Was the Exodus a historical event?

[@tomwolfe6063]

You need to worry about your own glorious neck beard.

[@HVLLOWS1999]

He actually has a normal beard.

[@bestsnowboarderuknow]

It's ironic when a literal neck beard calls someone else a neck beard

[@vrinnmetagen]

Neck beard is more of a mentality and lifestyle. Like being a karen

[@phillipstroll7385]

@@vrinnmetagen Karen is a name not a mentality or a lifestyle. See how that works.

[@xvelvet3247]

@@phillipstroll7385 okay karen

[@phillipstroll7385]

@@xvelvet3247 ok Sara

[@xvelvet3247]

@@phillipstroll7385 ouch, truly scalding

[@richardshalla]

Your wanting to believe it took place taints your narrative. This is why it is dubious at the very least that anything biblical archaeologists glean out of their findings is suspect.

[@eliasaltman4439]

What about the thrash metal band, Exodus? Their 1985 album 'Bonded by Blood' really defined the bay area thrash metal scene and influenced hundreds of bands in the future

[@slkjvlkfsvnlsdfhgdght5447]

I don't think that that's something that would be covered on this channel

[@eliasaltman4439]

@@slkjvlkfsvnlsdfhgdght5447 Ya think?

[@slkjvlkfsvnlsdfhgdght5447]

@@eliasaltman4439 ok calm down

[@teamatfort444]

I was think creeping death Metallica while watching this lol \m/

[@GrandFiction]

Ahh yes...a real scholar.

[@mozart9991]

So Egyptians liked to lie about their history but ancient Israelites didn't?

[@crmesson22k]

Nice very none biased to either side with your presentation even though you have your own beliefs on this. I laugh when people tell me the Jews built the pyramids it's funny.

[@flamepicasso95lilman6]

i bet you believe aliens did it.. thats funny as well. America is the new spiritual egypt, so who you think built the white house.. and the rest of america... the slaves... the hebrews in egypt built those bricks,, the ancient way was with straw. look it up

[@flamepicasso95lilman6]

@Samuel Levy there were hebrews in Egypt 1000 years before the exodus. Joeseph was in Egypt before Moses which he was the one which the exodus begun. So hebrews still built the pyramids they just exited slavery 1000 years after they built (America) i meant to say Egypt)

[@flamepicasso95lilman6]

@Samuel Levy hebrews were roamed in egypt before they went into slavery. The ruler of Egypt saw them grow In number. And wanted to enslave them or the hebrews would over take them. Slavery built buit Egypt and slavery built America

[@flamepicasso95lilman6]

@Samuel Levy are you saying the the slaves in Egypt didnt build anything there? I thoughts slaves are forced to do the hard labor work that the masters dont want to do. Your priorities on logic in backwards. You can believe that forced labor got the pyramids built or any other monument.

[@flamepicasso95lilman6]

LeYour science thinks the earth is 5.5 billion years old which is not accurate. So how can i trust your timeline. Show me the oldest rock in the world and compare in it you a newly developed stone

[@notyourbusiness2687]

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="217">3:37</a> <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="306">5:06</a>- how many? <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="361">6:01</a>- what might it be describing? <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="389">6:29</a>- earliest reference to Israel <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="471">7:51</a> <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="515">8:35</a>- appropriation? <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="535">8:55</a>- moses Egypt name <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="597">9:57</a> <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="647">10:47</a>- Ramses 2 <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="756">12:36</a>- plagues & slavery <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="858">14:18</a>- maybe allegory of Babylonian exile <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="936">15:36</a>- Hammurabi <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="982">16:22</a>

[@JamieHaDov]

My favorite theory is that exodus is a memory of the Bronze age collapse. As the Egyptian empire receded from Canaan, the Israelites gained their independence. It's not so much that the Israelites left Egypt, but Egypt left Israel.

[@FlaviusConstantinus306]

You can’t prove it, but you might actually be on to something there.

[@k4ze7]

That's an interesting one. It's easy to imagine how oral history over time could transform the reality (subjects of the Egyptians) into hyperbole (slaves of the Egyptians). With the latter being the version that makes it into written sources.

[@johnmanno2052]

LOVE those extracts from Cecil B DeMille's original, silent "The Ten Commandments"! His "Biblical" epics are always hysterical! Although, they do reflect a certain American ideology.....

[@GhostLightPhilosophy]

Im not convinced it happened. I think many stories in the Bible have kernels of truth to their origins but the actual stories and how they play out didn’t happen

[@Toviyah]

Can you please tell me why I think exodus happened and the pharaoh was thutmose the 1 when noses grew up fits with the timeline then when noses leaves Egypt 40 years later his son rules for 54 years then when noses comes back it Amenhotep and he lost to Moses and care back from the Red Sea and lead one last military campaign to gather as much slaves as possible nothing else really just slaves also never in any scripts did it say that other kings where impressed by his deeds that kinda sounds like a man trying to make himself feel better but anyways then he went back to Egypt and never went out of Egypt again and his grand mother Hatshepsut ruled and a little time after she died her monument got destroyed and if you look at the timeline she would be the pharaoh daughter that raised Moses and you should know this but if all monuments are destroyed of a person in Egyptian mythology the soul dies so it makes sense for Amenhotep to be the vandal to destroy the monuments because he wanted revenge on his grandmother for helping noses live but you might say why is there no records of this on Egyptian walls and that because why would you want to glorify a defeat from your slaves and this “foreign God” and usually monuments are made to remember great dead’s any ways love to hear what you think

[@amenra13]

@@Toviyah - I could spend more time looking for a punctuation in your comment than the Hebrews supposedly spent wandering the desert. I also stopped reading about a quarter of the way down, because of your many spelling errors.

[@Toviyah]

@@amenra13 I’m so sorry for the spelling and grammar. I’ve gotten way better with my spelling, and grammar.

[@86razrose]

An interesting set of conjectures and hypothesis. If 25% of the population of Egypt had left in one go, there should have been some mention of the fact in contemporary narratives, especially after the 12 plagues that were supposed to have happened. You have to admire the fantastic imaginations of ancient storytellers.

[@ggg-eg5pz]

It's in the gospels.

[@kevinadams9468]

I was always amazed that nothing reflecting the amazing events told of in Exodus are even hinted at! No one knows the king's name? Why? Why no mention of the genocide of first-born boys or the frogs? Were the Egyptians incredibly lazy.... or did this shit simply not happen. My vote is for the second option.

[@ggg-eg5pz]

@@kevinadams9468 gospels

[@KamikazethecatII]

@@kevinadams9468 I mean, it doesn’t seem that surprising to me that they wouldn’t want to write down something that embarrassing. These are the people who would literally obliterate the historical memories of pharaohs they didn’t like anymore lol

[@zadkiel242]

@@kevinadams9468 Absence of evidence isn't evidence of absence. So your conclusion requires just the same amount of faith.

[@emunahyosopov3945]

I appreciate how unbiased you were this whole time!

[@brandonwijkmls6680]

Unbiased? Anyone that even agrees with this in the slightest is braindead

[@LuKing2]

He shows his protestant christian bias at a few places in the video, especially in the beginning

[@Kingrich_777]

@@LuKing2rlly? I thought he was an Athiest.

[@jcabanaw]

What?? Did we watch the same video? He so desperately wants it to be true and his reporting heavily reflects that.

[@Sandmtsawmill]

There is the possibility that the story is about a spiritual exodus. At a time when the Israelites were defining themselves by the worship of their own god and separated themselves from the Egyptian gods.

[@cristianvillanueva8782]

I'm so glad u used Louis Armstrong "go down moses" as the into, its just so fitting.

[@fartakiss9595]

I highly recommend a book called "The Bible Unearthed". It talks about the archeological evidence uncovered in modern day Israel. Like how King Solomon actually existed, but his wealth was exaggerated... Which is pretty typical for ancient history

[@injusticeanywherethreatens4810]

The museum in Jerusalem on Archaeology has no evidence of it at all so... no

[@pedocane7968]

There are evidence now kzbin.info/www/bejne/iZuqp5udotmJors

[@chilllzoneee]

Well edited and interesting 👍

[@izziebon]

Excellent and accurate unbiased overview; and the German accent was good, for Werner Keller! It’s good that you have a level of belief in the exodus as history; Jesus did too! He saw it happen. There are some strong hints that Joseph was in Egypt; the name of a waterway, a ruler who was known as a dreamer, and evidence of famine and massive grain silos. Also several rough clay bricks with straw are in the Met and the British Museum and they have the imprinted name of Amenhotep III whose firstborn son happened to die mysteriously as a teenager, and who body and tomb had unique treatment, consistent with the Red Sea and Plagues accounts. See book by Dirk Schroeder. The Amarna letters, from the time of Amenhotep III and IV also speak hundreds of times about the missing Egyptian army and missing gold, which Exodus chapter 12 says was given to the Jews as they left! The Bible does give considerable indication of timing, although quite complex to work it out… But as you say, they weren’t hiding the timing. Finkelstein is well known as a skeptic; I view him has someone choosing that angle as a career and income choice.

