Magnetohydrodynamics - Propelling Liquid Metal with Magnets!

We explain the principles behind magnetohydrodynamics or MHD. Then, we set up several demonstrations.

[@johnhandshake4460]

what a time we live in... this high level wizard is just giving knowledge out for free.

[@DJenser]

Indeed, he's the Mr. Wizard of our age.

[@uploadJ]

Better than Eric Dollard even?

[@vidznstuff1]

Knowledge was always free. Back in my day, we had this building called a library.

[@zachsg28]

And people wonder why they are in the debt of colleges... six figures deep. ...all they had to do was a simple youtube search... A very humble man could have filled them in for free. Society needs to come to terms with things that can be learned for no monetary exchange. Just because you didn't pay for it, doesn't make it any less real.

[@vidznstuff1]

@@zachsg28 Go ahead and send your CV in for an electrician job, telling them you watched three KZbin videos you THOUGHT were relevant and see how far that gets you, moron millennial.

[@chae5833]

Wow. I'm going (back) to college to become an engineer and I feel as if I've struck gold with this channel! This sort of stuff is really exciting, and to hear someone so knowledgeable explain it in such an intuitive manner is simply awesome. Thanks for doing what you do, please keep it up!

[@linz8291]

cheers for modern engineer :)

[@terrypowling]

He covered aspects that was just glossed over in my engineering course, and explained them thouroughly . Well done .

[@claudemontezin911]

You're a fantastic, pragmatic teacher and physicist. We need more like you teaching physics (not mere math) to the next generations. Thank you very much sir!

[@TrunkyDunks]

this is the kind of dad everyone needs. his depth of knowledge is absolutely mind boggling. I appreciate you and share your channel as often as i can.

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks, that really helps!

[@amitaimedan]

My thoughts exactly, but I'm 51 so I guess it's too late.

[@pitchforkpeasant6219]

@@TechIngredients eric laithwaite continued. I love it👍👍. Continued and investigated deeper and wider

[@doolittlegeorge]

​@@TechIngredientsmercury still gets a "bad rap" as fuel in theory it is a reusable fuel so imagine a reusable fuel in a Rocket or Submarine and what that would mean as opposed to steam powered using nuclear fission.

[@chargedcapacitoranimations4853]

I hope this comment doesn't get drowned out, but I had a professor that worked on the military's rail gun project. He said that the solution to get around the projectile welding its self to the barrel was to enclose the projectile in a sheath, add an insulated C-type armature to the load bearing end of the projectile, and put a small copper rod on the end of armature. When the caps discharge, the copper rod instantly turns into plasma and puts all its force onto the armature, thereby preventing any sort of welding. If you look in the videos released by the military, you can see this C-shaped armature exiting the barrel on the projectile as the sheath falls off. Having a small, vaporizing copper rod work as the shorting wire to your high powered rail gun would reduce weight, and therefore increase the energy you can load onto the projectile.

[@bouipozz]

The internet is the most significant technology of our time and it would be utterly wasted without people like you. Keep on educating our species!

[@bouipozz]

Oh and porn. I forgot about that :p

[@halfmeout]

“To build a rail gun” - you’ve got my attention

[@TechIngredients]

Great!

[@Morbian13]

Having a basic understanding of how a railgun works, I am fairly certain you don't want your rails to move apart.............

[@MelroyvandenBerg]

@@TechIngredients where is the video :D?

[@kerbodynamicx472]

I got some neodymium magnets and high voltage capacitors at my disposal, and I build one! Two copper rails were screwed between 2 timber boards, and neodymium magnets placed under the rails. Now let’s fire this thing

[@kiyoponnn]

@Phil Weatherley Covid zombies

[@art3miswinter5202]

I have no professional interest in this field, but my curiosity has me subscribing to your channel. Thank you for the work that you do. This is super fascinating!!

[@zack9785]

The way he explains everything is so simple and understanding it’s incredible. I learned a lot even I’m the first minute haha. You are amazing sir thank you for doing this, keep up the good work I appreciate your work.

[@autodidactamm7625]

I'm proud that videos like this one exist on youtube

[@JohnJones1987]

Well done you. Three cheers for autodidacta! Hip hip --

[@autodidactamm7625]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/b3aqcouFjNV6r5o

[@souravzzz]

Too bad the KZbin CEO isn't. She just wants more Ad-heavy sterile Big Media content, not independent content creators.

[@Unmannedair]

U Wot M8 that's what you get when you hire an idiot. Might make a lot of money fast, but you're damaging your machine to do it. If someone blows KZbin up.... I don't see someone rebuilding that engine.

