The Man Who Took LSD and Changed The World

[@veritasium]

If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you'll find exclusive behind-the-scenes bonus content over on our Patreon www.patreon.com/posts/119438561

[@watisdisname6436]

Cool

[@firebreathingfun5699]

Another interesting video to learn cool things from! Thanks veritasium ❤

[@quintonconoly]

Ok

[@dothetrade]

How many warlike conflicts are there in the world and why should this question matter to us a lot?, it occurred to me to know the correct answer and by the way great video like everything you contribute master!!! looking for the truth

[@calvinlyngdoh851]

Psychedelics helps you activate your Spirit/Sixth Sense to see into the Higher Dimension called The Spiritual Realm. It works easily as a cheat trick, but it poses certain risks like Demonic Possesion, Mental Breakdown and even Death if your Spirit gets interfered with. It is not to be entertained by those who have no knowledge of The Spiritual Realm. Without the protection of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, things become really dangerous. You can't just go in unprepared. If something goes wrong you might end up in a vegetative state with a coma or even worse you might die.

[@johnchessant3012]

the biologist working with bacteria at boiling temperatures was named Freeze?? that is so perfect

[@blindtraveler844]

when you realise that in chemistry glass and salt are frozen!!

[@laurensa.1803]

Mr Freeze

[@ralanham76]

@@laurensa.1803❤

[@ganymede3141]

Dr. Freeze.

[@Dlf212]

Damn monkeys (If you've seen enough dragon ball, you'll get the reference).

[@96004caldas]

the fact that he wasn't fired the day that machine arrived was a miracle

[@chrisjohanesen]

Shows how much privilege white men have.

[@lazydictionary]

Not really. Automating menial tasks like that let PhDs actually use their PhDs and their brains more. Company more effectively utilizes their smart employees.

[@roberttalada5196]

Wouldn’t happen in todays world. “Automation will free you from the dread of work” is a weird take for someone who is being replaced by AI

[@plica06]

Yes. Then some manager agreed to keep him on full pay for another year while he worked on an idea no one believed in. That manager deserves credit for making that bet and giving time for the scientific method to pay dividends even when they were far from guaranteed.

[@theguythatcoment]

That's the difference between having a boss with a BBA and a PhD.

[@fetilu0975]

2:22 Of course a PhD student would end up in a bakery after submitting their thesis

[@leaDR356]

No nation respects intellectuals. They are taken for granted.

[@Reki_rrrrr]

@@Gurpreet_69 I would try to motivate you but your name seems Indian. Give up bro. This country doesn't care about research

[@johnsaunders1527]

The PhD to baker pipeline is real!

[@fetilu0975]

​@@Gurpreet_69I've started a PhD this year ! It's super fun and I've had the chance to find the two best supervisors ever 🎉 The only problem I predict is fundings. But that's a future me problem and there always exist solutions ! So absolutely don't hesitate to commit to this way. Even if you don't pursue a career in academia your PhD (whatever the subject) is super valuable anywhere at anytime :)

[@DaNiKzz]

@@Gurpreet_69 everyone on that path ends up like bro ;-;

[@henriandco]

21:20 "My god I'm the only person in the world that ever sees this!" This feeling is what got me to do research, I was a master's student at the time and discovered an (admittedly not very important) effect of temperature on a mosquito we were testing at my lab. After analyzing the results I thought "right now, I am the only person in the history of humanity to know this information", and I stayed a good amount of time in front of the computer with the results, just bathing in the uniqueness of the moment. It was THRILLING. I'll be defending my thesis on the 27th of February, wish me luck :)

[@faviovuela]

hudson freeze’s discovery was initially admittedly not very important either. who knows!

[@Protonix07]

Hudson Freeze's discovery was also admittedly not important for 16 years either. 65 odd years later, this discovery aided in saving the world from a global pandemic. You never know what your discovery may aid in the future.

[@simvoli]

Good luck!

[@rodrigocastillo4418]

And then you discover how to control populations or some ecological application of sorts. One never knows!

[@joeballz25]

@@Protonix07 you guys commenting these sweet things are so kind lol and its true congrats for discovering something so exciting!

[@Nethaura]

It's crazy how two completely unrelated, seemingly useless discoveries can come together to form something so great. Goes to show that we should never assume something is pointless before trying it

[@harielabram9180]

that's base research, one of the biggest challenges we have in science is to defend it, because politicians and companies tend to think that applied research is all that matter, but they don't realize that the applied research only exists because of the base research

[@Martykun36]

sure but I don't see how replicating DNA exponentially can be "seemingly useless"

[@Nethaura]

@Martykun36 i meant mostly about the boiling water worms, but the method of continuously needing to add polymerase was also dismissed by some people

[@melsbov]

Be Smart has recently made a great video about this topic actually, Why Useless Knowledge Can Be So Useful

[@stspy212]

Solid reasoning to try lots of drugs.

[@SlipperyTeeth]

I can't imagine being offered a job at a dna research company while just at a bakery. I can't imagine getting to keep your job after it's been automated. I can't imagine getting to pitch a new way of doing things and getting a whole team of people to explore the idea.

[@scrocrates6380]

Welcome to the 21st century

[@flpdeluca]

Yes haha I've got that feeling too. But I believe those were adaptations he had to do for the benefit of story telling

[@panatypical]

Maybe it's something like that if he were a more solid character, public opinion would give a lot more credence to what he's been saying. Another thing the powerful people don't want.

[@BorisPushkin-rq2hm]

Yeah, I wonder how did the dynamic get to that 😅 like "You'll also give me some Bavarian pretzels, also, do you have a PhD and want to work at a research startup?"

[@lazydictionary]

He was extremely smart and friends with his boss. The video overplays him doing boring work - most biology/chemistry is boring and repetitive.

[@markojojic6223]

There's nothing better than a Veritasium molecular biology video on a cold winter day

[@3vxn.5unt]

real! my holiday's are now complete!

[@markojojic6223]

@TTPronaldo bot

[@obiwf]

Registering my presence 2:15 because I'm among the first to watch this video

[@katzenbieber9885]

Daddy 👮🏻‍♂️🇵🇱

[@lopezskating2901]

Hot over here but I could say the same. (I guess😂)

[@SuperionMaximus]

I mean the whole "I made a lot of drugs during university so a guy who came to buy bread gave me a job at a biotech company and then I invented DNA" is the most boomer story I have ever heard.

[@nancymcmonarch]

Dude, Cetus was the most boomer company you could ever imagine. 😆

[@johncochrane1770]

You say that like it's a bad thing

[@mbm8690]

Some students did have to work as waiters, to earn money, and some even do so still today. Not everyone can be a succesful youtuber.

[@SuperionMaximus]

@mbm8690 That is entirely true, but also entirely irrelevant for the joke I was making. :P

[@malachite072]

​@@johncochrane1770they're just kids 😂

[@Nethaura]

Thank god he didn't crash the car during his Eureka moment 💀

[@kaushikitripathi1663]

😂 ah that's so realistic scenario, if he was on drugs

[@joshcryer]

It would have been discovered anyways, that's why they forced publication because others were working on it. Ironically them forcing publication made Mullis famous so they did him a huge favor despite being ungrateful about it. Still a fascinating history. Also that Freeze guy has such a fun name, and the fact he worked with extremophiles (high temp) and has that last name, is so funny.