[@mohammedm.hesham8243]

You should've mentioned how people attempt to connect the ipuwer papyrus and Brooklyn papyrus to the Jewish people and the exodus, but you still did good job in the video. Thanks for the great video.

[@samwelltarly6700]

>Most people like to speculate that the Pharaoh of the Exodus was Ramses II Am I the only one who's ever bothered to wonder why the Bible never names any pharaohs but is really good at telling you the names of obscure kings of petty canaanite kingdoms? It's almost like all the Egypt stuff is...how do you say...made up, and the authors deliberately don't name the pharaohs because then someone could actually have looked up the egyptian records and told them nothing they claimed was true. I read "City of God" by St. Augustine last year and vividly remember the chapter where he correlates Biblical history with extra-biblical history. He's pretty good at syncing up Genesis with ancient Greek and Mesopotamian history, naming which patriarchs must have lived at the time of which kings. I was pretty stoked to get to the part where he talks about Egypt...he simply skips over it. He doesn't even give an excuse like that he couldn't access egyptian records or doesn't trust them, he simply jumps from Jacob to Joshua and hopes you didn't notice. >Slavery was different back then! Then why were the Israelites so desperate to get out of it? Why does God keep using it as a threat in the Old Testament like it's the worst thing that could happen to anyone? Not directing this at you but it's one of the many oddities of christian apologetics.

[@TheStellarmanCo.]

EXACTLY! The whole Biblical narrative is Garbage and untrue

[@John-fv3pt]

The Israelites were not desperate to leave Egypt. Moses struggled to persuade them to leave. Inspite of their bad treatment, they were not eager to go, and at every challenge, they complained that they would have preferred to return. That generation died out in the wilderness, their offspring entered Canaan.

[@Gaulcel]

Actually the Bible does name Pharaohs from the 10th century BC and onward. The reason why this is because up until the 10th century BC, Pharaohs were only referred to as their title name "Pharaoh" rather than their actual name. The Amarna Letters (14th century BC) are a good example of this. Maybe read a book next time instead of making your own conclusions based on no evidence

[@NECHOII]

@@Gaulcel The Exodus is NO EVIDENCE ! Why do no other nations write about the three days of darkness and the panic that would have caused the people of those nations ?? The Bible says the Hebrews were slaves in Egypt for 400 or 480 years depending on which Bible verse you read. Where are the ruins in Egypt of their dwellings ? Where are their Hebrew graves ? Where are the mass graves of Egypt's slain First Born ? During most of the time, ( for hundreds of years ) all of Canaan was part of the Egyptian Empire. Moses would have had no place to " exodus " to ? Archaeologists have found 3,000 year old traces of Bedouin bonfires in the Sinai desert, yet cannot find a trace of some one million wandering Hebrews as they wandered the Sinai for forty years. Where are THEIR graves and outhouses - garbage ? Why do Egyptian papyrus never mention Hebrew slaves during the hundreds of years they were supposedly there in Egypt ? I could go on.

[@saviofialho143]

They mentioned the name of the midwife, but not the pharaoh as a way of giving back to Egyptian fashion. For the Egyptians, making a name forgotten was like murdering someone in the afterlife. The person only lives in the afterlife, for the Egyptians, if his name was remembered.

[@proudpharisee5303]

the same traditions of the exodus claim many miracles during the 40 year journey, like the clouds etc. those miracles could explain away the lack of material evidence, similiar to the flood being a miracle in the ability of the ark to hold so many animals

[@nunosousa2635]

👏👏👏 i love it how you say "we can't know for sure that it went like it says in the bible"

[@LyleFrancisDelp]

Ten Commandments. I like the Mel Brooks version best of all.

[@steveweiss7191]

The Jews, or whoever they may have been, wrote a popular book of historical fiction that has captivated people's imagination that was declared "holy" by its authors.

[@arseniocalderon8090]

And the Sun Stopped for a Day,,, yeah, that also happened!!!

[@marcelob.678]

Maybe how the interpreted a really long eclipse?

[@donaldhlebert55]

I have a few questions that were not addressed in the video that is part of the record now. 1)Isn't there a archaeological record of a Semitic People who left Egypt almost as if overnight? 2)That there is a burial tomb in the style of Egypt that has a statue with a coat of many colors and that it shows extreme violence especially around the face and head and decapitation? Oh and with NO bones in it like in the Biblical Narrative? You know Joseph's bones taken along with Jacob's back to Canaan? 3)Isn't there in the Gulf of Aqaba part of the Red Sea, a set of coral that are in the shape of Egyptian type parts of chariots, like wheels, and other parts? Being set on a part of the Red Sea that has a shelf that rises up to a point where its been proven that under the right conditions could be laid bare with one side and the other being still under water because they are deeper than this shelf, that normally would be underwater? 4)Isn't there part of the archaeological record that shows some of the key cities mentioned in the Biblical Narrative that are in Canaan and show signs of being Conquered like Jericho, with the outer walls destroyed and the city in ruins? 5)Isn't there also a clear archaeological record of a King David, King Solomon and other key parts of Israel after the time that it would take to conquer a land such as Canaan?

[@whiskeywine]

D#&😆 Bravo! 👏🏾👏🏾

[@oopsiepoopsie2898]

Mark so weird that he didn’t

[@dawnacynthiadavis-valdez6702]

I would like to read the paper written on these excavations.

[@haggismcbaggis9485]

The Tel Dan Stele mentions the house of David. There is absolutely no evidence for Solomon. Building in Israel didn't take off until the 9th century. 10th century excavations only reveal small villages, not some great empire where they had so much gold that silver was worthless. Apparently, he had more gold than was mined in the entire world up until the 18th century. 1 Chron. 22 v. 14 says David gave 100,000 talents of gold and a million talents of silver for the temple. He also gives more in 1 Chron. 29 along with the other leaders. I've estimated the value of this metal to be about 200 billion USD which is more than the cost of the ISS (the most expensive thing ever built). Interestingly, the volume of all this metal is about the same size of the temple if it were a solid brick. This doesn't even include the bronze and iron "too great to be weighed" nor the timber. The temple didn't even go into space like the ISS did.

[@racoonlittle1679]

@@haggismcbaggis9485 A chance that it might be exaggerated?

[@KonjanCham]

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="277">04:37</a> Seriously? Archaeological "data" as subjective as "data" from text? Text written by bronze age and iron age authors equivalent to evidence we virtually "see" in archaeology?

[@Kaddywompous]

Yes. Archaeological data doesn’t provide a complete picture, so the manner in which one explains the data is subjective leaving room for differing interpretations and debate.

[@celiabrickell2500]

Love your videos. Read the book by Werner Keller years ago! What a relief to find out that though German he was not a Natzi!

[@oscarwind4266]

I think what happened was some tribe in Arabia took over and oppressed the ancient Hebrews before they managed rise up around a charismatic figure who led them around till they hit the river and invaded the Levant. They then shifted their enslavers from random rival tribe to large threating power to the west.

[@pucksdoff]

Actually, It has been answered in <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="718">11:58</a> . It's certainly not unlikely, hence the ten plagues.

[@whiskeywine]

(good catch! 😊)

[@DjTaylorOIAF]

"some people take it on faith that the story is real" Translation: "some people really wanna believe it despite there being little to know evidence. So they do!" That said, I appreciate how well you presented the many sides of this story and those debating about its historocity.

[@DaveJudd]

Well done never seen someone try to make it fit with such vigour.

[@hizzlemobizzle]

I preferred Avengers End game.