[@mduckernz]

Unmannedair Well yeah, that's what you get in general for caring about money over everything else. It poisons everything... there has to be a balance. Enough to keep running obviously, but not so much as to encourage focusing on shallow or exploitative things.

[@GglSux]

I've "said" it many times before and hope to be able to repeat it many times again, this type of content is what redeems and shows the true potential of KZbin and "Internet" in the sea of mediocre and outright bad (harmful?) content that seems to be the "norm". Thank You for being such a great source of educational and inspirational content. Best regards.

[@afrog2666]

Those who seek science will find it, as will the ones that seek entertainment. The content on youtube and it`s popularity, is a reflection of society, not youtube itself ;)

[@VoidHalo]

The sad thing is any time I try to look something up on Google, the first page never has anything useful anymore. You get a table of irrelevant questions with answers from sites that aren't credible, Instructibles that will probably kill somebody and top 10 sites and other such garbage. They need a version of Google for academics that filters all of that stuff. I'm sure they have one for academic journals, but I want a wider range of content. A search engine that understands technical terms without trying to tell me I meant to search for something else would be nice, too. Or at the very lest, a search filter to return more educational content than enertainment wuld be nice.

[@silversrayleigh8980]

Perhaps but this project is unfinished and nobody knows why we haven't seen the second half, the PRESTIGE so to speak...

[@mundymorningreport3137]

@@silversrayleigh8980 Like others, I would guess success has stopped the follow up posts. There are serious interests who do not want weapons tech that out performs archaic guns in the public domain. One of the biggest problems that hinder rail gun deployment is the huge current demand. He's replaced it with magnets (something Distinty detailed). Next he identified the issue of unlimited discharge rates. And controlling the ringing with properly balanced inductors and capacitors naturally have that create real problems. Then, with his skillset, he probably discovered the amplification of power that happens with high voltage and frequency control. And now, you have a double threat. A weapon that out performs any chemical based weapon and does not require a lot of energy, or makes it too. Of course his day job may have shut him down as a result, or just because...

[@silversrayleigh8980]

@@mundymorningreport3137 ... He was developing a caterpillar drive .. silent submarine propulsion... Its too fascinating .. I can never get over how these magnets can propel sea water... I want one for personal use while diving :) Or a UAV ... And in that your right about it being sensitive bc of its potential value. ... So sad....

[@AlexAskerman]

Not the first channel to do a series on railguns, but probably the channel with the greatest chance of being highly successful and educational. Hyped!

[@SirOtterman]

Your ability to easily explain these concepts & complexities is outstanding!

[@kenbellchambers4577]

I read an article twenty years ago about an Israeli professor at the University of Haifa. He was generating electricity by using a hot water type solar panel to thermosyphon mercury and sodium (I am not positive about the sodium, it might have been potassium.) He simply put an excited copper coil around the down pipe and generated power. He reported that it was 55% more efficient than an alternator. I have always wondered if oil impregnated with powdered iron or similar conductive metal might also work. Liquid oxygen is also a superconductor and major improvements have been made in hydrolysis making it much more efficient, so there is much room for investigation in this area of research. Thank you for sharing this amazing science.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Fantastic video. Exceptionally well done demonstrations.

[@TechIngredients]

Thank's! That means a lot coming from you!

[@helpabrothawithasubisaiah5316]

@@TechIngredients would have been better to use galistan.. which is a safe liquid metal used in thermometers now, you can buy equate ones at Walmart now

[@nighthawkviper6791]

Fancy seeing you here Nighthawk!

[@elbaljindersingh430]

Nice vidio sir

[@TheExquisiteRoofer]

Hands down the best most detailed explanation of basic current and how a motor works that I have ever seen in my life. I think I just found my new favorite channel

[@Financeification]

I'm astounded how good his mental models of the physical world are. It's like listening to a engineering version of Sean Carroll.

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@tonylikesphysics]

Sean Carroll does nothing for humanity

[@Financeification]

@@tonylikesphysics I guess that's true; unless you consider doing careful and deep thinking about nature at a level only maybe a handful of people are capable of--and then sharing that exploration through publishing and teaching--as a contribution to humanity. I'm wondering to myself if there are other contributions that transcend time as fluidly as models and ideas.

[@tonylikesphysics]

Financeification I study physics for the same reasons. My comment was more about his promoting an idea that can’t be proven to sell books. I think many worlds is a garbage theory.

