The DNA of Ice Age Europe: A Conversation With Dr. Cosimo Posth

[@StefanMilo]

Double release! Check out my vid on life during the aurignacian here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pqeTg6aZdtqgo7M

[@bushyrho1674]

Hey Stefan can we have access to the thumbnails and beautiful paintings.

[@CDNShuffle]

can we get a Stefan Milo Only Fans with different early hominid poses

[@GabrielCalarco]

I was missing your videos Stefan, great as always!!

[@adam-k]

Could someone tell me what does light skin and dark skin mean in this context? Especially when it is referred as darker skin. Darker than what? Are we talking about red hair white skin, burns to crisp on the sun, Estonian light. Or are we talking about brown hair light skin, tans when needed Iranian light? Are we talking about Nilotic jet black dark or San milk chocolate dark or Iranian middle eastern dark? Are we talking about darker than night sky darker or darker than milk darker? Are native Americans dark skinned in this context? Or are we talking about "Meh, Europeans probably had somewhat darker skin and hair than today."

[@roberthofmann8403]

Thanks for spelling Aurignacion. I thought you were saying Auroch Nation, as in the Aurochs, which would be a cool name for an ancient society.

[@ChrisOSemrik]

I 100% could and WOULD listen to 5 hours of this fascinating conversation.

[@yegirish]

For being a half hour recorded phone call with an academic, this was hella interesting. I really appreciate the work you put into this channel. Thanks!

[@BruskRD]

I missed you man, thank you again for posting

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks for watching!

[@Matt_The_Hugenot]

Ditto.

[@thethirdjegs]

Same here. I've been wondering about the lack of recommendations about you. 😁

[@lexington476]

I really like your documentary-style prehistory videos. This is what the History Channel and Discovery Channel used to be. These are very well edited videos.

[@mtolman4449]

Yes 👍

[@bc4198]

That change can only mean one thing: aliens.

[@heffo67]

@@bc4198 Haha obviously aliens, of course and don't forget looking for gold and when they reach bedrock there *COULD* be a fortune in gold sitting on top of it...but alas there never is.

[@russelledwards001]

@@bc4198 definitely aliens… either lots of them, or one giant robotic one.

[@lukefitzgerald6043]

Those old school productions were overblown and overproduced. Stefan's to the point style and personality blow them out of the water. This is why I love KZbin. Hopefully the algorithm doesn't ruin it!

[@conorfennell8475]

This is sooooo valuable. Its advanced genetic anthropologic science journalism. Taking the complex and giving it to us lamens

[@tableslam]

Man I love it when you have experts on to talk about their specific area of study - fascinating to hear the information straight from the folks who are doing the research on it. I hope you continue to make videos like this

[@w7mjr]

Thanks for your interview with Dr. Cosimo Posth. He was so clear and very enlightening.

[@juanpascallucianobravado6112]

Totally worth the time. I could listen to him for hours on this topic.

[@emilyspencer305]

The fact that you published this video when this is a topic I've been researching in my free time..I'm loving this so much

[@alistairlawrie6831]

Was hoping this would last a good hour or so. Love it cant wait for you to have him back.

[@niclas9990]

Whoa, double upload?? You're really coming through for me Thursday.

[@danscalone8110]

It continues to amaze me what is found and how long we've actually been around. Great work, thank you.

[@Neilhuny]

Absolutely fascinating conversation! Thank you Dr Cosimo Posth for the detailed and expert knowledge.

[@silentscreamthroe]

Haven't watched the video yet, but I just wanted to say that I'm super excited and thank you so so so much for all your great content

[@fgialcgorge7392]

What a great interview. This is my favorite area of study. Dr. Posth was fantastic and you were asking some great questions. This is why the internet should exist.

[@thecuriousrabbit9980]

This was an excellent interview with a knowledgeable guest, very informative and an interesting subject as well. Thanks so much!

[@winc06]

What a good interview with each person listening to the other. And such a great supplement to your aurignacian video. Thank you. Look forward to the five hours with Dr. Posth.

[@TheCookofthehouse]

Yes I could go on for hours listening to this conversation of yours. Because it contains such interesting information, I keep coming back to it over and over again. Thanks. .

[@TheCookofthehouse]

No doubt! I could stay over 5 hours listening to this guy. Thanks for your extremely interesting Chanel.

[@William1942-t2w]

Yes, to the good doctor. This viewer appreciates your participation, and the information you shared. Thank you.

