Unusual Stars Part 2: Stranger Stars of Today (collab with John Michael Godier)

WATCH PART 1: • Unusual Stars Part 1: ...
This is Part 2 of a collab series with John Michael Godier on some of the stranger stars in the universe today. Fast rotators, high metals, strange combinations. What weird creatures inhabit our cosmos?
Support: / pmsutter
Follow: / paulmattsutter and / paulmattsutter

[@unvergebeneid]

Physicists: "Abiogenesis is something for biologists to take care about!" Biologists: "Abiogenesis is something for physicists to take care about!" Chemists: "Where has all the lithium gone?!"

[@PaulMSutter]

Not it.

[@mikebutt6464]

What's up?

[@timtitus5002]

Stars like Vega, could they have always spun that fast and maybe stars that spin slower have given some of their energy to planets that formed around them? Maybe fast spinning stars have not formed a planetary system?

[@timtitus5002]

Or at least as massive of a system as others. (In relation to the star) Maybe another start merging with the star could speed up its rotation ?

[@alexv3357]

Why is the rum gone?

[@nicholashylton6857]

I'm kind of surprised magnetars were not mentioned. I think they're about as extreme as you can get in this universe without being a black hole. In 2004, the Earth received a big slap in the face from the magnetar SGR 1806-20. At least three satellites were affected, including the Swift gamma ray observation mission. It was temporarily blinded by the gamma ray burst - and it wasn't even looking in the right direction! The flash ionised the top of Earth's atmosphere and caused our magnetic field to quiver. All that from an object no larger than a city, halfway across the galaxy, i.e. 50,000 light years away!

[@PennyAfNorberg]

Of course they would, a gap between 2 and 4 is noticeable

[@anthonyhall7019]

Thanks to issac arthur and i foundjohn Michael godiers channel and now I found this one! Very nice!!!

[@PaulMSutter]

Sweet, welcome aboard!

[@stuartyoung4182]

Lithium - the element nobody cares about - unless you're bipolar! ;-)

[@stuartyoung4182]

...or a battery manufacturer. ;-)

[@gregbrockway4452]

Or Nirvana

[@herculesrockefeller2984]

What would happen if I took Lithium while listening to Lithium? Would I like, go to another dimension or something man?

[@solanumtinkr8280]

Of course chemists would notice there bring no lithium, so would physicists and astronomers...there would be an unexplained hole in the periodic table. Now imagine the debates and the fact that the big bang theory would probably be DOA due to lithium bring missing. (Insert face-palm )

[@mikezeitgeist2]

Unless you listen to Evanescence or Nirvana.

[@oisnowy5368]

Orange Dwarf ... like an Oompa-Loompa. I loved that. Rest of the episode too.

[@myaccount__7269]

Johns voice is just soooo soothing and easy to listen to. Dude go into VOICE ACTING. You could crush it narrating things. Such an awesome voice.

[@PsionicMonk]

It's interesting that the matter in the universe seems to follow natural selection and a sort of life cycle through the formation of stars. The first stars formed, fused elements and created heavier elementals, leading to new different stars. Through "death" of a previous star, passing on the elements it created into another new star, thus creating a form of offspring just a little more suited for their evironment, better adopted to live longer and create heavier elements. All these varying strange stars with this and the first video on JMG's channel are great examples of different things forming from the same building material, like life evolved on earth. It's seriously amazing the way the universe moves and behaves.

[@djdrack4681]

It can be interesting, but when you look at the microscopic to macroscopic worlds there are patterns to everything.

[@rrcczz]

As a Lithium enthusiast, this video offends me.

[@PaulMSutter]

We don't appreciate your kind here, anyway.

[@herculesrockefeller2984]

yawn, nobody cares

[@brettbrannon4775]

Paul M. Sutter 😂😂😂😂

[@robbabcock_]

lEaVe LiTHiUm ALoNe!

[@slinkerdeer]

Yeah me too why all the distaste for it?

[@necrosunderground]

Show me here on this periodic table just where lithium hurt you.

[@telmosilva9161]

Thanks for the part 2, will keep an eye and ear ready for new and previous content.

