The Fall of Singapore 1942 Animated - The Largest Surrender in British History

[@historigraph]

The dramatic conclusion to the Malaya 1941 series is here! If you enjoyed it, please do consider buying a poster: historigraph.creator-spring.com/listing/the-battle-for-malaya Or support on Patreon: www.patreon.com/historigraph Or just watching more videos about Malaya from the playlist: kzbin.info/aero/PLk2daSTx1RZutv3b8jZl1AOdq0PNZ8JQl

[@readhistory2023]

If they had HE rounds for the guns they might have held out longer and killed more Japanese but still lost in the end but there simply weren't enough bodies to defend the the entire island. I'm thinking maybe 1/2 the island and he'd have to get the civilians to lend a hand.

[@kangmw94]

Good Channel!! 😎😎👍👍

[@eldricliew6223]

Nothing to do with men. They just needed to use barbed wire and ditches. Let's put it this way : Japanese soldiers who were starved put up much stiffer resistance against the might of the USMC and USN. Having everything under constant battleship fire is not fun, but soil is a perfectly good armor / concealment. The Japanese tanks were also very light. A 50 cal would go straight through the armour, the only thing that's required is to stop it. Unfortunately very little defenses were built since December... To avoid alarming the populace.

[@FirstNameLastName-tg3rc]

(4:13) Let me guess, the Japanese will land at the north-east? (Edit) (4:59) Called it.

[@QuizmasterLaw]

We all know imperial Japan committed horrible war crimes. Did China and/or North Korea commit similar atrocities during the Korean war or against Vietnam during China's 1979 punitive expedition?

[@austrakaiser4793]

Britain: [Loses Singapore] Australia: What do we do now? Britain: What do YOU do now

[@Elitist20]

Australia [on phone]: Hello, America?

[@herosstratos]

There are indeed two different “we“ in the Malaysian language: “Kami" does not include the person addressed (eg: Kami sudah berpindah minggu lepas) "Kita" does include the person addressed (eg: Mari kita pergi)

[@rmcl7583]

Australia: NANI?

[@paulbabcock2428]

@@herosstratos In Ilakano, a Philippine language, there are three forms of "we": 1. including the listener, 2. excluding the listener, 3. just those two-the speaker and listener only.

[@stephenchappell7512]

Take a look at troop composition Those soldiers in Malaya and Singapore were primarily Indian and Australian

[@Minboelf]

interesting fact: During the occupation period,the first PM of Singapore narrowly escape death by bluffing a Japanese soldier that he want to get his belongings first.

[@lawsonj39]

Buffling? What are you talking about?

[@jakemillar649]

@@lawsonj39 I think he means bluffing.

[@shengyi1701]

LKY played Jedi mind tricks on him and that was crucial to history of my country. “You don’t need to see my identification … I’m not the one you’re looking for. I may go about my business. Move along!’ And move along he did!

[@Ealsante]

@@lawsonj39 In Singapore and Malaysian colloquial English, to bluff is to trick or deceive. As in 'call someone's bluff'.

[@MrGalagoth]

@@Ealsante it means that in standard English as well

[@timmccarthy872]

Singapore: (is an island) Britain: "Defense +100"

[@magicplayer84]

Then, no sufficient reinforcement and supplies arrive Defense -500 And a few moments later , water supply cut off Defense -10000

[@csor_1445]

@@magicplayer84 also, broken morale due to no water: 20% increase in surrender limit

[@talleywa5772]

General: "but Mr prime Minister, can't portions of the island be hit with coastal artillery shells from the mainland?" Churchill: "it's cool I used console commands."

[@hedgehog3180]

This is Churchill who also thought that Galipoli was the perfect place for an invasion of Turkey, he clearly is not adept at assessing the defensive strength of positions.

[@TheNinjaDC]

Singapore’s commander is Perceval. Defense -1000

[@DIY_Miracle]

My great grandfather fought in the British Malay forces. Last my family heard of him was a letter retrieved in 1946 written in 1943 discussing how he alongside other Malay/Singapore born Brits were fighting a guerrilla campaign behind the Japanese lines. Thank you for this video series Historigraph, this means a lot to me.

[@booaks2980]

Free buy hong Kong? Wut?

[@DIY_Miracle]

@@booaks2980 Bad translation lol. Without the buy bit

[@booaks2980]

@@DIY_Miracle oh ok

[@_aragornyesyes_7171]

has his body been found or..?

[@DIY_Miracle]

@@_aragornyesyes_7171 No, sadly

[@Ren_Takamiya]

As a Malaysian person, this is one of the history that we missed sometimes in history book. Since i find out you making content about Malay and Singapore, it is nice to see what have happened and what is outnumbered and by who. Also, we all know Adnan bin Saidi were stab to death multiple time. That was the bravest man in history of Malayan and Singapore.

[@shehzad_ali]

Thank you for that. It was very interesting to read about Adnan Bin Saidi.

[@Ealsante]

Lt. Adnan was a true hero.

[@shansuleiman2567]

@@Tsar_NicholasIII Hi, Lt. Adnan was in C Company of Malay Regiment's 1st Battalion. Tasked to defend the Pasir Panjang Ridge. He felled at the Opium Hill. He was awarded, posthumously, 3 medals by British government for the gallant efforts. Widely considered a war hero by both Malaysia and Singapore.

[@1chai]

Malaysian history syllabus covers Arabian history more than South East Asia history.

[@zaarif2246]

@@1chai not we cover more about South east asia, the only arabian history we cover is arrived of islam and that only half of chapter. the rest starting from kedah tua to independent.

[@Lykas_mitts]

12:00 You didn't mention, the Japanese also attempted to bypass the defense of LT Adnan by disguising themselves as Sikh Troops with turbans and blackface. Only to be caught by LT Adnan because they marched in 4 columns instead of the British 3.

[@zahruliman6407]

Nice info..i think i heard this. What a clever tactic by japan

[@trollege9618]

@@zahruliman6407 but what an even clever finding of the disguised troops

[@otten5666]

@@zahruliman6407 Clever? did you miss the part where it didn't work?

[@muwuny]

@@otten5666 And is a war crime.

[@dk418]

@@muwuny It isn't war crime to disguise as enemy troops as long as you don't wear enemy uniforms. Japanese didn't wear British uniforms, so it's all fair.

[@killerofdisco1482]

The way you illustrated troop numbers and troop deployment was perfect. Plus the poster is a great idea. Please keep it up.

[@djtrainspotter]

I recommend the book 'The Jungle Is Neutral' by Freddie Spencer Chapman DSO on how he survived years behind enemy lines in Malaya. One of the most intriguing books i have ever read.