[@Pipsqwak]

I can't wait for more ancient DNA to be found and compared. It's such an exciting time.

[@TheLincolnrailsplitt]

Check out Milo's current view on DNA. kzbin.info_sqJvszNdd4?si=GCBkzt1yoC5rI9K0

[@rocroc]

Perhaps the best audio recorded video I have heard. Sometimes a bit difficult to understand but so much information covered here. Thanks.

[@jamesr3743]

MORE COSIMO!!!! Love it. and Stefan, you're a good interviewer, man. Keep it up

[@susiestockton-link3902]

It's always a pleasure to listen to an expert in a field explain the latest scientific insights; thank you, Stefan. One life enriched!

[@afptoronto1]

I'm loving this sudden burst of new content Stefan!

[@gooner72]

I've not long found your channel mate and it's thoroughly enjoyable and extremely interesting. Top work mate!!

[@HavardStreAndresen]

Wow... Great talk on a fascinating subject. Well done both of you!

[@kwennemar]

Wow! Thank You both for such a great discussion.

[@NikiHolmes]

Fascinating! And yes, he could definitely listen to you both talk for hours!

[@SandyRiverBlue]

We ducking loved it. Thanks so much for your time Dr. Post.

[@sortingoutmyclothes8131]

This is really fascinating. Thank you Stefan for the Video and thank you Dr Posth for the interview. I did not know about the replacement of the hunter gatherer population by another hunter gatherer population later in the Mesolithic.

[@joelmattsson9353]

So, the earliest modern humans in Europe contributed comparatively little to modern European DNA, but I would have loved to hear some stats on later paleolithic cultures contributions to modern European DNA, and if any of these groups contributed significantly to any non European populations. The paleolithic is such a criminally overlooked period of human history, despite being 95%+ of it.

[@greatjohnnym]

A really Great interview please talk more . And what he has revealed allows us to shine a light into those hidden Ages.

[@jayanthkumar7964]

Such a humble, well-spoken man.

[@red-baitingswine8816]

He seems to have a deeply objective pov (like a scientist).

[@KevinArdala01]

So pleased I found this chennel, this was a really interesting talk. I wish there was an animation to go along with it really: it gets so confusing trying to picture all the cultures, peoples and their migrations, I can't help think it would be a great learning aid, especially for how the hunter gatherers mixed with one another. Like I said, excellent content. 😜👍

[@MP-hh3lo]

€€$$££₽₽¥¥

[@bobcrotty8726]

@@MP-hh3lo qq

[@anti-ethniccleansing465]

@@bobcrotty8726 Bob the boomer here trying to put down a perfectly normal idea, by using gamer speak from 10 years ago. Lol - gotta love it.

[@RhodeIslandWildlife]

A very interesting conversation, thank you.

[@rycolligan]

I really could listen to Dr. Posth's accent for like 10 hours.

[@helenamcginty4920]

This old video has just appeared in my feed. Looking forward to watching later when I can relax.

[@mentordepret7951]

Extremely interesting interview, thx for sharing Stefan.

[@elischrock5356]

Yes, I could definitely listen to him for 5 hours.

[@IndependentThinker74]

Thanks for the interview. One Suggestion: Please consider using a few basic visual aids (maps, charts, graphs)) to assist the listener.

[@silverdragon710]

this👆🏻👆🏻

[@casteretpollux]

A colour coded timeline was what I was longing for.

[@casteretpollux]

@Pojka Go right ahead if you've got time.

[@mcRydes]

excellent conversation, lots of great detail.

[@uttcftptid4481]

Stefan Milo is my spirit animal.

[@bonnieskilton3247]

Your best video yet! Loved it.

[@RelayerTC]

Fascinating interview, thank you very much!

[@t.v.6503]

Yeeeeaah, finaly New video!!

[@gerryparker1390]

I really enjoyed that interview.

[@kimsikoryak3830]

Great stuff. Thanks again, Stefan!

[@vonderloo3184]

Yes, absolutely loved it! Thank you!

[@kanamesuzaku1138]

Now this just makes me wonder more?like what was Siberia and East Asia like🤔

[@alexdunphy3716]

Siberia was largely home to a population called ancient north Eurasians, which are ancestors to both Europeans and native Americans

[@kanamesuzaku1138]

@@alexdunphy3716 and ancient north Siberian’s, as well as paleo Siberian’s

[@fudgedogbannana]

Siberia, icy. East Asia, very cold. We tend to forget that the ice age.

