影片字幕逐字稿英文翻譯 English translation of the video transcript ⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇⬇ In the long history of dietary culture, low-fat diets were once considered the epitome of healthy eating. The advice to avoid too much oil was a standard recommendation from cardiologists to their patients. The notion of "eating less oil for heart health" wasn't questioned until the last few decades of the 20th century. During that time, the Mediterranean diet, known for its healthy fats, emerged as a prominent example of a healthy eating pattern. The debate between the Mediterranean diet and low-fat diets began to heat up around 2006 and reached a fever pitch in 2013. In that year, the New England Journal of Medicine published a landmark randomized controlled trial called PREDIMED, which revealed significant findings regarding cardiovascular events. It found that individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease who followed a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil experienced fewer heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular-related deaths compared to those on a low-fat diet. The risk was reduced by 30%, highlighting the benefits quite clearly. Since then, the advice to "eat the Mediterranean diet" and "consume healthy oils" has become common among physicians and nutritionists. Of course, the health benefits of consuming good fats are numerous. For our cells to function properly, the cell membranes, which are primarily made of fatty acids, must be healthy. These fatty acids include saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats. Among these, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are crucial for maintaining the fluidity of cell membranes and allowing the attached proteins to function effectively. For example, brain cells require about 40% DHA to function optimally. DHA is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, also known as a good oil. Good oils not only help form cell membranes and support protein function but also possess antioxidant properties. Combined with various phytochemicals, they can reduce oxidative damage from free radicals, thereby decreasing the likelihood of cancer cell formation. In recent years, research into the cancer-preventive and anticancer effects of various cooking oils has grown. If we were to identify a type of oil with the richest research data showing positive results in both cancer prevention and treatment, it would undoubtedly be olive oil. In 2022, a comprehensive analysis conducted by the University of Athens, Greece, reviewed 45 studies and found that those who consumed the most olive oil had a 31% reduced risk of developing various cancers. Among all cancers, the most notable reduction was in urinary system cancers, with a 54% decrease, followed by breast cancer at 33%. Additionally, a May 2024 study tracking Italian adults over 13 years found that those consuming the most olive oil experienced a 23% reduction in cancer mortality. This “most” refers to consuming at least three teaspoons of olive oil daily. Generally, one teaspoon is about 5 cc, totaling 15 cc of olive oil. In Milan, Italy, a 2020 analysis of 1,400 women with breast cancer revealed that those consuming the most olive oil had a 35% lower mortality rate. Clearly, consuming more olive oil appears to have numerous positive reports for both cancer prevention and treatment. But why does olive oil have these benefits? It mainly comes down to its components. The primary fatty acid in olive oil is oleic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid. Besides oleic acid, olive oil is rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants, offering significant protection to our bodies. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) retains the highest amount of nutrients, so it is recommended to choose EVOO when purchasing olive oil. Oleic acid has been shown in several cell and animal studies to reduce inflammation and inhibit the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. Additionally, oleic acid suppresses the HER-2 gene, making cancer cells less likely to divide, invade, or become resistant to chemotherapy. The HER-2 gene, if activated, produces a protein also called HER-2, which, when overexpressed in cancers like breast and ovarian cancer, makes the cancer cells more aggressive, proliferative, resistant to chemotherapy, and prone to recurrence. HER-2 and similar genes are considered oncogenes, and there are about 50 of them in the human body. Approximately 25% of breast cancer patients have a more difficult prognosis due to active HER-2 genes. Olive oil’s benefits for breast cancer patients are likely related to its suppression of the HER-2 gene. Further studies have found that feeding mice large amounts of extra virgin olive oil increases the levels of a protein called CB1 in their colon cells. CB1 is significant because it induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, helping control tumor growth. In 2023, the UK's Cancer Research Institute tested a compound derived from oleic acid called 2-OHOA on 21 patients with malignant brain tumors (GBM). They found that one-quarter of the patients experienced significant control of their condition, with one patient managing to control the disease for up to three years. This highlights oleic acid’s potential in cancer treatment. Additionally, olive oil contains a phytochemical called lignans. As mentioned in previous videos, breast cancer patients consuming high levels of lignans can see a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality by about 30%. Olive oil also contains vitamin E, carotenoids, lutein, and various polyphenols. These important components help explain why consuming large amounts of olive oil significantly reduces cancer incidence and improves survival rates. When using olive oil, there are a few important points to keep in mind, summarized as follows: Choose EVOO: Extra virgin olive oil is produced by washing olives and using mechanical pressing to extract the oil. The oil must have an acidity level below 0.8% to be labeled as EVOO. Acidity measures the proportion of free fatty acids, which are unwanted due to their oxidized nature. Higher acidity levels indicate more oxidation, which can harm health, potentially leading to insulin resistance and increasing the risk of high blood pressure and cancer. Use EVOO Raw or at Low Temperatures: The best way to consume EVOO is directly, in salads, or with bread, as it remains unheated and thus retains its nutrients. If you must cook with it, be mindful of its smoke point, which ranges from 190 to 220°C. The lower the acidity, the higher the smoke point. For sautéing, use medium heat to avoid surpassing the smoke point. Frying should be avoided as it typically exceeds the smoke point and destroys the oil’s beneficial properties. Control Caloric Intake: Research indicates that the beneficial effects on cancer mortality are associated with consuming up to three teaspoons (about 15 cc) of olive oil daily. Excessive consumption may not yield additional benefits and can lead to weight gain, which is a significant risk factor for cancer. For cancer patients who need to gain weight, olive oil can be a good option, but those with reduced fat digestion capacity should adjust their intake. That’s all for today’s discussion. If you’re unsure about which cooking oil to use, olive oil is certainly a good option to consider. This video is independently produced without sponsorship from any olive oil manufacturers, so you can trust the information provided.