[@SpydersByte]

@@joshcryer yea that was quite ironic, Dr. Freeze found the hottest form of life on this planet 😅

[@jacobrosales98]

It’s not hard to drive on lsd lol, it’s not like drunk driving.

[@abubakarqureshi6479]

I was thinking the same thing 😭

[@valmatcine]

From watching objects being destroyed in slow-mo I'm finally learning new things an effective way. Derek, thank you so much.

[@veritasium]

Thank you so much! So glad to hear you enjoyed the video!

[@Easyeee25]

And you donated how much again? ​@@user-hl2yj8kp2s

[@Hinghee123]

@@user-hl2yj8kp2s how to get Veriasium to reply: Super Thanks 100000 Rupiah 😂

[@alielsaidi7925]

@@user-hl2yj8kp2s and thats funny because?

[@haraldhasyou6214]

Yeah, Not so cool this video trying to degrade a first class scientist. Poor caracter for anyone who does that!

[@jpgourdine]

Hudson Freeze is also a glycobiologist who made incredible discoveries on many diseases.

[@noteveryday]

Damn, now he's an even more chill humble guy.

[@vcprado]

Also a Batman's villain... Oh wait

[@HudsonFreeze]

wow, you know about that stuff! Very nice of you to say :Hi"

[@jackprier7727]

Thx for bringing up glycobiology, lotta interactions in the goo-

[@Kiwilad87]

Youre amazing ​@HudsonFreeze

[@dorathyfoster1459]

LSD and mushrooms are just all that I do, they make me appreciate life better.

[@morgancr1993]

It's been 2 years since I tried magic mushrooms or LSD, can't find a plug anywhere in my area. Back then, We used one of those vaporizers with the big bags. The first time I didn't do enough and I just seen shapes and colours. But the second time I managed to get another hit in before I got the light headed. I remember floating above the country side flying and then all of a sudden I zoomed down into a deer and went right inside of it and I was the veins and the blood and flowing through this deers body. It was very strange lol

[@mavahenderson7757]

After my trip yesterday, I did understand why mushrooms are praised... you can have some beautiful experiences on them..

[@jordanlewis5666]

I'm interested in trying emm.. where do you get from ?

[@mavahenderson7757]

medicgael

[@mavahenderson7757]

ᵒⁿ ᵗⁱᵏᵒᵏ ᵃⁿᵈ

[@dmt472]

I think the team at Cetus deserves just as much recognition as Mullis, if not more. We'd be nowhere without them, and props to the manager that recognised the chance

[@NokiaTablet-pl7vt]

Nah, LSD did the heavy lifting

[@KeyleeMai]

When they published the paper and had his name 4th and he left was the point he didn’t care about any of them, imo

[@peterectasy2957]

sure, cetus did more than mullis, everything was already in front of him, huge support and many clever ideas outside of mullis mind

[@arcanisomnipotent5794]

@@NokiaTablet-pl7vt LSD in the right mind correct

[@panner11]

@@KeyleeMai I mean he didn't write that particular paper. The fact that human pride puts so much value on name order that you burn all bridges is the real folly. The fact that he went on tour as a celebrity rather than continue any scientific work shows how important the science was to him. He didn't care about any of them before he left either.

[@SkiRedMtn]

The big difference is that the automation that “took” his job actually allowed him the paid time he needed to invent PCR because unlike any of us who will lose our jobs to automation, he wasn’t dismissed when the more efficient method came online.

[@yuvalne]

yupppp

[@Soleft]

yea because he's a scientist, his value is multifarious.

[@HungryGhost1986]

I heard about a guy that outsourced all his work to some guy in China, so he could just sit and pretend to work all day.

[@elainebelzDetroit]

@@HungryGhost1986 Here in the US, white workers used to do that using day laborers who they could pay very little to, because there weren't equal opportunity protections & employers could only hire white people if they wanted to.

[@elainebelzDetroit]

Right? Sometimes the struggle for survival can lead to innovation, I'm sure; but probably not on the same scale as the suffering that kind of job loss would cause.

[@Scarker]

31:30 - I need to add one important caveat: His job was taken over by a machine *and they were still paying him what he needed to survive.* He wasn't exactly discovering this stuff as he was kicked out and had to work at a bakery to survive, his needs were met while a machine was doing the bulk of his job. That potential to create extraordinary things while one's needs are met and they have spare time is universal. As long as we invest in meeting their needs first. “I am, somehow, less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein’s brain than in the near certainty that people of equal talent have lived and died in cotton fields and sweatshops.” ― Stephen Jay Gould

[@sgriggl]

Was about to comment very much the same thing. He doesn't discover anything if he doesn't have the free time and comfort to drive to a cabin he owns. His discovery then doesn't go anywhere unless he's still "plugged in" to his place of work, where he has access to equipment and resources to begin the first tests, and eventually convince the right people where a team starts working on it.

[@rithvikmuthyalapati9754]

Was going to comment about this. People aren't worried about the fact that a machine is doing their job, they are worried about what will happen to them if they do get replaced.

[@phazercoretech6841]

Damn that quote...

[@verxux5432]

Abolish Capitalism,Establish Socialism

[@dipalibaul9120]

@@verxux5432 no. my money.

[@JamesRandall1]

Had to pause video after watching interview with H Freeze. Is there anything more beautiful than the passion of discovery and curiosity? Exceptional production. Thank you.

[@peripheralparadox4218]

Tits.

[@HudsonFreeze]

thanks for noticing...the goosebumps still keep coming--almost 60 years later.

[@bungs-q7l]

Currently a semester away from completing my undergraduate degree in microbiology, and wow... The visuals, explanations, and connections between everything in this video is amazing. Videos like this are what make KZbin such a valuable learning resource.

[@jackprier7727]

Yeah the visuals were outstanding and explanatory-

[@angelito3795]

🎉

[@invalidaccount6147]

College/University?

[@vectoralphaSec]

You do psychedelic drugs?

[@Cjtormey]

I really appreciate how versatile your content is, Derek. Im a biochem major, and have watched your content for years thank you!

[@1112viggo]

Pure Versatelium

[@MictheEagle]

Same here.

[@lsp6032]

Med lab science, same with me too, even tested my own DNA for specific strings(failed to show usable results but still)

[@soyanshumohapatra]

Yo

[@sampanique]

[@Frozen_RL]

Teachers: “Stay in school and don’t do drugs” Kary Mullis: “I made PCR and the credit goes to drugs 😵‍💫”

[@Impetuss]

A lot of great music, art, inventions etc were made because of psychedelics. Maybe the only class of "drugs" that can improve your life and help someone become a better and more enlightened person

[@eingyi2500]

They can also give you schizophrenia so tread lightly​@@Impetuss

[@nerfherder4284]

Psychedelics don't do cause inventiveness or creativity. An uncreative person on LSD isn't going to become creative. Jimi Hendrix was an excellent guitar player and creative person before taking any drugs. He practiced, he studied he learned, then he did drugs.

[@wernerviehhauser94]

survivorship bias, nothing else. Use drugs on 100 students, get half a genius and 99 trainwrecks.