[@Financeification]

​@@tonylikesphysics Interesting. Do some deep and careful thinking about why you have come to that opinion and publish your logic. Experimentally unprovable is more the rule than the exception for cutting edge work. Note the theories we have as laws today that were thought unprovable when developed, like nearly all of relativity and quantum physics. Studying a discipline and developing a discipline aren't equatable: one is consumptive; the other contributive. They diverge in the depth of capability required: almost anyone on the planet can consume physics; very few can develop.

[@ivankingtungsten9604]

Your work is well placed, exceptionally knowledgeable, and you bring great honor to your family.

[@jonpennington4591]

I have a GED and some college and this gentleman broke this down for a person like me to understand the concepts demonstrated. He is definitely one smart cookie and very generous to help folks like me to understand the concepts taught. Thank you!

[@TechIngredients]

You're welcome!

[@Boosted98gsx]

Love your videos and the "hold no jargon" engineering speak you use. I'm an ME by degree, and this channel just hits my nerd button like no other. Thank you for making these and I CAN NOT WAIT to see what you come up with for your railgun! I wanted to do one for my Sr Design project.

[@RichardRParsons]

Hey guys, great video! At the start you mention that the crystal orientation of a rare earth magnet is set by applying a pulse prior to stintering. While this is true for SmCo5 and some ferrite magnets its not the case for the NdFeB magnets you are most likely using. The only way to align the microstructure (create texture) in stintered NdFeB magnets is by deforming the magnet at high temperature in a process known as hot pressing, or far less commonly, by equal channel angular pressing. The magnets you are most likely using (unless they were very expensive) are composed of a randomly oriented microstructure and so have isotropic magnetic properties. The apparent fixed polarisation of the NdFeB magnets you have is instead a result of the very large magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which gives a high coercivity, present in these materials which prevents the magnetic domains within the material from moving. Thus the purpose of pulse magnetising the magnet is to set a near single domain structure in the material so that it produces a useful external field. If you heat the magnet above its Curie temperature it is the single domain structure that is lost due to self demagnetisation, not a microstructural texture. For example, you may need to heat a NdFeB magnet to a temperature greater than 600C to see microstructural changes while only a few hundred degrees C to seee a loss of magnetic properties. As you heat the magnetic its coercivity falls until a point where the magnetic domains start to rearrange and the 'stored energy' in the magnet is lost. This also means you can remagnetise a permanent magnet if it happens to be damaged by heating it above its Curie temperature by exposing it to a large field at room temperature. Though the field required to do so is typically very large (i.e. > 7T). Any way I know this is too technical for your audience but I thought you might find the topic interesting all the same. Keep the great content coming.

[@YodaWhat]

Good stuff, Capo. And _pulsed fields_ somewhat over 7 Tesla are not at all hard to make. The record is over 200 T, but then it is an exotic piece of equipment. Neutron stars can have fields of billions or even trillions of Tesla!

[@mduckernz]

_Is_ it too technical? 😉 For some, maybe, but I always prefer detail over lack of it. If I don't know a term, or the implications of a theory, I can look it up - and then I'll know it in future! Great comment - thanks for the detail.

[@r3drumg33k3]

To say it is to technical is a joke, ty for that info tho.

[@olivialambert4124]

Very nicely explained. I had always wanted to see a real demonstration of MHD since a talk by an Oxford professor when I was 17. I understand the theory but its great to see it in action. And for what its worth, you are a very exceptional teacher. The explanations were clearer than during University studying Physics, the speed was much faster so it was less boring, and your obvious interest in the subject is infective. Honestly I wish you were my tutor during my time at University and I can see your subscriber count and reach shooting up as people discover you. Its a niche, a proper explanation of Physics (rather than pop-culture explanations) but its one you do amazingly well. I like to give some constructive criticism to those I like, its always nice to get better, but I genuinely can't think what to suggest here.

[@moec1373]

I think I Love you

[@hoobaguy]

@@moec1373 simp.

[@JuanHernandez-mq2go]

I love smart women

[@hoobaguy]

@@JuanHernandez-mq2go SIMP

[@insolentish4529]

@@hoobaguy you're doing gods work. Keep at it , too many simps running around

[@frank4731]

Sir, I've been an electrician for 20+ years, and I've learned more in the last 28 minutes and 35 seconds than I've been taught in almost a quarter of a century. The best part is I can save it and watch it as many times as I want. I've read Ed Leedskalnins books and it's like reading the bible. It's everything you need to know, but in parables.