[@PaulMSutter]

Glad you enjoy!

[@zero132132]

What's with all the lithium hate? Wasn't its prevalence despite a lack of clear standard fusion/fission into it a substantial prediction of the big bang that helped validate the initial hypothesis?

[@PaulMSutter]

Well, okay, you win this round, lithium!

[@inthefade]

@@PaulMSutter This is getting to meme levels. Time to make a lithium hate t-shirt I think 😂😂😂

[@rickkephart5690]

Great collaboration, hope to see more like it. You two make learning like this interesting. The enthusiasm in your presentation is noticeable and infectious.

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks I appreciate it!

[@saxoman1]

This should have WAAAY more views. Awesome video and collaboration!

[@trikkinikki970]

Without even listening I'm subscribing, any friend of Mr. Godier is a friend of mine. Thrilled to now know of another wonderful individual bringing us quality science at the oh so difficult to find content for intermediate level.

[@PaulMSutter]

Awesome, thanks so much!

[@Strideo1]

Thanks for the video guys!

[@PaulMSutter]

No prob!

[@problemecium]

Electronics manufacturers would notice a lack of lithium! How else would they build high-power-density lithium-ion batteries for cell phones? Imagine having to carry around a phone with a 30-minute nickel-cadmium battery or a 5-pound lead-acid battery xD

[@PaulMSutter]

We could probably use the exercise!

[@clintwolf4495]

Great interview as always.

[@clintwolf4495]

Fantastic video. Thanks.

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks!

[@ardentdfender4116]

Came here via link from part 1 on JMG site. On listening to part one of the collaboration I also immediately realize who you were speaking as I also listen to you on podcast “Ask A Spaceman” for.quite a very long time now. So awesome I also found your KZbin channel. I’m very intrigued by your explanation of “Black Dwarf” Stars. I’d like to hear more about that.

[@PaulMSutter]

Ha, glad you could find me on here! And I've added Black Dwarves to the list...

[@myaccount__7269]

Here from your plug from Frazier’s weekly space hangout, love your sarcasm and annoyed attitude lol.

[@801russc]

Paul, you sound like a pretty funny and interesting person, therefore I'm subscribing to your channel. I've been subscribed to John's channel since the beginning and look forward to his videos. Thanks guys you help keep my brain going.

[@PaulMSutter]

Very cool, welcome aboard!

[@paulm2835]

Good stuff, Mr. Sutter and Mr. Godier. Subscribed.

[@PaulMSutter]

Thank you!

[@luketowner805]

A month ago I didn't give a crap about space. Why am I so obsessed now? I can't get enough. Good channel Paul.

[@PaulMSutter]

Welcome to the life :)

[@ernestolombardo5811]

The topics and information being talked about here are nothing short of astonishing.

[@sduke39]

Love the collaboration with JMG.

[@PaulMSutter]

It was a blast to record!

[@filthyanimal874]

Saw part 1 and 2. Subscribed.

[@UpcycleElectronics]

Hey Paul, the Methuselah Star/first generation stars theory is one of those subjects that doesn't completely make sense to me. If a star happened to form in an area or under circumstances that kept it small at formation, and it survived all this time how do you account for all of the encounters it has had with foreign materials? If it was perhaps a binary star, and was ejected with the supernova of it's sibling wouldn't it also be exposed to an enormous amount of heavier material in it's direct vicinity? Given the circumstances I imagine such a binary would have been a high probability. The larger multiple stars' gravitational spheres are in a region, the larger the voids will be in the gaps just outside of their direct influence. There's no way that stars could have all formed at exactly the same enormous size. There had to be a bell curve. The super massive stars may have had short lives but they still had some galactic time scale between novas. I imagine there is a real possibility that a small dwarf from a binary could have been ejected and run the gantlet to survive. I can't imagine such a star surviving without encountering a lot of heavier materials after spending 13 billion years in the orbit of galaxy after galaxy merging and evolving into what we see today. How can one tell if the spectrum of star stuff is native at the star's inception versus encountered and incorporated later in a star's travels? -Jake

[@PaulMSutter]

What you've mentioned is precisely why determining stellar ages is so dang difficult :)

[@mysticx0]

JMG subscriber here! fascinating video! definitely subbing. you have great chemistry (no pun intended!) together and i hope for more collabs like this one!

