Why Some Peaks Have Higher Intensity in XRD Pattern?

Every crystalline material exhibits its unique characteristics shape/pattern for identification just like a "fingerprint" for human identification.
Why some peaks in XRD have higher intensity than others?
Using Scherrer equation, the peak width (FWHM) can be link to the crystal/crystallite sizes/ (if and only if, the crystallite size in nanoscale range).
D= κλ/βcosθ
D is the crystallite size (which may be smaller or equal to the grain size) which may be smaller or equal to the particle size; should be in nm
k is constant, dimensionless shape factor depends on the crystallite shape (~0.89 - 1). For homogeneous sample (k = 0.94) and for heterogeneous sample (k = 0.89).
lambda is the wavelength of the incident X-rays (if Cu-Kalpha~0.154 nm or Co -Kalpha ~0.179 nm).
B is the full width at half maximum (FWHM), measured in radian (we have to convert the degree value to radian)
Theta is the diffracted Bragg angle (theta = 50/2 = 25 degree)

[@LearnwithAasma]

mashaAllah best videos so farrr

[@filipinasakorea]

Hi! Good day! Can I ask how can you compare the EDX spectra with others research papers to confirm the success of your synthesized MOF? some papers have very different data. thank you!

[@AkbarHussain-lv6xf]

Outstanding Sir, I have a question that how to perform curve fitting in Origin e.g linear, non linear and polynomial fitting etc. Also I am facing problem in installation of Origin Pro 9. How to install Origin Pro 9 for life time. Regards

[@qamarwali]

I will make videos on those topics as well. I have the key will send you.

[@AkbarHussain-lv6xf]

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[@BC-yr6eg]

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[@qamarwali]

Thank you

[@TuNguyen-yv7lv]

Can we apply this information into powder xrd?

[@qamarwali]

Yeah, this is for Powder XRD. Look for XRD analysis. We have to prepare a sample in the single crystalline form or powder form. It is quite difficult to prepare samples in single crystals, and most of the samples are in Powder form, and we perform Powder XRD, which is usually abbreviated as pXRD.

[@zeeshanqayyum8200]

Appreciated sir. INSHALLAH it will help me in my thesis. Sir is it possible to analyze amorphous xrd data?

[@qamarwali]

Thank you very much. Yes it is possible

[@javaidismail1621]

cool & cool

[@qamarwali]

@fayzanahmed3406 who says no peaks for amorphous? There will be peaks for amorphous but broad enough like the nanomaterials (size less than 5 nm)

[@akbarkhan2095]

thanks for sharing your knowledge and experience with us

[@qamarwali]

I am glad it helps

[@factnie24]

Why is intensity ploted against 2theta and not just theta?

[@qamarwali]

I answered this question in these two videos in detail. kzbin.info/www/bejne/aX3XnXVpbaeCfKcsi=3vm2TSZRjhjQtXXH kzbin.info/www/bejne/sHXOc6mpgr1rgbssi=PaWkCMPUwkfE9aHk

[@factnie24]

@@qamarwali Ok thanks sir!

[@GuebjfEuevbc]

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[@IsabellaJasminy-ig7hf]

Thank you so much for your help! Sometimes we might not understand some of the terms, but if you could speak a little slower, it would really help us to understand better. Thanks a lot

[@qamarwali]

Noted ✅️. Thanks for your comment ❤️ I am happy you like my videos

[@floydemethorndike2744]

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[@zarrar20ify]

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[@qamarwali]

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[@davaykupim8179]

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[@qamarwali]

Many thanks 😊

[@alpatel1]

Can we calculate the crystal size in case of MOCVD grown hBN (2D ) using XRD and will it be trustable since normally xrd is used to measure the crystallite size in powder ?

[@qamarwali]

MOCVF grown hBN(2D) is a single or polycrystalline material? If it is single crystal, then no need yo use formula because for single crystal XRD , there is no FWHM. If it is polycrystalline materials, then use the Debye-Scherrer formula . Just calculate FWHM from any peak and plug in the formula. For better results, trust on FESEM or HRTEM images for size calculation.

[@nomipakistanli]

there are so many mistakes in this video. please watch with caution. @3:04 no.. FCC does not have an additional attom in the center

[@qamarwali]

I actually meant at the faces. FCC contains additional atoms at the faces then SC. My main point was not discussing FCC or BCC but it was about the peaks. Thanks for your comment

[@donaldtlou8133]

Can get this clear is it peak intensity or peak position that represents atomic position in the crystal structure. Thanks a lot this video has enlightened me

[@qamarwali]

Welcome Sir

[@syedghauseibrahim8543]

Excellent Sir. But I have one question that, how this is possible in case of thin films. As in case of thin films we take a standard size sample (1cmX1cm).