[@o0o-jd-o0o95]

Even before I watch this video my first thought was the hunt for red October. I hadn't read the book but it's one of my favorite movies. this guy really did a good job of explaining things that the average joe like me might not have understood otherwise.

[@ian6083]

This is still one of my all time favorite demonstrations. Would have loved to see the rail gun. Keep up the amazing work!

[@BrunoPOWEEER]

I watched the whole 28:35min... love this content.... every example and topic is explained in a super easy way anyone can understand... AWESOME!!! This channel deserves a LOT more subscribers ohhh yeaaahhh!!! I’m excited waiting for the next videos mate =]

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks! Their on the way.

[@mckenziekeith7434]

I have found that I can watch his videos at 1.5x speed with no loss of intelligibility. This saves a lot of time. I can watch a 30 minute video in 20 minutes!

[@uploadJ]

Oops ... grammar my friend ... THEY are on their way, or They're on the way ...

[@BrunoPOWEEER]

McKenzie Keith I think people would watch my videos at 0.50 speed to slow down a bit hahaha

[@phishiphishi]

0.25 more like

[@RubixB0y]

Oh man, gotta grab a snack, a notepad and sit down for this one.

[@bashkillszombies]

Who sees a video like this and thinks of food? Something tells me a mobility scooter is in your future.

[@linecraftman3907]

@@bashkillszombies brain obviously needs energy to work properly , so a snack will help

[@whatshappenedhere1784]

Are you, or have you ever been a lecturer? The way you articulate your teaching is very straight forward and easy to grasp. Rather than learning one complicated thing, it is easier to understand 20 simple things explaining the same concept.

[@randalldorris6394]

I have been told this rule many times and understood somewhat what was being explained but never to this extent. This is by far the most descriptive, simple explanation I have ever heard & now I can grasp totally how this interacts with motors/generators. Thanks for your expertise and please keep it coming. It is very seldom you find someone that can lay out the path that just about anyone can pick up & follow. I admire your work.

[@TechIngredients]

Thank you!

[@Vandal_Savage]

The KZbin recommendation algorithm scores another point! Thanks for the excellent upload! - you've earned yourself a subscriber :)

[@TechIngredients]

Great! That's good to hear as well.

[@mike.hawk_]

He's one shaven head away from cooking Fulminated Mercury to blow up Tuco's office

[@connortivoli3161]

@Grandfather_Din_Racketthat's why it's a joke, Einstein.

[@anthonyjones3345]

This guy is like Bill Nye, but better because he actually knows what he's talking about.

[@BierBart12]

Walter White if he became a youtuber instead of cooking meth.

[@anthonyjones3345]

@@BierBart12 NICE comparison!

[@Kevin-jb2pv]

@@BierBart12 I was thinking the same thing.

[@jonpennington4591]

Anthony Jones 😝

[@salvatoreshiggerino6810]

He's also like Bill Nye, but better because he's actually likeable.

[@monteceitomoocher]

This guy would make an awesome physics teacher, clear well explained and hugely entertaining, but at the same time imparting a lot of knowledge.

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@thomasm1964]

That "right hand wrap" explained in a coule of sentences what I never understood from my Physics teacher at school! Had he just done that, I would have redesigned the world by now!

[@StopChangingUsernamesYouTube]

Clickbait titles from an alternate universe: How to build a rail gun the right way! Making the ultimate rail gun - Part 1 The Build for Red October - Part 1 AMAZING liquid metal (not mercury (not clickbait)) HOW TO POWER YOUR HOME WITH YOUR KITCHEN SINK! (The electric company HATES this!) I subbed in part for the excellent educational video, and in part because you went with magnetohydrodynamics, possibly the least clickbait word on Earth.

[@charlesfile4059]

Clickbait Schmickbait uses this for positive experimentation for real-world applications!! don't forget to dream and use your imagination! Remember imagination is worth more than facts! Without imagination nothing is possible!!

[@omnigar9611]

I really hope this guy is a professor with decent students because that right there is one hell of a teacher

[@ER-zv1nr]

Channel is stacking the subscribers quick.. been awhile since I seen a channel do that.. you guys have some awesome content, im just worried you have so many projects going it will be hard to organize and finish on one at a time or however you decide to do it. I appreciate everything your sharing. By the way I have a cnc shop that does mostly prototype work and very short production runs. Ten to twenty parts. Our machines only run a couple hours a day if that.. If you ever need something complex machined It would be my honor to help with a project. We have a cnc lathe, couple vertical machining centers and a wire edm. Laser engraving equiptment and laser drilling/machining equiptment able to handle holes just a few micron straight, tapered or reverse tapered..