[@PaulMSutter]

Awesome, thanks, and I definitely have more collabs in the works!

[@laurachapple6795]

Woah! Huge slam on lithium out of nowhere!

[@Psillytripper]

loved the background pictures! do that more often if you dont need to show us things!

[@PaulMSutter]

That's all thanks to Mr. Godier :)

[@CrossoverManiac]

Lithium can be used to breed tritium and is used in hydrogen bombs. So, lithium is important for the scientists working on nuclear fusion.

[@czarpeppers6250]

Really interesting video.

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks!

[@inthefade]

Time to look up quark stars I guess.

[@PaulMSutter]

Enjoy!

[@296jacqi]

I love both John’s channels. I wish I’d seen this 2 years ago. 😕

[@TobeWilsonNetwork]

Glad to hear Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons got a shout out, big dumb honeycombs floating through space. They were part of the primordial goo life emerged from but are also lethal to any life they encounter.

[@djdrack4681]

Hmm that could be very interesting: If the star doesn't have Plutonium so much as more super-heavy elements theorized to occur on the 'island of stability'. Not only would this be interesting to see a star process withstanding a dosing of such heavy elements, but it would also be evidence itself that the island of stability exists as well. Thus, helping to show we have some more room to go in discovering what properties elements in Period 8 may have.

[@michaelmcconnell7302]

Hes probably using a lithium ion battery as he said that.

[@PaulMSutter]

Yes, but under protest.

[@blindsamurai1]

Paul M. Sutter is a great voice for extra knowledge

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks!

[@MrKago1]

Thorn zytgow object = stellar turducken oblation star = I'M GONNA HUUUUUUURRRL! lithium= the mogwai of chemistry. no one notices it till it's hit with water quark star= emo middle child, no one gets me

[@jimashby43]

That was really interesting

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks!

[@iMshadab]

Sorry Lithium 😥

[@PaulMSutter]

It'll be fine.

[@iMshadab]

Paul M. Sutter 😂

[@blindsamurai1]

love you both !

[@blindsamurai1]

have bought Godiers book

[@PaulMSutter]

That's the spirit!

[@spacemonkey1071]

Paul I think John meant what would happen if you pulled a chunk of neutrons off of a neutron star all together, like tearing a piece off the star

[@leon34002]

you should do a video on theoretical ftl methods like hyperdrive from star wars

[@PaulMSutter]

Check out this video I just released: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qp3SgJKsmtiBiKM

[@unvergebeneid]

If there's a point where you can't fit any more neutrons into a box, can you then start using socks? And would that mean that there are sock stars out there, supported by sock degeneracy pressure?

[@PaulMSutter]

I'm totally giving you a serious answer: socks are supported by electrostatic forces, not degeneracy pressure, so a sock-star would collapse much more easily than a neutron star.

[@unvergebeneid]

Paul M. Sutter, which of course doesn't explain why you can pack an infinite amount of socks into the finite volume of your suitcase. So maybe you don't understand the underlying forces of the universe quite as well as you thought, mister smarty-pants physicist! Maybe you need to adapt the theory to fit the observation.

[@RealAfricanPatriot]

But I thought that the scientific consensus is that you cant actually pack infinite amount of socks into an infinite volume of suitcase, especially when you pack one spare shirt at the start. I think that this problem is called "Russell's leaving the Hilbert's hotel before 12:00 so you dont pay for another day" paradox.

[@EloquentTroll]

Poor lithium :( its okay I still love you.

[@PaulMSutter]

+EloquentTroll JMG and I should do a revenge of the lithium episode...

[@EloquentTroll]

Paul M. Sutter yes!

[@jaelyngrady8819]

You should make DIY slime inspired by planets ( sun and earth slime!)

[@PaulMSutter]

Sounds like a fun idea!

