The First Europeans

#paleoanthropology #human #ancienthuman
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Sources in order from start to finish:
Gabunia, Leo; et al. (2000). "Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age". Science. 288 (5468): 1019-1025.
Carbonell, E. (2008). "The first hominin of Europe" (PDF). Nature. 452 (7186): 465-469. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..465C. doi:10.1038/nature06815. hdl:2027.42/62855. PMID 18368116. S2CID 4401629.
Klein, R. (2009). "Hominin dispersals in the Old World". In Scarre, C. (ed.). The Human Past (2nd ed.). Thames and Hudson. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-500-29063-7.
Arsuaga, J. L.; Martínez, I.; Gracia, A.; Lorenzo, C. (1997). "The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). A comparative study". Journal of Human Evolution. 33 (2-3): 219-281. doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0133. PMID 9300343.
Chen, Lu, et al. “Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals.” Cell, Cell Press, 30 Jan. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science....
Hoffecker, John F. “Out of Africa: Modern Human Origins Special Feature: The Spread of Modern Humans in Europe.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Sept. 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti....
Higham, Tom, et al. “The Earliest Evidence for Anatomically Modern Humans in Northwestern Europe.” NASA/ADS, ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/201....
Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Caramelli, D.; Puder, Y. (2013). "Neandertal evolutionary genetics: mitochondrial DNA data from the iberian peninsula". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (4): 1077-1081. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi094. PMID 15689531.
Fabre, V.; Condemi, S.; Degioanni, A. (2009). "Genetic evidence of geographical groups among Neanderthals". PLOS ONE. 4 (4): e5151. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005151. PMC 2664900. PMID 19367332.
Trinkaus, Erik. “European Early Modern Humans and the Fate of the Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 1 May 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti....
Lieberman, D. E. (1998). "Sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape". Nature. 393 (6681): 158-162. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..158L. doi:10.1038/30227. PMID 9603517. S2CID 4409749.
Formicola, V.; Giannecchini, M. (1998). "Evolutionary trends of stature in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe". Journal of Human Evolution. 36 (3): 319-333. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0270. PMID 10074386.
Allentoft, M. E.; Sikora, M. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7, 555): 167-172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
Beleza, S.; et al. (2012). "The Timing of Pigmentation Lightening in Europeans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30: 24-35. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss207. PMC 3525146. PMID 22923467.
Jones, E.R. (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969.
Wood, Bernard, ed. (2011). "Aurignacian". Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. John Wiley. ISBN 9781444342475.
Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; Yanevich, Alexander (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior". plosone. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834.
Kipfer, Barbara Ann. "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology". Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. P. 216. ISBN 978-0-3064-6158-3
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[@NORTH02]

What topic should I cover next?

[@drswag0076]

a series on European history from prehistory to today.

[@michaelkopanski3479]

homo sapien migration to the americas

[@wnchstrman]

Early European hunter gatherers tools and weaponry deep dive or Indo-European migration into Europe and the spread of farming with corresponding population and cultural changes.

[@cameronmetzel2851]

A Video on Australian natives, a dive into the genetic isolation that took place, which also allowed crazy amounts of species to develop and most are found nowhere else.

[@jay5467]

the first siberians pls

[@thicclegendfeep4050]

Damn, as a European, watching this made me feel an even stronger connection to our continent, knowing just how ancient our connection to it is.

[@nunceccemortiferiscultu7826]

Watch out, attitudes like that are quickly verging on becoming illegal. They call it "whyte supremacy"

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

No love for anatolia or central asian steppes?

[@thicclegendfeep4050]

@@sahulianhooligan7046 Yamnaya didn't come from Central Asia, they came from Eastern Europe, around Ukraine and Southern Russia mostly, some did live a bit in Kazakhstan, but only a small amount if I remember correctly. Saying that, they have a lot of ancestry form ANE, who lived in Siberia, but there people were not Asians, but West Eurasians like Europeans and Middle Easterners, who might have originated in either place (my theory is that they descend from Epigravettians who moved east, I could be wrong). Also, the EEF did in fact come from Anatolia, and I do feel a level of love and connection, but my last ancestors who lived in Western Asia are very ancient, they moved to Europe long ago, so I feel less of a connection to Anatolia, I still revere it as an ancestral homeland . But moreso Europe sense that is the whole end point for everyone, and our earliest ancestors there are very fucking ancient.