[@Silverheart1956]

You mentioned the Hyksos Theory, The Ramses Theory (Late Theory), The Partially Historical Theory, and the Never Occurred Theory, but you didn't mention another option, that deserves mentioning; that the Exodus occurred earlier (The Early Theory). The Early Theory is based on the Internal Chronology of the Biblical Documents, placing the Exodus around 1446 BC (depending on the variation of this theory; some place it slightly later). According to this theory, the New Pharaoh that did not know Joseph (Ex. <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="68">1:8</a>) would be Ahmose I, who conquered lower Egypt and drove the Hyksos out, and uniting Egypt. It is thought that the Hyksos had a memory of Joseph since they were fellow Semitic Asiatics. They would have been more accepting of a foreigner in leadership positions and have a favorable memory of him. Ahmose I, was an Egyptian from upper Egypt, who probably would not be as familiar with the exploits and accomplishments of Joseph. It is important to note that Ahmose I, clearly didn't get rid of all Asiatics. Both the internal evidence and the archaeological evidence support this point (see Rekhmire's mural in Thebes). We do know he expelled the Hyksos, but some Asiatics remained and were probably enslaved as labor fro Ahmose I's building projects. Thutmosis III would be the climatic oppression Pharaoh. This fits very well with the mural on the wall of Rekhmire's Tomb (he was Vizier during the reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II, ) depicting Asiatics and Nuban slaves making mud bricks for Egyptian building projects. There are Egyptian overseers also depicted in the mural. It is significant to note that the Hebrews were Semitic Asiatics and would be considered that identity to the Egyptians (not specifically as Hebrews). Papyrus Anastasi III (3.1-2) mentions how it was necessary for those making bricks to meet their "quotas". Papyrus Anastasi IV speaks of straw being used to make bricks. So these two practices were typical of the New Kingdom. The Pharaoh that desired to take the life of Moses (Ex <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="135">2:15</a>) causing Moses to flee, could well have been Thutmosis III. After 40 years in Midian, Moses was told that "all the men who were seeking your life are dead" (Ex. <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="259">4:19</a>), so this supports the idea that the Pharaoh who wanted to take Moses' life must have reigned a long time; during the time that Moses was away in Midian. It is believed that Thutmosis III reigned from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425, hence 52 yrs. (most Pharaohs in the New Kingdom had relatively short reigns) It should be noted that Ramses II also had a long reign (1279-1213 BC in the 19th Dynasty). If the Pharaoh that want Moses dead was Ramses II, then it would be his son Merneptah (1213-1203 BC), who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Of course that presents a big problem because of the Merneptah Stele (of the Pharaoh - Merneptah) mentions Israel as already present in the Levant where Merneptah conducted his campaign. How could Merneptah be the Pharaoh of the Exodus if the Israelites were already in the Levant ? Many adherents of the Early Theory, assert that Amenhotep II could have been the Exodus Pharaoh. If so, this makes the words of Thutmose IV (Amenhotep I's son) on The Dream Stele interesting. He didn't expect to be the Pharaoh because he had an older brother who would assume the leadership of Egypt. What happened to the older, firstborn brother that allowed Thutmose IV to become Pharaoh ? There are other circumstantial evidences that could be mentioned. All of these points of interest occur within the time frame that is very consistent with the internal Chronology of the Biblical Documents. The Conquest This time sequence is consistent with some of the new evidence coming out about the Conquest of Canaan by Joshua. Jericho The Excavations of Jericho by Garstang and Nigro (presently) affirm a Late Bronze Age destruction of City IV by conflagration with the walls falling and cultural material findings that are remarkably consistent with the Biblical text. Keyon disagreed, but an analysis of her ceramic findings by Dr. Wood (Late Bronze Age Canaanite ceramics expert) confirmed that the ceramics she found in the City IV layer were Late Bronze Age and Garstang and Nigro contend. Ai Everyone knows Et Tel could not have been the fortress of Ai described in the text. Some archaologists continued the search and we now have a very strong candidate fro the identity of Ai that fits all the criteria, dating, artifacts and geographical in the ruins at Khirbet el-Maqatir. There is no reason to doubt this is Ai if we accept an Early Theory Date. Mt. Ebal We await the peer review process of the recent findings of the "curse tablet" on Mt. Ebal. Hazor Excavations have confirmed a 15th century conflagration in the Late Bronze Age of the city of Hazor (see the 2001 excavation report on area "M") Not much of this layer/strata has been excavated At Hazor yet. This discovery was the result of a trench that was dug into deeper layers. Shiloh The excavation project at Shiloh is the largest project in the Levant. Dr. Stripling (the excavation director at the project) has found evidence of Hebrew culture, and even evidence of Hebrew cultic practice, at the site during the Late Bronze Age Early, Iron Age Horizon. Shiloh is described as the early Israelite capital and worship center (the Tabernacle was said to be located there during the Judges Period). The Conquest and Egypt's Aid The Biblical Text describes how the Hebrews started conquering cities in the Levant. Some have asked why didn't the Egyptians come to the aid of their vassals in the Levant ? We have some letters called the "Amarna Letters" where the vassals of Egypt, in the Levant, were pleading to the Pharaoh for help in defending themselves from the invading "Habiru". Whether "Habiru" directly means "Hebrews", or if they were just considered "raiders" from the perspective of the vassals, is a point of contention. However the point is that the vassals were being invaded by someone at the time the Biblical Documents say the Hebrews were invading Canaan. Pharaoh Akhenaten (reign - 1350s-1330s BC) does not respond and come to their aid, so the Egyptian forces fail to defend their vassals from these invaders. Is The Early Theory the correct time frame for the Exodus ?? That remains to be seen. However, the growing body of circumstantial evidence supporting that theory, is compelling enough, that mentioning this theory cannot be omitted, if one wants to present an objective summary of the various views of the Exodus. DZ

[@neiljohnson7914]

Thank you. I've learned a lot from you. I do think the Exodus story is largely based on historical events. The circumstantial evidence is strong.

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear@@neiljohnson7914 , Hello ! Thank you for the very kind words ! I really appreciate that. I am humbled that I can be used to help someone in that way. Be Well, DZ

[@jdt25]

Often, when modern people read a story in the Bible, many will ask, “did this event really happen?” However, in my estimation, that’s the wrong question to ask. The better question is, “what does this story mean?” Most of the biblical stories are not historical (Lazare, 2002; Harpur, 2004; Browder, 1992; Williams, 1992; Massey, 1907). In fact, since the emergence of biblical archeology in the 19th century, there is no evidence that Abraham, Moses or Isaac existed (Lazare, 2002). Lazare states that, “not only is there no evidence that any such figure as Abraham ever lived but archaeologists believe that there is no way such a figure could have lived given what we now know about ancient Israelite origins” (Lazare, 2002, p. 40). Lastly, he says, “We now know that Moses was no more historically real than Abraham before him” (Lazare, 2002, p. 40). Although such figures were not historical personalities, that does not mean that the stories they’re featured in are devoid of meaning. According to Cheikh Ante Diop, a historian, anthropologist, and physicist, the Israelites “entered Egypt as 70 shepherds grouped in 12 patriarchal families, nomads . . . and left there 400 years later, 600,000 strong, after acquiring from it all the elements of its future tradition, including monotheism” (Diop, 1974/1955, p. 7). The ancient Egyptians are well-known for writing allegorically, and the Israelites likely adopted this tradition too. Even the Apostle Paul alludes to the allegorical nature of one of the biblical stories that has often been misunderstood as literal history. When remarking on the story of Abram impregnating his 90-year-old wife, Sarai, the Apostle Paul states such “things are an allegory” (Galatians <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="264">4:24</a> - KJV). In another version of the Bible, Paul is recorded saying, “these things are being taken figuratively” (Galatians <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="264">4:24</a> - NIV). The occurrence of a 90-year-old woman being impregnated is a medical impossibility, but if one stops there, the allegorical truth underneath the story may go unnoticed. In the story, once Abram and Sarai are conferred new names - Abraham and Sarah, respectively - they are miraculously able to conceive a child. It’s important to note that the way their names are changed is meaningful. The letter ‘h’ is added to both of their names, and this is significant because the ‘h’ sound represents aspiration or the expression of the spirit. The name change is also important because in the Bible, names are often used to illustrate one’s identity, so once the ‘h’ is added, it’s as if their identities becomes divinely imbued. Once their names are altered and become God inspired (i.e., inspired means to imbue with spirit), they’re able to give birth to something new and beautiful (i.e., a child). A child represents new potential that is waiting to be actualized. Thus, one meaning of this story is that short of creating medical impossibilities, one can effect change and birth new opportunities if they act in accordance with their divinely imbued spirit or their divine identity (i.e., name) (Psalms 8<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="126">2:6</a>; John <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="634">10:34</a>-36). References: Browder, A. (1992). Nile valley contributions to civilization: Exploding the myths - Volume 1. The Institute of Karmic Guidance. Diop, C. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. (M. Cook, Trans., Ed.). Lawrence Hill & Co. (Original work published 1955). Harpur, T. (2004). The pagan Christ: Is blind faith killing Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. Lazare, D. (2002, March). “False Testament: Archaeology Refutes the Bible’s Claim to History.” Harpers Magazine. Massey, G. (1907). Ancient Egypt: The light of the world: A work of reclamation and restitution in twelve books. cdn.website-editor.net/e4d6563c50794969b714ab70457d9761/files/uploaded/AncientEgyptTheLightOfTheWorld_GMassey.pdf. Williams, W. (1992). The historical origin of Christianity. Maathian Press.

[@Kenliano]

There's something I'm curious about. Did non-Egyptian texts tend not to use the name of the pharaoh they were talking about? Potiphar is named in the Bible, but no pharaoh is. Is that typical?

