Transcription

NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'Transcription'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu/...
Transcription is a vital process in biological lifeforms. It is through this process that the biological roadmap encoded in a strand of DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA copy. The RNA can then go on to help produce the proteins and enzymes that power living organisms.

[@ferntheinkling]

It’s crazy that this video is 14 years old. It’s older than my sister and yet it’s still helping me today. Talk about an evergreen KZbin video 😂

[@kiron97]

its 16 years now broh

[@ferntheinkling]

@@kiron97 woweee

[@DaniellePharmD]

I am in pharmacy school and this helped me so much - not sure if embarrassed or extremely thankful. Going with extremely thankful - simple, easy to understand, and a great review.

[@Inside.uranus]

Wait, u guys do this in grad school? We have this rn in 12th grade (in india )

[@Agentleader1]

This is way more than what I learned in Biology.

[@BotRetro]

I know it's an old comment of yours, but this is more of a biochemistry / molecular biology than classical biology. In university or college you have to remember this process every few semesters.

[@doctorbobcannabuzz]

Agentleader1 canna-sapiens.com/in-god-we-rust-the-beauty.html

[@rfcalm]

probably because this is not biology

[@jenroberts7267]

@@rfcalm I'm learning this right now for cell and molecular biology.

[@eVill420]

@@rfcalm this is absolutely biology, my molecular biology professor linked this video as an addition to the course

[@alisonray1383]

The polymerase sits on the template strand which runs 3->5 because it makes the complementary strand 5->3 The polymerase sits on the tata box in the promoter region due to the transcription factors that wave it down. The enhancer region which isn't mentioned a whole lot could be the determining factor if polymerase begins coding the transcription unit. At the end of the unit is a terminator sequence that makes a hairpin consisting of mostly C+Gs that end with four uracils and uracils being the weakest bond allow the polymerase to detach. The video doesn't talk about post-transcription events that happen in eukaryotic cells.

[@ImortalPkin]

Would be a lot better if the process was split into, initiation, elongation and termination. A lot of things were missed out :/

[@ImortalPkin]

***** Thats not correct, BOTH transcription and translation have Initiation, elongation and termination steps.

[@BBBuckley]

@@ImortalPkin Yeah that's true

[@ImortalPkin]

​@@BBBuckley Holy mother of God, i wrote this 5 years ago when i was studying for my degree haha. Keep studying its worth it in the end. good luck

[@thescotts1326]

@@ImortalPkin damn bro. what are you doing today hahaha

[@filzuhilal3225]

@@ImortalPkin woah ! What are u doing today

[@Stinukli]

This is a very, very fleixble way of getting a foundation of genetic knowledge. It is an extremely short method, including vital biological information. Thank you!

[@POPsongsADDICT]

missing point: RNA polymerase has to transcribe the polyadenylation signal sequence (5'-AAUAAA-3') before transcription is terminated

[@mydas1]

Where do you even begin to figure this stuff out as a scientist? Amazing!

[@knightfall_550]

this is so much easier to understand than all the new videos that have come out about transcription. thank you so much

[@pramodghuge7840]

Animation like this 15 years ago is commendable 👍

[@EpicFiction]

seriously the only video on transcription you will find on youtube thats any good.

[@Lizeth43517]

You forgot to mention the last important transcription factor, TFIIH. TFIIH unwinds the DNA, then phosphorylates RNA Pol II at its CTD site which activates RNA Pol II

[@happytripper02]

+heartliz The only things hotter than the Planck temperature are Kugelblitz and women who are interested in science

[@ratatat12356]

m'lady

[@xXAISPXx]

+Genthios _ Sometimes...

[@rosslynch7375]

didn't understand a single word but okay x.x

[@arieltroha3853]

this video makes me uncomfortable

[@lica4491]

Ariel Troha yes

[@zaidw.dagher6967]

Ariel Troha so true

[@abdullatheefilikeshinchan1391]

yes

[@aleezamirza8968]

lmao same

[@vectorfanpage3106]

Ikr

[@Blueknightex]

Great, this saves up a lot of time instead of just reading crap that you get lost into! =) thank you so much. My Bio exam is tommorow so hopefully it goes well. DNA roles is the hardest for me!

[@xycik112]

How was your Bio Exam?