[@gianlucailpostino1380]

@@sahulianhooligan7046No love for anatolian farmers they ruined everything with agriculture. I am from northern Italy so I should have nearly 80% of my dna coming from them but I still do not like them

[@jay5467]

europeans are the end result of admixture and replacement and do not have deep (as in paleolithic) roots to Europe. i guess the most archaic genetic component in the gemones of today's europeans would be the Western Hunter Gatherers, but those folks certainly werent apart of the first wave of europeans

[@-umbra-1590]

17:25 If you haven't already, could you make a video on agriculture and its affect on health please? That would be interesting

[@ethansantiago9031]

I second this request

[@suomisongsstirrup7590]

This would be great!

[@craptastic4527]

I 4th this request!

[@nothingnobody1454]

I dont know if this is a democracy or not but imma vote for this too

[@LudosErgoSum]

5th this request.

[@armyant9163]

That was possibly one of the most reflexive click I've had. Your content is TOP TIER!

[@tommybrown7529]

I wouldn’t say all that.. It’s aight 🤷🏿‍♂️

[@The_Conqueeftador]

He very slightly injects his politics into some of his videos and dismisses/never mentions a recent finding in human anthropology that makes alot of his past and present videos and messaging false. The finding came out around 2017 and rocked this field of study.(not politically correct to talk about) This video actually is directly related to that finding and he is smearing it/greying the 2017 finding while presenting a weak counter point. All while avoiding mentioning it. To the average viewer you won't get what he is actually presenting because like a snake in the grass he refuses to talk about something that would shake his side of politics in his academic circle and by giving voice to what he is actually trying to counter it will cause people to look it up and realize he is fudging facts. Therefore the majority of viewers will just drool and consume what he is saying.

[@johandennefors]

@Narbnod I think that MrRandomName is referring to a single tooth found in Bulgariam 2017 dating 7 million years ago, thus suggesting that hominids originated in Europe, not Africa. A single Graecopithecus tooth. (If so, I'd leave that out as well. This is a fantastic video from North02 again, top tier as always, making me thankful to be alive and able to watch these vids whenever I feel like.) Please @Random Name, correct me if I'm wrong. Many of us would like to know. Nothing wrong with sharing information. But we all like to come to our own conclusions presented with the facts :)

[@saradavis6581]

@@The_Conqueeftador why do you also never mention this recent finding? please mention it so i can research it. all this no mentioning has me intrigued haha

[@Shovelglove545]

@@saradavis6581 because he’s a nazi and all they can actually do is fear monger/ vaguely allude to some hidden truth that they have rather than provide any real evidence for their presumed ideas

[@TyrSkyFatherOfTheGods]

Your videos are a special treat! The various European migrations are a source of endless fascination. Thank you for sharing your passion with the rest of us!

[@selfinihalation]

The Basques R1b Villabruna 1 PROOF

[@StormiidaeBlogspot]

Early human history is endlessly fascinating. Thanks for this.

[@marijaokic2427]

Another excellent video. It's wonderful that you back each one up with extraordinary sources. You're doing an amazing job. Best wishes.

[@johnk5019]

There's a certain joy I feel when I get a notification for your videos! You're awesome and can't thank you enough for what you do

[@collinsoconnor5843]

Punguza kimbelembele

[@tsaicio]

I like they way You support all of your videos with most up-to-date science papers. Keep doing a good job.

[@mikehughes2183]

I thought I would add this, that the Homo Erectus found in Georgia (H. georgicus), had a brain size range of between 900-1150 ccs. It's been postulated Homo Erectus had the ability to make fire and simple clothing of hides and fur.

[@Golden2962]

And art!

[@PeterParker-fx9dl]

I binged a lot of your videos. But I didn't realize I wasn't subscribed until I saw this video. Now I am. Great videos!

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Yet another _excellent_ video, North. I love the whole package, from the voice to the writing to the quality of the images and the professional look! You should be working for one of the big history channels, with a paycheck big enough to make you set for life. 🙂 Very well done! ❤️❤️

[@Mj783980]

Your voice is kind of calming

[@ninomiskulin9286]

I can’t stand it.

[@ErichM.L.]

Absolutely amazing. Cannot wait for more videos in this series. Absolutely amazing. Fantastic work!

[@billfisher3694]

Another awesome video. Your videos are one of the highlights of my week. Keep up the good work. I hope you feel better and your voice returns soon. God bless you and yours.

[@HansWeberHimself]

Really appreciate your channel. I’m a biologist and a tinkerer, so ancient people tinkering is certainly up my ally. I like your imagery especially the ’old fashioned’ illustrations that convey their prejudice but remind me of my prejudice. We are just mostly guessing and our mistakes will be revealed by future generations. Your approach is reasonable and pretty unique. Kudos and all the best for the future. Also, your videos ALWAYS remind me of my mortality. Besides the topic, it’s something in your voice…‽ Your dives are deep. May it continue forever.

