheKennethfilm]

@@NoFuqinIdea How does Dutch sound to you as a German? I had a Dutch professor before and I kinda liked his accent while speaking English.

[@RyanMacInnes]

When I lived in Tokyo I remember hearing people talk about Akita-ben, and that to them it was almost incomprehensible. I would love to hear some examples of it!

[@pokyboss4281]

Ebina from Himouto Umaru-chan slips into Akita accent from time to time.

[@Mikaela_Westmt]

Akita-ben is not the only case for us; there are many others. Aomori-ben, Iwate-ben, Yamagata-ben, Okinawa-ben, Kagoshima-ben, for example, are very hard for us to understand, and even incomprehensible when spoken by hardcore locals, lol.

[@iamneil123]

@@pokyboss4281 that's honestly pretty cool, I never noticed the difference but it does make sense why she's so shy when speaking.

[@kaiiihong8408]

2:08 He knows too much...😂

[@babyface965]

u my man

[@micooo22]

yuta really knows his viewers

[@konime5458]

maaaannn, i thought that was a mistake but daaaaamn let me believe it wasnt....

[@gunweizard6125]

LMAOOOO YUTA

[@12Ger13]

I'm worried Yuta, you know too much

[@goodday4221]

Yuta's segues into his Japanese class offers are perfect

[@david-stewart]

Yeah but he could vary it up a bit so it's not the same sentence every time

[@goodday4221]

@@david-stewart eh, i dont know, i think that's part of the joke for me, because he'll be speaking about something seemingly unrelated and then out of nowhere it's like, damn...how didn't i see that coming?

[@tunasalmon5403]

「いぬる」とか古文の授業でしか聞いたことなかったけど広島弁では現代でも使うんだ…カッケェ…

[@mcfarofinha134]

だろうねww

[@tykep1009]

「去ぬる」だと、その場を去るニュアンスに聞こえるけど帰る意味でも使ってるんですね

[@gruu]

Hiroshima dialect sounded soo cool, didn't know it was so different!

[@Crushenator500]

I know almost zero Japanese, but this was still interesting to watch

[@ArcEso]

Holy crap! I love the meticulous nature of your lessons Yuta-san! 本当にありがとう!!🙏🙏

[@GNRGNRGNR100]

I am not learning japanese im too busy with german but this dude is hilarious and i love his videos

[@lloyan_]

Na dann viel Spaß beim Lernen. Du hast dir damit garantiert keine leichte Sprache ausgesucht

[@TheWieldofrost]

This reminds me of Detective Conan episode 651 (Conan vs. Heiji, Deduction Battle Between the Detectives of the East and West), and I still wondered if Osaka people would get angry if they heard other people spoke poor Kansai Dialect.

[@NinjaMaruSensei]

I'm from Osaka and I thought my dialect was the standard. 🥲

[@Mr-ll7cu]

I'm living in Kyoto and I still think my dialect WAS the standard. (at least before Edo became Tokyo)

[@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115]

Imagine the problem for Spaniards, we have at least a dozen of dialects just for Castillian language.

[@bayangintokii4774]

@@Mr-ll7cu I'm speaking a mix of osaka and tokyo accent ,:')))

[@mekellerentukurokok2459]

𝙺𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚊𝚒 𝚙𝚎𝚘𝚙𝚕𝚎

[@sevasentinel4146]

It's so interesting to see the varying pitch patterns in Japanese in contrast to languages such as Spanish which has accents that would dictate where the stresses in words would go.

[@cosmicramen6397]

In the Attack on Titan game your character asks Sasha about her accent and she gets all nervous. I never understood that part because I couldn't hear the difference in the dialect, now it all makes sense

[@Suis88]

Creep weeb

[@cosmicramen6397]

@@Suis88 wat

[@user-po6zt8if4c]

@@Suis88 wat

[@aini6570]

@@Suis88 weirdo

[@drowsyaf]

@@Suis88 you're creepier, imagine imitating the cringy guy who comments on every video he watched🤢🤮

[@y.zahran515]

For someone who's been learning Japanese for years (but without any significant development, sorry 😅), it is quite interesting to see some explanation about the variants of dialect that exists in the Japanese language. Maybe you can do another videos like this for another dialect? Somehow I quite interested in Hakata dialects.