[@michaelb9529]

outstanding book, my friends father-in-law let me read it. He was ex SAS and fought during the Malaysian Emergency

[@redstar5883]

@@michaelb9529 tell you friend's FIL that i thank him gratefully for his service

[@gamingrex2930]

Don't recommend this book, because it basically details just how embarrassing the defeat of Malaya and Singapore was. The brits and guerrillas couldn't be hunted down, and could deal meaningful damage so long as supplies could be shipped, via submarine. The japanese should not have even stepped past the malaysian border.

[@davenetherwood]

I've read the book Jungle Soldier as well, which goes into Freddie's past as well and explains about his time in the Arctic as well before WW2. The guy was an absolute beast.

[@claudiuspseudonymus1369]

Actually I found Chapman's book fairly boring. I preferred THE RISING SUN- John Toland, JAPAN'S GREATEST VICTORY-Masanobu Tsuji BATTLE FOR SINGAPORE-Peter Thompson DISASTER IN THE FAR EAST-Grehan & Mace

[@malickfan7461]

Japan: Please sign the dotted line to formalize your surrender. UK: Before I do, I have just one condition that I’d like to add. Japan: What would that be? UK: PLEASE DON’T TELL FRANCE ABOUT THIS!

[@Marinealver]

Not to worry, they are Vichy France now.

[@scarletcrusade77]

@@Marinealver tbf Vichy France are in no position to laugh at the UK they literally gave up their entire Indo-china + Chinese concession without a fight just via Japanese ultimatum and were cucked. At least the Brits actually fought back as shambolic as it was.

[@malickfan7461]

@@scarletcrusade77 True, but the French weren't really in a position to do much with the European axis occupying their mainland. If France had been able to place its full focus on defending Indochina, then Japan certainly would have had a much harder time of it.

[@doctorchaotic3415]

Ahh. Polandball videos. I remember the old days

[@ramal5708]

And don't tell Germany too

[@localNPCboy]

As a Singaporean and a bit of a historian, I approve this episode and I am proud of you to make a video of my country’s history. :) Keep up the good work and don’t stop making videos about World War Two! :D

[@AndyWoodman]

Having worked in Singapore, I was surprised that, sadly, I could not find any statistics for the local victims. I have friends in Sing whose families know of significant numbers of family members that suffered at the hand of the invaders but these casualties were never acknowledged or accounted for.

[@bytesizedkidgamer]

@@AndyWoodmanthe atrocities that the Japanese did during the occupation of Singapore (syonan-to) cannot be measured as nobody kept track. All there is left are stories from the older generations, which based on those accounts, show the amount of murder the Japanese did especially to the chinese residents of Singapore. From massacres on the beaches, many people went missing or were killed within just 3 years.

[@boze1204]

This is a really fascinating theater of the war, I love these videos!

[@scarletcrusade77]

I find the Burma theater, the Papua New Guinea theater & Solomon's theaters the best in WW2. Hardest campaigns of the whole war.

[@Bullet-Tooth-Tony-]

@@scarletcrusade77 Would be good to see some allied victories for a change, sick of seeing Singapore every where, it's not like the Japanese won the war, i want to see Kohima and Imphal where the British saw off 100,000 Japanese soldiers.

[@RaizalAJalil-zc5iu]

My great grandfather, grandfather and their brothers (there's 15 of them all) all fought for the British from Jitra all the way to mainland Singapore. When Singapore fell, rather than surrender with their units, they took off their uniform and blended back into the local community. They then tried their very best to continue the resistance by undermining the occupation force by hiding dissidents, helping clandestine ops, providing Intel and supplies. It was by the grace of God that 13 survived the war with 2 granduncles succumbing g to illness for lack of proper medication for their tuberculosis

[@merseybeat1963]

Incredible.

[@DIY_Miracle]

My g-grandfather was a British soldier who was a captain in the resistance in the Malay peninsula. He went MIA and little was known about what happened as they had to say very little about their circumstance to avoid the Japanese learning anything strategic. A letter was found written by him in 46 dated to 43, a year after the fall

[@danielnavarro537]

Godspeed to your relatives. They shall be remembered.

[@Philmoscowitz]

That's pretty awesome.

[@stoggafllik]

So you’re the great grandchild of a rat?

[@syncout9586]

I like how in every history video about the battle of singapore, LT Adnan is always mentioned. And rightfully so! A well known hero in both Malaysia and Singapore

[@beepbeep5153]

There wasnt many locals that fought against the japanese tbh.

[@looinrims]

Churchill throughout his life: “it’s a citadel!” Everyone to Churchill: “you keep using that word, I don’t think you know what that word means”

[@talleywa5772]

Intelligence is knowing that an island is easily defensible. Wisdom is knowing that it's fucking pointless to fortify an island if it is within artillery range of the mainland. Charisma is convincing your chiefs of staff that it's a good idea regardless.

[@hedgehog3180]

@@talleywa5772 Also knowing that swamps are a terrible defensive position and you're much better served moving further inland where you can actually set up positions and fire at the enemy as they try to cross the swamp.

[@bigbrain2178]

@@talleywa5772 He didn't use his charisma to do anything, he was the CO, what he said went

[@chuaweipengrandom3812]

Like Hitler who during the last stage of the war in Europe often designated this city or that city as a "fortress" to be defend to the last man by German troops. As if his will power alone could stop the Allies.

[@chuaweipengrandom3812]

@@kms_scharnhorst I don't get you. I did not mention any unit. ??

[@BirdieRumia]

13:38 Tsuji was probably the most evil man in the Japanese military. Almost every major Japanese atrocity in the early war has him involved somewhere. And the worst part is that he fled justice in the end to disappear...

[@davidfreeman3083]

@@jawbreakingcandy836 WYM. U think the atrocity in Nanking, the capital of ROC then was not real?

[@jawbreakingcandy836]

@@davidfreeman3083 no, I believe Nanking happened, i was criticizing the “war crimes are part of their culture” part, which just isn’t true.

[@davidfreeman3083]

@@jawbreakingcandy836 Yeah that part... Obviously I don't think Japanese culture in general is automatically embracing of war crimes like that. So I guess you're right. That one was kinda offensive to Japanese ppl & culture, which is mostly good with a lot of good parts in my opinion. But still, I think it's reasonable to say that within the Japanese military, at that specific historical period, or at least within the Japanese military stationed abroad as occupying forces, they seemed to have developed a 'culture' (or subculture) of tolerating, or even embracing violence and atrocities?

[@HappyGM-R]

@@davidfreeman3083 So then mainly British, and other European countries had the same ‘culture’ then, considering how they did the same thing under the name of racism to not only Japanese but natives in the battlefield or around the battlefield.