[@syedabid9767]

@@xycik112 you expect him to remember that after more than a decade?

[@xycik112]

@@syedabid9767 yes

[@syedabid9767]

@@xycik112 lol. I also gave my biology exam today. It was great. Although I couldn't answer what Metakinesis is...

[@xycik112]

@@syedabid9767 don't worry, I'm doing a PhD now and I hardly remember anything from uni

[@smarflut]

I'm french, i'm learning transcription and these explications were very usefull, more than others french video! Thx very much !

[@redbandicoot3928]

Biology is still blowing my mind ffs 0.0, this is complete madness lol

[@thescotts1326]

fr

[@awsomeJane]

at this level of detail, it should mention that in the transcription of prokaryotic DNA, the termination is as simple as shown here. The RNA polymerase comes to a terminating sequence, and the RNA and the polymerase both detach. However, in eukaryotic DNA transcription, after coming to AAUAAA sequence, which is where it is signaled to stop, it is only cut free after coding 10-35 more nucleotides. Moreover, RNA polymerase keeps coding for like hundreds after it.

[@tobedocter6207]

+blake93 Thank you for the information :)

[@bozicatomcic9108]

Transcription as a unique process doesn't finish like that, it continues to translation after which you will got proteine. Those two processes are parts of one big process called: synthesis of the proteine.

[@dr.nirranjanaavenkatesan]

Thank you ssooooooooooooo much where I got understood this concept the day before my 1st year mbbs exam

[@yunamamaful]

RNA transcription also requires a helicase. In eukaryote cells it's TFIIH, which both "melts" the strands and then phosphorylizes the polymerase on its C-terminal domain.

[@roastie2210]

I couldn't find some answers in the books, thanks for this. this helped a lot.

[@Miltongarden]

Textbook Cell Chemistry. A, B and C are enzymes. 1,2,3,4 are a series of chemical reactions believed to be taking place throughout life - glycolysis. a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h are the small molecules involved in glycolysis. 1) Enzme A triggers a reaction between molecules (a) and (b) to form (c). 2) Enzyme B triggers a chemical transformation of (c) into (d) 3) Enzyme C triggers a reaction between (d) and (e) to form product (f). 4) Enzyme X splits (f) into two molecules ( g) and (h).

[@Spacemonkeymojo]

The TATA box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in eurkaryotic cells, the Pribnow box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in bacterial cells.

[@waralex2]

The intro scared the hell out of me. I was watching this vid around 12 am for our Final exam in Biochemistry tomorrow. Anyways, cool video!

[@LolaMcManus]

fr

[@Ladylyla]

Seriously, I'm a frikkin biologist but when stuff gets all messed up in my head i come here to clear it and i understand it better again.

[@MrHoooollaaa]

This is what I was searching for! Most videos are to unspecific. I'm learning for my genetics exam.

[@felipe9547]

People in 2021 here!! I loved! Thank you!

[@jesselajeunesse4857]

Actually it's TATAAT box. This video over simplifies some important aspects of this process.

[@Soysauce_Stunts]

the RNA polymerase is moving from 3' to 5', or the other way around? It isnt really specified in the video.

[@othmaneelrhanbaz6122]

thank you very much. even if we study this in arabic, your videos clarifie the ideas very well. thanks again and again!! from morocco

[@akary]

bioman123 did a pretty good job of explaining how they find each other. Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.

[@jaimaurya499]

So useful... It's like a rollercoaster the RNA Polymerase in a way if that helps.

[@razredge07]

Wow, who would dislike this? Anyway... thank you! thank you! thank you! I had a hard time trying to visualize this based on the pictures in the textbook and the words were vague at best. This made it much easier to understand.

[@Nobiii17]

I see this in 2024😂

[@PreetiBishnoi-zy6us]

Same 😂

[@MDTouhidulIslam-m7o]

I am also😂

[@FaizaFentaw-g3b]

Me too

[@cragdogfanclub]

@KarlHeinzofWpg RNA polymerase will transcribe whatever is available for transcription on the DNA, so a repressor region is found before the promoter region. If a complementary molecule, such as galactose in the lac operon model, is attached to the repressor site, transcription of that gene will not occur. So by having certain genes blocked and others unblocked, only parts of the genome are expressed. In 3D, the DNA has a special shape at the promoter region for a certain gene.