[@imjstcl]

@@nerfherder4284 yeah I think anyone who watches the whole video and takes his drug talk at face value is ignoring the end. Drugs might have helped him, but just because this kook says drugs did all the heavy lifting doesnt mean they actually did.

[@johnnygoodfool9148]

The real takaway from this story is we need more scientists on LSD

[@SlickWillyTFCF]

Why do you think governments make it illegal? If everyone could take it we'd realize we don't need governments and can come up with excellent ideas and meaningful existence with zero government interference.

[@vincentroeder1366]

Hello, this is the best explanation of PCR I have seen. Having defended my PhD in molecular biology in 2006, I can attest that PCR is certainly the most used method in the labs today and have opened so many doors in knowledge and diagnosis possibilities. Thanks for this video ! Next time my friends asks about what I do, I’ll send them the link !

[@JFirecracker]

As someone who will likely never be in discussion for a PhD because I just don't have that kind of money OR time, the phrase "defended my PhD" _really_ makes it sound like y'all doctorates have to go through literal mortal combat to secure the degree

[@2712animefreak]

@@JFirecracker I presume it differs between countries, but where I live the actual defence itself is mostly a formality. Your mentor won't sign your thesis off unless it's good enough and you've worked properly. I don't think I've ever heard of anyone getting failed at the defence.

[@JC-life-is-good]

@@JFirecracker 🤣 I can see PhDs in white lab coats erasing each other's ideas on the caulk board until only one is left standing.

[@Virusskeptic-d3z]

@@vincentroeder1366 as someone who knows that pcr is not meant for diagnosis, I disregard the video.

[@CarlTSpeak]

​@@Virusskeptic-d3zGiven how many times you felt the need to reply to this you're perhaps looking for one of the Betterhelp sponsored videos.

[@dragonslayerslayerdragon5077]

When taking hallucinagens, it matters where one is starting from and what's already in and on the mind, among other factors. If one lacks the prerequisite knowledge for a field of study, you aren't going to be able to explore that space in a meaningful way.

[@ianleonard8251]

Idk man, there’s real evidence of people atrial projecting, and that’s the most tame thing i can list. People like this guy, tesla, da vinci, etc, either born with it or using drugs gain the abilities to know accurately much more than they should. It kinda sounds like this guy went through a kundalini awakening

[@califomia]

Au contraire, I discovered how to time travel and I'm not even a temporolist!

[@dragonslayerslayerdragon5077]

@califomia history is a helluva drug.

[@jalubo420]

​@@califomia you must be very smart

[@jaculaa01]

taking a shitton of drugs and waking up 3 days later isn't exactly what I would call time traveling ​@@califomia

[@jermainebeea1444]

This video is going to break the record for most title changes in 24hrs.

[@revanth865]

What were they, mine was from doing drugs to saved millions

[@retropulpmonkey]

"How one man exposed your DNA"

[@aaronkipkoech2478]

The Curious Life of Kary Mullis and His Infinite DNA Glitch

[@harshpatel4431]

How the weirdest guy won the Nobel prize.

[@mr.president6922]

they all start copying mrbeast, changing the title and the goofy thumbnails

[@kevinjamison4561]

Thanks!

[@veritasium]

Thank you!

[@smellthel]

Original title: How The Weirdest Guy Won The Nobel Prize

[@Vastlee]

Thank you. I thought I was on LSD. Was about to click on it and then refreshed. It had changed.

[@Waghabond]

I wonder why it was changed

[@supermarkethobo9567]

@@Waghabond they A/B test titles and thumbnails to find the best one

[@arn3107]

thank you!

[@arn3107]

​@@Waghabond maybe for targeting different types of audience?

[@SebastianJVW]

I still like the guy that won a Nobel partly by drinking a beaker of H. Pylori to prove that stomach ulcers are caused by bacteria, not stress. He later also found a link between the *absence* of H. Pylori (and other gut bacteria) and increased rates of allergies.

[@scrocrates6380]

This is a villain origin story

[@33left]

Sounds like it would make a good subject for another Veritasium video

[@rhetorical1488]

yep a microbe present in 100% of mammals eradicated in 90% of humans after birth. what could possibly go wrong.

[@carlosgaspar8447]

did they completely eliminate stress as a factor; it's an old story but until you are a victim of a stressful situation (maybe leading to loss of sleep, lower immune system...) you may not value its impact. the same goes with hiv, and coronovirus. not everyone that caught them viruses developed symptoms/disease.

[@rhetorical1488]

@@carlosgaspar8447 you missed the point entirely. the diseases you point to have somehow not been isolated and no isolated in solution is not isolated. the common thread is fraudchi

[@fullestegg]

0:45 You are NOT the father🔥🔥🔥

[@Astrophotographer2009]

Lol....he literally hit a backflip😂

[@derickx14]

😂😂😂😂😂

[@Aspirant-00000]

Bro was happy to dodge child support ☠️

[@RizzingRabbit]

💀

[@mackytarts]

I would also backflip hearing that

[@gushaslam4133]

This is such a brilliant and clear way of explaining DNA, PCR and genetics more broadly. Usually looking at the origins of these ideas is the best way of understanding them. Bravo

[@mambavisuals6258]

As an undergraduate research associate, I often take technologies like PCR for granted. I’m guilty of viewing it merely as a tool for obtaining data, without fully appreciating the underlying principles behind it. Excellent video!

[@ryanjohnson4565]

Garlic

[@johnchessant3012]

I like this story as a caution against the "lone genius" stereotype. People think of scientists as all sitting around trying to have the next brilliant insight. That is an important part of it, but most of science is collaborative. It's writing papers and attending and presenting at seminars to share your ideas effectively. A lot of it is methodical, un-flashy lab work that takes a lot of patience to track down things that went wrong. It took almost 3 years from Mullis's initial idea to a working example. A lone genius couldn't have done it all.

[@NewsChannel-y4g]

no he pretty much did it all...

[@thisisnowtaken]

@@NewsChannel-y4g No, he had a group of people working on it. Even if they didn't come up with the solution, they helped explore a lot of ideas that didn't end up working, which is an important part of figuring out what does work. Like: he wouldn't have tried TAQ without knowing that the process wasn't working at high temperatures, which was found out by a whole lot of trials to get it to work. Not to discredit the breakthrough of finding polymerase that worked at high temperatures, which was an important thought, but it doesn't stand alone. Even one of the quotes in this video was from another scientist who was the one to extract TAQ polymerase once Mullis suggested it would help. Mullis did invent a lot innovative techniques, but he also had a team of people helping to test all those inventions and get them to workable technology.

[@MegaBrokenstar]

The reason (western) people think that way imo is almost entirely due to two men. One who deserves the credit, and one who does not. Thomas Edison outright suppressed any talk of others’ contribution to his inventions, as well as any talk of prior work in the field. He used his immense wealth and stature, in a time without Google or Wikipedia to prove him wrong, to sell himself as THE genius who invented lighting, phonography, and motion pictures. This was a mix of an ego thing and a marketing ploy. He wanted people to believe he was such a genius that anything his company produced must be worth buying. (Edit after posting: probably worth mentioning that on top of these reasons, claiming to have invented whole broad concepts instead of a few practical refinements that helped launch new consumer products was also a business strategy to claim extremely broad patents, to the effect of attempting to suppress competing implementations even when they did not use Edison’s companies’ fundamental designs). Albert Einstein, on the other hand, was legitimately the first person to consider gravity as a movement or structural modification of space itself, as well as the first to propose relativity as a consequence of a fixed, perspective-independent speed of causality (which we call the speed of light). The way he chose to look at theoretical physics changed the world forever in almost every conceivable way. He deserves the massive credit he is given. These two men lived *around* the same time, and their careers essentially created the modern image of the “lone genius” scientist we know in western pop culture.