[@qamarwali]

Thin film also contain planes, the peaks are due to the reflection of X-rays.

[@manishachandel2607]

If there is heterojunction of two semiconductors nd some peaks are low or sone are high what is the reason behind it

[@qamarwali]

It means at that particular angle, there are many planes of the same family as a result of high intensity. On the other hand, if there are fewer planes results in low intensity

[@faizarani256]

Can u plz make a video on how xrd effects other chratarization techniques like how xrd peak effect SEM ,UV PL etc

[@qamarwali]

Very interesting 👌. There must be changes on the images in SEM or effect on PL etc... if the XRD peaks changes.. I will make a video sure Sorry for the late response 3

[@waleedkhan1866]

Sir u have knowledge but please don't exaggerate your english... it hurts really... talk as u usually did... and another think which you forget is the crystallinity index Mean the same rise can tell us whether the material is amorphous or crystalline what you said is obvious and right.

[@qamarwali]

Thank you very much for your comment. I will try my best to record video in natural tone.

[@nasirayaz9652]

Focus on knowledge... This isn't communication skill class

[@liyaantony20]

Sir one doubt, when we dope a dopant to a powder sample, is there any possibility of drop or rise of intensity of peaks compared to undoped samples xrd pattern.

[@qamarwali]

Peak rise and drop contain not much information about the materials. Peak sharpness and broadness shows crystalline and amorphous nature of the material. Some peaks are high intensity simply means more planes in the specific orientation and vice versa. I may not answer your question that with doping what will happen to peak intensity. If more planes high intensity while less panes less intensity

[@alishah5777]

Thanks.Why do we use peak with maximum intensity to calculate FWHM?

[@qamarwali]

I think it will give the same result if we take small peaks. However, from maximum intensnsity peak, the calculation is easier

[@oladelemayowa12]

what is the difference between measured and calculated powder X-ray diffraction patterns?

[@qamarwali]

I don't understand the question. Actually the XRD pattern we get from XRD machine. We just then need to draw it on origin or any other software

[@shyamsarkar7199]

what? when does material quantity started to effect the xrd pattern? it so wrong and many other things. pls don't spread false info

[@qamarwali]

There are numerous things which counts. But I have provided the main causes of why some peaks are highers while the other are not.

[@R0B3RT-pv]

It definite effect，

[@bibinbabu4000]

Very good information for my seminar presentation thank you sir

[@qamarwali]

It's my pleasure

[@sanankhan7187]

Grt job sir👏.... Sir why we take 2Q in x axis?

[@qamarwali]

Basically theta is the angle between crystallographic plane and incident X-rays. The sample and detector are both moving that is why 2theta. Most of the planes are oriented from 20-80 degree, that's why we need 2theta. Theta is the angle between between incident and planes and theta is also angle between reflected rays and plane. To drawn the graph between intensity vs angle we have to draw 2theta on x-axis. Basically detector has to rotate with 2theta in order to get full reflected rays as I explained that most planes are oriented between 20- 80 degree.

[@avanishthirumalasetty4971]

thank you for your video. what is the difference between relative intensity and normal intensity.

[@Aitneics]

The relative intensity has been normalized.

[@qamarwali]

I am sorry for the not replying to this comment. I don't why skip it? Let me answer this now: Relative Intensity is the ratio of the specific peak to the intensity of the most intense or strongest peak then multiply by 100 Relative Intensity = (Intensity of the specific peak /intensity of the most strongest peak) x 100 Now let's discuss Normal Intensity: Normal intensity is a direct measurement of the x-rays signal from XRD machine or in the case of XPS a direct observed peak from photoelectrons. We don't manipulate or amend the Normal intensity.... Whereas the Relative intensity is Normalized value that represent the strength of each peak as compare to the most intense peak.

[@latiefmohiuddin6840]

Give me a solid reason as to why all crystalline materials have their most intense peak between 10 to 40 degrees of 2-theta value?

[@qamarwali]

Sorry for the late response. To my understanding and knowledge, the peak has a high intensity at this particular range is due to the dominance presence of particular lattice plan in that particular material. The peak basically occur due to the diffraction of X-rays from the plan.

[@latiefmohiuddin6840]

@@qamarwali With respect sir its not about any particular material. Its true for all materials. Why is that?

[@qamarwali]

@@latiefmohiuddin6840 you have mentioned that why this particular Peak has high intensity for all crystalline materials between 10 to 40. The answer is that all crystalline materials have the dominant( more in number) lattice planes as a result more diffraction centers thereby high intensity.