[@coltonreeves6893]

@@jawbreakingcandy836 It was though. The Japanese committed war crimes on a scale not rivaled even by Germany and the Soviet Union. Even when IJA commanders didn't sanction or order it, their soldiers did it of their own volition. The Japanese sense of honor at the time held that soldiers who had surrendered were dishonorable and therefore deserved no mercy or pity. This is something that the policy of State Shinto and military education had been drilling into their heads since the Meiji Restoration. Japanese soldiers demonstrated this in their brutality towards POWs and civilians, and Japanese civilians themselves demonstrated this by beating captured pilots and aircrew to death when they were shot down over the Home Islands. That doesn't mean all Japanese soldiers did it, nobody is claiming that. Rock music is a part of American culture but that doesn't mean every American listens to it. Likewise, the war crimes committed by Japan in WWII were very much linked to their culture, but that doesn't mean all of them did it. Thankfully State Shinto and martial education is no longer an aspect of modern Japanese culture.

[@tmsmqwx]

The more I learn about Winston Churchill, the more I realize that, while an inspiring figure, he wasn't necessarily the sharpest knife in the drawer. Moreover, he was hindered by a philosophy of imperialism which by the mid-20th century was outdated and unsustainable.

[@3vimages471]

Who doesn`t have faults .... easy to spot in retrospect.

[@tmsmqwx]

@@3vimages471 Just because a fault is easy to spot doesn't make it above criticism. Also, I don't consider imperialism a "fault." It's a racism-based philosophy that one consciously chooses to embrace.

[@3vimages471]

@@tmsmqwx Awwww the good old days.

[@petersinclair3997]

@@3vimages471 Churchill’s many faults spanned decades and led to many unnecessary deaths. Not only outdated Imperialism. Churchill was a liar and manipulator. He knew Singapore (meaning Britain) was weak in East Asia. Also, he lied about the true status of Australia, as an independent nation to Roosevelt. MacArthur realised what was going on, and told Roosevelt, who was furious with Churchill and apologised to Curtin, who been sidelined from big decisions, owing to Churchill’s misrepresentations.

[@davidlewis5312]

it's dogged determination when it works its stubborn bullheadness when it doesn't. But it's the same trait.

[@jumbeaux1]

Congratulations! You must have put a lot of effort to cover the Malayan series. There is a life lesson to be learnt between Percival and Adnan. One surrendered so that the British can return stronger later; the other fought to death because Malaya was his only home. Eventually, Percival's name is forever attached to failure in the history books while Adnan became a legendary hero for generations of Malaysians and hopefully future ones as well. To surrender or to fight is a most difficult question to answer. I'm not sure if I'd make the right choice if I was in these men's shoes at the time.

[@somedude7892]

One fought the long game and risked his name being tarnished to secure a true victory, the other had damn good reasons to fight for his home because if there is no home... what's there to fight for? You cannot argue which one did the right decision, because the right decision is where your heart lies. One couldn't care about how people would see him for his decision if and when they'd win with the help of it, the other one couldn't care if his life would be lost that day because he couldn't fathom the idea of losing his home.

[@Rommel_209]

I understand the need to surrender to save the lives of his men, and I don’t blame him for this. If I’m a commander, I’m willing to live in infamy as long as my men lives

[@hedgehog3180]

Tbh I don't think carrying on the fight would have done any good, doing so would essentially condemn the citizens of Singapore to die of thirst together with the soldiers and there was nothing to be gained from fighting on, the Japanese would win eventually anyways and there was no help arriving, without water the defenders would probably falter in less than a day anyways. Carrying on the fight just because of "honor" or whatever would be selfish and would condemn the city and the soldiers to total destruction, it'd be similar to how Nazi Germany refused to surrender and as a result Germany was almost completely destroyed in the war because now the Allies had to invade every single house. Or maybe a better comparison would be the 6th Army in Stalingrad which wasn't allowed to surrender, it accomplished nothing for the Wehrmacht in fact they just wasted tons of supplies on a doomed army and condemned them to starvation and hypothermia. I don't think Percival is to blame here, yes he definitely made mistakes but ultimately there is nothing he could have done to win this battle, with how many failures there was in this campaign the blame has to go all the way to the top. The governments of the UK are ultimately to blame for this defeat as they failed to properly prepare and reinforce Malaya and failed to properly equip their troops with radios, the organization of British troops in general is also to blame with no cross communication between units on the field. The generals in this campaign definitely fucked up but mistakes by the generals should not be able to cascade into such a catastrophe in the first place and in the second generals that make these mistakes shouldn't even exist. Adnan might be a legend but he also didn't have the responsibility that Percival had, he only had to worry about the battle and could sacrifice himself but Percival had to worry about an entire army and a huge city.

[@moochoopr9551]

@@hedgehog3180 Japanese at that time already hated the Malayan and Singapore. They were already brutally massacre many innocent life. Surrendering or putting up a hard fight made no difference. Adnan has no capability at all to change any of the outcome and that's why sticking to his honour is totally respectable.

[@Saicofake]

@@moochoopr9551 You're right, the Japanese were furious as a handful of the Chinese in Singapore provided support to China's defence against the Japanese and set out to hunt those they deemed to have given support. Although to be honest, with the amount of tactical errors that the British had committed, a surrender was probably the best way to go. Kind of sad considering that the remaining Malay Regiment and allied forces really gave their all to defend the island.

[@catholicmilitantUSA]

So I really really liked your Hungary series (and I'm not usually into the late war period-goes to show how good you are at making documentaries) and I went absolutely berserk over your Norway series from Altmark to Glorious, and now this

[@czhu4646]

This is indeed a great humiliation and defeat, the world empire lost most of its land and forces in maritime SE in a mere 3 months, EVEN when they had more troops

[@slslbbn4096]

Wait a minute. That's like worse than the US-trained Afghan puppet army today

[@MrNicoJac]

It's not humiliating at all. It was completely inevitable! (and ~90% due to bad strategic preparations **years** before the campaign)

[@delta5-126]

@@slslbbn4096 Puppet army is an understatement over such incompetence, And lack of following orders, Its concerning and humorous

[@Bullet-Tooth-Tony-]

@@kms_scharnhorst Singapore could not hold without sufficient air power, it would require at least 500 air craft to even think of defending from the Japanese.

[@Mitaka.Kotsuka]

@@Bullet-Tooth-Tony- Point is, the Brist tough they would need no effort to fence aganist Imperial Troops... The whole mistake is about underestimate the enemy.

[@waynezheng7629]

Japanese army in Malaya= Japanese army when you fight as the final boss Japanese army in 1945 = Japanese army when you unlock as a playable character.

[@the_struggler963]

First quest : defend malaya peninsular Second quest : escape from malaya peninsular

[@ArkofGold]

Japan army in pearl harbor:japan army when you fight them as the final boss and its took half of your friend lives and half a year to defeat it!!!! Japan army in midway:japan army when you unlock as a playabls character

[@jaredf.6532]

@@ArkofGold ima be honest with you there. Never mix the Japanese army and navy together. Both branches hated one another with passion

[@navyseal1689]

You know, American submarine unit alone sunk more almost 1000 Japanese warship and merchant ship. In 1944 alone, US Submarine destroyed 7 Japanese Aircraft Carrier and 560 Japanese ship

[@beast8627]

However, the death toll of the Manila Massacre includes the number of civilians killed by the Allied bombing, so it does not mean that the Japanese army killed 100,000 people.