[@tacokoneko]

this guy is similar to another guy, in the field of computer science. "The Art of UNIX Programming" is a well-known and influential book, but the author Eric S. Raymond has gone on to reveal himself to be a deranged right-wing crackpot who constantly rants about how "black people have lower iq and commit more crimes" . If he knew how many minorities are involved with the community software projects he's banned from, he would wonder why he's banned less. white men are welcome in computer science, as long as they keep their racist blathering to themselves and don't force others to read it.

[@F4c2a]

I just wish we had celeb culture around scientists, not some heckin influencers or actors.

[@tasbeerahmed5765]

Took drugs, kind of a jerk, comic relief, and still won a nobel prize? I still have hope!!

[@joyelluke9880]

Ignore the top person he wants attention

[@linkaishen3574]

Top guy is an attention addict with no life. Don't engage.

[@roccov1972]

😂 Yeah, there's hope for all of us!

[@TRAPONOMICS]

Im ngl psychedelic's can be incredibly helpful, I had trouble understanding why it was so hard for me to maintain long term friendships in HS, got blazed in college and just slowly realized I was kind of a ahole with no filter. Became self aware and started crushing it in college.

[@Fritz-Ashely]

and got a phd

[@alexgian9313]

Great work there, Derek, top class content.

[@veritasium]

Thank you so much for your support! Glad you enjoyed the video.

[@alexgian9313]

@@veritasium - You're welcome. I can see the multi-faceted effort that has gone into this. We do not get enough tutorial videos on microbiology! I think perhaps somewhere they make people feel uncomfortable because of the implications. Have you considered doing something on CRSPR?

[@aurtherowner4697]

@@veritasium what's up with the title changes??

[@matthewosbaldiston6925]

@@aurtherowner4697lots of big KZbin channels do it. They make multiple thumbnails and titles, trial each one for a little bit, switching, and whichever works best stays. Some channels like Mr Beast can change so many times within an hour. I saw a video on it, might’ve even been Veritasium

[@danielwitham1791]

​@@aurtherowner4697 it's part of their long term YT shtick. Been doing it for years. I think they expect X number of hits via the algorithm and if they don't hit the mark, they then change the name and/or thumbnails.

[@MrJray1120]

I work in a molecular biology lab where PCR and sequencing are every day activities. It’s never lost on me how incredible the fundamental science behind it all is, and how brilliant the people who developed it all are. Although at times it really does just feel like transferring small volumes of liquid around!

[@ikhbjhbkm5]

Sounds like you need to add some LSD into that mundane, repetitive task. Who knows, maybe you'll change the world!

[@adfghjk-v3b]

Dont encourage him xD

[@wesdblack]

I used PCR (and other techniques) to show that horses in Australia were often infected with a then mysterious virus, Equine Rhinitis B (ERBV). It was kinda tricky because we only knew the RNA sequence of just one single virus isolated from a sick horse in Switzerland, 1971. Those ssRNA viruses mutate like crazy, making it difficult to design PCR primers that amplify viral RNA (converted into DNA using reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus) but not all the other junk that is up a horse's snotty nose, including horse DNA.

[@0blivion15]

Have you Published yet?

[@LilyoftheValeyrising]

That’s really cool! Good job!

[@Rae-w2n]

The ssRNA is more prone to mutation and I can see how it can get kind of annoying to work with. Very interesting discovery indeed.

[@lmfao1264]

Is there no BP sequence unique to that virus that if mutations occur in would result in inactive virus? This would mean that replicate DNA would be from that specific virus that is active in the animal.

[@eugenetswong]

Thank you for your work.

[@conradsmith9441]

As a biochemist who has done research, I can tell you that I have put many hours in the lab doing PCR. It’s nice to see this.

[@paktatpeter]

the amount of title and thumbnail changes are crazyyyyy

[@SerratedPVP]

KZbin trying to find that g-spot

[@UC2vZRIRFTIblNNgYWBUJMXw]

the first title was: How an infinite DNA glitch saved millions

[@aarongifford69]

I hate how he does this now, you can never go back and watch videos because they have a different thumbnail and title and it's kind of a cheap way to get more people to watch his stuff by accidentally clicking on it thinking it's a new video

[@AnnaNicole.]

I haven't seen it as much recently (and even less after no longer being a Patreon supporter of this channel), but back in the day we'd get quick surveys about which thumbnail we'd most likely click on shortly before a new video was released. Maybe they also asked about titles too--I don't recall. But either way, I think the whole Veritasium crew puts effort into maximizing their views by analyzing the metrics and adapting quickly while a video is still new.

[@wivernwyvern4107]

​@@AnnaNicole.they just submit several thumbnails and youtube switches between them automatically, choosing whichever one is the best. one of the more recent features, lots of youtubers use it nowadays

[@iamnotdarshan]

20:06 the working with boiling water, hudson freeze !, how ironic

[@ibeeliot]

Makes sense. He’s the only one that could stand those temperatures

[@PrateekVarshney_PV]

He must've been used to irony. Since the Hudson never Freezes.

[@stevemonkey6666]

In addition, Hudson Freeze is one of the best names I've ever heard😂

[@SpydersByte]

lmao just said almost the same thing, Dr. Freeze found the hottest form of life on this planet 😅

[@arn3107]

@@iamnotdarshan i'm just glad that as far as we know, he doesn't have a wife who's in coma because of a corporate accident...

[@ULTIMATES99]

We actually have to study about PCR in our school curriculum (it covers a pretty huge part of it actually) and Oh My God dude, all the explanations by every teacher inside and outside the school campus flew over my head but this... I never would've though that PCR had that much of history and had made such a huge impact on healthcare and forensics and it wasn't even briefly mentioned by the teachers. If this 30 minute video was shown in our class I guarantee you that everybody will pass the exams. Because it felt like a movie rather than a "who'll drop their head first and get kicked out of the class game." This is what KZbin should be for.

[@Vort_tm]

I legit just saw the thumbnail and title and I was like “It’s the PCR dude!” I had a lab report on PCR and ended up doing some research for citations and whatnot. Even after more than a decade later it’s easy to remember how much of a brilliant wackadoo he was. My BS BioChem may as well have been basketweaving for as much as I used it professionally, but I still learned so much and I wouldn’t trade it for anything.

[@arifbagusprakoso2308]

No no no. During class, they inject you with many pieces of informations. However, not-so-good teacher often fail at linking all those informations. This video helps you connect all those floating around information in your head. Both classes and this video are important.

[@basketweaver1144]

Yep, the way they present information in any topic is very dry and boring.