[@daveb5041]

That would be awesome if he had more people making parts so he could build more projects. A team effort youtube video.

[@ER-zv1nr]

Dave B they pretty much have it covered but it would be nice to help out and give back..

[@brainmind4070]

I'm pretty sure more open-ended projects just means more videos, which is fine by me. One of those rare cases where quality produces quantity.

[@LukeFoley21]

Grim Lock What brand laser engraver do you use and what for? I have a CNC machine shop that specializes in firearms, etc. we have looked at many fiber lasers and would love some advice or recommendations on what your shop prefers. Thanks!

[@ER-zv1nr]

LukeFoley21 depends do you want to deep engrave or just run serial type

[@niklar55]

I've listened to a lot of lectures, some clear, and some not very, others just confusing.. Yours must be one of the clearest I've ever listened to. The demonstration, was well presented, and easy to follow. 😊👍 .

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@JesusisJesus]

I have learned more from this guy in half an hour than I did in 6 years of High School Science, Physics & Engineering.

[@ExistenceUniversity]

You were in high school for 6 years?

[@JesusisJesus]

@@ExistenceUniversity Yes, from age 11 to 17. That's what it is called outside of the USA. Open your mind a bit. We have Junior High School from 11-15 and seniors are typically 16-18 years old.

[@ExistenceUniversity]

@@JesusisJesus Well if you are counting junior high as high school than sure. But it was a joke.

[@eyeborg3148]

25:08 "Electrical engineer schools KZbinrs on how to make a rail gun properly"

[@samuelmason8370]

Masters in mechanical engineering? Or physics? You're a very well rounded dood

[@ky5069]

I would be very curious to know more about ultra pure water corrosion in a next video

[@Mabosaha]

This was an astonishingly crystal clear presentation. Such nice ways of explaining, perfect

[@jesusrivera9698]

Very well explained and easy to follow. Noteworthy. Thank you

[@Inventive15]

Thank you for teaching me. You had me at the first "Never the less."

[@MarkDiamond]

Thank you for once again producing amazing, well explained content!

[@extol2247]

You're a smart cool guy. I love your very in depth videos. Even though they are a tad slow.

[@matthewoxley8289]

Bro, how did you get so smart? I envy men like you. Men who have the ability not to just understand complicated things but to convey these things so a simpleton like myself can enjoy even for a brief moment some complicated science. Thank you for taking time out your day to brighten mine.

[@AnthonyFrancisJones]

The current through the two parallel rods experiment is a nice one - we always demonstrate it with two strips of aluminium foil and a low voltage PSU. A few amps will make them move apart very quickly and noticeably as their mass is so low. Thanks for a great video.

[@TechIngredients]

Thank you!

[@TechIngredients]

Oh, I forgot. I'm building a theta and zeta pinch demonstration with a high voltage discharge.

[@AnthonyFrancisJones]

@@TechIngredients excellent! I know it is not quite what you were trying to demonstrate but (as you know) if you pass the current through the rods (best with aluminium foil) in the same direction (parallel) you will of course see the opposite direction of force on them to when the current is in series. I was reminded that in the days of bundles of cables on mainframe buses, as the pulses went 'along' the wires you would hear the bundle creak as the wires moved slightly due to their circular magnetic fields. Science never ceases to be wonderful!

[@brindlebriar]

Seems potentially useful when you want to propel a boat slowly without noise or turbulence, such as for fishing(to not scare the fish away) or for scenic, quiet canoe trips/wild-life viewing expeditions. Powered by solar.

[@bloodlove93]

i believe it's darpa who's currently researching it in a project called mayhem i think, idea is to shoot meolten metal encased in a magnetic bubble of sorts and via the base control, shape the field containing the metal into the ideal shape for impacting the target at whatever given angle. m basically mold a bullet mid air before it solidifies.

[@ProlificInvention]

*Tech Ingredients* Another great and informative video! I was wondering, when you were discussing the ionic liquid being able to generate more power if flowing through a narrower conductor with a higher magnetic field and more flow: if potentially a device using seawater currents or wave flow could be created to take advantage of a direct power conversion into electricity without a mechanical device necessary-direct seawater flow to electricity. Thank you

[@TechIngredients]

That is what we will demo with artificial seawater.

[@ProlificInvention]

Tech Ingredients Excellent! I instantly saw a design for a multi channel seawater flow converter in my mind's eye, so I am curious to learn more about this.