[@markdelles5745]

My wife is from Hiroshima ken, and I hear some of this from time-to-time when she talks. When we visited her parents, it was me (textbook guy, spoke some with terrible accent) trying to understand Hiroshima ben. I miss them.

[@TheAntinowherelane]

Kansai-ben is my jaaaam. I love how casual it feels.

[@someoneidc12345]

Could you react to Sana, Momo and Mina's (TWICE band members) accents? They are from Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe respectively and have been living in Korea from a long time~ Thank You!! ^^

[@lotusthemermaid]

Love the hair, Yuta!!! 🙌🏻

[@chiyo3118]

As someone whose want to focus on Kansai-ben for my speaking skill, this is truly gem! Thank you so much Yuta-san! I would love to know other accents too!

[@beleven13]

I am quite interested in Kansai dialect, it sounds really interesting to me

[@vampyrelycan99]

Actually such dialect (or dialect group) is more difficult than you think... Also many within JP don't seem to respect such dialect and instead make fun of it... There are dedicated YT channels that teach Kansai ben in great depths, you may want to check those out......

[@Charly_dvorak]

I've haven't found any resource material for Kansai pitch accent Tokyo pitch it's already hard enough, but at least it has a lot of resources to learn from

[@ludicrousfunone5705]

Loving the hairstyle in this video!!! It suits you well!!! Also interesting how in every language there is some cross over between dialects and accents. I will say though this is why people have trouble with English. It may be easy to begin learning, hit the range of accents and dialects is what makes it difficult to master.

[@MisterDutch93]

Maybe the people you interview try to speak Standard Japanese more because they know they’re being interviewed by a non-local? Also, it’d be fun to look at some of the Northern dialects. Sendai/Miyagi accent sounded quite different to me while I was there, and I heard that the Hokkaido dialect has some interesting quirks as well!

[@orinblank2056]

When you started talking about the pitch accents, I realized that I use Kansai dialect a lot more than I thought I did! I studied there, and while I don't use a whole lot of phrases and expressions outside of や and sometimes へん, along with some more casual conjugations, I hadn't realized how much my pitch accent was affected by it. I wonder if it would be something that a speaker of standard dialect would pick up on. I haven't had the chance to meet with any Japanese speakers since leaving Japan and I spent all of my time there in Kansai, so I didn't speak to many people from outside the region.

[@iGotZeroSkill]

i love your channel YUTA i have really wanted to learn Japanese then i found your channel and it kept pushing me to learn more❤️❤️

[@HosakaKeitarou]

After living in Miyazaki for a little while, I've really become interested in the many dialects in Japan, so this video was super interesting! Thanks Yuta!

[@sgb1983sgb]

I recently watched Josee to Tora to Sakana-tachi, the kansai dialect used in the film was refreshing (compared to standard he... anime) and beautiful.

[@ErickBits]

It's interesting to notice that the japanese grammar accepts changes in the words themselves! In brazilian portuguese there are a lot of pronunciations for the same words depending on the area where the speaker was raised, but the words are always the same.

[@ogrejehosephatt37]

"Because a lot of you watch hen.. anime." And with that, you earned my like.

[@Kris-l7t3o]

My family is from Okayama, and since okayama is in between them it’s interesting to hear both kansai and hiroshima accents because i notice patterns of both in my family’s accents (seems to be closer to hiroshima, though) My mother went to school in tokyo and i have lived abroad since i was young so i haven’t picked up the dialect unfortunately, but it’s always something interesting to hear, especially as someone interested in language in general. Thanks for the video!!

[@Hazelminker]

The Dialect used by the Homosapiens group from OddTaxi was quite hard to follow for someone who's just been studying standard Japanese, so I definitly found this video super helpful. Looking forward to learning more about the different dialects.

[@SickLiq]

Dude, your sense of humor is what makes your channel. Keep it up. That hentai stuff.

[@puvididdle]

you always speak facts with a straight face... suddenly insert joke while at it. i like this channel

[@nesle1805]

I watched shokugeki no soma years ago and didnt notice megumi and shinomiya dialects at all. I just cant say what was the difference. But now as I studied nihongo for 2 years. and watching shokugeki no soma again, I found megumi and shinomiya's dialect are cute😅😂

[@parinika8569]

2:08 nobody was expecting that lmao!!