[@JackHawkinswrites]

@@fudgedogbannana Not so, the remains of the mastodon found in Siberia indicate that 12,000 years ago, it was a very pleasant place, with moderate temperatures and lots of grazing opportunities for herds of hundreds of thousands of individuals.

[@dawnpalmby5100]

I imagine in to be similar to the tundra in canada is today, just colder when the bearing sea bridge was opened the ice receded eastward and people followed the caribou into what we call north America. The Gwich'en in the arctic have stories that go back generations 10's of thousands of years. Inuit and other Natives have stories of multiple mass migrations to North America. More genome tracing needs to be done but I do remember hearing that theres a variation showing they could survive in extremely cold conditions similar to the way Sherpa in the Himalayan mountains can survive at extremely high altitudes

[@MrJpm1989]

Cutting edge research done and taught here 100% . To me this is my candy so thank you so so much for bringing this to us. I always knew your jeans wear good he he .♥️🤸‍♂️

[@alastairbrewster4274]

Dear Stefan , I love your channel. Have you ever considered attempting to interview one of the many “scientists” ppl who believe in some kind of technological antediluvian civilisation? It would be very interesting imho

[@Peter-ri9ie]

A perfect start of the weekend. Thanks, mate.

[@pierheadjump]

😎 Thanks Stefan Cosimo ⚓️

[@Sunmonks]

Great conversation, love these discussions you’re having, longer form works well for this kind of this IMO.

[@MegaMar20]

Such a pleasure Stefan and Dr Posth

[@tycarlisle7436]

Thank you for this! Much love for the great content. Keep it up!

[@mickdipiano8768]

Yea I wanted to hear more. Another great interview.

[@mickdipiano8768]

Two videos? You really made my day

[@davideforesti7556]

Great stuff!! Grande Cosimo! Thanks for sharing

[@Dovietail]

I just love saying "Max Planck Institute." It sounds so hard core.

[@adhitripras8945]

Time stamp?

[@nhojleahcim47]

for me it's the daystrom institute from Star Trek. 🤣🤣🤣

[@donaldclifford5763]

Actually several dozen locations, mostly in Europe. This one is the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. See WIKI page for list of about 60 others: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Max_Planck_Institutes

[@warmbabaganoush4825]

Fascinating topic. Missed your videos, hope you're doing well!

[@frankcostanza9293]

I'm so proud of you dude you went from unknown to a house hold name with your passion

[@usernamesrlamo]

Seems the main reason why ancient Europeans contributed so little would simply be because the small original population was simply diluted by the many waves of later migrants who bit by bit diluted the original DNA.

[@elenenglishiq9564]

We should have better learned it)))) not to lose our one)

[@bbirda1287]

I watched the series from Stanford Intro to Human Behavioural Biology, and he said one of the keys to fast evolution rather than the slow genetic clock was having genes (so called junk DNA) that govern series of other genes, kind of trigger mechanisms, where small changes in the governors could produce great changes for the entire series of individual gene expressions, so the presence of one gene wouldn't necessarily be functional without the particular governor.

[@3000waterman]

Look into the work of Warwick Collins. He died some years ago, and his research is now being vindicated.

[@mrblackmamba117]

So junk DNA isn't junk after all

[@MatejHajnal]

@@mrblackmamba117 No and no. It is not.

[@NinaNina-pj9bg]

Yes! Absolutely loved the talk.

[@marktwist1495]

Two great new videos Stefan.

[@satyr1349]

Thankyou for this focus on other side of the study of our multiple groups of ancestors in pre history.

[@0kedoke]

Congrats on 69k subs! (So glad to see new videos from you)

[@jclcrow2621]

Great interview. Thanks!

[@ahmetfire9509]

Just wanted to say thanks for getting Me into our worlds history.

[@davidmcmullen9882]

Converstaion/conversation, outstanding, thanks

[@Hidebehind-500]

This great video definitely helps with my research on this topic.

[@krisinsaigon]

This is very interesting as ever, thanks When the Dr said that they had found the ancestral form of the genes that encode for lighter skin in the ice age genomes, I thought “I wonder though if maybe they had mutations in different genes that gave them pale skin and we have pale skin as well through convergent evolution?”, and then he said the same thing, which made me feel like chuffed

[@davidmcnay]

Europeans and East Asians both have light skin due to convergent evolution. Different mutations arose in both populations.