[@gunnaralv]

Prolific Invention Me too. I really like where this is going :)

[@jameswyatt1304]

Had exactly the same thought - moving salt water at-scale? How about tidal generation? I like that the emphasis is on quality and depth, rather than frequency. Outside of minor nits getting a lapel mic for outdoors (or indoors, really) and some transient autofocus issues, these are great quality videos - not overproduced, over monetized, or "look at me". I remember old articles about the USSR making MHD generators resembling rocket motors, btw. So many Popular Mechanics and Popular Science "coming soon" articles fueled the imagination. Kinda miss them, but there's KZbin, HackADay, and all, so I'm good. Thank you for the effort and interesting information.

[@claytonraines3799]

James Wyatt I don't remember if it was 60s or 70s there was some old Popular Science mechanics magazines and some old videos I believe of college students who made about a three-foot sub and which the skin reacted to saltwater created electricity needed to power it though I recently did a search on this I can no longer find information and when I do and is limited so yes there have been very many experiments with salt Waters in the ocean and taking power directly from it it's available you just have to figure out how to harness

[@kayrosis5523]

Begin with what amounts to a neat curiosity, build up to how to build a railgun. This folks, is how to teach science to kids. Great video!

[@brucemiller2172]

more details, more references Please!

[@bensons999]

If only my highschool science teachers had one tenth the passion and enthusiasm of this man.

[@heathercommonsense377]

I like how the professor starts small with a simple experiment and builds on it to so that we are able to digest the more complicated experiments at the end.

[@VioletShinobi]

7:40 "let me get my little stirrer" Ahhh I too have little stirrers. such a wonderful scientific devise. XD

[@oudotcom]

Well done. Please develop a more peaceful application than Railguns.. Cool would be a boat turbine that runs on little electric input power. Mayebe use a pulse driver PWM circuit to pulse to get higher efficiency ..many thanks.

[@GodlikeIridium]

Saltwater contains ions, but isn't an ionic liquid. Ionic liquids are liquids fully made of ions, like molten sodium chloride, but liquid at room temperature. This is a huge research field in chemistry.

[@jonsey3645]

I can't express this as intensely as I wish I could. Suffice it to say THANK YOU. Thanks for your time effort and money invested in teaching and thanks for keeping the terminology tame enough for an uneducated (in these matters) yet intensely interested consumer to be able to appreciate these modern technologies which only one century ago were absolute magic. Magic is, after all simply the manipulation of natural phenomena and demonstrating the outcome to persons less informed. You are nothing less than a wizard willing to explain how the rabbit is hidden in the hat. Thank you ever so much for opening the curtains and exposing Oz.

[@TechIngredients]

You're welcome!

[@douglasholt9337]

Thanks for taking the time to explain what is happening with these fields. Cleared things up for me. And thanks for skipping the thump music that so many consider so necessary to teaching.

[@TheHellogs4444]

thump music?

[@Linktw0]

Legend says humans automatically level-up if they sub to this guy 👌

[@kevinerhartjr.273]

He got mine!!!

[@SameBasicRiff]

...annnnnd sub'd! this makes me feel like im getting a college lecture from one of those god like memorable professors.

[@TechIngredients]

Thank you!

[@rellevarTemiT]

He has a lapel mic on, why is the volume increasing when the camera is getting closer? I love these videos, but the audio volumes are all over the place.

[@mavos1211]

I am surprised the nanny culture of KZbin hasn’t jumped all over this, but extremely glad because this channel is awesome! Tech ingredients should consider doing courses for paying customers! Maybe set up a virtual classroom? You got your first paying customer right here.

[@TechIngredients]

We sorta have. Patreon and KZbin provide funding that offsets the cost of the channel. The subject matter is chosen and organized to entice the viewer deeper into the science and engineering and because most learning doesn't occur in the classroom, they can run with it.

[@why_though]

You manage to sprinkle entirely new pieces of knowledge into something I have heard a hundred times. Awesome.

[@ceejayrob]

When he brings out the liquid metal I thought, ‘that must be gallium’. Then he says ‘this alloy contains no gallium’. Doh! Back to school for me 😳

[@aaronmathes8328]

"contains no cadmium", the alloy does contain gallium

[@SirFancyPants21]

​ Aaron Mathes He said it contains neither gallium nor cadmium... It is comprised of lead, bismuth, tin and indium only.

[@martyisabeliever]

How about a lecture on Molten Salt Reactors Please. Subbed & Notified!