[@Boxghost102]

I'm really grateful to your channel for covering this part of World War 2. It's very overlooked, yet was very important to the overall fighting. I hope you keep doing more secondary theaters in the war.

[@gormdragan]

Thank you for this amazing series. I can see my house on the map, along the road between Pierce and MacRichie Reservoirs.

[@jzbgaming3658]

Thx for posting these videos because of you I started liking history again

[@jakemillar649]

I got into naval history after watching the Battle of Jutland video.

[@Mag_Aoidh]

My Aunt’s husband was a Captain in the British Army and was captured at Singapore. He later wrote a book about his career, mostly commanding Indian troops, eventually rising to the rank of Major. He helped work on the Burma railroad and when I talked to him about it, he said he was almost captured in Korea and said “I never ran so fast in my life!” Sadly both of them are gone now, but I have fond memories.

[@wtice4632]

What is his book called?

[@saifulizhan]

He survived the Burma railroad labor camp? I heard many nasty stories about conditions of POWs who were sent there.

[@WhisperingDeath]

Seems the Afghan National Army studied at the General Percival college for winning wars good.

[@chrispanca1590]

Too soon mate

[@spurs_7798]

Its not even close to being the same

[@rouymalic4463]

the whole afghanistan is not totally conquered by Taliban

[@dchegu]

More like the afghan army trained at president thieu military college. Specifically the south Vietnam ARVN military tactics.

[@hedgehog3180]

Not even, Afghanistan was taken over by the Taliban even faster than Malaya was by the Japanese.

[@sparkyfromel]

accuracy , simplicity , as good a record of events as I've see .....Kudos

[@jarronsmith3733]

Love the way this was styled! Keep up the great work!

[@fiqriazman7527]

The Malay Regiment showed what esprit de corps and discipline can achieve. Garrisons of posts held their ground and many of them were wiped out almost to a man. - Lieutenant General Arthur Percival if there are 10 lieutenants adnan, it is not certain that malaya will fall into japanese hands -General Tomoyuki Yamashita aka The Tiger of Malaya

[@Will_CH1]

I would not be bothered quoting Percival. He is the most discredited , useless fool to ever command. he completely botched the defence of Singapore. It is sad that the sacrifice of a batallion of Malays was made in the face of widespread collaboration with the Japanese.

[@cookiecraze1310]

Adnan was a real hero, abit sad that he died defending a hill named after a drug.

[@Will_CH1]

@@cookiecraze1310 Adnan was a very rare hero. There should have been many more like him.

[@syncout9586]

@@cookiecraze1310 No worries. The hill was renamed. Today it's Kent Rigde

[@the_struggler963]

@@syncout9586 should name adnan the heroes......not some random brit name.......

[@bigsarge2085]

Informative and enjoyable documentary series on often overlooked WWII history, keep up the good work!

[@devonlord99]

My great grand uncle was a 2Lt. In the Australian 2/20th Battalion. He died on the 9th of Feb 1942 from wounds received while leading 11 Platoon in a small counterattack on Tengah Airfield. RIP all who died from the 8th Division and other Allied units in the Fall of Singapore.

[@anakpermata]

RIP to your greatgrand uncle.My grandpa was a singapore policeman during the invasion. He narrated to me they were hiding in the barracks during japanese airstrikes.

[@nnnnn8173]

Some members of my extended family were massacred as the Japanese soldiers came south towards Tengah. One survived a bayonet wound.

[@oooopalooopa2]

Damn, my grandpa was actually part of the force 136 resistance, some of my family members were shot during the massacres too. Honestly the whole defeat was due to the incompetencies of the british to have an actual strategy to defend tiny singapore.

[@johnjephcote7636]

My great uncle was an engineer in motor transport in the Indian Army. He was ordered to take what soldiers were available to head through Malaya to bolster the Singapore garrison. It was pointless and they were captured before they ever got to Singapore and were incarcerated until end of hostilities, working also on the Burma Railway.

[@corcaighrebel]

Excellent presentation, answers several questions and seems the route from Singapore to the mainland, which apparently hadn't been blown up properly possibly due to a lack of explosives, may not have been as important as has been portrayed given the landings further West. Seems Percival calling the landing area incorrectly and then not responding fast enough to the reality unfolding before him was critical. As a historical aside, Percival was once based in the Irish town, where I now live, during the Irish War of Independence. He was then a Major, had a dreadful reputation and was responsible for burning down of Michael Collins' home. Pervical had several close calls including when the man standing next to him was shot dead by an IRA sniper, often wondered how history might have turned out if Percival had met his end in Ireland but it seems from your video that the entire British command structure was unfit, possibly softened up by decades of easy living in the region.

[@user-uy6uc5ey5q]

The problems with British military command in the Far East extended all the back to London, and had for a very long time. They had treated the area as a backwater from the beginning of formation of the 'Singapore Strategy' which Churchill was by the way was heavily implicated in- he was Secretary of State for War and Air from 1919 to 1921 and then Secretary of State for the Colonies:1921-1922 under Lloyd George when the whole thing was put together, and then later in his period of being the !st Sea lord under Chamberlain. From the top down the whole thing was a disaster waiting to happen. They never through Japanese would or have the capacity to attack and seemed to thing if the Japanese simply saw the Union Jack flying they would turn around or give in. Percival was certainly completely out of his depth, but frankly he wasn't exactly given any real backup with modern weapons, supply and in particularly air cover.

[@lauriemelchionne8058]

this is such a well-made and entertaining series, so informative. i really enjoyed this!

[@iainhunneybell]

Oh, worth mentioning you can visit the old ‘Former Ford Factory’ at Burkit Timah, the sight of the signing of the surrender. There’s also the ‘Battlebox’ at Fort Canning and the Fort Canning hotel is the old British Army HQ … if only walls had voices, these would have seen a lot

[@alastairgiddings8264]

Yes, I visited the Ford factory...it was fascinating. However the Battlebox was closed due to flooding, so I missed it.

[@iainhunneybell]

Sad you missed the Battlebox @@alastairgiddings8264 😥

[@thebigone6969]

This video is going to be the most awesome thing ever!!!!

[@TheBard1999]

The more I hear about Churchill, the more he seems like other "great leaders commanding their armies" (Hitler, Stalin) with his many failed "brilliant ideas": Singapore, Greece, Italy...

[@noobster4779]

Dont forget his WW1 "heroics" eather...

[@TheBard1999]

@@noobster4779 i try not to bring that up because that was well cover 20 years earlier.

[@captintinsmith3774]

@@noobster4779 Yup! The Gallipoli Campaign was his failure....a costly one at that....