[@allyeatworld]

this is one of the coolest videos i've seen on japanese to date * _ * thank you yuta for the super detailed explanations :D

[@samurai_junjiro]

日本の食や文化をKZbinで発信しているジュンジローと申します。いつも楽しく動画拝見させていただいてます。撮影や編集の仕方とても勉強になります！次回の動画も楽しみにしてます！My name is Junjiro, and I'm a KZbin fan of Japanese food andculture. I always enjoy watching your videos. I learn so much from the way you shoot and edit! I'm looking forward to your next video!

[@BourneThisWay]

I think everyone has their own combination of words and dialect, just like how a lot of people have different vocabulary or abbreviations.

[@Brimstarr]

Dude, your hair is looking so good!

[@thewheel2123]

Does anybody know if the main dialect present in the anime "2.43: Seiin Koukou Danshi Volley-bu/2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team" is the Kansai dialect? I really enjoyed hearing it and I'd like to learn more about that dialect. I'm sorry for my ignorance. I don't know much about the japanese language and geography.

[@marxiewasalittlegirl]

The anime is based on Fukui prefecture of Japan . So it's supposed to be Hokuriku dialect

[@galen981]

I love that dialect so much

[@thewheel2123]

@@marxiewasalittlegirl Thank you so much for replying!!

[@thewheel2123]

@@galen981 Me too!!

[@kelvingomes5330]

私の日本語の先生は広島出身で広島育ちだったんですけど「じゃけん」は使わなかったです、いつも「じゃけえ」だけでしたね…他の広島の近くの県ではよく使われるらしいですね、鳥取県だったかな…

[@idiarkis6804]

I love your hen.. anime jokes, simple but always get a laugh out of me

[@muzado3617]

i got interested in Kansai dialect thx to Josee, tiger and the fish recent movie...i find it kind of cute when Josee speaks with Kansai dialect, example like the 'ya, ja and hen' at the end of her sentence.

[@marxiewasalittlegirl]

Subtitles are very good in this one, thanks

[@daveedel1491]

Very informative this was..Yuta is that dude👍🏻

[@mekaylafedrick8794]

Idk if this is a new haircut for yuta, but I like it

[@Neppiko]

A good anime to watch to listen for dialects is called Summertime Rendering.

[@JapaneseEmichannel]

dialects must be complicated to foreigner, also people who live in osaka have diffrent personality I mean so friendly like foreigner🤔🤔

[@shadowllght]

Damn, never knew you were originally from the Kyushuu region, I couldn't have noticed. Greetings from an Osaka-haafu living abroad that probably has developed even more weird pitch accent patterns, from my lack of contact with Japanese, besides my mother (and Anime).

[@grommitmug1203]

I gotta say Yuta, your hair looks very nice I like it!

[@LumiLunar]

You're right. We need more hentai with different dialects.

[@thelightbrigadef4172]

Make a video about why you shouldn't call japanese first name.

[@RameshKumar-mv3jd]

I'm glad you've kept the dope hairdo. Looking good!

[@OKSlinky]

Japan has so many different dialects, I find it interesting. I learned Awa-ben because I spent 6 years in Tokushima, and even though it is so close to Kansai-ben it's still different! Very interesting because the Hiroshima accent actually sounded closer to Awa-ben to me than Kansai-ben did, although Awa-ben seems like a huge mix between Kansai-ben and Hiroshima accent, but I'm a foreigner who learned Japanese in Japanese so it might just be me

[@butterbruhh]

Yuta hair cut on point 👌🏾

[@Sergey__Kazak]

おおお、凄く勉強になりました、これ！これは上級レベルくらいの話題じゃないですか？ありがとうございます！このようなビデオは勉強になります。日本語がずっと前から勉強中ですから

[@tykep1009]

So close! 惜しい。最後の文の「日本語が」は「（私は）日本語を」ですね。そこだけ直せば完璧だと思います。

[@Vayshen]

Would love more deep dives into other dialects. Funny thing for me was to find that the Hiroshima dialect is what you hear all the hard boiled gangsters in the Yakuza games speak.

[@adamtrippen8004]

Yuta been looking good lately

[@sakristianjed]

the Hiroshima dialect was also used in bleach by Yoruichi Shihouin, now, i miss bleach.