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear @Ken Prince, Yes, it was typical during that time period to just use the term "Pharaoh" to refer to the leader of Egypt, instead of a personal identifying name. The biblical documents follow the tradition of the Egyptians in this regard. However, later in Egyptian history, it became typical to use a personal identifying name to refer to the Pharaoh. During that later period, the Biblical Documents begin mentioning personal names which is in line with the customs of the Egyptian culture at that time. "Shishak" (1 Kgs. 11:40, 2 Chron. 12:2), is generally identified as Shoshenq I (943-922 BC) "So, King of Egypt" (2 Kgs 17:4), is generally identified as Osorkon IV (730-715 BC) "Tirhakah, king of Ethiopia" (Kush), (2 Kgs 19:9, Isa. 37:9). Some scholars suggest he may have been the pharaoh Taharqa "Neco" (2 Chron. 36:4, and many other times) was very probably "Necho II" "Hophra" (Jer. 37:5, 44:30) is Apries (589-570 BC) DZ

[@Megamanlanprime]

While the above poster is somewhat correct, there is a more simple explanation for this - Moses learned his writing style by learning to write from the Egyptians. (Remember according to the story, he was an adopted Egyptian Prince at one point) So it does make sense that he would have an Egyptian writing style that later writers wouldn’t have. Also interestingly - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy all seem to have a lot of “borrow words” from Egyptian language (words that we’re just transferred/transliterated to another language. English also has plenty such like croissant) In fact those books have more from Egyptian than any other book in the Bible… and all the words that are borrowed seem to come from around the 18th Dynasty… interesting…

[@masvtec813]

Is there any evidence of chariots found under the parted sea?

[@stalkinghorse883]

Your definition of "slavery" in ancient Egypt is consistent with "corvee" labor, a type of labor service to the government. Corvee labor was used in the construction of the Suez canal in the 1860's.

[@cuckoophendula8211]

Interesting how that example just so happens to be around that same place thousands of years later.

[@lancastrian123]

Have you considered the Ages In Chaos Series by Immanuel Velikovsky, especially his reference to the Ipuwer Papyrus, that is sometimes considered as a non Biblical report of the Exodus. I find it very interesting that while he was alive, many scholars derided his work, but now many are accepting many parts of it. It is not perfect BUT I feel that he has some very important views that should be considered.

[@davidburroughs2244]

There wasn't an old manuscript Velikovsky couldn't use to back an idea he would sell in one of his books. Better to check with historians that can read the middle kingdom hieroglyphics vice a modern day huckster who had ideas for sale.

[@epitherex]

well egypt held control over the levant until the bronze age collapse which happens around the time when the people of Israel are written about by the egyptians

[@adamesd3699]

There are several major problems with the story of Exodus as written. Especially if the pharaoh in question is Rameses II. In the story of Exodus, the pharaoh with his army chases the Israelites across the desert and then dies when the Red Sea waters come rushing back after having been parted by Moses. That can’t be Rameses II. The guy ruled until he was over 90 years old. And his body is intact and well preserved, you can see it in the museum. There’s no way a 90 year old was riding a chariot across the desert shooting arrows at people. And if an onrushing wall of water hits someone, especially someone who is 90 years old, his body would be in many pieces, if it’s even ever found. Also, 2.4 million people would have been the majority of the population of Ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians kept pretty meticulous records. We have the recipe for beers they brewed, and their eye makeup. You would think that if the country was hit with a bunch of major plagues, then the majority of the entire country’s population all up and left, and the pharaoh and the army all got drowned when the Red Sea miraculously parted and then came rushing back, SOMEONE WOULD HAVE MENTIONED IT!!!

[@michaeljames4509]

This guy called people neckbeards. 😐

[@milesgreb3537]

good talk, but it's hard accused you simply can not trust theists on this topic. Even though theists can bring up good food for thought - as this did.

[@stephenwright8824]

Summer. It is speculated that it happened in the summer since there is usually a time during July and August that the Red Sea can practically be walked across at low tide. But it's still a sea, prone to high and low tides. Picture the Israelites making it across before sundown and the Egyptians not getting there until *after* sundown. This fits the Biblical narrative at any rate.

[@darrenmurray861]

How dare you claim that the Bible is anything but 110% fact! 🤣 seriously though, I’m sure that there are a number of people who are flabbergasted that one would even claim conjecture, metaphor and allegory in the Bible. I’m a Buddhist, and why I love the story of Sakyamuni Buddha and his lives, I do not believe the stories to be absolutely factual. A religion that takes itself too seriously breeds zealots and fanatics; just as we see in small populations of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and even Buddhism!

[@marksimons8861]

I think the Late Bronze Age Collapse plays a pivotal role, certainly with respect to the emergence of the Hebrew people in Israel, the alleged "conquest" of Canaan, and most probably legends about the Hebrews' relationship Egypt, a state which survived the collapse......but only just. All this coalesced into the Bible stories written down five hundred years later based on sources and traditions from the north (Israel) and the south (Judah). The monotheism of the pre-exilic period was very blurred, and probably only developed after the encounter with Zoroastrianism in Mesopotamia.

[@Simon.the.Likeable]

The Santorini eruption was the pivotal event for Egypt and the Levantine Coast during that period.

[@johnbecay6887]

Mark Simons a very well put, succinct analysis. thank you.

[@fordprefect5304]

No... it is not complex at all. One word describes the Exodus *IMPLAUSIBLE* Credit: William Dever, a convert to Judaism, and a professor of Near Eastern archeology and anthropology at the University of Arizona and one of America’s preeminent archeologists argued that “the Exodus story was produced for theological reasons: to give an origin and history to a people and distinguish them from others by claiming a divine destiny.” Even if we ignore all these scholars and experts, there are many reasons why the very words of the Biblical account itself make the story of the Exodus implausible.

[@mattschroeder3432]

great video thanks

[@leahsugarbritches]

The music is much too loud and is distracting. You should fade it out after you begin speaking.

[@alanthiercelin5218]

Very good. This historian did his homework.

[@EvilPoet85]

The problem is when you try to force the timeline of the bible to real history. The exodus is most likely a story that takes a cultural memory of many seperate events that happened over a couple hundreds years. Later this memory is made into a single narrative that serves as an origin for the Jewish people.

[@binyon7]

Damn fine job on this episode.

[@scottswaringen7307]

I believe it's a lot more simple than we make it out to be. There is a certain type of evidence that seems to be ignored by mainstream. First, remains of horses, humans, weapons, chariots discovered in the center of the gulf of Aqaba, along w/ two commemorative pillars erected by 'Solomon' on each side of this underwater land bridge stating 'this is where the Israelites crossed'. Secondly, the black topped mountain Jabel el Laws and it's surrounding valley with 12 pillars, along with a huge altar stone painted w/ Egyptian cows discovered in Saudi Arabia. This is the only discovery of Egyptian styled cows anywhere in all of Saudi Arabia I'm aware of to date. And lastly a giant rock 3-4 stories in height, split in two and evidence of a stream or rapidly running water at one time coming from the rock. Christian amateur archaeologist Ron Wyatt discovered these things and many more around the 1980's but his work has been largely ignored. Why ? My guess is the world doesn't want to know there really is a God of love and judgement... Anyway, the truth really is out there...

[@fordprefect5304]

*remains of horses, humans, weapons, chariots discovered in the center of the gulf of Aqaba* Arte you really that gullible? Remains lasting in water for over 3500 years. Think before you post. *Ron "The Fraud" Wyatt* is the most laughable nutcase in history. Try researching before posting.