[@briemills9209]

Absolutely on point throughout. I can only imagine the amount of research that goes into your videos. Awesome work!

[@hunterG60k]

I love these videos; I studied anthropology at uni but it was more than ten years ago now, so getting brought up to date with new discoveries and theories is great.

[@v_nix]

Thank you! This was once again a great video. I learn so much every time. Love. ❤💞

[@robertm7120]

Very good quality content! Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge with us! I'll most definitely be looking out for more of your videos.

[@karenmann4825]

I honestly think this is the best documentary on the first Europeans I have found. Please do more and if possible, longer.

[@LEGOWENTV]

Good video. I enjoy your work…keep them coming!

[@robbie_]

Your voice for this and other videos was great. The essays upon which your videos are based are also fantastic.

[@livrowland171]

It's relaxing but so laid back he kind of sounds a bit stoned

[@tavish4699]

@@livrowland171 good for him then right ?

[@ESL-O.G.]

Good job North, another entertaining video. I'm 47 and still learning about things that I find interesting

[@formulajuan6038]

Another video that did not disappoint, thank you North02!

[@jbaccanalia]

Entertaining, educational, well worth rewatching. Every North 02 video raises human intelligence. We really need this.

[@sterno5119]

Are you really sure that human intelligence can be raised? I doubt....

[@jbaccanalia]

@@sterno5119 no not all of it. But I have hope for some. North02 makes science a much more digestible.

[@malcolmbrown5331]

Good info with good visuals. Thanks for sharing!

[@oesypum]

This is a vast subject to cover in one programme, and I truly appreciate the effort you have made in producing this. Chronological graphs, showing te progression of thier development would be of cpnsiderable help to viewers not quite so well-versed in the subject.

[@explore_travels]

Another hit! Tons of great info. Thank you for making these videos 👏 I didn’t know that early Europeans had such a diverse genetic influence. That’s fascinating!

[@mikeweinberg2483]

Thank you for doing all of the research you did. I thought this vid was a great complement to A Timeline of Stone Age Technology, where you talked about the transition to Neolithic cultures in the Mideast.

[@craiglilly3657]

This is great content! Excellent graphics and summary of modern human migration into Europe.

[@lydiaschoch6491]

You make wonderful videos. I’m looking forward to seeing what you create next.

[@lindakay9552]

Since everything has already been said about how excellent this channel is, I have to give massive props to the narrator for exemplary understanding and execution of punctuation. I can tell when someone was properly taught how to read. Speaking this perfectly is a very rare gift! 🥰

[@Radagast49230]

Your content is top quality and very good at breaking down the dense jargon on academic papers for the layman. You do a better job of covering topics than some of my college professors did.

[@markisthegreat3432]

Awesome, was looking forward to watching this :) Thanks North02

[@russmartin4189]

Your voice was not bad and in fact relaxing to listen to. I enjoyed the video, learned quite a lot, and look forward to more. By the way, I'm 73, and when I was young and in graduate school working toward my MFA, there was a major exhibition of "Cave Man Art" at the Metropolitan Museum In NYC. Some of the pieces you show were on display. I was amazed by the quality and lifelike depictions. One in particular was the head of a cane, which depicted a deer or elk jumping, which conformed to the shape of the bone handle. I decided then and there that modern humans did not have much, if anything, on those guys.

[@big1dog23]

Well done. Very concise and to "the point."

[@Michael_De_Santa-Unofficial]

Another banger from our boy North. And have you considered about making a video about Proto-Indo-Europeans?

[@mtathos_]

thank you yet again for a banger as always, mh you feed us well

[@dersitzpinkler2027]

This was really well done. Great work

[@doomguy9049]

“Cro Magnon” is fine as a name IMO, not unlike “Denisovan” and it’s easier for people to understand the distinction or at least specify between them and previous hominid and less advanced human populations compared to calling them different variations on “human”

[@tuathadesidhe1530]

Yes it's the same with Neanderthals - who are so named because their bones were found in the Neander Valley.

[@davidnotonstinnett]

But “Cro Magnon” are just Homo Sapiens….Denisovans and Neanderthal are entirely separate species from Homo Sapiens.

[@doomguy9049]

@@davidnotonstinnett that doesn't mean anything when they call everything some form of homo sapiens is the whole point lol

[@telebubba5527]

@@doomguy9049 Denisovans and Neanderthals are not Homo Sapiens Sapiens. "Cro Magnon" is. By giving them a name on that level adds to the confusion. They were more like a different tribe.