[@ashilsalim409]

I too "studied" this recently at school for exams but had no idea how or why it works

[@gleb.salmanov]

In school, they mostly explain theory, while understanding neither why it's there in the first place nor its practical implications, and not even making an attempt to relay that information, while those are in fact perhaps the most crucial things when it comes to actually understanding the theory. People aren't made to understand dry theory, we just aren't constructed to do that. People are made, however, to understand _stories._ And it is through storytelling that you will achieve greatest results in explaining any theory. In telling about why it is the way it came to be, instead "well we've done some experiments and we believe that we're correct, don't ask what the experiments are or who performed them or god forbid paper titles, 'cause I don't know any of that".

[@reamer59]

Kary Mullis deserves the main chunk of the credit because it was his idea, it's easy for others to build on his idea but coming up with the idea from scratch is much more significant whether people thought he was wacky or not.

[@Reki_rrrrr]

"You are not the father" - Backflips

[@rhetorical1488]

An entire career made on that lol. well that and guess which of these women is not a woman 😅

[@scaredyfish]

20:56 “I still get goosebumps” - the man ain’t lying, I can see the hair on his arms pricking up! 31:58 Automation allowed the invention to exist, but only because the company kept paying him to work on the idea. I feel like that spirit doesn’t exist anymore. Today they would just lay him off when they got a machine that could do his job.

[@EPMTUNES]

I am conflicted. I understand that keeping him on board is what gave us this advancement, but what does it say of Cetus that they kept a serial sexual harasser on board when his role at the company became obsolete?

[@jseal21]

Yeah we should definitely let people that are obnoxious, womanizing, and who have fist fights to keep getting paid to do nothing all day. He said two other companies were catching up so PCR was coming one way or another

[@premonitiative]

Plus, not everyone CAN come up with new ideas when their jobs get taken over by automation. There's no company out there that would willingly keep dozens, if not hundreds or even thousands of people just hanging around, brainstorming ideas when their jobs get automated or replaced with AI on the off chance that one of them creates lighting in a bottle. Not when the whole point of them switching to automation and AI is that it'll save them money in the long term, *specifically because they can let go of expensive human workers*.

[@swimmerboy172]

Automation will layoff the low ranking employee but you are not going to layoff the person doing a job that required a PHD to do. Especially one that understands your specialized process. The specific situation in this video would happen today.

[@Breakdown5297]

@@swimmerboy172 No it wouldn't, lmao. The moment you become redundant, you become unemployed.

[@Jaaabbaaa]

Amazing video that needs to be shared more

[@veritasium]

Wow, thank you so much! Glad to hear you enjoyed the video!

[@ms9001]

can i get 5 euro donation as well? thank you

[@reasonerenlightened2456]

​@@veritasium Veritasium seem to believe that Creativity can not be Automated, therefore would always be done by humans if they are given time and the resources to explore domains of knowledge. The truth is, on the spectrum between fully biological to fully synthetic beings, Automation will make the humans obsolete...or designate the humans as just another animal-species in the Ecosystems and the Biomes our overlords wish to maintain.

[@reasonerenlightened2456]

@@veritasium Veritasium seem to believe that Creativity can not be Automated, therefore would always be done by humans if they are given time and the resources to explore domains of knowledge. The truth is, on the spectrum between fully biological to fully synthetic beings, Automation will make the humans obsolete...or designate the humans as just another animal-species in the Ecosystems and the Biomes our overlords wish to maintain.

[@BlackEagle352]

Would be easier to share if not for the constant title change

[@Michael-w8m6z]

Omg!!! Reading about this in microbiology is one thing, but seeing how it came about, the naming and all the effort put into it, and combining research efforts almost two decades apart, is simply amazing. Thank you, Veritaseum, for all you do. I personally appreciate your work and influence in linking modern science and its history.

[@SDStudiosAnimations]

Veritasium is changing this video's identity more frequently than CGP Grey, quite impressive.

[@rexrock]

Yeah, and it's annoying.

[@carlosfigueredo2353]

Why he does that?

[@AmaStrovik]

@@carlosfigueredo2353 Two possibilities I think. 1. He thinks it will get more views so he changed it to make it more clickbaity 2. He wants you to click on it again because you don't recognize it Most likely both

[@artist686]

Creators are allowed to set two thumbnails and titles and show which eventually becomes more popular

[@suryagurung7793]

It's standard KZbin A/B Testing.

[@erikmaronde2244]

Best resume of how PCR techniques evolved I ever heard/saw. Including my university education since 1988, when I attended a molecular biology course at London University College as a student.

[@thomgizziz]

Are you restarted? I didn't get a history lesson in physics I learned how to do physics. You are acting like this is a missing thing in education and it isn't, you aren't bright but you watch veritasium and listen and believe everything that comes out of his mouth so of course you aren't bright.

[@louiesumrall358]

gotta say veritasium has been going crazy with uploads, some of the most consistent high quality releases i've seen in a long time from any science pub channel

[@kiwilemons737]

This is the first video I've watched from this channel and now I'm hooked

[@Makaneek5060]

Hudson Freeze is every bit as cool as I had imagined from his name.

[@klutterkicker]

31:52 Problem is it's not an abundance of jobs that keeps people occupied with tedious tasks, it's the need to get paid. If Kary Mullis was working at a large medical tech company today he would have been layed off as soon as the probe generating machine rolled in the door, and without access to company resources for months on end he would have never developed PCR.

[@korneldekany6689]

I so hoped I didn’t have to make this comment myself

[@UberPlaysGames]

yeah I thought the ending seemed quite sneaky

[@Mendychannel]

So people really arent against automation or AI, just against capitalism

[@klutterkicker]

@@Mendychannel Well there are other issues with AI today, such as it being trained on people's works without them giving consent, hallucinating false info, or in some cases (like United Healthcare's recent AI controversy) having very high error rates. But the biggest one for most people comes down to capitalism.

[@klutterkicker]

Mendy there are a few other big issues with generative AI models today. They're trained on people's work without their consent, they can hallucinate false information, and in some specialized cases (such as United Healthcare's claims AI) have crazy high error rates. But the biggest one for most people comes down to capitalism, yeah.

[@happyvirus6590]

0:44 Editor went all out 😂

[@N0N0111]

Yup, Editor was on LSD to immerse deeper into the matter /s

[@chingscott00]

Should have an EPILEPSY WARNING THOUGH. Honesty, I was eye-bulging at the first 30 seconds, then my poor extra dilated eyes get bombarded... tsk tsk editor. Also, it is actually EPILEPTIC, so there's that...

[@gdcuaer4076]

​@@chingscott00ur a bot😂

[@STAR-es4zr]

yOU ARE NOT THE FATHER

[@bensoncheung2801]

333 👍

[@Egmawesome]

I like how you make it clear this wasn't a good guy but still apprciate his work

[@oats9755]

0:14 “Most of it is yours, some of it is mine.” - bacteria

[@fatalserenity9917]

"Most of it is yours, some of it is mine." Would have been a scary sentence to hear from Derek

[@LunaticLacewing]

​@@fatalserenity9917 or any kind of serial killer/psychopath

[@Qsie]

​@@fatalserenity9917 this is where my mind went, blushed for a moment

[@Fataha22]

​@@fatalserenity9917imagine if Michael vsauce say that 💀

[@soyanshumohapatra]

*Genius bro*

[@ivanbergerov]

How many thumbnails should we make? Veritasium: yes

[@chrisd1746]

If you just keep adding the polymerase it's theoretically unlimited!