[@Miltongarden]

3) This does not take place in a vacuum. All the spaces between the molecules and the enzymes is filled "solid" with water molecules and other substrates - all dancing the "heat dance", jiggling and jiving, jumping back and forth, getting in each other's ways, bumping and colliding.

[@kaybee1749]

I'm extremely confused... is this the process of making the RNA primer?? Does DNA polymerase III come in after this???

[@kaybee1749]

OOOOH lololol I've been confused 4 hours. I thought transcription was DNA replication 💀💀💀

[@yunchoi9977]

This is very specific information, so I could not understand clearly during the lecture. But now I can see everything!! Awesome! thank you so much! It helped me to understand much better :)

[@carzygirls8300]

Published before 12 years ! Nd I'm watching now. I like it

[@1627anat]

you mentioned ENERGY in form of ATP must be added. Which protein of the machinery uses these ENERGY? do you mean TFIIH (helicase)?

[@Snerts]

to Kythos, DNA helicase has already unwound the double helix so just one strand can be copied (into a single-stranded RNA molecule). Looks like the sugar-phosphate backbone isn't shown to just focus on the bases

[@rathorepinky_0234]

I'm watching this video in 2020....its amazing 😯❤️

[@Ur0pinionDoesntCount]

learned more in 2:51 than in several hours of class wooow

[@letsbrick2809]

wow 10 years... hows it going xD?

[@mib5896]

What about enhancers and regulatory molecules? Don't they activate RNA polymerase II? In this video it shows that ATP just binds and activates it

[@bioman123]

@Miltongarden It's a fact that this can be done with pure proteins and that leaving any one protein out changes the reaction. So we have a decent idea of which proteins are needed to transcribe a gene. We then verify this by deleting/mutating the genes for these proteins in an organism and seeing the effects. From pure proteins to living cells, the science is solid.

[@Marni12ox]

@TheJavaria The nucleotides don't have any any role in the transcription process. However, the set of 3 nucleotides, a codon, code for amino acids, which happens in the translation process.

[@Graficcha]

@madmoody79 The H-unit is what I'd guess is the red lump in the vid, it attaches to the DABPoF(the small green thing attached to the polymerase) complex (somewhere there's an E around as well but I'm not sure what that's for), H it works both as a helicase (helps unwind the DNA) and a kinase (activates the polymerase), once transcription has initiated E and H detach again c:

[@FredrickSylar]

WOW!! The book I'm using explained it in a totally different way!!!

[@Miltongarden]

No reply? Well then, shall continue. In the early days of chemistry it was discovered that in living cells there were "enzymes" (actually large protein molecules) that acted as catalysts. By their use many reactions, that would not normally occur at all, or occur very slowly, could be mabe to occur quite suddenly. Little by little the idea grew that this was the very essence of life, that life was chemical reactions, each mediated by a different catalyst.

[@patrick123421]

@Kythos They're just showing the template strand(non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand

[@shattered2004]

It's giving up a Phosphate. Therefore being reduced from a Tri-phosphate to a Diphosphate.

[@blankihita]

@SmashingKinpumps That's because there are 2 other videos of the same company that continues the idea. The titles are mRNA Processing and mRNA Splicing, and they mention them there.

[@gumshower]

I know that, but nevertheless, termination of transcription was not discussed in this video. The video didn't talk about a hairpin loop in prokaryotic mRNAs and the polyadenylation signal in eukaryotic genes, both of which terminate transcription.

[@RoseSheeps]

Your RNA polymerase is like a child's toy train - very cute.... :-) Extremely clear video, many thanks!

[@ZaraMikazuki]

This is so helpful as far as general transcription goes! Thanks :D Now back to studying for that bio final I have tomorrow...

[@xwarior]

TATA-box is about 10 nucleotides uppstream of TSS(transcription start site). T he ribosome attaches to the TATA-box (also known as pribnow box) OBS! This transcription is found in eukaryot cells not prokaryot....

[@lrissunflower]

Is RNA always single stranded ? And which strand of DNA is used as the template?

[@abualishakik1057]

Yes, RNA is always single stranded. There is no specific strand to use as the template, any of the strand can be used.