[@pseudonymBOB]

Is it time to question JMCs connection to Big Litho

[@JohnMichaelGodier]

I have no connection to the manufacturing of lithium hydroxide and lithium grease, though it is the world's finest lubricant and I highly recommend it. I won't even get into how wonderful lithium-6 is. No conspiracy here; good day sir.

[@PaulMSutter]

I agree, I do not have any promotional relationship with Lithium, The Element Three That Will Set You Free™.

[@jeremyhoffman6187]

Close, the Neutron decays into a Proton to an Electron to an Antineutrino.

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks, I couldn't think of the decay products off the top of my head.

[@jeremyhoffman6187]

We all have our moments brother. I'm also sorry if it came across as rude, I just heard that part of the video and went "Oh I know that one" and got really excited like a lot of us scientists get.

[@hyksos74]

Can you give a list of the catalogue numbers of the stars you mentioned in this video? Thanks!

[@chaosopher23]

Without lithium, Nirvana wouldn't have had a chance.

[@PaulMSutter]

Fair point.

[@blindsamurai1]

ooompa looopa stars !

[@davidk1308]

What do the habitable zones of oblate stars look like? I imagine they aren't a somewhat clean spare surrounding the star

[@Jwinius]

@Paul: The theorists aren't in the lab. That's where the experimentalists are. :-)

[@PaulMSutter]

Exactly!

[@toascranill5464]

Guys be nice, lithium just wants to get in the party

[@PaulMSutter]

Well too bad.

[@poisontoad8007]

Oompa Loompa stars. Love it.

[@PaulMSutter]

This is why it's so fun to ad-lib science conversations :)

[@poisontoad8007]

Paul M.Sutter I bet, and what a treat to engage JMG. This was a great collaboration, I hope you do more.

[@cyrilio]

Somehow you seem to have more chemistry with Frazier. But it was definitely an interesting episode. Looking forward to more of these

[@PaulMSutter]

Thanks, I'm looking forward to making more!

[@LaserGuidedLoogie]

PAH's are found in grilled and burnt food also.

[@PaulMSutter]

Good to know!

[@TobeWilsonNetwork]

Like Alton Brown says: Char is not flavor.

[@cherryb893]

Which is why they're bad for you. Shame, I love a good BBQ.

[@SynomDroni]

22 coming up 23: U really said it then, din ya!?! Nice breakbeat; DEEEEEP.....

[@ZombieSymmetry]

Lithium is awesome! What do you think is in a "hydrogen bomb" ... it ain't cryogenic hydrogen!

[@PaulMSutter]

Overrated.

[@Dorianin1]

Use in a hydrogen bomb makes something awesome? I think you should rethink your value paradigms.

[@chrisclark7212]

@@Dorianin1 i think he is a fake astrophysicist

[@chromabotia]

Life is an emergent property of chemistry. My own idea. But carbon with 4 divalent bonds - it's a natural.

[@OtherTheDave]

Hey Paul, been meaning to ask for a while... How much brighter would the night sky be if the light from distant galaxies/objects wasn’t being red-shifted out of the visible spectrum? Would it even be perceptible to the naked eye?

[@DaFinkingOrk]

Great question I wanna know too. Like what if the universe wasn't expanding, and furthermore what if it was contracting?

[@PaulMSutter]

Even if you shifted all wavelengths to the visible spectrum, it would still be dark - space is just way too big, man.

[@OtherTheDave]

Paul M. Sutter Thanks!

[@Mrrshal]

Regarding birth of life, are you aware of ''Primordial sandwich'' theory by chemist Günter Wächtershäuser? Quote from wiki for convenience: ''According to the two main models of abiogenesis, RNA world and iron-sulfur world, prebiotic processes existed before the development of the cell membrane. The difficulty with this idea, however, is that it is almost impossible to create a complex molecule such as RNA (or even its molecular precursor, pre-RNA) directly from simple organic molecules dissolved in a global ocean (Joyce, 1991), because without some mechanism to concentrate these organic molecules, they would be too dilute to generate the necessary chemical reactions to transform them from simple organic molecules into genuine prebiotic molecules. To address this problem, Wächtershäuser proposed that concentration might occur by concentration upon ("adsorption to") the surfaces of minerals. With the accumulation of enough amphipathic molecules (such as phospholipids), a bilayer will self-organize, and any molecules caught inside will become the contents of a liposome, and would be concentrated enough to allow chemical reactions to transform organic molecules into prebiotic molecules.'' There is even documentary on it. It is very fascinating. Link for that doc in reply for this comment.