[@TechySeven]

//"I believe it's a lot more simple than we make it out to be. There is a certain type of evidence that seems to be ignored by mainstream.... ...Christian amateur archaeologist Ron Wyatt discovered these things and many more around the 1980's but his work has been largely ignored. Why ?"// And I believe that your "lot more simple" explanation is Quite Simply A Lot More Simply Refuted too. "Seems to be ignored by mainstream"?! Geee, I Wonder Why That Could Be... Oh, no, I really don't because it's a Fact that Ron Wyatt wasn't even remotely Any Kind of Archaeologist... not even the Amateur Variety. His findings have been Refuted Time & Time Again because They DON'T Hold Water (including many that have since been Proven to have been Planted). He never once even participated in an archaeological dig, he was just a Christian Out Looking to Make Fame or Money by Confirmation-Bias. It's literally THAT Simple. //"First, remains of horses, humans, weapons, chariots discovered in the center of the gulf of Aqaba"// 1) Human & Animal Remains can technically be found Almost Literally Anywhere. 2) Those "Chariot Wheels" (Not Whole Chariots, btw, JUST 1 or 2 Wheels) that he supposedly 'discovered'... Were Literally From The ENTIRELY Wrong Time-Period, one that Would Not Even Remotely Have EVER Fit The Story. //"along w/ two commemorative pillars erected by 'Solomon' on each side of this underwater land bridge stating 'this is where the Israelites crossed' "// I don't quite remember the rebuttal Exactly, but I do at least recall reading up on this one once upon a time... And from what I can remember there were Several Points of Argument that worked to Disprove that as evidence... Something about the writing being mostly illegible, or perhaps that it too was a later forgery, as well as something about the Nearby "Garrison". On top of the fact that there was confusion between "Reed Sea" vs "Red Sea", Two VERY Different Places, which many Biblical Scholars would attest to. ETA: That "Crossing Site" Also *Never* Had An Underwater Land-Bridge, it's almost Half A Mile Deep All Around, and so it would have been a bit like Crossing The Grand Canyon. //"And lastly a giant rock 3-4 stories in height, split in two and evidence of a stream or rapidly running water at one time coming from the rock."// 1) There wasn't "Evidence of Running Water", that was just a Baseless CLAIM That Ron made to support his conclusion. 2) The Rock in-question wasn't even in a place that would've coincided with Moses's Journey... EVEN IF Ron or Biblical Scholars Could figure out Which Mountain was the Proper One (which STILL Isn't A Complete Consensus, as there's Debate Over The Name(s).), That STILL Wouldn't Have Matter... because, as I seem to recall, that Rock was FAR Out of the Way of ANY Path to EITHER of the Possible Mountains. 3) It's just a Rock. And the Biblical Story doesn't elaborate on any reasonable amount of details about IT Or The Area/Location, because it was just Fairly Brief SCENE in the Story.

[@fordprefect5304]

@@TechySeven *Ron"The Fraud" Wyatt* is the most debunked nurse (yes he was a nurse) in history. The only people who believe him are the very gullible who grasp at any straw. Exodus is s myth nothing more.

[@fordprefect5304]

@@TechySeven *Christian amateur archaeologist Ron Wyatt discovered these things and many more around the 1980's but his work has been largely ignored. Why* Because he was a know nutcase how many times do I have to say it.

[@TechySeven]

@@fordprefect5304 I... Completely Agree with All 3 of Your Comments. heheh ^_^ I think... Maybe the *Quoted-Text* that I put in-between *Double Forward-Slashes* (quoted from Scott) caused some minor bit of confusion, perhaps?! :S That's just a habit of mine, as it's something done in many Text Debate Circles, for the purposes of keeping people a little bit more honest by showing everyone Exactly What Point You're Responding To With Each Given Rebuttal-Point. It can definitely help prevent an opponent from weaseling out, or otherwise Dodging & Evading, by way of them Pretending that You Meant to Say Something Else in Response to Something Else.

[@nicoscarfo4486]

The Hyksos also settled in the eastern Delta, look up Hyksos Sphinx, it reminds me of the lion of the tribe of Judah

[@ludchar1]

Read the book of prof. Israel Finkelstein(Jew and archeologist) The Bible Unearthed. It is science not faith or believe. The answer is not complex. Just do your research.

[@jansammut9557]

If it is in the bible ... then no.

[@LawrenceJBlock-jp3jo]

Recently, Professor Friedman, and earlier Dr. Sigmund Freud, claimed that the historical significance of the Exodus was the Levites were the refugees from Egypt. It was the Levite’s that melded with the Israelites in Canaan to form what became Judaic religion and moral law. Are you familiar with this idea?

[@TheEvolver311]

It's more likely that its as story built on the cultural memory of having been held under direct Egyptian rule and then that coming to a sudden end after the bronze age collapse. All the evidence points towards the Hebrews just being Canaanites who took over the region after the prior ruling class had been deposed during the bronze age collapse. The mention of Israel on the stele doesn't really inform us that a nation the size of the one post bronze age collapse existed it was very likely a city state with the surrounding farm lands under its sway which would reflect the norm of the time and region.

[@kevincaan2862]

Recent archeological finds of remains of the Hyksos people show Sematic origins and Canaanite DNA results. Not a surprise, but confirmation of the origin of the Hyksos.

[@MM-qk9wx]

If the Pentateuch was written during the Babylonian Exile, why is there a Samaritan Pentateuch?

[@jamiee7367]

Marcus M Because the Jewish-Samaritan schism post-dates the Babylonian Exile.

[@jamiee7367]

bbonner422 Yes, it _is_ true that the Pentateuch is made up of multiple sources, and that several of these sources are pre-exilic. But the Jewish Pentateuch & Samaritan Pentateuch have these sources redacted together in the exact same way (I.e. the text of one source & the text of another are intertwined the same way in the Jewish & Samaritan), meaning that the Jewish & Samaritan both descend from an original, fully redacted Pentateuch, rather than being separate redactions of common sources.

[@paradisecityX0]

The Torah was compiles over time and finished in the Babylonian Exile

[@TheEvolver311]

It's also different with parts in the jewish version seeming like they might have been edited down like the redundancy of quotes

[@robertsertic4276]

constructed criticism. The music can either be disposed of or reduced in volume. I would lean towards reduced in volume as I think the atmosphere is nice, but the music is a bit distracting.

[@irontaylor9992]

The name Ramses was also Mentioned in the tine of Joseph

[@crunch1757]

Dude. Contraptions doesn't claim forced labour with pay slavery she claims that it's a very similar replacement.

[@jdt25]

The story of Israelites being enslaved or held captive in Egypt is not historically true, but it’s an allegorical narrative. According to Cheikh Ante Diop, a historian, anthropologist, and physicist, the Israelites “entered Egypt as 70 shepherds grouped in 12 patriarchal families, nomads . . . and left there 400 years later, 600,000 strong, after acquiring from it all the elements of its future tradition, including monotheism” (Diop, 1974/1955, p. 7). The Israelites were not captives of the Egyptians, but were likely CAPTIVATED by the culture, and the exodus narrative is about the Israelite culture COMING OUT OF EGYPT. Reference: Diop, C. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. (M. Cook, Trans., Ed.). Lawrence Hill & Co. (Original work published 1955).

[@emilbordon1329]

‘…Seed is naught?’

[@jamgill9054]

Great video. Good discussion. Conclusion is well stated with the invitation to study the subject more. But, I still don't believe this happened. It just doesn't make any sense. Perhaps I'll find otherwise someday. Well done.

[@SeeHere2]

What do you think of Sam Aronow?

[@RalphEllis]

The biblical Exodus was the Hyksos Exodus out of Egypt, they are exactly the same excepting their dates. These Exodus(s) were caused by the eruption of Santorini in 1600 BC, which caused: Darkness for three days. An ashfall (see Exodus <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="548">9:8</a>) A pillar of fire and smoke. A tsunami (the waters parting) (not Simcha’s silt explanation) Air too thick to breathe. .... which caused A civil war between the Hyksos and the Upper Egyptians. An exodus of the Hyksos pharaohs. 300,000 people left from Pi Ramesse (Avaris), and went to Judaea And then the Hyksos destroyed Jericho in Judaea in about 1580 BC. One of the Hyksos pharaohs was called Yacobam (Jacob) Yes, the Israelites patriarchs were the Hyksos pharaohs of Egypt. Which is why Josephus Flavius said that the Hyksos were ‘our people’. So we have discovered the biblical Exodus. See the books ‘Tempest & Exodus’ and ‘Jesus, Last of the Pharaohs’ .... (look at the 2017 editions) .

[@achristfollowingturnbullma8237]

Ralph Ellis the crossing was around 1440 though, I find it really odd for anyone that speaks of this crossing and claims a date based on ‘nothing’ and totally leaves out the genealogy of Adam to Abraham/Moses as it gives every age and birth age down to those Men. This volcano couldn’t of blew its top in 1600 although Google claims 1550-1650 I would say it was 1450-1550 .. it’s also impossible for the crossing to be 13th century as this man is currently talking because of the ages of men counted in biblical text why do people including yourself overlook this 🤔

[@Silverheart1956]

Many problems with that theory. It is a dead theory.

[@sav7568]

The pharaoh of the bible cannot have been Ramses II or Seti I because both of their mummies have been found and in good condition too. The bible tells us that the pharaoh was buried under rather a lot of water never to be seen again. There is no way way that someone wearing all that armour would have floated to the surface.

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear @sav, Where does it specifically say that the "the pharaoh was buried under rather a lot of water never to be seen again." You said the "The bible tells us that"; but where does the Bible specifically say that the Pharaoh himself was drowned in the sea ??? DZ

[@sav7568]

Take a look at Exodus 14:28 " not one of them survived ". So he swam to safety despite everyone else drowning ? Got it.