[@thestarbuckssong]

mind blown after reading my book for an hr. makes so much sense now

[@ashleykim1465]

WOw nine years ago

[@anythinggoes4588]

Better than my lecturer, thanks!

[@KarlHeinzofWpg]

Question... What regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed? For example, a red blood cell produces the protein hemoglobin. Out of all the possible genes contained along the complete DNA strand within the nucleus, how do the transcribing mechanisms "choose" the proper site? Why doesn't the red blood cell produce a different protein, like lactase for example. There must be something in each cell that regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

[@STUDY-ei4cr]

Oldest video ever seen..16 years ago😮

[@DMomsFan1]

this is waaay too specific for what I'm learning

[@XxShoBoyxX]

+gymnastdancerstuff this is not specific enough for what i'm learning.

[@DMomsFan1]

Shola Bello I'm doing 1st year bio so its not very specific

[@msantiana]

+Shola Bello same

[@DMomsFan1]

+gymnastdancerstuff I'm back, now this video isn't even close to being specific enough

[@lordmasterization]

+Shola Bello Same, this is a basic overview in Biochemistry/Molecular Biology

[@Miltongarden]

@ bioman123. I am not a chemist and so I do not understand all this advanced technical stuff. Most of what I quoted came from a book that was published in 1980. However, saying that things happen in a certain way because they have evolved to do so is a bit like saying that birds fly through the air without explaining that they have wings which enable them to do this. So what is the equivilent of the wings with enzymes and substrates. HOW do they find each other?

[@StriveForExcellence2]

This is a really nice video of RNA transcription, especially for Undergraduates. Thanks.

[@clash382]

isnt this wrong though? the RNA pol keeps going after termination right? releases the pre-mRNA and continues but everything transcribed after just gets digested

[@johnx9318]

Perfect delivery! Thanks.

[@MsLmo90]

Is this proces the same in eukariotes and prokariotas?? Witch one is this one?

[@aminoacid7343]

that's 3mins of my life i'm not getting back....

[@uzair9671]

@@sadafaltafhussain4292 lol

[@Twerpjuice]

This video is so camp i love it

[@0kokttttt]

Archan sir is the best teacher

[@zedooncadhz]

To any undergrads reading this. For the love of god start revision early. You can just chill and take your time going through stuff and slowly making sense of everything then

[@drummingspain207]

I find this totally fascinating and am able to understand WHAT happens. But, can someone tell me HOW? I mean, how do molecular machines know what to do? Where the code / signal / communication that drives their function? Do scientists even know?

[@tonyziz]

Chemical interactions drive the factors in the right place, these factors then drive other factors on top throw electrochemical interactions and so on. It's not completely clear though. This is a really good question

[@weylin6]

+Drumming Spain iirc most of that shit is just bouncing around at random. you gotta imagine that all that empty space is completely PACKED with these molecules. If one drifts by and it fits, it starts the process, or a step of it. Correct me if I'm wrong though, I'm curious about it too.

[@divineillusion]

@taylorkaitlyn Its is actually the gene promoter, It is also called the pribnow box, it usually consist of the 6 nucleotides TATAAT . Maybe that is why its call the TATA box ?

[@Xplorer228]

How the hell did this shit evolve?

[@amandahalee]

if you give it A LOT of time

[@SnoopyDoofie]

3 billion years isn't even close enough time to evolve.

[@doubledoggo5668]

Only a BILLION years of evolution... that's all

[@CreatineMax]

The only people who believe evolution occured are God haters... Some how a language that determines protein creation randomly created itself according to biologist. LUL

[@Miltongarden]

The theory was "proved" quite logically by 1) postulating a hypothetical series of reaction which might lead from some "precursor" molecule to the more complex molecule, and 2) finding among the various celular extracts an enzyme which would "catalyse" each "step". They never realized that the paralleling of such sequential reactions in the labotatory might be nothing more than artifactual.

[@ThinkerResearcher]

This reminds me when I had worked in a lab as an intern (as an informatics engineer ) I had to do a program that would help to represent RNA splicing, and a program that would simulate a nonsense-mediated decay in various situations to determine which conditions would lead to splicing errors. I had no knowledge in DNA or RNA yet, and I tell you, my hair almost became white from the stress. Sorry scientists, your stuff is too complicated, I'll stick with computers for now.