[@Mrrshal]

watch?v=FVW9CBI52nU at 27:00 mark

[@TobeWilsonNetwork]

V cool, thought I knew a little about abiogenesis theories but I hadn’t encountered hoagie theory.

[@mike83ny]

Mendeleev would have known that we didn't know.

[@paxdriver]

What's the difference between "the oldest star" and "the furthest star"? I mean technically if they're side by side no problem, but far away 13 billion light years and old 13 billion years, isn't it the same thing?

[@PaulMSutter]

+Kristopher Driver Good question! The far away one is still young: we're seeing it as it was in the distant past, like an old photograph of your grandparents.

[@llamaczech]

@@PaulMSutter but if we're seeing it while its young and its 13 billion lightyears away, wouldn't that make it 13 billion years old in actuality? Just because we're seeing it young doesn't make it still young?

[@DylRicho]

@@llamaczech Yes, you're right. The photons that the observer is receiving left the star 13 billion light-years ago. How the observer sees it, and how it is in actuality would be two completely different things at such great distances. Even if you dropped the distance to 1 light-year, and replaced that star with the Sun beginning to undergo its red giant phase, it would take one year for the photons to reach the observer to notify them that the Sun had undergone this change. If another observer was at 2 light-years away, they would still see the Sun as a white-yellow dwarf.

[@chrisclark7212]

@@DylRicho exactly , just shows how much these guys are winging it on a lil knowledge and jargon . Hahaha

[@sookendestroy1]

What if pryzbylskis star is a new generation of heavy metal stars, formed from numerous supernova wherein the heavy elements clustered and the light elements were blown away. Also its usually said to ignore lithium, but atleast in nuclear fission, lithium is a known booster of the process. Could it be said that lithium may be an important aspect of fusion/fission reactions within a star?

[@djdrack4681]

What about SMBH's evolution in the far distant future? As a stellar object of sorts, a poster child so to speak X), I feel that their ultimate evolution will play a role in what the structure of the distant universe of the future will look like. Can a SMBH evaporate? Without proton decay would they outlast cold stars and quasars that cool off? Should SMBHs die, for a lack of other word, before most main sequence stars are turned to white then black dwarfs, then perhaps galaxy cohesion would fall apart and stellar collisions would increase rapidly; then starting a era of more loose bound stars in a new form of globular clusters.

[@METAL1ON]

No silicon heaven? but where do all the socks go?

[@llamaczech]

So, what was the reason aliens would be putting Plutonium in their star? People keep saying Sagan and co. had a reason for this, but never say the reason

[@PaulMSutter]

Stars don't naturally have plutonium, so it would be a sign of artificial interference. Like a big "leroy was here" sign.

[@llamaczech]

@@PaulMSutter yeah, but why would that be done as the sign, and more importantly, why did they decide on that as something advanced civilisations would do to their stars rather than just using said plutonium?

[@chadtrump7009]

I enjoy a Lithium-Cocaine cocktail after a long day at the office.

[@DAYBROK3]

It’s a polish surname it’s not spelled like it’s pronounced. Look up “wash (or is it rinse?)the blood off my toga” by Wayne and Shuster (early tv comedy show).

[@ikeyasector]

I'm not surprised why today's scientists will trash lithium. The scarcity of lithium is said to give the big bang theory some issues. There were a few scientists on a podcast a few years back a friend had me listen to that discussed this. I'll have to ask him if he remembered what podcast that was so I can post a link (or search term) and have people judge for themselves.

[@jwhite146]

those who make batteries care about Lithium.

[@PaulMSutter]

Are you...wait for it...positive?

[@swillm3ister]

Shitting on Lithium

[@christophercarr5865]

Bitchin'! This format worked well.