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear @@sav7568 The reason some scholars question the idea, that the Pharaoh drown with his army, is that he is not specifically mention in the text as doing so. If you look in Ex. 14:17, Yahweh says: "and I will get glory over Pharaoh and all his host, his chariots, and his horsemen." Notice, four specific groups are mentioned: 1. "Pharaoh", 2. "all his host", 3. "his chariots", and 4. "his horsemen" When we consider the verse you referenced, Ex. 14:28, it says: "The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen; of all the host of Pharaoh that had followed them into the sea, not one of them remained." In this verse, that you mentioned, three of the four mentioned in Ex. 14:17, are said to have been "covered" with water. 1. "The the chariots", 2. "the horsemen", and 3. "all the host of the Pharaoh". Notice the "Pharaoh" himself is not listed as one of the groups mentioned before int he Scriptures, that was covered with water. This means that it is hermeneutically and exegetically sound to assert that the Pharaoh was not "covered" with water, and drown that day. It is reasonable (based on the text) that the Pharaoh, upon seeing the miraculous division of the sea (that doesn't happen every day), Pharaoh was a little wary and reluctant of personally pursuing the Hebrews (he remembered the plagues), but was revengeful and angry enough to send his whole army into the sea, while he watched from the shore. To his horror he watched his whole pursuing army (all his hosts, chariots & horsemen) covered by the seas before they could reach the Hebrews on the other side. This idea is consistent with the specific wording of the text. The Biblical text appears to leave the "Pharaoh" out of the groups of Egyptians mentioned to have drown. The text just does not specifically say the Pharaoh dies that day and seems to lean the other way. There is no textual reason for insisting that the Pharaoh drown with his military forces. The idea he died that day is based on preconceived ideas assumptions and conjecture. I understand one of the reasons the Pharaoh did not pursue the Hebrews in to the sea is that his handlers didn't have the foresight to bring the royal lifejacket for the Pharaoh. (wink, wink). Be Well, DZ

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear @sav , Please understand that I do agree that the Pharaoh of the Exodus (I think that is what you meant) was not Ramses II or Seti (I never have heard anyone suggest him) or Merneptah (the son of Ramses II and Pharaoh after RamsesII) Some suggest Merneptah as the Pharaoh of the Exodus, because they consider Ramses II as the Pharaoh who wanted to kill Moses (Ex. 2:15) After the burning bush God told Moses, hey that wanted his life are dead now (Ex 4:19). See it had been 40 years since Moses left Egypt and just now that Pharaoh is dead, so that Pharaoh must have reigned a long time (longer than 40 yrs). The only two Pharaohs that fit this criteria are Ramses II and Thutmose III. This would mean that the son/successor of these two could be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 1. Ramses - to - Merneptah (19th dynasty), or 2. Thutmose III - to - Amenhotep II (18th Dynasty) I suspect Amenhotep II is the Pharaoh of the Exodus. He is a much better fit consistent with the criteria. Be Well. DZ

[@sav7568]

@@Silverheart1956 Exodus 14:6 says " So he had his chariot made ready and took his army with him. " Then 14:8 says " he pursued the Israelites ". Despite all that, by some unknown ( to everyone but you ) process the Pharaoh declined to lead his army across the Red Sea and chose to watch from afar. OK, got it. Maybe the devil disguised himself as a raven and flew down to give Pharaoh the tip off.

[@davetuttle9701]

Excellent video!

[@mac_uk5464]

Haven't they found what some believe to be Pharaohs city, it;s in the north east of Egypt, Under what is now fertile farm lands. Tgere is a video about it somewhere?.

[@egoebb]

OMG he thinks the Exodus Happen

[@johnnydawson7675]

The gentleman presenting the story needs to use his name, or put it up on the screen from time to time. He is very articulate.

[@edwardelric717]

Or you know the most obvious answer. A small number of Jews living in Egypt got kicked out, tried to return to their homeland but because they had been so far away for so long it took them time to reintegrate into society.... All the god and magic stuff was probably nonsense. So was the slavery. It more likely consripted labour.

[@fcruz43215]

Interesting video

[@joescott123]

Hey taco, nice video, "Stele" is pronounced "stee-lay", not "stel"

[@behrensf84]

I've heard that when the text has a lot of rich detail, it's probably made up...

[@steveebling8480]

Israel evolved in Canaan. El was the chief god. Isra-El. Persevered with El. After Assyria annihilated Israel, refugees fled south into Judah and merged El with Judah's God YHWH.

[@stephenwright8824]

Funny, I always thought that *Israel* meant "he who fought God," a reference to Jacob. Yours is an interesting meaning, though.

[@steveebling8480]

@@stephenwright8824 I've read that translation as well. Ancient Hebrew is difficult to translate.

[@niconestra]

In episode 2F09, when Itchy plays Scratchy's skeleton like a xylophone, he strikes the same rib in succession, yet he produces two clearly different tones. I mean, what are we to believe, that this is a magic xylophone, or something?

[@maxsmart99]

Very well done. Love the beard

[@shyhand1]

I think once they were kicked out of Goshen they were held hostage in Jerusalem, And the exodus isn't them leaving it's when the Egyptians left Is Israel

[@MBEG89]

Its likely some part of the exodus narrative holds some weight to it. We can clearly rule out entire portions of it right away(the plagues and the number of people involved). So youre left with a story about a group of people moving from egypt to canaan. Its possible to imagine a plausible form of this happening, the early biblical stories very clearly suggest nomadic traditions. Finklestein makes a compelling argument for two distinct cultures that later became a united monarchy, this would explain the distinct origin stories of israel and the patriarchs to the north(and their babylonian influence) and moses and the judeans to the south.

[@Silverheart1956]

Yes, Finklestein has his theories. One was that David never existed as a historical person. He held that theory until 1995 when the Tell Dan Stele was discovered mentioning the "House of David". Finklestein adjusted his previous hasty conclusion, based on the idea of a "lack of evidence", to fit with the evidence. Though Finklestein is very popular, I wouldn't consider him the ultimate authority. There are many archaeologists that disagree with Finklestein. If you want to hear a little humor, take note of the clashes between Finklestein and William Dever. The name calling is hilarious ! Dever says Finklestein is a "magician and a showman". Dever states Finklestein's book was full of "numerous errors, misrepresentations, over-simplifications and contradictions". I would somewhat agree with that assessment. Dever is one that is towards the middle of the spectrum. On the other end of the spectrum are people like Dr. Scott Stripling who is presently the excavation director of the largest excavation project in the Levant. He is excavating Shiloh, which back in the 1980s, Finklestein excavated a portion of, and proclaimed he found no evidence of Hebrew culture at that location, during the Late Bronze Age. Stripling says, he is finding strong evidence for Hebrew culture and Hebrew cultic practice at Tell Shiloh, during that time (Shiloh was the location of the Tabernacle for about 3 hundred yrs). Stripling wet sifted (a newer, more advanced, method of sifting using water) Finklestein's dump piles and found many artifacts that Finklestein missed. Someone said, no wonder Finklestein found no evidence - he missed so much, that we found in his dump piles (careless excavation methods ???) "We can clearly rule out entire portions of it right away". Why ??? Because of philosophical presuppositions ?? There are naturalistic explanations for many of the plagues, and apparently you are not familiar with the alternative translation of the text concerning the numbers leaving Egypt. It is probably wise to be aware of these things before dismissing these points. "SUGGEST nomadic traditions". I think it is much more than a suggestion. In the Patriarchal Period they were certainly nomadic, which is why one would expect to find little, to no, physical evidence. This is very much the same with the Hebrews wandering on the Sinai Peninsula ("there is no evidence ..... Duhh). The Egyptians do mention the "Shasu (nomads) of Yahweh" as their enemies around 1400 BC. The one feature that distinguished the Israelites from all the other Shasu (Semitic herders) in this area, was their worship of the God of Yahweh. This statement found at the temple at Soleb, built by the Pharaoh Amenhotep III (in ca. 1400 BC), is consistent with the time the Hebrews would be wandering on the Sinai Peninsula, according to the internal chronology of the Biblical Documents. Be Well, DZ

[@MBEG89]

@@Silverheart1956 are you a theist and do you take the bible as the literal word of god?