[@jeanhunter3538]

@@captintinsmith3774 It had good intentions at knocking out one of the central powers, but yeah it was misjudged heavily and very poorly planned and coordinated. Though to be fair the idea of contested naval landings (especially involving modern armies) was very new.

[@MXB2001]

Gallipoli... the man was incompetent as a general. Politicians... : )

[@crazybiscut]

I find ironic alot of parts of Malayan Peninsula presents itself as a strategic choke point, like Kuala Lumpur city, the Titiwangsa mountain ranges that stretch from the middle of the peninsula close towards the south of the region. But i guess the British really underestimated the Japanese and its use of speed and aggression.

[@kayamakii7370]

Totally agreed. Having travelled between northwest and central Peninsular Malaysia lots of times, large swathes of the region between Penang and Kuala Lumpur, i.e. today's Perak state are very mountainous, with places such as Ipoh, Kampar and Slim River being located inside valleys and among mountains. Coupled with the dense rainforests across the region, the geography actually worked well for the defending British and Commonwealth troops. In the end, it's due to the ill-prepared and incapable military leadership of the British and Commonwealth troops in Malaya, alongside insufficient preparations of defences, lack of proper weapons, tanks and absence of aerial support for the defending troops that really doomed Malaya.

[@zaarif2246]

@@kayamakii7370 yup currently those area were fill with army bunker and some part of it only able enter if you part of army with army line. Part of malaysia army defense doctrine

[@khairulhelmihashim2510]

the British strategy in Malayan Peninsula was to hold airfields and secure major road (Route No.1, No.5) from being used by Japanese. Large conventional army like Japanese need a good road for a speedy advance to south. To defend this road, British selected few choke points along the road with defensible features such as high ridges or river . That's why you don't see major Malayan campaign battles fought deep in the jungles or mountains as there no major roads running through it. British were correct in predicting the Japanese main axis of advance. The only problem is that they put a belated effort in preparing the defensive positions in the north and eastern Malaya. When these primary defenses crumbled in the first week of invasion, other defensive lines were hastily prepared, with tired, exhausted retreating troops manning it.

[@iamgreat1234]

British expect Thailand to halt Japanese advance but Thailand just let Japanese through. That was a shocked to British Commander.

[@gelinrefira]

@@iamgreat1234 Thailand to Britain: "I'm not going to be a cannon fodder state and die for your little war with the Japanese. Fuck off."

[@luowatson6246]

There is a commemorate hall on Kent Ridge Park (previous Opium Hill) in current day Singapore to mark the bravery of the Malay soldiers defense that day. A nice visiting spot recommended.

[@theannoyingweeb3138]

It is said that Lt Adnan ordered his man to retreat while he and few volunteers stayed and hold the line. They did but came back, some were badly wounded but refuse to retreat and intended to fight to the end. Such brave men fought under remarkable leader.

[@shriramvenu]

thank you for this series, as a Malaysian, a history buff and a WW2 buff, hardly anyone covers this part of world war 2 in much detail, let alone with the detail, precision and effort you do. Thank you.

[@aimansafwan1997]

Although fighting in the service of the British Empire, Lieutenant Adnan and his soldiers fought hard for their home to the very end. Their sacrifice will never be forgotten by us Malaysians and Singaporeans.

[@iamgreat1234]

He got hundreds slash from Japanese sword. The reason he doesn't have more because his bodies was completely destroyed.

[@Ameer-is3dh]

Did you people wanted freedom from british empire just like Indians ?? Then you should thank Japan.

[@aimansafwan1997]

@@Ameer-is3dh Look, with or without their help, we Malaysians would've developed national consciousness and a sense of freedom from imperialism anyways. Just like Indonesians, Filipinos and Vietnamese.

[@Ameer-is3dh]

@@aimansafwan1997 lol... do you really think that conning British empire would let you guys go easily. It was ww2 which made these empire very weak to control india or other parts of the world.

[@aimansafwan1997]

@@Ameer-is3dh They were very weak after WW1, dumbass, they just don't like to show it. The Japanese may be helping the natives, but they, like every other European empires, have imperialist mindset. They're not just going to give up minor administrative position to the natives. Do you really believe that, by their very origin and skin colour, they would immediately become allies and friends? Ask the Vietnamese, Filipinos, Indonesians and Malaysians at that time this question.

[@mjennings061]

I'm gobsmacked at the production quality of these videos. Amazing work!

[@mcjamesa5149]

Thank you for this video. Both my Grandfathers were shipped out to Singapore in the Northumberland Fusiliers, and captured without firing a shot.

[@zachharris862]

Great series as per usual mate, come to expect nothing less. Can’t wait for what you cover next!

[@AriqRsly]

'When ammunition ran out the defence carried on with bayonets and eventually bare-hands' they fought well.

[@loochunboon1615]

Great series!!! Very detailed and enlightening, even for a citizen of Malaysia like myself who learnt this tragic part of our history in school.

[@wolfu597]

Less than one year from this point, the Japanese 41st regiment would find itself in a similar situation as that of the Allied forces in Singapore. Close to the northern coast of New Guinea, in the battle for Oivi-Gorari, it's final remnants were annihilated by the Australians. The Australian setback in Singapore and Malaya have been avenged.

[@OutnBacker]

As an American, I hoist a beer to that, but I would say that it was a start - not completed until Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as extreme as that may sound.

[@cybertronian2005]

in New Guinea the Australians had some of the earliest on land successes against the Japanese, that were used as a model by the British for how they'd take the fight to them in Burma. It's a story not often told

[@koharumi1]

It was more than just Australia that was involved in the fight. It was Indian and Malaya too.

[@RicoJuan1998]

Bro great britáin was a invasor too

[@manatarms7652]

On the 8th February the Imperial Guard mounted a diversionary attack on Ubin Island which helped draw attention to the east of Singapore.

[@frederickstabell3796]

Excellent work as always, it was fascinating watching the entire campaign unfold. And surprising that Churchill was able to admit some fault post-war

[@DubiousT1]

Amazing conclusion to this series of videos on the Malayan campaign. Absolutely love your videos man, keep it up!

[@nimay13]

I missed the premier but thank you for mentioning LT Adnan. I really appreciate it.

[@richard52twccenter]

Awesome dude, well done! It is great for you to conclude the event. Therefore we can lear to not underestimate our rivals

[@khalidsaiv6613]

Please do a dutch defensive action against japan in indonesia (if there any). This south east asia front in WW2 is less exposed for documentary than another front like europe,asia pacific etc. Thank you

[@jerryx3253]

The biggest Dutch achievement when fending off Japanese during WW2 was blowing up the oil refineries in East Indies. (Japanese never managed to fix those facilities, forcing them to ship raw oil back to Japan to refine)

[@iamgreat1234]

Battle of Java Sea. Japan vs Dutch, US & Australia.