[@hiddenarmy]

soon... will back

[@WimaNats]

I lived in Ehime for 6-7 months and their local dialects is QUITE similar to Hiroshima's, the gobi, the intonation, etc.

[@sin-YA]

日本人の俺からしても面白い内容だった

[@nahte-]

伊藤潤二のプロフィール写真はありますか？そうでない場合、あなたは彼のように見えます。

[@SenseofNoneYT]

I watch more VTubers more than anime now. And I've been getting used to more standard Japanese I think. I think Shishiron is the one with the most obvious Osakan accent, especially early on. Or was that just me? Eitherway, it's honestly charming imo.

[@Matthew-fj6eu]

can u suggest good vtubers to learn japanese?

[@BeautyBySilence]

I’m used to Kansai dialect now because I studied at Ritsumeikan University in 2019.

[@haremprotagonist1118]

In the Monogatari series there are actually a lots of dialects I think.....Yuta you should make a video about that animes characters dialect .

[@evilturkey523]

I actually really like the Hiroshima dialect, it sounds super cool

[@MarkusAndersen96]

Love the hair, Yuta!

[@nuran5537]

Lovely complex was in kansai dialect

[@rattlehead001]

I’m watching it now. I’m surprised I can hear a difference between standard Japanese

[@nuran5537]

@@rattlehead001 lovecom is soo good ;-;. If you are used to standard Tokyo accent you will tell the difference. There will be characters in some anime who will have a different accent . Usually kansai ppl are associated with comedy so sometimes comedic characters will speak kansai-ben Another eg In bleach gin speaks Kyoto-ben

[@koxukoshu]

First thing I noticed is how nice Yuta's hair is

[@ジョウドなの筍]

二週間前に関西弁習い始めたで。超難しいけどとりわけ聞き取るとことか非常に複雑やんな。っていうコトでリソースはぎょうさんじゃなくて当然全部無料やから學ぶ価値のあるんやぜ

[@chocoblin5887]

suddenly yoimiya is much more understandable. thanks yuuta for this informative video

[@dialp4penguin]

これいいね！私は、５年ぐらい宮崎県に住んで、やっぱり宮崎弁が広島弁にちかいやね。よく「帰るよ」の代わりに、「帰るわ」とか「いぬど」とよく言ってました〜

[@theflyingjapman5771]

I love when he was supposed to say the thing we love to watch at 2:09 haha!

[@desertedislander]

この話題は本当に面白い。

[@TheHumblePotato]

I'm going to help everyone speak Japanese. Follow these steps in order. First, learn how to say the alphabet. Second, learn how to say numbers. Third, learn how to say words and phrases. Fourth, practice the previous steps until they become second nature. People often don't consider that in order to master a language, it's best to take the route of a child. Speech comes before reading. Reading before writing. Writing before pronouns, adjectives, proper grammar, sentence structures, and word products. Take it one step at a time.

[@aimerz2395]

A lot of you guys watch Han... すごく面白い

[@cerealbloodx]

素敵な髪型のYutaさん

[@vampyrelycan99]

Many have long suspected that Yuta was from Hiroshima but now he has confirmed it. He should be proud of his heritage (as a West JP native) but I also hope he'll regain his native dialect some day.......

[@EriniusT]

He's said it in other videos too

[@vampyrelycan99]

@@EriniusT If I remember correctly he only stated (in those past vids) that he used to teach English back in Hiroshima... Anyway correct me if I'm wrong

[@EriniusT]

@@vampyrelycan99 yeah i think he did

[@hitbos6904]

If you more listen Kansai dialect 、you can find in Pirozhikis ピロシキーズ.

[@cc_ppur1334]

I can understand this much of how different it is... It is same in Manipur (Small State) in India. 🇮🇳

[@wesleydavis366]

Off topic, but what did Yuta do to his hair in this video? It looks really good!

[@KJ-bh9vy]

This is totally random, but today i had a lesson with my japanese tutor and we were reviewing one of my sentences that i made from my Genki workbook. The sentence was: きっさてんにはいて、休みましょう。And my tutor said to me that japanese people don't use the word きっさてん nowadays and that it's old fashioned. So we were wondering why they still use old japanese vocabulary in textbooks. So i thought maybe ゆたさん knows or someone else.