[@doomguy9049]

@@telebubba5527 Cro Magnon is the first fully modern human and is genetically indistinguishable from the people of Europe today which is why the place name makes sense. There are a bunch of primitive or near-human fossils that are identified as variations on "early modern human" or similar because they don't want to accurately categorize human races any further, but those names don't make sense to laymen or anyone really: they're just used for political/religious reasons not scientific ones.

[@JV-km9xk]

Hey North, can you do an episode regarding war animals? You covered war dogs before but there are still are animals like the elephants. Apparently, they've been in use for thousands of years.

[@messiahsgate1172]

Your videos are always incredibly well done and educational and your voice is calming.

[@mohammedsaysrashid3587]

Informative Video & enjoyable Thanks For Sharing

[@mikki3961]

I don't know about you,North 02 community, but he makes me feel like I am there with these people. The struggle to survive and prosper during prehistory is fascinating to me. Oh for a Tardis!

[@b.a.erlebacher1139]

Thanks for the references. I was under the impression that pale skin and light eyes came from neanderthals, but now I know different. Decades ago, before the advent of genetic sequencing, I found a monograph in a university library about blood types and ancient migrations in Europe. The author worked with data from blood typing of donors all over Europe and his conclusions IIRC, are consistent with much of what you present here. Neolithic farmers from the middle east outbred or pushed paleolithic hunter gatherers up into the Alps and west to the Pyrenees. The Basques have a really high (>30%) incidence of Rh negative blood, which is uncommon in the rest of Europe (less so in Switzerland) and almost unknown elsewhere in the world. I recall a later influx of farmers from northwestern Asia settling the lands north of the Alps. I don't remember the rest, but I was impressed by what could be inferred from the incidence of a few genes, and how clever the author was to realize how useful this "free" data could be. I wish I could give you a reference, but IIRC, I read it in the early 1980s so it's at least that old.

[@Spongebrain97]

I also used to think lighter skin came from Neanderthals but yeah now that seems pretty ridiculous. Change of diet and thousands of years of migrations from different populations spreading more of the genes for light skin in the past 5,000 years is more logical based on studies

[@b.a.erlebacher1139]

@@Spongebrain97 It's not a ridiculous idea that it came from Neanderthals. They were in northern Europe for at least 200,000 years longer than H.sapiens, and had all that time to acquire and conserve mutations helpful in that climate. The value of pale skin in a cold cloudy climate with limited strong sunlight exposure is shown by the much shorter timescale (8000 years?) in which it took over in most of the population of northern Europe. You can lose a lot of each generation when vit D deficiency causes a lot of maternal deaths in first childbirth.

[@blanketparty5259]

@@b.a.erlebacher1139 No it came from. Ancient North Eurasians

[@Lee-sd8uo]

​@@b.a.erlebacher1139 lmao. if I had a penny everytime I heard that bs. light skin is not a recent adaptation. we've been light skinned for at least 60,000 years.

[@l.s68]

@@b.a.erlebacher1139it has been established the White mutation are similar but not inheriated from the neanthertal White genes. The evolved seperately so they could perhaps have been inheriated but the are not

[@robertayoder2063]

Great video loved it love all the ancient video dipcations 👍

[@dashofsalt4359]

I got the notification for this at work and literally demanded my break so I could immediately watch it

[@Cobbido]

The first Europeans were different species of human

[@freezafeesh9251]

I feel so sorry for you having to shift through all garbage in the comments, please keep making more of these - they're so nice to listen to on a morning commute.

[@vistuscaine]

Yes, so much garbage. This comment included.

[@xe4330]

Amazing! Thank you for all your gems 🤘🏽😁

[@KS-ts3le]

Your very pleasant voice is soothing, and thank you for not playing annoying background music, just gently taking it all in.

[@jasonborn867]

Excellent work North02! You probably know evidence is mounting that debunks Out Of Africa, and cutting edge research just published in Hereditas proposes a new Out Of Eurasia model. The paper is titled "The reversal of human phylogeny: Homo left Africa as erectus, came back as sapiens sapiens". The credibility of this new theory needs evaluation and could be ground breaking content...

[@nunceccemortiferiscultu7826]

Would you even be allowed to study something like that at a modern university?

[@jasonborn867]

@@nunceccemortiferiscultu7826 Absolutely. Most theories, studies and papers are researched and produced by professors at universities and institutes. For example, the paper I cited was authored by a professor at the Department of Clinical Sciences at Lund University, Sweden. I'm not suggesting all modern universities teach an Out of Eurasia model, but the theory is becoming more prevalent based on recent evidence such as presented in the paper. It's an interesting read if you have time.