[@vickihall-kanesta399]

My grandson knows how that works

[@parinda1001]

@@vickihall-kanesta399 What your grandson knows?

[@paulie-g]

.. with a demo ;) Honestly, they're not that different from WW reactors. You're just trading on set of engineering challenges for another.

[@vidznstuff1]

You're clearly not paying attention. He doesn't do lectures, he does engineering. You could ask him to build a salt water reactor, though.

[@Seppstone]

if you are looking at an electron moving from - to + you actually need the left hand rule to get the field´s rotation...

[@maanerotte]

I am always impressed by the amount of preparation you do for your videos. Both practical and informational. And I love how you explain everything. Keep up the good work. With kind regards Thomas

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@jimbush8325]

I finally grasp the whole theory of a rail gun totally and I want to thank you for explaining another concept that has elude me for yrs. The contain that your shows are the very best, Thank you and please keep them coming. I have learned so much more then I would have ever imagined possible. I'm hooked !

[@Archin-dn4bp]

I didn’t understand anything, but it was very interesting)

[@Ferocioussquirrel]

"If I was working for the soviets I would have probably ended up in Siberia" LOL

[@MrRolnicek]

Lead isn't much safer than mercury (in its metallic form) though, is it?

[@TechIngredients]

They are both health hazards especially when combined with organic molecules, but the volitility/low vapor pressure of mercury increases your potential exposure.

[@MrRolnicek]

But surely the volatility/low vapor pressure is tied to it being liquid, no? So the lead in this case would be equally volatile? I'm not saying it's dangerous what you're doing, I know that in the metallic form even mercury is reasonably safe to handle but I'd think if you make lead a liquid it's the same as mercury, no?

[@TechIngredients]

Good question and the answer is interesting. If we were talking the pure metals then the general relationship you state would apply. But, in this case the interpolation of one kind of metal between other types of metals prevents, orderly, low energy packing and solidification. Yet, the thermal energy of the metal is low. There is not much knetic energy to drive these metal atoms through the surface tension of the droplets (obviously high as you can see in the video) into the atmosphere.

[@MrRolnicek]

That is indeed very interesting. So this would mean that NaK will also vaporize more slowly than mercury even though the atoms of both metals are MUCH lighter than mercury (and as such have higher velocities at the same temperature)? How universal is this? Does salt water vaporize more slowly than fresh water? This topic just became more interesting than magnetohydrodynamics if I understood the concept correctly (something tells me I didn't though).

[@MrRolnicek]

@The Undiscovered Country The mercury works better and it's MUCH easier to see. However a thwrmometer is especially dangerous because it can brake without you noticing. If you want to know how bad mercury is just watch Cody's Lab. He's been messing with it a lot and then got a medical test on mercury levels.

[@robertwaid6988]

Exceptional teaching skills from a scientific genius. Very rare combination indeed.

[@tacosattack282]

You've got a skill for explaining complex concepts clearly and concisely. You'd make a great lecturer.

[@ikaeksen]

26:55 Butterfly came on window to spy on your lab SIR!!!

[@swinfi2]

at about 11 minutes you say electrolysing water produces hydrogen and oxygen, thats true, but also the salt in the water is electrolysed producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide, if theirs no membrane you end up with bleach. You're better using something like sodium carbonate if your doing this as a demonstration.

[@TechIngredients]

That's true, if we want to demonstrate electrolysis.

[@YodaWhat]

Also, chlorine ions can attack nickel, and most other electrode materials, and chlorine gas is not something you want to breathe! Stainless steel electrodes can be quickly destroyed by even the small amount of chlorine in 'city water' from the tap. For water-based operation, I recommend using an electrolyte of sodium hydroxide in water, or lithium hydroxide if you can obtain it. Small ions of low mass move faster, which means less resistance and more current.

[@TechIngredients]

You are correct. However, we are limited for the purposes of MHD power generation from seawater as opposed to dedicated electrolysis for hydrogen/oxygen production. Very thin electrodes from a metal like tantalum or coated, bi-layer electrodes or even SiC electrodes are options. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022311502009509

[@OddWorlderer]

When I heard farenheit I got disappointed... I selfishly want either Kelvin or Celcius.

[@brucemiller2172]

If possible, all metric, please!

[@jackt6112]

Baloney! Use what you work in. Forget the politically correct nonsense. We know how to convert.

[@eazygamer8974]

where was this guy when i was in high school science class. Best 25 minute science lesson i ever had!