[@kyrozephyr8628]

The Dutch really did not do much. They were in position to defend themselves.

[@drpepper3838]

@@kyrozephyr8628 we actually did a lot more than everyone thinks, we still had a lot of submarines active in the east indies. And there was this dutch submarine commander and the Americans gave him the nickname "ship a day" because he sank more ships in the span of 2 months than the Americans and brits combined.

[@user-pn3im5sm7k]

The Dutch got destroyed by the Japanese

[@user-uy6uc5ey5q]

Churchill fanning his dismay at the state of defences of Singapore, both during the war and after in his extensive recount of the War come into stark ignominy once you realise his past roles prior to the war in Pacific starting. Churchill was Secretary of State for War and Air from 1919 to 1921 and then Secretary of State for the Colonies:1921-1922 under Lloyd George when the whole Singapore strategy was formulated, so he directly knew that Singapore was never meant to be defended as an island fortress. His protests become even more unforgivable when you know he was first Sea Lord from the outbreak of WW2 to May 1940 so would have been directly briefed about the Far East and the major problem with defense in the region. Despite this all through his time being in number 10 he repeated lied to the Australia and New Zealand governments about the state of Singapore's defense and the strategy if Japan entered the war on the Axis side.

[@seanlander9321]

He also ordered the RN to abandon an Australian division at sea to leave them undefended, then ordered every Commonwealth country and colony to refuse Australia any assistance in its war against Japan.

[@robbabcock_]

Great episode! What a soup sandwich for the Brits.

[@pampuspopa5441]

Netaji trashed British with japanese

[@azlanroni8525]

thank you. been waiting for this.

[@symphony2515]

Fun facts! There were 2 reasons why the Japanese attack from the Northwest was successful. Firstly, General Yamashita chose to locate his HQ in the Palace of the Sultan of Johor on the opposite shore in Malaysia which was a grand building with a tall tower overlooking Singapore which was why Yamashita knew that the bulk of the British forces were in the Northeast. Australian soldiers requested permission to destroy the palace with artillery but was turned down as the Sultan of Johor was an old friend of the British, Yamashita’s gamble was spot on. Secondly, Yamashita ordered army trucks to be driven in the night heading towards the East along the coast of Johor with their headlights turned on. Their headlights were turned off on their return trip back to Johor. This gave the British the impression that the Japanese were moving supplies and troops to the east which was the reason why Percival was led to believe that a big force of Japanese were preparing to invade from the Northeast and refused to move his battalions from the Northeast to aid the Australians in the Northwest when they needed it. In short, Yamashita was a military genius.

[@KARL-el3hr]

🥺😮😂

[@RobinTheBot]

And a monster, helping to pull off some of their worst atrocities.

[@hmalim2708]

Thanks for making informative content thats easy to digest and understand.

[@mafiousbj]

The more I watch your videos from this campaign, the more I think that although Churchill was a fantastic orator, his actual understanding of military matters was greatly exaggerated because of his charismatic persona. Most of his blunders except for Galipolli are rarely talked about

[@magnuscritikaleak5045]

Because the British Tory establishment plus the racist Britain first politicians controlls the History cirriculum which paints Churchill in the Education syst: as the second coming of Christ that saved Britain from the Axis forces.

[@mafiousbj]

@@magnuscritikaleak5045 aye I gueas history gets biased towards national heroes. In the US they tell us D-Day saved Europe and defeated the Germans, the moment the tables were finally turned, while probably the truth is that the Germans were on the retreat from the Eastern Front and would have fallen anyway. D- Day sped things up, and allowed the US to capture some territory and keep Communist armies outside of western Europe.

[@magnuscritikaleak5045]

@@mafiousbj D day was a minor achievement compared what the Soviets and her communist allies managed to accomplish.

[@moistmike4150]

@@mafiousbj "D- Day sped things up, and allowed the US to capture some territory and keep Communist armies outside of western Europe." Keeping the commies out of West-Europe was vital that alone made D-Day well worth it. Having said that, D-Day split the German armies on their own continent and helped speed the end of a war which would definitely have consumed millions more lives had it been allowed to continue.

[@mafiousbj]

@@moistmike4150 aye, that's why I think probably the greatest achievement of D-Day was having American troops in western Europe to deter any further Soviet advance rather than "saving Europe from Nazi Germany" as history books in high school put it

[@TheDarkAngel7777]

Your videos never disappoint. Very well done.

[@Rationalific]

Amazing job! Thanks for this great resource!

[@nogi2167]

I’m surprised you didn’t mention it, but Singapore and the defense thereof was also undermined from within. Patrick Heenan, a captain with the British Indian Army, had been spying for the Japanese in the years leading up to the start of the war and during the operations in Malaya and Singapore itself. He aided the Japanese in destroying British air units and was caught and executed during the final siege.

[@MrRooibos123]

Apparently Heenan annoyed his guards saying that they would soon be in prison and that he would be free. But he was never free, because they got tired of him and shot him before throwing him in the sea 😂

[@coyote4237]

Your content is fantastic. Thank you.

[@apollocreed5391]

My grandad escaped on a boat from Singapore. He ran out of ammo, he stormed 2 Japanese machine gun nests, and took a bullet in doing so, then baynoted 2 more in a trench. Then went on to fight in North Africa, Italy, France, Germany. Korean war and the suez crisis. Had ptsd. Years later, He then was arrested, homeless, and charged for vagrancy. The cop pushed him, pushed him so he can gave them a war they wouldn't forget. He got his revenge though on the bully cop. It was a long road for him. Died 2003.

[@marcopothuizen]

Impressive video! Subscribed!

[@weebtrash944]

Very interesting, my grandfather had been recalled from Singapore to north Africa, quite lucky i must say!

[@bgtcsjm]

Was your grandfather a British troop?

[@weebtrash944]

@@bgtcsjm yep

[@weebtrash944]

RAF ground crew

[@nikobellic570]

My grandfather was on a merchant ship near Singapore when it got torpedoed by the Japanese. Had it been sunk then would I be here? Crazy to think that we are all here today because of a chain of millions of random happenings.

[@weebtrash944]

@@nikobellic570 yeah. Life is all about probability, it just so happens we were lucky

[@kengguantan2350]

I’m from singapore and i love your videos

[@wolger]

RIP Leftenan Adnan and others. Heroes to many in modern Singapore and Malaysia.

[@Ahrlin9]

Great video. Commenting for the algorithm.

[@atriox7221]

This was one of the times in ww2 when British leadership crippled Australian soldiers, leading many to lose their lives and somehow getting our soldiers shit on by brits afterwards even though ours were devastated by their leaders orders to surrender just as the Japanese were surprised by it.