[@gpl992]

@@jasonborn867 If Homo Sapiens migrated back into Africa instead of the other way around,why does Africa have the highest genetic diversity?

[@Alfred5555]

​@@nunceccemortiferiscultu7826 No, I'd say you're asking of the question is understanding enough that even just such theories are practically banned from widespread publication. We have known Out of Africa is scientifically nonsense for a long time, only now is it's opposition even seeing the light of day again, and is extremely strangulated with every discovery. Literally in this video the North02 guy talks about these "lies" as if they are facts, such as saying things to the effect of "white people only came into existence about 7000 years ago" and things like this, despite the somewhat famous discovery of a 28,000 year old Cro-Magnon IN SOUTHERN ITALY, who was genetically identical to modern Europeans, (an example of research that is simply ignored and suppressed, I can only imagine because no one realises the political reasons or patterns at play, but people are beginning to take notice like yourself I'm sure). I'm not saying I support the out of Eurasia theory, or any theory on the matter, I'm just saying that the current theory is fictional (there's still the missing link no one seems to mention anymore) and such opposition is obviously banned.

[@Alfred5555]

@@jasonborn867 Thor Heyerdahl was denounced by his universities and posthumously removed from his own institution for researching such theories archeologically, let alone biologically, after they became verboten.

[@vladimirskala]

I'd recommend "Dawn of Everything" for the rich research on paleolithic and neolithic. It shows just how non-linear our history was.

[@pathfinderfergusfilms6630]

Thouthourly enjoyed this my friend... Very well narrated and put together. Very informative. First class!

[@robertferguson3648]

Absolutely fascinating. Thank you

[@Revco7]

I would do anything to become an anthropologist and be like you making videos for people like me.

[@NannyMAU]

Wish this came with a written version x would love to read and study further details. Amazing - Thank you x

[@rorydonaldson2794]

I just saw your community post from yesterday about 20 minutes ago, what a superb timing!

[@hugodesrosiers-plaisance3156]

Great work, as always.

[@j.b.4340]

@8:30, you discuss melanin/pigmentation. It isn’t accurate to show dark skinned Europeans. In France, even today, some of the natives have olive skin. They don’t look like Africans.

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

Due to Yamnaya and Anatolian admixture

[@brandondavis7777]

@@sahulianhooligan7046 due to the climate*.

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

@@brandondavis7777 Yep just look at the photos of Indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania, New Zealand and Alaska...totally olive skin because of climate lol

[@Laura-kl7vi]

Didn't you hear the part where he said (it's very well known and they have genetic sequences and know the genes (in all homo sapiens including us today) for skin color so scientists literally can see in these people's genes they can sequence their skin color) until 5-8000 years ago Europeans were dark skinned? They retained their dark skin the entire time period 50K-8K years ago. It's not even a theory because they can see the fact. They know for sure. They test their genes the same way they could test yours or mine.

[@Laura-kl7vi]

@Graeme Duncan They retained the African skin phenotype from where they came from. Speculating they may have had similar hair isn't shocking. And not all of them did in the photos.

[@MeisVlk]

Nice video, and i like the mention of sources! It would help me if - when you pronounce the name of these industries, you would show them written down too. Subtitles did not help either :( First bohunitian? Then proto-Aurignacian? Then Aurignacian-"proper"? Then Gravettian? (Later you do write down some culture names as i see)

[@terrysincheff6682]

Yes, this would be very helpful.

[@thatdogguy9838]

I am so in love with your channel dude

[@louiechidwick6034]

Brilliant video mate! When you cover the other Upper Paleolithic cultures, please don't forget the "Cresswellian culture" based in the heart of England (Cresswell Crags).

[@Mj783980]

One thing I've never understood in the complexion theory of different groups is the lack of evidence for widespread vitamin D deficiency in the history of groups that are light skinned today. Shouldn't there be a lot of skeletons, when their animal source of vitamin D diminished, that had rickets and other immune issues from vitamin D deficiency?

[@EugeneSeidel]

Would that not have been compensated by being outdoors all day long? Sunlight spurs our bodies to manufacture Vitamin D.