[@EngineeredMinds]

It’s almost poetic-a scientist studying bacteria in extreme heat is named Freeze. You couldn’t make this up! The beauty of science is how random ideas, seemingly unrelated, can collide and spark groundbreaking discoveries. It’s a reminder that no effort is ever truly wasted. And going from a bakery to a cutting-edge DNA lab? Then pitching an idea bold enough to inspire an entire team? That’s a once-in-a-lifetime leap.

[@AutPen38]

The video romanticises the story. Read the Wikipedia page about Mullis. He'd had a couple of fellowships after his PHd, but took time away from academia to manage a bakery. He was tempted back with another fellowship and then given a top job in the research dept of Cetus. He didn't just pitch an idea to the team. He was the captain of the team. Cetus paid him a bonus of 10,000 when he invented PCR. The company later sold the patent for 300 million. And then he went mad.

[@hanadikhaddour]

Great story, I truly appreciate the incredible work you’re doing! Mullis was undoubtedly a creative genius, but his brilliance needed someone like White, someone who not only recognized his extraordinary talents but also facilitated collaboration with others to bring the mission to fruition. Also, while LSD may have amplified his creativity, the genius was already within him. I think Mullis was - at the professional level - brutally honest individual, fiercely independent and unyielding in his ways.

[@MHAcademy-il8rz]

Maybe he was a jerk, but that doesn’t change the fact that he was a rebellious genius!

[@WulfgarOpenthroat]

31:20 That only works if people keep their jobs after most of their work is automated, instead of being laid off, or their coworkers are laid off and the non-automated work is piled onto the minimum possible number of employees, so they're left working just as hard if not harder. Which, unfortunately, is what usually happens.

[@JazzyFizzleDrummers]

Unfortunately I fear this omission is intentional. Our gracious host has a history of siding with and defending big tech.

[@bear4278]

Not to mention, companies seem to increasingly only care about the bottom line these days. Why keep a bunch of people on and spend money on risky R&D, with no guarantee of success, when they could just immediately save money by let everyone go plus continuing to rake in the cash now that everything is automated. It”s not like all the newly unemployed people would be able to afford new products anyways (you know, on account of not having jobs anymore and all) 😝

[@skanderbeg152]

The difference is, mullis wasn't hired because that mundane work needed to be done, he was hired because he has a PhD. Once the mundane work was done automatically, he could focus more on specialized work such as PCR. So people who's job is only to do mundane work, will get laid off. But people who are only limited by the mundane work will thrive. The second part is the point he is making.

[@thrawn82]

@@JazzyFizzleDrummers This isn't a "big tech" problem. This is a fundamental feature of capitalism, but yea Veritasium as an entity is pretty defensive of capitalism as a whole.

[@_Ve_98]

​@@skanderbeg152yeah, sure. That's not happening, buddy. All the boss sees is almost all you did is now done by a machine.

[@Devedrus]

I think it's noteworthy how much smoother things would have gone for Mullis if he'd been more of a team player. His initial idea for PCR barely took off because he had made too many enemies. His colleagues wrote the initial manuscript with him as a minor author because he'd established himself as unreliable. We like the story of the lone and misanthropic scientist, but in reality scientific advancements are only slowed by people not working together. If you look at journal repositories you often find the most prolific and impactful authors are those that are kind and personable, but those same people fall out of the public consciousness because they don't provide the conflict for a story

[@seekerofthemutablebalance5228]

Or the more rational extrapolation is that "science" nearly ignored a genius with a revolutionary breakthrough because it was too much of a little click that wouldn't consider ideas from people that didn't conform to their social rules. Imagine how many other revolutionary ideas have been shelved and mocked because the in group of scientists didn't bless the rebel genius

[@6489Tankman]

Moral of story: LSD good

[@user-em8fq2ev4b]

If he was more of a team player, you might have accepted that it was just a feverish dream. That people were right, it was too simple for anyone to not try it. And he would have given up after he met some difficulties... History would have been quite different...it was a unique blend of genius, hard headedness and circumstances that led to PCR.

[@matthewgillman5198]

There is usually a price to pay for being a genius

[@arn3107]

smart people are as prone to flaws as everyone else we shouldn't think of them as gods or superior beings they're just people, like anyone else and this story is just one of many others that prove this

[@MJ_Ansari]

Their is no comparison on Veritasium explaining complex topic in most simplest manner from scratch

[@themightyspartan1012]

That’s how intellectuals should be. Bringing complex and complicated ideas into simple explanations. He’s a role model I look up too.

[@yassirs]

Whose?

[@mntlblok]

Well, Grant Sanderson is no slouch. 🙂 Love em both.

[@AutPen38]

Wikipedia tells the story more prosaically and with less click bait.

[@moogusshow]

You went off the rails at about the 30min mark, there, genius.

[@hawkatsea]

As someone whose career (and many citations) has been largely thanks to these early discoveries getting pieced together just at the right moment to break open the doors to DNA exploration, I appreciate the Mullis story as an illustration of how diverse "scientists" really are. Not all are super-geeks or model citizens, and certainly only a rare few are perfect role models. You can be any kind of person (good or terrible) and still contribute as long as you follow your curiosities. Great video!

[@priyamkafle7280]

I am a Veritasium follower since 2019 when I was a high school student. This channel has contributed immensely in fueling my curiosity towards science. Now I am a masters student and works with pcr almost daily. I feel very exited and somewhat blessed when Derek makes videos which are related to my study. Thankyou Derek. This channel feels home ❤

[@ShauriePvs]

I too have been following Veritasium but since 2013 (my first KZbin subscription)

[@jamesknapp64]

Hope you see this comment in 20 years to look back on

[@kartik_adhia]

@veritasium

[@ksarecords8099]

Now all you need to do is try some psychedelics

[@kathrynchristiansen]

It's Latif! What a great collaboration! Nasser's enthusiasm for science history is the best part of Radiolab, so him showing up here is a happy surprise!

[@delecti]

He was the best part of the episode. His excitement is contagious and makes me want to see more of him.

[@Kispoopsik]

I have the opposite reaction. Latif is the reason I quit listening to Radiolab - and it was by far my favorite podcast. Robert leaving was a huge blow (his perspectives were brilliant) and then Jad left. I continued to listen to my favorite podcast, but Latif's Scoobydoobiness became really annoying, it rubs me the wrong way. Sorry Latif.

[@johndroyson7921]

I love his enthusiasm. Never lose your spark!

[@spinx673]

32:05 yeah and you also need LSD

[@Nil-js4bf]

Fascinating story. Judging by how it took the team months, it really shows how much effort is required to iron out the details when going from idea conceptualization to commercialization.

[@mundanestuff]

and this is lightning fast too. Few other technologies went from the stone age to common use in as short a time.

[@schmuelinsky]

Fascinating story, but the takeaway at the end really sounded weird to me... Yes, automation gave Mullis the opportunity to come up with PCR. But it's not because the automation "opened his mind". It's because he gained free time! Thus, I think we should not glorify recent AI advances for "potentially opening our minds". Instead we should ask: Why isn't all this AI stuff (or any other automation progress, for that matter) resulting in us working lower hours?