[@PaulMSutter]

+Christopher Carr thanks, glad you liked it!

[@rebelbeammasterx8472]

Why dump radioactive material into a star? It's far more useful being used for power.

[@ahctlucabbus]

Does anyone know the picture at 11:31 ?

[@WillArtie]

JMG!!!!

[@PaulMSutter]

OMG!!!!

[@sebastianschulz6531]

both polish names are pronounced way off. But in Polish the US capital is written "Waszyngton" so that evens it out. And Shakespear is "Szekspir".

[@winnieg100]

Why are there not pics or videos of this star?

[@PaulMSutter]

It's super far away.

[@figbender3910]

27:52 someone driving down the street

[@artistacielo6492]

11:51 why are you showing RBCs...?

[@chromabotia]

Yes we would miss lithium. Medication and batteries.

[@Hydrogenblonde]

Nuclear weapons manufacturers would notice a lack of lithium.......

[@TeethToothman]

⚡🥰⚡

[@LiftPizzas]

to get life started just needs replicators. some proteins are self replicating.

[@Kwodlibet]

- Why did you go to John Michael Godier's channel? - He has some good stuff there and Dr Sutter told me to. - Dr Sutter told you to, huh? Now, what if Dr Sutter told you to jump of a bridge, would you have done it? - But Mum! He HAS some good stuff... True story... possibly... maybe...

[@neptunethemystic]

Much prefer JMG speaking like this rather than the up and down tones he uses in his videos. In conclusion conversational voice > Seesaw voice... but love his channel regardless.

[@anthonyc3915]

JMG!

[@PaulMSutter]

OMG!

[@anthonyc3915]

LOL!

[@ggfatale351]

Oompa Loompa

[@Boomer08888]

Why the hate for Lithium? random.

[@PaulMSutter]

+Boomer0888 Not random, lithium has had it a long time coming.

[@TobeWilsonNetwork]

Paul M. Sutter Lithium knows what it did.

[@Rog5446]

Cheese, pure cheese.

[@PaulMSutter]

+Rog5446 Yes! I wish I could get a sponsorship from the dairy lobby.

[@blindsamurai1]

despite the lack of funds for new projects we still seem to be sending up new projects that are expanding our knowledge base. If the military budget was siphoned off to NASA and ESA and other collaborative ventures - our understanding would be extrapolated 100x

[@AltMarc]

There are more "maybe" than minutes in this video.

[@PaulMSutter]

Yeah, well, this stuff is pretty speculative!

[@cherryb893]

That's because a lot of this is still theoretical (and some of it would be near impossible to prove).

[@cherryb893]

Just a little note on lithium in medicine, guys: it (or its compounds) is quite extensively used in medicines for psychological conditions.

[@johnmanderson2060]

Please ask your guest to to teach you how to use a mic, the reverberations of your room sounds awful, just listen the difference between your and his voice.

[@haanjamiis]

It seems the video is indeed flagged. Don't see any adds on this page. Too bad :(

[@PaulMSutter]

I know, it's so frustrating! I put in a request for a manual review.

[@Hisu0]

Paul, just one thing. Can you please be less dramatic? Just, like, tone it down to the level you were on in Godier's first part. Thank you.

[@PaulMSutter]

Absolutely not. Have a nice day!

[@Hisu0]

Pity. Oh well, to each their own, I guess.

[@redcommando1]

Not much Chemistry (pun not intended) between these two, they don't like each other. Godier's collaboration with Isaac Arthur was more natural.

[@PaulMSutter]

Well I think Godier is awesome and I like him very much, so there :)

[@JohnMichaelGodier]

Paul's great, and I bet we do this again. It's just that Paul and I only met less than a month ago and jumped right in, whereas Isaac and I were in contact quite a while before we did a collab. Both are great guys.

[@redcommando1]

Oops! sorry guys! even though he was joking, I think It was Paul's hate for Lithium that made me write this. I think John has a soft spot for Lithium and was mildly offended... but by the end of the video there was obvious Chemistry. Great collab and sorry again.