[@Mj783980]

@@EugeneSeidel The UV index in Europe, regardless of location, is far less than that in Africa. In addition the climate forced less skin exposure, because of clothing protection from weather. So Africans, according to the theory, had more skin exposed in an area of higher UV index, while Europeans had less skin exposed in an area of lower UV index. Regardless of how long they stayed outside the UV in Europe couldn't compete with what they adapted for in Africa

[@k9wolf07]

@@Mj783980 You bring up a good point, when he says the adoption of agriculture brought health issues is where you start to see deficiencies but its not on as big of a scale that you would think we should see. However even without the mega fauna much of northern Europe even up to the iron age and round the British islands their diets were mostly consisted of meat "Including organ meats" and dairy with some mushrooms, berries and sea plants so vitamin D deficiency was not an issue they would likely suffer from as its incredibly easy to get from food. I don't think vitamin D was the driver for the evolution for light skin but rather the lack of the environmental pressure of the intense sun no longer playing a huge factor and then sexual selection probably played the bigger role overall. Evolution doesn't always act on positive/beneficial traits, often times aslong as somethings not super detrimental it still passes. Light skin was likely just not detrimental at higher latitudes and either sexual selection or genetic bottlenecking made it more extreme in Europe then in Asia or north America.

[@Mj783980]

@@k9wolf07 I agree, i think sexual selection plays more of a role then experts like to admit. Every source i see on the evolution of skin, however, focuses on the folate-vitamin D theory, the balancing act between them. It's offensive, in today's world, to suggest that complexion has any relevance or relation to sexual selection or attraction. The implications wouldn't end well lol

[@Breakfast_of_Champions]

@@Mj783980 I think I saw a BBC documentary about that... No really, less pigment to produce means less effort, so nature will gravitate towards that when the pigment doesn't have a useful function and even inhibits vitamin D production during the short summers.

[@VTPSTTU]

Just to be clear, do they have Homo Erectus DNA profiles? Is so, do those profiles show a clear connection to modern human profiles? I've always assumed that they had the profiles and that the profiles showed the connection. However, when I think about the tests showing different levels of Neanderthal in different people, I wondered whether there is some other species that is in the ancestry and isn't Homo Erectus according to DNA.

[@Alfred5555]

I'm not sure about the answer to your question, but I believe it is quietly accepted that modern Europeans do not "descend" from Neanderthals at all, but are literally Cro-Magnons who interbred in small amounts with Neanderthals, I am not sure of the common ancestor between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon.

[@VTPSTTU]

@@Alfred5555 That's a pretty tight distinction to make. Even if modern European-descended people have only a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA that resulted from a small part of the Neanderthal population being integrated into the Cro-Magnon population, I would say that these people are at least partially "descended" from Neanderthal. Even if the entire European-descended population doesn't have a measurable amount of Neanderthal DNA, I'd say that the population as a whole is partially descended from that group. I hope that someone will be able to answer whether all of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon lines came from Homo Erectus or whether some other species might have played a part. Again, I've just always assumed that all of us came from one or maybe a few lines of Home Erectus. The idea of having another contributor would be interesting. I honestly don't know whether they've been able to collect enough Home Erectus DNA to construct the entire genome. If we have something that isn't part of the Homo Erectus genome, that would be very interesting.

[@TheCossak]

incredible work. thank you.

[@BFDT-4]

I just watched "The Origins Of Homo Sapiens With Professor Chris Stringer" from History Hit, and up to 7;13, your narrative great parallels what Stringer is telling us. And also with that jaw from Romania. These recent findings are very compelling that a new story/explanation of Euro-Asian origins is being made (thank the gods!), different from only 25 years ago, when many stereotypes were still abundant in discussions. Excellent. Now back to your video after 7;13!

[@BFDT-4]

Oh, and please drop the feet and inches and other such measurements in favor of just using SI, please! ;P

[@deinowolfhybridhero5101]

Looking at the early Europeans, they remember me the north America natives. In fact there were some proofs that Cro - magnon blood alleles showed correspondence with some group of siberian population and also north west american as well as other groups of tribes. Is possible to hypothesize common migrations from Siberia or however far east Eurasia? Going totally OT I would like if you in future could make a video about the populations of India in particular those that started the fascinating Indus River civilization

[@andrewlove3686]

Siberians and native americans are reverse mestizos. The result of ancient east Asians colonizing and mixing with ancient europeans in Siberia. That's the connection. Native America are roughly 30% ancient European and 70% east asian. Modern Siberians are a spectrum from west to east.

[@jay5467]

@@andrewlove3686 that seems to be the case with Ancient North Eurasians and their ancestors Ancestral North Siberians, both populations had roughly 30% east eurasian ancestry. and that makes sense if you lookat the phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R and Q, they both come from P (which the ancestral north siberians carried) came from K, which is an east eurasian marker and likely arose somewhere in SE Asia. ANE werent a geneticallly pure west euraian population, they had east eurasian ancestry.