[@Alberturkey54]

But when does the unwinding happen? RNA polymerase can't bind to double stranded DNA right?

[@RemixWs]

unwinding , unzipping , transcription in that order

[@Alberturkey54]

Yea they skipped it all.

[@tooswxxt]

RemixWs Yeah this is just transcription. The helicase unwinds it

[@Alberturkey54]

How does the massively condensed, multi-layered folding that makes up the chormosome structure get tunred into a single strand? It can't all be helicase? Helicase would unwind the chromatin but the rest? ....

[@QueenOfCarthage]

Alberturkey54 I think the DNA is only folded up when the cell doesn't need it or when the cell is preparing for mitosis. Otherwise, the highly active regions of DNA aren't packed as tightly. Also, topoisomerases help to uncoil the DNA before helicase gets to unzip it.

[@theduduk]

help, what exactly does RNA polymerase do, does it break the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides as well as help synthesize mRNA?

[@desidudes78]

Doesn't ATP get oxidized to adp? It says reduced in the vid

[@zachpederson1]

adp is the reduced version of ATP. ADP through oxidation phosphorylation turns back into ATP

[@GsKillz818]

Where's the 5'-Gppp caps. Or the ploly adenylated tail?

[@lilBrownBoy11]

I'm a senior in Ap Bio and this helps. 👌👌👌👌

[@AstarothCY]

Not really, not in transcription. You're thinking of splicing, which comes after transcription is completed.

[@bioman123]

@Miltongarden Because we don't have the technology to photograph these kinds of biological molecules inside of cells. The computer animations are generally, but not always, based on structures determined for individual protein complexes purified away from the cell.

[@mdynasty607]

i dont think they meant reduced as in redox reduction. it just meant that ATP lost a phosphate and became ADP.

[@MuhammadAdilSabir]

you uploade best animations.....

[@pavellambracht5823]

what about the sigma factor that direct pol to Tattaa box?

[@tonyziz]

Sigma factors exist only in prokaryotes. A Factor that has a similar function is the b-finger (an alpha loop of the N-terminus of TFIIB) and the whole TFIIF which stabilizes the pol II-DNA complex

[@pavellambracht5823]

thx

[@arunvenkit5373]

This video was made when I was 3 years old but I'm watching it as a college student!

[@Ellienor18]

Is the blue thing the promoter?

[@gothickid13]

great this helped me to pass my biology test....but TATA box?

[@venom827]

jo man theres something missing you forgot thos letters things. sorry for my expretion but i dont know the name of these letters

[@RakuenOne]

@jellybelly903 technically splicing is not part of transcription and is usually told as another chapter

[@Chazfem]

@usimate What you said about introns is true for eukaryotic organisms only. This video is the simple explanation that is learned first and is true for prokaryotes i.e. bacteria & archaea.

[@Miltongarden]

@bioman123 Well no, I did not know much about the law of mass action. I just read a bit about it. I have already explained that I am not a chemist and that most of my earlier comments came from a book. The person who wrote the book is/was a biologist but obviously I am not. Enzyme 1 cannot act on substrate 1 if it cannot find it and how can enzyme 2 care about anything? It is just a lump of protein.

[@SaraMlkw]

wut determains which genes of DNA make the DNA template and then goin into transcription??? Thx nice vedio..

[@AjnaKotobide]

@fines12345dom12345 Are you really sure ATP isn't involved? Consider the case of the enzyme RNR before answering. The video is not "bullcrap". It provides a reasonable outline of a complex process, at a scope and scale that is well delivered within its < three minute duration. It doesn't go into detail about the ATP/ADP, but that mechanism isn't relevant for a description of transcription.

[@curlyhairmessingwithworld]

One more thing out of many Who unbound the dna helix to start transcription ??

[@pavankumarks1306]

RNA polymerase

[@Raptopolice]

What is happening.

[@jfeegel]

this shit is so different than what i am being taught

[@RuShMaShiNe]

theres just one mistake at 2:00 its not the "Reduction" of ATP... its the Oxydation of ATP to ADP and Pi

[@parthikshaji4901]

simple but powerful ...................thanks