[@nerfherder4284]

Yeah, a 32 hr work week would have helped. Yet in reality someone has to load the machine and push the button, realistically today he would be fired and replaced with a much less skilled "button pusher" who may invent a better way to label everyone's lunch in the fridge, but not new DNA techniques.

[@_Ve_98]

Yeah, It's really disingenuous to think that people being laid off in favor of AI is the same as having more free time to innovate. People aren't using AI cause it's better, it's because they don't want to pay salaries.

[@kuhluhOG]

@@_Ve_98 same goes for automation

[@89gertie]

@@nerfherder4284 "a better way to label everyone's lunch in the fridge"

[@joshcryer]

Yeah I agree the bit about automation was kinda random. But I have a strong feeling Derek is going to make an automation video soon. I know he's done a few before but as the horizon comes closer it is going to be more and more real. Also automation didn't make Mullis an open minded guy, he thought he was abducted and denied HIV and climate change (the former you could accept due to the culture of that time, the latter is undeniable physics that anyone with a half a brain could know is real).

[@thisguyispeculiar]

DNA is the pinnacle of Biology and Medicine. I'm so glad we are getting a full veritasium video on this topic!

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

" ... reading a license plate on Interstate 5 ... " In California we say, " ... reading a license plate on *the I5 ...* "

[@kingshukcs]

32:10 I thought he would promote drugs😅

[@nexyboye5111]

todays sponsor is Albert Hofmann

[@ollymounara605]

He did... he put some leave in his mouth in front of children. Saying he was using drugs.

[@jaykstah]

One of the most interesting vids I've seen on yt in a while. Great stuff!

[@drallagon]

The fact that he wasn't fired after his job was automated and he had nothing to do isn't really something that would happen today...

[@sprencesshah]

Thats common in biology, it was automated but that does not mean his job was to just sit around and do nothing. If you go to lab most the machine are automated but it require, professional to use it properly. If someone gave you a lab equipment, even if it is automated you would not be able to use it properly and a small mistake can cost a lot. These equipment are very expensive.

[@Limrasson]

@@sprencesshah Also, it's not like IT jobs are any different. Most of my work time is spent playing videogames and apparently I'm one of the top employees in my department. (Actually feels me with disappointment whenever I get praised)

[@TrulyAtrocious]

​@@Limrassonnon apocalyptic view of tech work? Impossible

[@ZeekBurse]

Love, love, love the coverage of this story!!! It’s both inspiring and intriguing!

[@roysigurdkarlsbakk3842]

I know a guy like this - he's pretty deep into the authism spectrum, and by no means, nothing bad about people that are in that spectrum, I am my self, but there are different levels. A nurse I knew told me a story. She had been working in intensive care where people arrive with the most horrific issues, like gun shots, traffic accidents and so forth and she told me there were doctors working there that were outright aholes, unable to communicate with people around them, just like this one portraited, but to the task of patching someone up, they were right on the task, 24 hours straight and quite ofte succeded. Sometimes, being nice and handsome, isn't needed, if that isn't your job…

[@Yupppi]

Indeed he does sound like being on the spectrum. And curiously surprisingly many doctors fall in that group you describe. But work places are slowly waking up to how much of a negative impact a single person can be to the whole work force and usually their input is not unique and irreplaceable.

[@hurricanemeridian8712]

House?

[@roysigurdkarlsbakk3842]

@@Yupppi I'm not so sure - according to this nurse, the doctors in question were priceless when it came to doing the job, it was just all the rest that was bad :P

[@seeingeyegod]

I wish I was an authistic savant, probably would have written a lot of great books by now.

[@mh6276]

@@Yupppi He absolutely doesn't. He sounds more like he might have Antisocial Personality Disorder.

[@stratikeo]

As someone who spent my genetics thesis doing PCR and gel electrophoresis over and over and over again every day, this is such a great video to explain this amazing literal life hack

[@mozkitolife5437]

Probably one of your best documentaries, Derek. Thank you for your hard work. I hope you’re getting rest with the family during the holiday season.

[@WizeChoice]

Amazing episode. I enjoyed every second of it. Thank you !!

[@michaelkotula6727]

I did PCR all the time in our high school bio lab! Happy to see Veritasium did a video on it. Our bio teacher would love this.

[@nzbeeman]

But to become the unstable genius you need to be doing LSD in the bio lab

[@drnotes630]

My wife has a masters in micro biology (doesn't work in that field any more), so I have to watch these videos alone. She can't watch them because they just reminder her of school and former work and she hates it. But I am an ignoramus in a non-stem field and I find this incredible and fun to watch! Thanks Derek!

[@FujitsuPolycom]

I have this phenomenon between my wife and anything dental related. She's a dentist and hates the job and school she went through to get there. Most health science videos are a no-go if she's around.

[@Strength_In_Wisdom]

Wow and this explains our health care from doctors. Just another job and no one cares more about your health than you do

[@chanahasnomana]

why this sudden hate for the field she dedicated most of her early life to achieve. A masters is hard to achieve. Did something happen?

[@randallstephens1680]

"Never let your schooling interfere with your education." ~ Mark Twain

[@lindboknifeandtool]

Is there something more going on? Or did she just not love that subject, I assumed she’d have to obsess over it to have a masters in it

[@Malk007]

Please do a series on how the transistor was discovered. The point contact transistor, the junction transistor, zone refining and all the small steps required for it to be useful and how Bell Laboratories did it in those years. It fits so well into this format!

[@MichaelMarquez-m3b]

The old Bell Labs produced several Nobel Prize winners.

[@therealmacgyver5470]

i think he already did or that curious droid channel did that

[@Abdulrehman-cj3iy]

As a self-taught software engineer I'm watching this and I can appreciate how genius the biologists are. And I do resonate with the fact that the automation pushed us to come up with creative ideas. Thank you Derek Muller for such a great video and you're my inspiration. Love you

[@irfaanfarhat]

As an undergraduate researcher, I have been studying PCR (first encounter in high school) and now trying it out for myself in college. This video gave me goosebumps because the entire concept of it is just so simple yet freaking ingenious. My professor always says that every research counts no matter how small and this is probably the best example I could have found.

[@sethhuckaby1738]

I spent two weeks studying this in my Bio classroom last year and this video explained everything I had learned in 30 minutes. A very good job done with a very exciting topic.

[@mohammadfaaz863]

yea, "molecular basis of inheritance" right?

[@nintendianajones64]

Lesson: Every human being is susceptible their own ego and hubris

[@Kookyscience]

Isn’t it incredible how chance and persistence shape the biggest breakthroughs? From a bakery job to pioneering DNA research, this story is a testament to following unexpected paths. And who would’ve thought that bacteria thriving in boiling heat could hold the key to solving such complex problems? Science really thrives on the unexpected twists.

[@gabrielvitali5156]

It is fundamental to remember that all of this was only possible because he had access to education in the first place, social connections and money to adress all his basic needs (and a cabin in the woods) while also having free time from work. Chance is by far the most important factor in a society divided by classes. Unfortunately its very hard to win a nobel prize while trying to just eat something.