[@sotsora8000]

For my sense(I’m Japanese of early 20s), the word "きっさてん(喫茶店 in Kanji)" is a bit old-fashioned, to simply refer "tearoom / coffee shop". The word "カフェ(kafe)"(came from the word "café") is more common. You can still use the word "きっさてん", but it sounds like older style tearooms or coffee shops (like the one having nostalgic interiors, opened around 20th Century), so I think it's not suitable for today's modern chain shops like Starbucks.

[@skylinrg]

love your hair Yuta

[@LemifromJapan]

It must be confusing for Japanese learners to hear each different dialect, 💦But as you said, standard Japanese is widely used. ☺️🇯🇵 By the way, your new hair style looks so nice!!☺️✨

[@leocomerford]

It's a little disappointing you didn't say something about the throaty, standard-English-like pronunciation in Kaz's Hiroshima dialect! Especially since that's very much his thing as a language teacher.

[@AlonWoofPro]

Am I crazy for wanting to learn how to speak kansai dialect by default? It just sounds so much more expressive and cool to me. And I love the association with comedy and entertainment.

[@azmifitriansyah7108]

i come here after realizing that sakazuki in one piece use hiroshima dialect and amazed that japan has so many dialect thank you for the knowledge 🙏

[@dean8147]

Thats just setttled a whole lot of confusion. Thanks for the explanation

[@V.Sensei]

First time i heard the kansai dialect amd noticed it was while playing the yakuza series. One of the main groups is the Omi alliance, from Osaka. Not only that, but one of the characters, Majima, speaks in the kansai dialect.

[@firdauszainudin7118]

Kansai speaking anime characters 1. Kawachii Kyousuke - Yakitate Japan 2. Trafalgar Law - One Piece 3. Shinji Hirako - Bleach Please continue

[@bagabalitutorial3526]

It is really useful education.Anyway thank you for sharing and best regards from Bali. どうぞよろしくお願いします。バリ島もよろしくおねがいします。🙏

[@mememaster147]

"Because Kansai people, everywhere they go, they.." dorifto? "...speak their dialect proudly." :(

[@AddaeAkono]

This was my first time hearing the Hiroshima dialect and I found it very interesting especially when he used "ja" instead of "da". I still like hearing the Kansai dialect though. I also would like to see a video on the Okinawa dialect because I heard people from Okinawa speak Japanese very differently compared to people who come from Tokyo or Osaka.

[@oblive4623]

Extremely differently, I've heard. If I'm not wrong, Okinawa used to be it's own country before it was colonised by Japan.

[@iamneil123]

@@oblive4623 yeah they were what you would call the "original" Japanese or the Indigenous ppl before the colonization. I'm pretty sure Okinawans aren't the only Indigenous ppl, If I'm not mistaken.

[@iamneil123]

@Nori i put the quotations around "original" because they were there first. I just added "Japanese" bc they live on what is now known as Japan. This is a parallel to calling the Indigenous ppl in America, "Native" Americans but if you want to be specific, u can use terms like Zuni, Navajo, Apache, etc. because there are other Indigenous ppl. This is that with Okinawans (specific indigenous group). i don't get how that is "weird".

[@Gilgamoth]

The Tokyo standards was the result of when the emperor decided to hire (forced)retired shoguns and samurai and integrate them into teachers, gun-makers, engineers etc. So modern 'standard' Japanese were just samurai's Japanese. The samurai was retired as a result of emperor regaining his power, during the Meiji 'restoration' plan. And that happens because every shogun in different region have a standard of what can be define as the 'purity' of gold, being that it is the main currency and that was chaotic, causing the economy to go haywire and with the threat of foreign power both from the east and west, naturally the people sided with the king, and launched a coup against the feudal lords. So yeah, Tokyo/standards Japanese is the same as samurai's Japanese, but they used to say "degozaimasu" instead of "desu" so a lot has change over time. Oh and yeah, typically a samurai, are highly educated and they can speak multiple languages, that's probably why their Japanese have a lot more rule. But still confusing nonetheless because it's Japanese.

[@ReiRei726]

I was raised in Japan but never heard about that. Could you tell me what the source is?