[@andrewlove3686]

@@jay5467 haplogroups are not uselful in a lot of cases. Autosomal is what makes people who they are. If I remember correctly Malta boy was like 80/90% west eurasian. The further through time we move the more east eurasian siberia/central asia becomes. Look at the populations that carry ANE admixture. Europeans and eurasian "reverse mestizos". 100% east Asians like Chinese koreans and Japanese are 0% ANE. The only people descended at least partially from ANE are Europeans and people who literal look mixed east asian/euro. Euros have ANE but no east asian.

[@jay5467]

@@andrewlove3686 ANEs had 30% ancestry from East Eurasians. thats not alot but it sure isnt a little. also, native americans and some siberian populations like the KEts have ANE too.more so than Europeans

[@xhosagibran370]

Thanks for the video especially the explanation on the various migrations and assimilations into Europe. Many people just stop at the yamnaya and think they’re the only descendants of indo-europeans.

[@blanketparty5259]

Technically it is , but more so the corded ware branch which came to dominate europe and beyond. Yamnaya is mostly responsible for Greece.

[@ginam830]

Another excellent video ❤️

[@hollyoswald7808]

Thank you for providing references!

[@Turkish_Model__1]

Hittites Taur = Nordic Thor Origins 🇹🇷

[@Turkish_Model__1]

Basque ancestors

[@maureensurdez7841]

Fantastic job good illustrations. North 02 you got it goin on!

[@adjjal]

This was so cool and informational thank You! Pls could you at some point make a video about the prehistory of India and Asia as we know of? I would be so interested!

[@saltycomments318]

The out of Africa theory has come under question in light of recent discoveries. Check it out

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

The same way that recent discoveries have shown Earth is flat, co2 can’t effect global temperature, and earth was created only 6,000 years ago? Perhaps stop taking every conspiracy and pseudoscientific claim you hear and taking it at face value.

[@genoshistoria3487]

09:00 The OCA2 and IRF4 gene also effects skin color. All Mesolithic Europeans, have the light skin variants in these two genes. SNPS rs1804004, rs12913832 in OCA and SNP rs12203592 in IRF4. Due to this, I doubt any Mesolithic Europeans had African-style dark skin. Which is how they are depicted in reconstructions. Africans have the dark skin variant in these genes but Mesolithic Europeans all had the light skin variant. It is true SLC45A2 and SLC24A5 have by far a bigger effect on skin color, but there are a lot of genes involved, and we should not presume ancient Europeans without them had African-style dark skin. Darker than modern Europeans=/=Black. Black

[@useodyseeorbitchute9450]

If someone suggest to depicting WHG as indeed dark skinned, for consistency sake I'd insist on presenting them as suffering from serious vitamin D deficit as well. They are being depicted this way to fit modern bizzare ideology.

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

@@useodyseeorbitchute9450 No because the their vitamin d rich hunter-gatherer diets. Hence why Alaskan natives and Tasmanian Aboriginals have maintain their melanin.

[@useodyseeorbitchute9450]

@@sahulianhooligan7046 Have you actually seen any photo of Alaskan natives? Their skin tone is quite light, comparable to Mediterraneans. That's exactly what I point out.

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

​@@useodyseeorbitchute9450 Mediterraneans live closer to equator, native Alaskans live further north than Germanics and Mediterraneans and should be paler than both but vitamin D rich diet compensates for lack of UV exposure. You should be comparing Mediterraneans with Tasmanian Aboriginals since both groups are roughly same distance from equator.

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

@@useodyseeorbitchute9450 You also have to remember modern Europeans are very recent group of people largely descended from Anatolia and Yamnaya steppes

[@laza6141]

My favorite youtube channel !!! Keep Going !!!!!

[@thomasnuedling9167]

Your voice was fine! Thank you for another interesting video! 😁

[@colddarkness1798]

Hail Europa 🌲🧙🏻‍♂️🐻🐺

[@davevann9795]

Show us your flint knapping skills. Show how difficult it is by showing what can go wrong. If you can, show the differences in the knapping techniques of different industries.

[@jay5467]

i second this!

[@terrysincheff6682]

Thank you for another enlightening video. Can you recommend a good book on flint knapping for beginners?

[@donnysandley4649]

one of my favorites yet 👍please consider doing a video on homocapensis otherwise know as boscop mam🙏

[@zephyr-mq3cv]

Don't know why but it makes me kind of sad that we are the last of us left.