[@SgtAwesome97]

That explanation at the beginning, I finally understand how railguns work. I have yet to find someone who explains it easily and you did it perfectly.

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@tommyhill199]

I hear this is why you can't hear The Red October.

[@DJenser]

The plot point in the book was that the caterpillar drive had no moving parts, which was why it was nearly silent. It didn't produce any noise consistent diesel or steam-powered (nuclear) submarines.

[@title1091]

I know how it works. Now I know why... Sort of. 10:39 I now know how a t-1000 works

[@DrFumesta]

I just wanna be able to tell people I know a little bit about "Magnetohydrodynamics" and watch the stupid face wash over them. lol

[@Firedrop2]

This is my favorite video on the internet. Thank you so much for your thorough explanations.

[@abarbar06]

I study plasma physics and we use MHD very often. We participate in outreach events to show some science to the public, especially kids. I love the saltwater rail! I’m definitely going to put one together for a future outreach event. Thanks for these great videos!

[@TechIngredients]

Sure! We're planning a video where we generate a current from a potassium seeded rocket exhaust.

[@jamesanderson478]

Great Channel. Very professional and right to the point. No corney jokes or nonsense. Learned more here in 20 minutes than days on other videos.

[@TechIngredients]

Great, thanks!

[@MikeyMystery45]

Dude. I'm convinced you're one of the few people on earth with the knowledge to save us from ourselves and all of the stupid things we do as humans.

[@linz8291]

Wow…fantastic perspectives! Let more wise people building something on earth, we can traveling as galactic civilization. Do not disappointed in or waste time to the stupid things, you can do it.

[@ShortGuyShadows]

WOW! You helped me to understand several things I had no idea how they worked. This video is awesome. Thanks.

[@TechIngredients]

Great!

[@M3t4lik]

Most educational and professionally presented. The lab demos were great ! Thankyou

[@WilliamRNicholsonLST-1195]

Nice setup and the thyristor reminded me of my old Navy days when we started replacing thyratron tubes with early versions of thyristors. New tech wasn't nearly as reliable then but sure did improve my radars performance when the system worked well. My PFN bit me once after the so-called Eggspurt in my shack told me he gave up on trying to repair my radar . Eggspurt said he discharged my PFN but he clearly didn't . I flew across the room quickly and awoke about 20 or 30 minutes later.

[@brianc7552]

I didn't think this was possible, but after you explained it so thoroughly, it makes sense. Great video!

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@eddielewiskulumbwa5122]

This man is brilliant, he sure knows what he's talking about.,.......

[@breakingtoast2255]

KZbin is brilliant you learn something interesting everyday with brilliant minded uploaders of coarse .

[@philippecote831]

I,m an electronic technician, and this was very well presented! I will look if you guys are working on John Hutchison experimentation on anti gravity! And also on the primer field theory, that the unificatrice force is really electricity! Even gravity is electric!

[@ronaldkirkland9859]

Normally a nerd can design a machine but when it comes to actually turning the wrench he's out of his or her element but with this guy he's the best of both ends of workshop. He can design and build and he's super smart but not in a way that makes you want to dunk his head in the toilet. I commend you my good man and keep up the good work. One more thing I like about his methods is he'll show you a couple different ways to do something and then show you what way works the best and why. Rock on smart dude I got your back anytime.

[@TechIngredients]

Thanks!

[@newguy6935]

I remember reading about MHD 45 years ago and talking to a teacher about it. Then it just disappeared - never to be heard about again. If I remember correctly, the talk at that time was about putting magnets on coal smokestacks.

[@jagc1969]

One of the most interesting channels I have ever seen.

[@TechIngredients]

Thank you!

[@ch3no2killz]

They ran an article in "Popular Science" years ago where they were salting the 130MPH exhaust gasses from the boilers then running them through coils embedded in ceramic pipe then recovering some of the salts before they discharge from the stack, using the EHD to recover wasted energy from the gases. Bottom line the exhaust particulate was so abrasive it ate through the ceramic and was deemed to expensive to maintain for the recovery process to be cost effective. Retired Electrician.IBEW Local #1. Really a good movie for an ole Squid and a fan of Sean C.!

[@TechIngredients]

We're looking at gas driven MHD generation and the chalange is that the gas needs to be electrically conductive and salt seeding won't do this without ionization which requires extremely high temperatures, incandescence is not enough. There are some tricks published in various papers which may work.

[@fjs1111]

MHD is incredible, you're experiments and explanations were well done. The Hunt for the Red October was the first thing that came to mind!