[@Bullet-Tooth-Tony-]

@Atriox72 Bill Slim and Orde Wingate would never have let this happen

[@strongbrew9116]

In recent years, I have seen more and more Australians claim that the British make out that the Aussie troops were to blame for any failures, or that the Brits made them the scapegoats. I have never heard a British person ever say this. I think some Aussies forget that the average British tommy was treated just as badly by their own leaders as they were.

[@angloaust1575]

Many australian troops were wasted in middle east especially Balkans Defending british interests They jumped into ww2 and didnt consider the japanese threat closer to their country when manchuria was invaded in 1937!

[@adrianrafaelmagana804]

Fantastic series! Amazing amazing amazing work

[@In_Our_Timeline]

ww2 in asia is cover very little in modern day discussion so thanks for making this video

[@SomeStranger9]

Hope you continue to make videos about less discussed fronts of WWII. There's already on oversaturation on videos about Normandy, the Western Front, etc. Your videos are a breath of fresh air.

[@chuaweipengrandom3812]

I remember reading a book (can't remember the name) that a British general refused to construct any defences on the northern shores of Singapore as it would be "bad for morale"!

[@DomWeasel]

During the First World War, the British dugouts (bunkers) in the trenches were only made of dirt and wood because of the same reasoning. The generals believed if they had more permanent shelter, they would be less inclined to attack. Generals who were usually ten or twenty miles behind the front line in a French or Belgian chateau. Meanwhile the Germans built concrete bunkers, which were strong at the front and weak at the back so that if they were taken, they could be destroyed from their new positions. These bunkers were so well built that the week-long artillery barrage before the British launched the Battle of the Somme caused very few casualties among the Germans who when the barrage ended, left their bunkers and manned their ruined trenches to face the British who had been told that only a few Germans would have survived the bombardment. 50,000 casualties in 24 hours later... Likewise, the British were the last army to equip their troops with steel helmets.

[@deliciousnoodles5505]

Cite source please if not it's just hearsay

[@chuaweipengrandom3812]

@@deliciousnoodles5505 Ok, since you said so. I took sometime to go through my collection and this is the title "The Defence and Fall of Singapore by Brian Farrell" You look for the review of this book by in the web. 😀

[@musoklimbu4824]

I like in Singapore and I’m glad you have reviewed about what had happened here.most people don’t even know Singapore is a country

[@zoranstam9136]

My great grandfather was a captain at this battle, he got captured and died in the awful Japanese death camps

[@sisyphus4468]

Congrats on this amazing series. And what a voice you have! If you weren't talking about brave men killing each other, people could use your videos instead of other ASMR channels.

[@stevenundisclosed6091]

I am ready for this.

[@iainhunneybell]

Opium Hill seems to be Kent Ridge which is above Pensir Panjang terminal. There’s a memorial park on the ridge now and small museum in a surviving colonial building at the top of Pepys Road which commemorates the Battle of Opium Hill. Bus to Pensir Panjang to visit

[@VCYT]

My grandfather was amongst the captured soldiers 😞 He became a changed man after returning home, my dad told me.

[@Treeesmith]

Yup, same, they went through absolute hell in the camps

[@harry77998]

Burma railways is hell on earth

[@MrGameSupreme]

Good work on the maps

[@chuaweipengrandom3812]

A good documentary where it pointed out the myth of the big guns defending Singapore pointing towrds the wrong direction which many people believed.

[@williaml.]

Awesome as always

[@2Links]

Great work

[@tedcrilly46]

"Britains greatest humiliation". As an Irishman I quickly clicked on this.

[@salamyaya162]

Irishman style.

[@Ukfairgrounds]

Well who cares we still won the war and the famous Battle of Britain unlike others who Surrounded there whole military and government

[@GerminezZ]

This episode in history is the very reason why Singapore has mandatory national/military service. In the event of conflict, we can never rely on foreign powers to protect us. Thank you for highlight Lt Adnan in the video. He and his men were among the braves who fought to the very end. While defending the opium hill, the Malayan regiment had called in for artillery support from the nearby Australian battery but they were saving shells for later use. Ironically the same shells were later handed over to the Japanese during surrender.

[@alessandromsk3195]

The Japanese general looks like he never skipped a meal in his life...Skipped eating a meal from his entire division of course!

[@Brix_H]

As a Singaporean… Thank you for the video

[@ChadSimplicio]

Makes you wonder how many of those prisoners were sent to build the railways in Thailand, as well as the infamous Bridge on the River Kwai.

[@nickdanger3802]

Claims of cowardice and desertion by Australian troops in Singapore surfaced in 1993 when a secret report by the British general Sir Archibald Wavell was discovered in London. It baldly said: "For the fall of Singapore itself the Australians are responsible." Sydney Morning Telegraph The day the empire died in shame page

[@tvgerbil1984]

Percival was deprived of war equipment to defend the Malay peninsula properly by the British High Command but was somehow expected to hold Singapore once the peninula was lost and Singapore was isolated in all directions. In other words, Percival was set up to fail and he duly failed.

[@SilverforceX]

Wasn't deprived, they didn't have enough to defend because of German offensives against UK and EU at the time. Plus they lost all their capital ships in SE Asia earlier due to a terrible admiral.

[@squiglemcsquigle8414]

Yes he was destined to fail but he garunteed that the British lines would fall in minimal time by ignoring more experienced commanders under him

[@tvgerbil1984]

@@squiglemcsquigle8414 It was more like Percival's two main subordinates who tended to ignore his commands because Maj. Gen. Gordon Bennett of the Australian 8th Divison, and Lt. Gen. Sir Lewis Heath of the 3rd Indian Corps both considered themselves as Percival's senior. Bennett was particularly difficult because he had the rights to consult with the Australian government over every order concerned with his 8th Divsion. When Bennett escaped from Singapore, he didn't even inform Percival. Percival also had no control on the actions of people like Sir Shenton Thomas, the senior civilian administrator, or Admiral Phillips of the ill fated Force Z. His own superior and the overall commander of the theatre, Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham was a nervous wreck, and had to be replaced at the height of the battle on 27th December 1941. So Percival was destined to carry the can but he had not been blessed with a decent command structure.

[@frostyrobot7689]

Fantastic work.

[@Manicscitzo]

I love how this channel inadvertently exposes Churchill as an absolutely woeful military commander, I guess ultimate victory hides all manner of sins.

[@burningphoneix]

How many disasters has Churchill blundered England into? Gallipoli, Malaya and Singapore, Sinking of Repulse and Prince of Wales, the UP Rockets on HMS Hood, the list goes on and on.

[@DomWeasel]

@@burningphoneix As First Sealord, it was ultimately his fault the Royal Navy lost the carriers Courageous and Glorious due to their inadequate escorts. One was sunk by a U-boat despite ironically being on a U-boat hunting mission with its two destroyer escorts, the other ended up facing two German battleships, likewise with just two destroyers for escort. The captains of Gneisenau and Scharnhorst both messaged the Royal Navy, commending the destroyer captains and crews for their bravery in the face of the hopeless position they had found themselves in. All the naval losses during the Norwegian campaign were ultimately Churchill's responsibility, and yet somehow he shifted the blame onto Chamberlain and ended up taking the PM's chair.