[@WaffleStaffel]

It makes one wonder why we should automatically dismiss his positions on A1DS and AGW, and why he died under unclear circumstances right before C0V1D.

[@camplethargic8]

@@WaffleStaffel A much more accomplished and influential scientist, Linus Pauling, won two Nobels and yet in his later years promoted large-dose vitamin C as a cancer cure and cold preventative. Both claims are not supported by scientific evidence. Being successful in one field is no guarantee of credibility in another area. Being a celebrity doesn't make a person wise (RFK jr).

[@AutPen38]

He believed in astrology. I think he simply lost his mind, like a few other Nobel prizewinners.

[@WaffleStaffel]

​@@AutPen38 You'd think, the way he's presented by this dude without a sense of shame. Have you ever actually listened to/read any of his positions on the issues mentioned in this video? He would definitely have had something to say about how the PCR was used to justify extra-constitutional behavior by the authorities over the last 4 years, had he lived...

[@nicolasb2723]

Amazing video ! As a PhD student I use PCR at least multiple times a week, and didn’t know about the crazy story of its discovery. Thank you for this well-narrated story

[@nerfherder4284]

I'd like to know how CRISPR works and if it uses any of the same mechanisms.

[@Potatosayno]

@@nerfherder4284 I wouldn't say CRISPR uses the same mechanics as PCR. CRISPR essentially uses a protein (Cas9) that cuts DNA wherever you want it, guided by a chain molecule similar to DNA called RNA. This mechanism is used by bacteria to combat viral DNA being streamed into their cells, by cutting it in specific areas. Scientists can use this mechanism to perform cuts in DNA, but consequently, also many other things. Since cells sometimes attempt to fix cuts in DNA using free DNA in the cell, scientists can perform cuts on the cell's DNA in the presence of genes they want the cell to express. This way, the cell may insert the gene, making a genetic modification. Alternatively, scientists can use a modified Cas9 that doesn't cut DNA but still moves to the specific area in the cell using the RNA molecule, with added addons like inhibitor/activator, allowing the scientists to express/inhibit genes for their studies. Hope this helps!

[@Potatosayno]

It's honestly incredible to think that we live in such a world where PCR and CRISPR exist...

[@seanqwe100]

​@@nerfherder4284 Crispr-cas9 is more similar to the restriction enzymes that he spoke on early in the video. Basically cuts both strands of DNA at a specific site and with that open site you can add in a gene or not.

[@mettflix3054]

​@@nerfherder4284 Crispr uses guide rnas (short pieces of rna that bind to specific restriction enzymes like cas9) to guide those restriction enzymes to a specific target dna they also bind to. There those restriction enzymes can "cut" the target dna. This cut needs to be repaired by the cell which often leads to small pieces of dna missing at the break point. You can also use another repair mechanism used by cells to insert fragments of dna into the breaking point. Those techniques allow biologists to "knock out" certain genes(make them stop working) and to add just about any piece of dna into specific places that can be controlled via specific guide rnas ("knock in").

[@ronaldleoleo]

Am I the only one noticing the smooth transition at 10:40? your animation guy needs a raise!

[@psgbibi27]

I heard an utw where he says lsd just unlocked the helicoidal shape in his brain

[@bobloxaveragegamer]

0:45 "YOU ARE NOT THE FATHER" *proceeds to backflip for some reason*

[@michiganlineman357]

" culture "

[@duroxkilo]

@@michiganlineman357 child support

[@YoskiRS]

“Some reason,” more like he doesn’t have to pay child support anymore to a woman he hates that cheated on him.

[@ExistenceUniversity]

Good tv

[@vickymeena8361]

I much prefer these types of educatioal and animation videos compared to "Producer goes to this place" type of videos.

[@mitchellsteindler]

Me too

[@ashilsalim409]

Yeah me too, imo they r cringe

[@ClarenPetreburg]

Soo true mate!!

[@cheshirecat111]

I think both are cool

[@ChamaraVFX]

Yesss

[@lukerodrigues6955]

How many thumbnails is this video gonna go through before it's even a week old? edit: Seven. Literally once a day. And they just did it again. Bravo, Veritasium.

[@angl3_275]

Fr 💀

[@quillclock]

idk why they do this it makes no sense. i dont click on stuff from my subscription feed for the thumbnail. but when i want to find it again i look for the thumbnail

[@luxeayt6694]

​@quillclock they can see if a certain thumnail or title gets more views and they stick to the best one.

[@gk16]

Skipped this video till today (for almost 4 times) and finally I'm convinced with current title and thumbnail

[@Sangety1]

I absolutely love your last point you ended the video on. Automation might bring us more ingenuity. Not something to despair, but something that might create an even better world. Thank you, I'm able to keep some optimism about the future that I've been very worried about.

[@douglaslegvold9215]

These quirky geniuses are essential in moving society forward.

[@Waldohasaskit210]

Kary is the biggest example of both the advantages and dangers of having a very open mind. You're able to come up with and consider way more ideas, some of which might be groundbreaking and society changing but most of which will be weird, bad or outright terrible. Drugs can open your mind up but more openess isn't usually a good thing.

[@SkorjOlafsen]

All major scientific breakthroughs come from entertaining very strange ideas rejected by most, defying consensus to chase where evidence seems to point. Both ends of the intelligence spectrum do this, but geniuses are occasionally right. It's the process of examining and filtering those ideas that matters.

[@adamhammond8379]

@@SkorjOlafsen Not all. Some breakthroughs, sure. But plenty of breakthroughs happen by trying experiments over and over in different ways and being wholly confused about what the results mean. And you talk to other people and they are just as confused. And you wonder if you should drop the whole project because you're not making any progress. Then finally, one day, for reasons that you can't explain you have an idea that clarifies all the conflicting results! It is so much fun! But nobody ever rejected your ideas, you just had results that had no theory to explain them, to hold them together. Once you finally imagine a theory, you design the right experiments to rigorously test the theory, and ... usually you are still wrong. So you keep going. But sometimes your theory is NOT disproven, and that is a discovery! That is my personal experience.

[@adarshr9967]

Francis Crick, the discoverer of the double helix DNA was also high on LSD when he came up with the solution for the structure (in case you already didn't know it)

[@dip4fish]

What about Rosalind Franklin?🤔

[@irasingh5405]

he stole the idea of rosalind franklin cause he was a big misogynist actually.

[@bretfuzz925]

I thought it was Penrose and Escher. Heck, maybe they were all involved.

[@faismasterx]

The birth of an idea all the way to mass scale scientific, industrial, commercial and societal application. It's beautiful to see.

[@GMPranav]

Machine: Takes over his job Kary Mullis: "Two steps ahead, I am always"

[@Alexmuller-zv3yl]

I like the way Veritasium explains any topic like a film

[@hobrin4242]

like a story

[@thaituannguyen8619]

6:00 This is probably one of the best illustration of how Electrophoresis works. I have read and understood the concept and yet did not find any animation / illustration that is so well explained like this so far 😮

[@tiny7_266]

The closing point was amazing!!!

[@christianjaydelarea8855]

As a medical technologist/medical laboratory scientist, I appreciate this story/history of one of the most important things we do at work. ❤❤