[@godsendgolden6118]

Hello Sir, how we can detect amourphous and cristallin part? when we use index cristallinity?

[@qamarwali]

A material either be amorphous or crystalline. If the peak sharp it's crystalline whereas broad peaks show amorphous

[@kaouthartlili3409]

thanks sir

[@faheemwani1996]

sir can you help me with magnetocapacitance vs frequency analysis

[@qamarwali]

I am sorry for the very late response. Hope you have solved the issue

[@sheetalSonar]

Good explanation. Can you explain sir why we use arbitrary units for the intensity?

[@qamarwali]

I don't know much about it. But I think it's all about "counts the number of photons strike" in case of XRD, Absorption, reflection or transmission spectroscopy. You can choose any unit to represent the vertical line because it is "intensity" of the photons

[@drkaleemahmad6893]

It is actually relative intensity

[@gyanendrapanchal5484]

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[@qamarwali]

Thank you very much for appreciation

[@evidencetshegofatso8547]

the pdf file for this notes please sent a link

[@qamarwali]

What do you mean for PDF file.

[@sivarao7126]

sir , why you haven't uploaded video on peak width and d-value ?

[@qamarwali]

Sorry for the late response. I have already uploaded it. But I will upload more soon

[@sivarao7126]

@@qamarwali ok sir thank you

[@AnwarAli-ee3ch]

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[@qamarwali]

It's takes time Anwar Ali. Slow and steady wins the race. Do you think I speak good English?

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[@qamarwali]

@@maheshkamble2637 I don't understand sir

[@tobechemist6374]

Outstanding lecture ❤

[@qamarwali]

Many thanks 😊

[@gyanendrapanchal5484]

Great job

[@qamarwali]

Thank you

[@laljiji6266]

Thx u very very much sir 🙏

[@qamarwali]

Welcome

[@divyamaglin8229]

Great Explanation Sir...Thank You

[@qamarwali]

Welcome

[@ashisharora8170]

Thank you sir.

[@qamarwali]

Welcome

[@trialunlock8706]

r converting angle theta to radian while determining the crystallite size from powder xrd spectrum why we are taking half circumference not full

[@HTfamilyvlog786]

I think due to maximum width

[@javeriaahmad3421]

thnkyou sit

[@qamarwali]

Welcome

[@dpkchemistry9379]

1) Periodicty 2) electron density 3) sample quantity/sample

[@qamarwali]

Agreed. So many factor contribute

[@chrisavila8693]

God bless you

[@qamarwali]

Thank you

[@chrisavila8693]

@@qamarwali thank you, I’m using your teachings for my homework. I am studying at University of Santa Cruz as planetary earth science undergraduate.

[@qamarwali]

@@chrisavila8693 I am happy it helps

[@michaelviti5091]

Extremely helpful!

[@qamarwali]

Thank you for appreciation

[@ziyashaz3659]

Sir, how to get the xrd data of a material for reference

[@qamarwali]

If you want to do xrd of Rb doped SnO2 then it is simple. Just take the xrd of pure SnO2 and compare it's peak. This is one way. Another way is, when you have prepared TiO2 nanoparticles then just take its XRD and compare it's peak with literature related to TiO2 nanoparticles

[@ziyashaz3659]

@@qamarwali I want to get the xrd of lithium stearate sir... I checked many papers and havnt got any

[@qamarwali]

@@ziyashaz3659 do you have access to scopus? Just try to use crystallography.net Do you know it's JPSCD# of your sample?

[@ziyashaz3659]

@@qamarwali no sir and i checked on this database also... Showing no results.. And i can't pursue further things without this xrd

[@qamarwali]

@@ziyashaz3659 then the question is why you choose this topic which does not available in the literature? I do hope there must be an XRD of this sample.

[@michellegirsang9266]

really helpful sir. but can you put at least one or more about books or journal that can help to understand more further about this phenomenon peak? I really need that

[@qamarwali]

Please go through this discussion on RG. It is very helpful and besides it will clear more concepts as well. www.researchgate.net/post/Why_in_XRD_some_peak_plane_higher_than_others_peak_plane_on_specific_position

[@pavannnaini]

Is the quantity of sample effects the intensity? Is it true sir?

[@qamarwali]

Good question. Intensity simply means that how many similar planes are there at that particular point. I think so if we use this analogy but I am not 100% sure.

[@mehdijj4550]

thanks for your efforts.. can you please explain RSM ( response surface methodology) for data analysis?

[@qamarwali]

Thank you for the comment. I will look for it

[@wanryan5431]

i published several papers involving RSM

[@taoufiklamrani5455]

thanks a lot

[@qamarwali]

Welcome