[@istvansipos9940]

considering how effective we are, this was the only good option for us. If we don't outcompete all the humanoids, one species outcompetes us.

[@ragnari9368]

You forgot about the X-Men;)

[@zephyr-mq3cv]

@@ragnari9368 😂

[@DarthKater311]

Not me. Can’t wait for us to be extinct

[@accidiaet]

We will eventually begin new speciations just look at how genetically distinct australian aboriginals are from say the Sami.

[@joshaklese4969]

What reasons are there to erase ethnic groups from history? Why do you only have art of Africans as cavemen? Guancha and Berbers had modern European features. Red and blond hair. Not every African is black.

[@HailWoden18]

A cave painting cannot display race of someone you fking clown.

[@michaelyoung7974]

Despite a little hoarseness which you mentioned, the narration is well-paced and excellent. I learned a lot of vocabulary, and my realization of early European H. sapiens as dark-skinned was strengthened.

[@tpobrienjr]

Interesting perspective. Thank you.

[@joshuamichael2463]

Was the out of Africa theory seriously challenged or is it still widely accepted

[@NORTH02]

KZbin commenters often seem to belive that out of Africa is “debunked” but it is by far the most dominant theory in regards to human migration.

[@user-uu2ur3mh9m]

@@NORTH02 if it’s a theory why you present it as a fact when making a documentary about a continent. Not to hate your videos are great but how are apes supposed to mutate into what we are now.. Makes no sense.

[@jamisojo]

​​@@user-uu2ur3mh9mHow does it not make sense? What part are you struggling to understand? It makes a lot of sense. Although, the correct description is that modern apes and humans have a shared ancestor. If you don't accept that, I don't know what to do with you. This is what scientific research tells us. I certainly haven't heard any better theories.

[@escomape5390]

You guys are welcome to come up with a theory with evidence and reasoning, also publish a paper about it. Nobody is preventing you from doing it, put up or shut up.

[@CJ_YT.]

skyrim belongs to the nords

[@deepquake9]

Been subbed for a while. Love your videos.

[@clocked_that]

Another fantastic piece! I just knapped my first pre form from toilet ceramic. Tons of fun.

[@memofromessex]

I'm dark Irish (my partner said I could help out with getting the black vote!) but I do think it's been much exaggerated the preponderance of dark skin in late Pleistocene European humans to make a political point, just because you have a gene doesn't mean it's switched on nor do we have a huge amount of evidence for early Northern European. Vitamin D is an absolute necessity for a healthy life and if our ancestors like mine were in the far north where the sun rarely shines then they will be at a serious disadvantage. You've got to wonder why so many people even in northern Africa have light skin. A good example of this political bias is that Neanderthals are always shown with light skin, whilst similar homo sapiens of a similar time are now shown as having dark skin. To note, I'm a Labour party member and my partner is mixed race. But objectivity over politics, all the time

[@sahulianhooligan7046]

Vitamin D can be obtain through diet without much sunlight hence Tasmanian Aboriginals. "A good example of this political bias is that Neanderthals are always shown with light skin, whilst similar homo sapiens of a similar time are now shown as having dark skin." Neanderthals have lived in Europe for half a million years. Homo Sapiens Sapiens were recent migrators from Africa arriving in Europe 40,000 years ago. "You've got to wonder why so many people even in northern Africa have light skin" Same reason there is light skin in South Africa and Australia = recent migration

[@pac...1680]

Great vids 👍

[@justinsherrell6004]

welcome back, Well researched

[@bootlegapples]

I continue to see depictions of early Europeans as having a modern day African appearance.The problem with this is that modern day africans too have evolved since homo sapiens left the African continent.There is the archaic admixture that varies by races as well.Subsaharan populations have significant "ghost population" admixture that is largely or entirely not present in Indo Europeans/orientalids.Likewise we have archaic admixture largely not present in sub saharan Africans.The portrayal of early Europeans (pick a population)as sharing the phenotypes of modern Africans seems a lazy portrayal and/or politically motivated.

[@juneroberts5305]

Great comment.

[@dovajunbormah]

Makes more sense to have it closer to the original model. Pining for a 23 version seems a bit sensitive and egocentric

[@twitterjackedmitchell8096]

Out of Africa has been debunked 🙄 Also Cro Magnon had a much larger skull.

[@ehunt7498]

Lmao what

[@vyhozshu]

@@ehunt7498 bro mustve dug out some old N*zi archeological myths from the 30s and thought they were true lol

[@thegameres816]

I just came when i saw theres a new vid ;) how could I miss it!

[@danielgoulding1344]

Great content