[@Manicscitzo]

@@burningphoneix itALy iS ThE SOFt UnDerBElly oF EuRoPE!

[@burningphoneix]

@@DomWeasel Was that really Churchill's doing though? It's not like as first Sea lord he would be directly micromanaging the escort vessels of the ships in the home fleet, unlike Repulse and Prince of Wales where he was literally "Eh just send a couple Battleships down there, they'll take care of the Japanese"

[@ayh0210]

Yay new video

[@hi14993]

"...I ought to have known" sounds to me like he took some responsibility for the defeat. Now if only our leaders today could do that.

[@looinrims]

It doesn’t excuse him making the errors

[@hi14993]

@@looinrims I never said it did. I was implying that even tho the outcome was terrible, he owned up to it and took the responsibility for it. As far as I understand, if parliament had decided they could have had him crucified over similar such incidents. His attempts at leadership were considered earnest enough to keep him as Prime Minister. He was one of the few who had seen WWII coming and had rang the alarm multiple times over it. People of that time probably felt that kind of foresight would be necessary in the months ahead. No one ever said leadership was easy. In fact, I guarantee that no person alive or dead knew every correct action to take in the bitter movements of war, no matter how skilled they were. To hate a person because of a misplaced step through over or under-estimation is folly on the face of it.

[@EdgyDabs47]

Please do more videos like this. We always hear stories about Britain's great successes during WW2, but never about it's failures.

[@HSMiyamoto]

After the war, Yamashita was executed after a war crimes trial. At best, he lost control of his troops.

[@jakubcesarzdakos5442]

A lovely series

[@montecarlo1651]

Churchill's culpability is even greater than you suggest. It was Imperial Defence Policy that Singapore was the second priority after Britain itself. Churchill however only had eyes for the European theatre and the Middle East and despite the clear trajectory of Japanese behaviour, Singapore was neglected and starved of material which went to the Middle East instead.

[@tvgerbil1984]

In mid 1941, defence of the Far East was not only behind British forces in Europe and the Middle East on the list of priorities, but also behind the Soviets too after Churchill promised to help Stalin shortly after the start of Operation Barbarossa. Tanks earmarked for Malaya and Singapore were sent to the Soviets instead and so Percival ended up with no tank at all.

[@dovetonsturdee7033]

You obviously don't know much about British defence policy between the wars, and in particular from the late 1930s, when a potential triple threat, of Germany, Italy, & Japan, emerged. The worst case assumption, of war with all three, still assumed to support of France. British (and French) planners expected that a western front, similar to that of WW1, would emerge, the small German fleet would be penned in the North Sea, and the Northern Blockade of WW1 would be re-imposed. The sizeable French fleet would support the British in the Mediterranean, and the Italian North African empire would be threatened by the French from Tunisia & the British from Egypt. This would enable a sizeable British fleet to be sent to the Far East. No-one at all anticipated the collapse of France. After June, 1940, the British found themselves needing to retain most of their fleet in Home Waters, whilst at the same time needing to maintain a powerful fleet in the Mediterranean, as well as reinforcing the Western Desert Force against attack from Italian Libya. Of course Churchill's main concern was events in the west. The one positive fact of 1941 was that Japan was still neutral. Even so, there were around 140,000 British & Commonwealth troops stationed there by the end of 1941. Singapore was not starved or neglected. There was a substantial army in Malaya already. After the Japanese attack, incidentally, the C-in-C Middle East offered to sent some of his light tanks to Malaya, only to be told that they were not needed as Malaya was unsuited to tank warfare. This decision was made from Singapore, not from London, by the way. Of course Churchill was more concerned about the situation in the west. Axis success in North Africa, and even the possibility of an invasion of Britain herself, would have a greater effect on the prospects of survival than the possibility of a Japanese attack in the Far East. You seem to forget that Britain and the Commonwealth & Empire were actively fighting two major military European powers. Resources were not infinite.

[@tvgerbil1984]

@doveton sturdee The claim that the decision for not using tank in the defence of Singapore/Malaya being made from Singapore, not from London, was simply not credible. It was in 1937 when the General Officer Commanding (GOC) Malaya Command, Major General William Dobbie, who sent in request of tanks for the defence of Malaya and Singapore. He made the request based on assessment prepared by his then chief of staff, Colonel Arthur Percival. General Dobbie's successor Major General Lionel Bond repeated the same request for tanks again in 1939. In April 1941, Arthur Percival was appointed as the GOC replacing Major General Bond and Percival again requested for 100 tanks in August 1941. His request was again denied. The British forces defending Malaya received Lanchester armoured cars and Marmon Herrington armoured cars instead, probably because no other British forces wanted them and they were proved to be entirely unsuitable for the difficult terrains of Malaya.

[@montecarlo1651]

​@@dovetonsturdee7033 I am not sure what point you are trying to make for you fail to address my point, despite yours ostensibly being a reply. I didn't comment on virtually anything you then go on to raise, for none of this was my point. You seem to think I am ignorant when I didn't proffer an opinion on any of the irrelevant points you go on to make so apart from being needlessly insulting, you are also ignorant as to my position on these points. Wouldn't it be better to ask my views before launching into an attack on me, especially when you totally fail to address my actual point? To remind you, I noted that Churchill did not follow Imperial Defence Policy in relation to Singapore and from this, Britain suffered the worst military defeat in it's history. The policy, developed between the wars, identified that after Britain, Singapore was to be the second priority for defence. By any fair reading of history, Churchill didn't make Singapore any thing like 2nd priority. Finally, your post seems to be in response to my criticism of Churchill and you seem to be an apologist for him as a consequence but surely you don't mean to suggest that Churchill made no mistakes, that somehow he was infallible? The British management of the war was shambolic not least because of Churchill's erratic behaviour and wild mood swings. I strongly recommend two books to help: Corelli Barnet's "The Audit of War", and Alan Brooke's memoirs - Alan Brooke spent most of the war trying to rein in Churchill's outlandish and dangerous ideas, taking this role so seriously that he forewent the opportunity to lead the D Day and subsequent French campaign so as to weaken his grip on Churchill. Churchill's perpetual interference in the North African campaign led to the failure to take Libya in 1940 and two more years of bitter fighting there, with concomitant losses; his treatment of his commanders was appalling.

[@dovetonsturdee7033]

@@montecarlo1651 I am not an apologist for Churchill. Where did I say that 'Churchill made no mistakes, that somehow he was infallible?' I know about his insistence on 'Back Seat Driving.' I also know about the almost impossible military and strategic situation with which he had to cope. I am simply explaining why the pre-war Imperial Defence Policy became totally irrelevant after the collapse of France in 1940.