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear@@MBEG89 , Yes, I am a theist. My approach the the Biblical documents is that, it must be understood "literaturically" (not just literally which would lead to misunderstanding portions of it). The Biblical Documents are emphatically not a Book (or a "Bible"). They are a set of independent writings of various genres that do have a common theme, but expresses that theme in various ways. That is why you can not take it "literally". From a theological perspective (I have formal training in systematic theology), I understand the use of the theological term "literal" interpretation, and I believe it is the unfortunate use of a term, that often misleads those who are theologically illiterate. I use the term in the context of theological discussions, but when I am teaching about the issue, I explain why the term is confusing and how I am reluctant to use it. Note: I am not a fundamentalist, but a conservative evangelical (from a theological perspective). I strongly believe in properly employing sound, reasonable hermeneutical and exegetical principles to guide an objective interpretation of the text, in order to have an accurate understanding of what the author is intending to communicate. Those who fail to employ this method will end up performing an eisegetical understanding of the text which ignores the intent of the author and leads to misunderstanding the text. This method and procedure is to be applied objectively to ANY and EVERY text of antiquity without bias towards the genre of the text. I have had some formal training in the method in Grad school and have taught a short course in Hermeneutics and Exegetical principles. I have clearly noticed that many minimalist archaeologist express bias against the Biblical Documents treating it differently from other texts of antiquity. In other words they may use objective hermeneutic principles with an Egyptian text of a similar genre, but apply a different (more biased) standard towards the Biblical documents, hereby expressing a lack of objectivity. I strongly believe that is an unscholarly practice. Facts don't care about your feelings, or emotional presuppositions. Unfortunately many archaeologists do not have adequate training in hermeneutics. I don't ask people to focus on my philosophical positions, but instead upon the evidence that is presented. DZ

[@MBEG89]

@@Silverheart1956 i respect the reply you gave and dont disagree about the politics of archeology and the bias against biblical text. With that said ive no horse in this race so I wont be very fun to discuss this as im very open to changing my views given new info or ideas. I study theology and religious archeology from a more historical view. I asked if youre a theist because unfortunetly people are far more predictable than we'd like to admit, but ive no interest in using that against your current view, it just helps to understand someone better.

[@Silverheart1956]

Dear@@MBEG89 , You may be questioning my low regard for Finklestein, because many people in pop-culture believe he is cream of the crop (and he thinks he is also). It may surprise you to learn that there are more Levantine archaeologists that disagree with him and his specific theories, than those who agree with him. I have given you examples of his lack of careful research and how he jumps to conclusions ahead of the evidence. There are many Levantine archaeologists who have problems with his theories and his demeanor. I can give you more examples of Levantine archaeologists who have had problems with him. At times, he be charming and professional, but many people have had problems with his attitude and lack of professionalism during his moments of bad attitude. However, I am an advocate of Finklestein's right to compose his theories and express them. I like diversity at the table, because even when we disagree, the diversity of views and perspectives moves the science of archaeology forward. All theories are welcome, but that does not mean that all theories have strong merit. Be Well, DZ

[@biblicus8204]

Exodus Evidence: 1) On Sehiel Island, Egypt; there is a rock with the description of the years of hunger (Star of Hunger). She also mentions Imhotep, which can be translated as Yosef (Joseph in Hebrew). 2) Moses wrote the first five books of the Bible, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. 3) The name [Moses] is a name of very ancient Egyptian origin. 4) In the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), proto-Hebrew inscriptions were found in caves. At Sinai 361, the Inscription of Moses was found; therefore, the existence of Moses is proven. 5) The real Mount Sinai is in Saudi Arabia (Galatians <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="265">4:25</a>). 6) In the Book of Exodus, God went down to Mount Sinai, and he began to smoke; and indeed, at Mount Sinai, his Peak is Blackened. 7) The Altar of Golden Calf is below the hill. There, drawings of people worshiping cattle were found. 8) The Pillars of the Dose of the Tribes of Israel were also found. 9) The first extra-biblical mention of Moses appears in the writings of Hecataeus of Abdera (323 BC). 10) The historian, geographer and philosopher Strabo did not doubt the existence of Moses; he said he was an Egyptian priest, who went to Judea with a large number of people. 11) Tacitus (Roman Historian), says that Pharaoh Broccoris suffered a plague and expelled a certain crowd, corresponding to the record of the Exodus. Extra Evidence: 1) In the Hathor Temple, in the Serabit el-Khadim, there are Proto-Sinaitic, Canaanite, Phoenician and Hebrew inscriptions. 2) The Merneptah Stele may be the first, oldest, or if not, the only mention of Israel in Egypt. Therefore, the Exodus is a HISTORICAL FACT, and Moses, REALLY EXISTED!

[@fordprefect5304]

From EXODUS [Exodus 9] Fifth Plague: livestock disease 1 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go to Pharaoh, and say to him, ’Thus says the LORD, the God of the Hebrews: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. 2 For if you refuse to let them go and still hold them, 3 the hand of the LORD will strike with a deadly pestilence your livestock in the field: the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the herds, and the flocks. 4 But the LORD will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that nothing shall die of all that belongs to the Israelites.’" 5 The LORD set a time, saying, "Tomorrow the LORD will do this thing in the land." 6 And on the next day the LORD did so; all the livestock of the Egyptians died, but of the livestock of the Israelites not one died. 7 Pharaoh inquired and found that not one of the livestock of the Israelites was dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he would not let the people go. What is wrong with this picture? If all the Pharaohs horses are killed how do the chariots chase the Hebrews? There were no camels in Egypt until introduced by the Assyrians in the 8th century also 13:17 And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: 13:18 But God led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea: and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt. What is wrong with this picture? Oh yes, the Philistines don't show up until 1177BCE some 300 years later. So Moses took a 40 year detour. Proving Moses is just a myth because the bible tells me so. And your evidence is just a myth made up by Christian Apologist make believe archeologists.

[@fordprefect5304]

But there was a real Exodus it happened in 523BCE when King Cyrus the Great freed the Hebrews from Babylon.

[@hizzlemobizzle]

There was no Exodus. Even the Pope and the Catholic church acknowledged the Exodus never happened. The entire story is a work of fiction. kzbin.info/www/bejne/f5bTZZqkoq-YiKc

[@calebdarden8743]

Unfortunately it looks like the Dr. David Neiman video is no longer free. It is cheap to rent though so that is something.

[@d.i.g.i.t.a.l.9268]

Sadly I'll be shaving my neck beard tonight 🤦🏾‍♂️

[@bxdanny]

The Exodus was not the Hyksos expulsion, but the enslavement of the Hebrews in Egypt could well have been a consequence of that expulsion. That is, Joseph was vizier to a Hyksos ruler, and the "Pharaoh who knew not Joseph" was from the native Egyptian dynasty that replaced them.

[@babyramses5066]

That makes sense and seems like an understandable response on the part of the Egyptians given their paranoia after the Hyksos takeover. We know that the Hebrews never tried to overthrow and replace the Pharoah with their own dynasty like the Hyksos had done either so it's unlikely that Joseph or his descendants were Hyksos. But what were they? When did the Hebrews become Hebrews?

[@Mehri-zm8rs]

Do you have any knowledge of when Catholic Church, Vatican, came to being?

[@masterbaiter7537]

As an Egyptologist, there are a lot of affinities that the Exodus and wilderness traditions have to the Late Bronze Age, specifically to the 13th century BC, so I personally believe it to be a historical event with supernatural elements added to it.

[@fordprefect5304]

*As an Egyptologist* You are an Egyptologist? You are unaware that Egypt controlled Canaan from 1550BCE until 1126BCE? Where did you study? Liberty University? Explain the statue of Ramesses III 1186 - 1155 BCE at Megiddo Or the fortifications at Beth Shan. Beth Shan: Houses 1500 & 1700 Contents: during reign of Ramesses III • 64 Canaanite potsherds: 3 cooking pots; bowls; cup-and-saucer; bowls; chalices; jars; juglets; lentoid flasks; pyxides; stand. • 8-10 Egyptian potsherds: 4 beer bottles; 2 bowls; 3 spin.-bowls; duck-headed bowl. • 5 Cypriot sherds: • 3 Mycenaean sherds: • 20 Egyptian architectural pieces • 12 generic architectural pieces • Artefacts: Containers (of var. materials); basalt mortar; toiletries (comb); jewellery; seals; figurines; spindle whorls; fittings

[@davidstout6051]

Very well done. A rare level headed presentation of potentially controversial material that is often the topic of extremism.

[@stevenmiller2820]

How come no movie clips from Monty python?

[@AVRGWIBWTHACN]

I appreciate the honesty you demonstrated in this video.

[@biblehistoryscience3530]

Most historians now doubt the Exodus narrative based on two mistakes. The first mistake is not recognizing that an Egyptian city named “Pi-Ramesses” (city of Ramesses) mentioned in Exodus was actually a later name of a city named Qantir at the time of the Exodus, and this mistake dates the Exodus to the time of Ramesses II in the 1200s BC instead of the time of Amenhotep II about 1450 BC. The second error was made by an archeologist named Kathleen Kenyon who dated the destruction of Jericho to about 1550 BC, overturning previous research that concluded it happened about 1400 BC. If you accept these two mistakes as factual, then you would conclude that the Exodus never happened because the dates don’t line up, and some are certainly happy to accept that without question because it supports their worldview of atheism or anti-Israelism or to just go along with the guild. Anyone who wants more details can search a website named biblearcheology dot org.