[@casteretpollux]

What neither of them said was why they were looking wistfully for evidence of earlier whiteness when there isn't any. The point is that the grain based low vitamin D diet is a pretty good reason for that mutation to survive and expand over territory. Poor but reliable diet and cloudy skies.

[@bmoneybby]

@@casteretpollux I've seen your comments like this before. You should learn more about genetics first, then comment more.

[@casteretpollux]

@@bmoneybby The essential thing to know about genes and evolution is that survival is what matters. Random mutations are thrown up. Some favour survival and production of progeny who survive, others not. Those that favour survival e.g. ability to digest grain and milk, in a farming culture, will survive through crises much better than those who can't and will pass these mutations on to their children. And those who have light skin will absorb more vitamin D will not get rickets so will not die in childbirth and will experience more live births. I checked maps. There is only very broad correlation between solar radiation and light or dark skin. There is very close correlation between the post 8,000 bc grain farming areas and light skin and close correlation with very light skin and lactose tolerance ( This appeared mainly 5,000 bc onwards). In northern climates clothes are worn and less sun received to make Vit D. Vit D enables healthy childbirth and helps resist infection. This would in my view entirely explain the prevailing patterns of skin colour. No skin colour is in any way superior to any other. They are merely the result of food + climate.

[@mattpotter8725]

@@casteretpollux Having read your earlier comment, and maybe I'm wrong, but you almost suggest that they have an agenda for looking for earlier whiteness in populations. What you say later makes sense, but I think they are just interested in finding out the truth and if you don't investigate you'll never know. The scientific method isn't too say, here's a hypothesis, that makes sense, that just be true. It may have occurred earlier, we just don't know, we are learning all the time. At present the evidence suggests it was adaptation to the environment, but I think Stefan's questions were excellent and very interesting ones. I'm certain white skin developed as a beneficial gene mutation to living in a more northerly, cooler climates and all the effects that go with this, reduced sunlight, ice, diet possible in areas with this kind of climate. Knowing when it occurred and in which populations in and around the last ice age I find very interesting and is nothing to do with trying to prove something. The scientific method is that you put forward a hypothesis, you collect the data, analyse it, and then form a conclusion. It isn't that you form a hypothesis and then go and find evidence to back it up whilst discarding evidence that doesn't. That is what some pseudo scientists do, but I don't think that's what's going on here.

[@Artur_M.]

Both videos were really fascinating!

[@repeat_defender]

Excellent conversation, very interesting.

[@NachtmahrNebenan]

The coolest intro music, Stefan! 🎵🎶😎

[@WillaLamour]

Awesome stuff, Gentlemen. Thank you.

[@lakrids-pibe]

16:51: "Around 14 000 years ago, there's a very important event called bowling alert" says the subtitles. That's hilarious. The Bølling-Allerød warming is named after a site (actually two) in Denmark in northern Sjælland. The warm period ended with the younger Dryas. Speaking of Denmark: Lola from Lolland (Syltholm) is a 5700 old genome extracted from a piece of chewing gum (chewing pitch , really). The individual who chewed the pitch was a woman with dark skin and hair and blue eyes. (Western european hunter gatherer) Her latest meal before she chewed gum was included hazelnuts and and mallard. She was also likely lactose intolerant. I never get tired of telling people about the island in Denmark that is actually called Lol-land. It's not a joke, that is the name.

[@someopinion2846]

Also in the subtitles: 'origination' should be 'Aurignacian'

[@OrpheoCT]

24:30 it should read "and then admixing" not "and then not mixing", quite the opposite! (Sorry I know this comment and video are old, but I found that mistake to be quite the mistranscription and I'm grifting onto this sort of related thread)

[@jdnw85]

Love the information. Although I had a small OCD event with the "converstaion" mispelling.

[@StefanMilo]

Lol I can't believe I missed that 😔

[@jdnw85]

@@StefanMilo dude you are an inspiration. I am actually writting a book against the position of Graham Hancock & Friends for spanish speaking people. Thank you for your work

[@huahindan]

Thank you for this!

[@sophos.sophos]

very interesting, really enjoying your channel

[@bennichols1113]

missed you. hope baby and mum are doing well. on with the show.

[@nicelydunwell5681]

Great info. thanks for posting!

[@simonward-horner7605]

You're back! Hoorah!

[@theman5946]

thanks for asking that last question, I didn't know that they had updated the Neanderthal the study, I'm glad to know that we aren't losing them, they live through us

[@dragosmihailazar2638]

Thank you !!