[@owenswabi]

What is the music?

[@Ahreman_egy]

So why israelis says they are going back to Palestine the land of canaanites not back to egypt ?

[@AbbeyRoadkill1]

Faith is the lame excuse people give when they don't have evidence. Anyone who believes anything based on faith should be ashamed of themselves.

[@paradisecityX0]

Don't like faith? kzbin.info/www/bejne/f6XWnGxqaceonKs

[@OmarOsman98]

Belief in a God, probablistically, is far more reasonable than believing that universe began from randomness.

[@PjotrII]

@Casual Historian Among many problematic issues and possible solutions, I would like to ask the following. Somewhere I read that in Hebrew, the word for thousand could also mean tribes (or troop). Is this true, possible, a stretch or even full crap? The issue was raised based upon the question if the translation of the OT could be wrong, like 600 tribes (troops), instead of 600 "thousand". The thing is 1) the given amount is extreme (if fact) adding women and children 2-2,5 million.... 2) A bad translation would solve at least partly the huge number, and still keep the main story somewhat correct. 3) In Manetho´s story 240.000 people leave Egypt (the Shepherds). Now that is like 10% of the estimated biblical translation. And among the 240.000 (if this was Moses) only a part are the Israelites. Happy if you could give your view.

[@PjotrII]

@@faithlesshound5621 There is some truth to this claim. That said, some numbers DO stick, while others not so much, like the 144.000 elect (from Revelation) is printed in my head, while I would have NO CLUE to how many thousands of horses David had, in case I would have to rewrite the bible (if all bibles disappeared).

[@neiljohnson7914]

The word in Hebrew for thousand is Elef, but Elef can also mean a leader. For example, a general in the Israeli military is called Aluf. So the 600 Elefs described in Exodus might have been referring to 600 leaders, not 600,000 men. Perhaps the Exodus story is describing 600 Israelite leaders who led their people out of Egypt, with Moses being the grand leader. Perhaps each leader led a number of families. If each leader was the head of 10 families, with each family averaging 6 people, then each leader headed 60 people. So 600 leaders would lead 36,000 people, in total. I have no idea how many people each Elef headed, but you can see that the number of Israelites leaving Egypt could have been far fewer than 2.4 million.

[@PjotrII]

@@neiljohnson7914 Exactly, my information about tribes - might be that the word "leader" is a leader for a tribe. I do NOT claim that the translation then is right (it could have been that the original writer meant 600.000), but as the number is super enormous (for this time), and there are other interpretations that might give a much more plausible outcome - 600 leaders, or 600 tribe leaders. As an estimate, the Egyptian army was around 100.000 man strong (at it´s height) some estimates a little above 100k, and this was one of the strongest armies at the time. That Israel would have had 6 times the "strongest" army in the world, isn´t plausible.

[@TheStellarmanCo.]

It NEVER happened Jews were NEVER slaves amd Moses isn't a real person

[@blusheep2]

Do you realize there are actually wall murals on Egyptian palaces that depict Semite slaves? Do you realize that Egypt never took slaves from within their own borders except for 1 time and that was when they kicked the Hyksos out of Egypt, AND the Hyksos were SEMITIC rulers of Egypt. Do you realize that when they went on campaign in Canaan to maintain their control they always brought back slaves. That is the whole story of Joseph being sold to the Egyptians while they lived in the Levant.

[@TheStellarmanCo.]

@@blusheep2 They weren't slaves they captives from the 1st & 2nd Intermediate periods when tge Wretched "Aamu" invaded "KMT (The Black City, Town, State or Community)" They weren't welcomed and were a drain on the economy, so the Biblical Exodus didn't actually happen, what truly transpired was that tge Wretched "Aamu" (people from the Levant) were kicked out of "KMT" and had to go back to the Levant where they came from, wherever that was, the Moses story NEVER happened he wasn't even a real person, If Isreal existed at all it was very short lived and was amongst many others inside of the Land of Canaan that was in "KMT's" control

[@blusheep2]

@@TheStellarmanCo. Well this isn't what the scholarship says so I don't know what your reading. Slavery existed in Egypt since the Old Kingdom. It was specifically in the New Kingdom that the slavery became large scale. They were the primary customer of slaves from around the Mediterranean. There is gobs of evidence for slavery in Egypt. To deny it is ignorant. Educate yourself. Are you trying to say that Asiatics(aamu) weren't welcomed in Egypt or that a specific group of Aamu weren't welcomed in Egypt. Egypt let people from the Levant enter Egypt all the time. Gobs of evidence of that to. The people of the Levant didn't have any major rivers to rely on, other then the relatively small Jordan in the desert. They relied on rainfall which meant there were often famines. The people of the Levant were pastoralists and needed a place to pasture their flocks during famines and so they would go south to Egypt. This is because the Nile Delta which was fed from the interior of Africa. Though Egypt looked down on pastoralists, they continually let them in. Avaris likely grew up into arguably the largest city in the Near East, because of this. If you think that Egypt didn't even let them into the country then you are delusional and operating off of a very flimsy narrative and intellectually dishonest.

[@TheStellarmanCo.]

@@blusheep2 There is Absolute NO evidence that suggest that the Jews were ever Slaves in "KMT" let alone ever there to begin with... The Exodus NEVER happened and "Moses" is a Total Fiction, Since we know that is the case, Then what does that tell us about the Biblical Narrative... It's Utter B***** The Kmtyw didn't let them in, Avaris they didn't care about it so that was as far as they could legally go, the 1st and 2nd intermediate periods are them fighting against this incursion, look at the "Narmer" Palette, he is slaying Asiatics, MenchuHotep was fighting against Asiatics, Iah-Ms (Ahmose) elder brother) is known to have attacked and raided the lands around the "Aamu" aka Hyksos capital, Avaris (modern Tell el-Dab'a)and Iah-Ms (Ahmose) is known for Finally defeating the Wretched "Aamu" and Finally kicking them Out! Thus ushering in another Golden age to what is known as the "New Kingdom" They didn't have slaves they had captives/prisoner's of war, and it wasn't akin to European/Arab slavery, captives could gain their freedom and eventually go free or even acclimate into society Again the Hyksos which is a misnomer were actually called the Wretched "Aamu" they were HATED and were a drain on the economy which is why when they were Kicked out the nation had a Renaissance period, so the Asiatic people from the Levant were more akin to pest that had to be removed, this is history these are the facts!

[@putzgadol]

The Israelites did not cross the Red Sea. This is a Christian mistranslation. It says in Hebrew " Yam suf" or Ses of Reads. There was a Reed Sea which was west of the Red Sea

[@newnoggin2]

Many Rabbi's are teaching that it didn't happen at all. Besides, Egypt had already conquered what became Israel so they would be escaping from Egypt into Egypt. Ha.

[@supernautacus]

Akhenaten certainly knew the answer!

[@DomainofKnowlegdia]

The Israelites were a small group of people who migrated from Egypt and settled in Canaan later forming the tribes of Israel and then developing into Kingdom of Judah and Israel they were not strictly monotheist. The Israelites were not a large group of people but a small group of people who left Egypt during the time of Ramases the second and settled in Canaan they were led by Moses but later another successor came there was no conquest of Canaan. also, there weren't two pharaohs there was only one pharaoh who ruled Egypt and that was Ramases the second he was the ruler who ordered the killing of babies because he had a dream and it was him who chased the Israelites to the Sinai river were the sea split. The Biblical narrative is wrong and misleading.

[@ramseyrabie4639]

You should read Eugene Merrill's book Kingdom of Priests, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008), who argues persuasively for a 1440 B.C. date for the Exodus. See On the Reliability of the Old Testament by K. A. Kitchen (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), who is a leading Egyptologist.

[@LudwigMeckland]

Wait, isn't that during the rule of Thoutmosis III ? If so, does the loss of an entire chariot batallion don't be a far too great loss for the egyptian army ? It is stated that the loss of such regiments, composed mainly by nobles, would have weakened Egypt during the Bronze Age collapse. But, what your idea can be used for, is to give another reason for the battle of Megiddo(yeah future Armageddon). The loss of all those slaves would have push Thoutmosis to launch a campaign against Canaan. But in truth, the story is written by victors, and is always inflated for the glory of those victors. So we will never know what really happened at those times. Because the egyptians doesn't have written their view of the story, and the Israelites didn't help us either by inflating their victory and what happened at those times.

[@achristfollowingturnbullma8237]

Ramsey Rabie I will add that the ages from Adam to Abraham can be counted in the Bible it basically gives it us as a year by year history without the date. Many don’t look at this and it puzzles me