[@polespinosa4858]

It'd be nice if dr. Cosimo could reach you out to Vanessa Villalba-Mouco to talk about the genetics of the Iberian peninsula, were it seems there was an even mixture of villabruna and magdalenian associated Goyet ancestry.

[@fgialcgorge7392]

That last question you got in was huge in my opinion. I have often found myself wondering that very thing and not to toot my own horn I came to conclusion that the genetic input from our neanderthal cousins had to be stable. Being that it's still here after 35 millennia or more and is rather uniform across all of eurasia, any population or group coming into europe from eurasia would be injecting a similar percentage. Where it gets interesting is if we looked at the neanderthal gene input through populations who haven't moved around much throughout eurasia, what neanderthal genes would they carry that another stagnant population across eurasia do not? Say an east asian man compared to a scandinavian man? What are the neanderthal genes doing in each man and where are they located on the genome? What about merging people groups from different ancestral parts of eurasia? If a man and woman from those separate groups married and each had two percent neanderthal dna but in completely different parts of their respective genomes, would their child have a higher percentage of neanderthal dna or would the homo sapien genes be dominant? Now toss in the denisovan and we've got a party.

[@Pipsqwak]

Latest studies show that East Asians, Melanesians, and Pacific Islanders carry Denisovan genes as well as Neandertal genes - and that there were at least two different branches of the Denisovan tree. One in Siberia contributed to the East Asian gene pool, while one in Southeast Asia contributed to those in Australia, Melanesia, and the Pacific Islands. My own humble opinion is that these genes from our cousins must be essential in some way to our survival, so they have been conserved in our modern genomes over vast periods of time in spite of all our migrations, intermixing, different environmental pressures, and so forth.

[@fgialcgorge7392]

@@Pipsqwak I agree.

[@Noosa21]

Great interview!

[@seumasnatuaighe]

A very interesting discussion which would have benefitted from some graphics covering time, geography and genetic inputs and replacements.

[@kevinmurphy65]

So awesome and informative!

[@skipinkoreaable]

Thanks for this awesome video.

[@UpcycleElectronics]

Thanks for the great upload.

[@ashleytaylor3980]

Excellent interview

[@TheBurtonian]

I was thinking the other day arent Stefan going ro post soon and BOOM a souble wammer!

[@pavelsanda3149]

It was extremely interesting. Please, do more interviews with Dr Posth. :)

[@GrayPennell]

I am reading Carlos Quiles Collectories Venatoresque, Agricolae Pastoresque (you can get it in English) its a three volume set starting with 48000-12000 covering genetics , language and cultures through out Europe and Middle East with side trips to Asia when needed.

[@gsalien2292]

Thank you for the recommendation!

[@Seekerofknowledges]

Thank you Stephan ❤️

[@mwj5368]

Great you presented this discussion Stefan! Thanks for the time you have given to make this possible. I'm wondering... if they can look at DNA from 30,000 years ago and link it to Europeans of today, then can they also look at the ancient DNA and find who their ancestors were too? Can they go back in time to even earlier ancestry via the DNA from 30,000 years ago? It seems maybe they could go back thousands of years even earlier too. Just my amateur thought.

[@michaels4255]

First they will have to recover a sample of that even earlier DNA with which to compare the DNA from 30kya.

[@mwj5368]

@@michaels4255 Hi Michael! I thought maybe they already had earlier DNA and I also have to laugh at myself as the farther back in time the less likelihood the DNA would survive as time and preservation I think is a huge factor. I wonder too if DNA "fossilizes". Maybe with quantum computing and artificial intelligence combined with perhaps mechanical engineering that maybe in the future they will be able to extract and decode fossilized DNA if there is such a thing. I remember on one of my adventures in the Western US I met a paleontologist who was ecstatic because his assistant, his 7 yr old daughter found a monkey fossil that also had a fossilized brain and he said that was a very rare find. He said his daughter had a remarkable talent in finding fossils. I just came back counting the years as that "7 yr old daughter" would be 39 yrs old now ha! Life is perpetual learning and discovery!

[@salmanuel4053]

Actually they can go back in the DNA to identify "ghost species," people who show up in the genome but for whom we have no fossils. One species they have found is the Basal Eurasians. The remarkable thing they can say about this group is that they somehow became isolated from human ancestors, and they never bred with the Neanderthals. The Basal Eurasians were discoverd by looking into ancient DNA and going further back in time.