016 The Release of Neurotransmitter

www.interactive... - When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, this triggers a series of events that result in the release of neurotransmitter to the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane causing a signal in the receiving cell. This video explains that process

[@mrkrackon9934]

People like You truly do help people even though you never get to see our gratitude first hand

[@davidalfano5468]

best explanation I have seen of this process, thank you so much

[@Mohamedddiop]

Ok so I am a premedical student in college and these videos are soo useful for physiology class! thanks for your work.

[@InteractiveBiology]

@Skoty6 That's a great question. Yes, exocytosis is the process that is used to release the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal. This isn't the only example of exocytosis, but it definitely is one.

[@hellboy16498]

student paramedic and these videos are life savers!!!!! keep up the good work.

[@sparklelight]

Teachers like you it's hard for students to fail. Easy to understand. thanks for the kind sharing.

[@619sdsurfer]

thanks for the video!!!! my anatomy and physiology teacher is horrible at explaining things and you have made it a lot more understandable!!! great video

[@allysonrodriguez2209]

I wish my professor could teach like you!

[@InteractiveBiology]

@hadooish Glad the video helped. Unfortunately, I don't have a good summary of that at the moment. Will probably get to doing something like that the next time I cover the Nervous System, but that won't be for a while. Hope you are able to find good resources. Do a google search and see what you come up with (if you haven't already).

[@InteractiveBiology]

@jmlevins1 Yes, once the synaptic vesicle fuses with the membrane, it releases all its contents. However, all of the synaptic vesicles don't necessarily fuse with the membrane to release Neurotransmitter. Some of them remain in the synaptic terminal. Hope that helps :)

[@logangilleland-beck9542]

I just wanted to say it is 2014 and i am in an a and p essentials class and these videos are saving my life...i jst cant read from a book adnd get the same thing across as thses vids...thank you : )

[@InteractiveBiology]

Glad to help :)

[@InteractiveBiology]

@diimtarsh1 It depends on the ion channel it opens. If it opens a Na+ channels, that causes an excitatory signal. If it opens a Cl- channel, that causes an inhibitory signal. GABA is usually an inhibitory Neurotransmitter. Dopamine can be either excitatory or inhibitory. However, they have different receptors that can open different channels that allow different ions to flow in. This can result in an excitatory or inhibitory signal. Hope that helps.

[@genistrash]

omg such a perfect explaination thank you for breaking it down to the vocab! literally was gonna cry before i found this video!

[@precious9491]

You made physio that much more fun and easier to learn. I just may pass my class!

[@InteractiveBiology]

@diimtarsh1 You are very much welcome!

[@InteractiveBiology]

@kpollock313 That's so awesome to hear. There are definitely many more coming, so stay tuned :)

[@jennissingla]

action potential is an all or none concept. for more neurotransmitter to be released you need more action potentials. hope that helps! :)

[@brownsuga2400]

this video was very helpful thank you. you should also add what happens when the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors, and the EPSP's and IPSP's.

[@donnakigo7176]

would u explane about the excitatory neurotransmitter &the inhibitory neurotransmitter plz thank you

[@cup0joe22]

Thank you! This helped me a lot in studying for my biology exam

[@InteractiveBiology]

@jmlevins1 In order to release the neurotransmitter, the vesicle actually fuses with membrane. Once it fuses with the membrane, that causes the content to be released, which in this case would be neurotransmitter.

[@neerajdwivedi8964]

it really make biology fun i learn something new from your best video

[@kpollock313]

I can't believe how much your videos have helped! I could not make sense of any of this until I watched a few of your episodes! Thank you so much for taking the time to post these videos! I look forward to watching more!

[@amirayamamoto1169]

please do one on neurotransmitters and neuromodulators! your videos are awesome.

[@InteractiveBiology]

@stephpina2 You're welcome!

[@veronicaroberts1872]

Perfect and concise explanation! Thanks!

[@cliffordwilson-ye4pp]

One of the best tutorials

[@InteractiveBiology]

Thank you very much, Clifford. I appreciate the compliment. My main goal here is to be helpful. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

[@sexyminajinthehouse]

When i am searching for a video and i hear you voice i smile... lol. love the way you explain stuff.

[@ghostycoman8152]

Thank you so much, this makes everything so much easier to understand! I think I'm going to take notes on this at least as much as I did on my chapter.

[@mnooripansyahapt7010]

It help me a lot, studying about nervous system, thanks a lot

[@ayamorsi3650]

Please what kind of signal is produced after the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors? and how it propagate inside the cell body? and how it make Na voltage gated channels at the axon hillock open? Thanks in advance 😃

[@dannichols6261]

An ionic signal is produced when the receptors are opened by the binding of the neurotransmitters, and ions are thereby allowed to flow into the neuron. That voltage moves along the post-syaptic membrane by electrostatic repulsion, electrotonic conduction, as ions 'push' one another away from each other. The Na voltage gated channels have a portion of their structure that is polarized, called a voltage sensor, and if the summation of voltages arriving from the inputs to the axon hillock is great enough, that sensor is moved out of the way in the pore by the voltage, which allows Na ions to enter. This is also what happens afterwards in the action potential.

[@allisonsmith7307]

Very helpful! can you go into more detail about how protein kinase in here.

[@atijorogloria4070]

Have been struggling to understand this for some time now.now I understand tnks

[@brandonscherrer]

Thank so much, it's so much easier to understand with a narration and diagram, thank you! I was just wondering how are the Neurotransmitter made? Serotonin is produced for example by exercise, how is it that the serotonin neurotransmitter is produce in neurons?

[@sandracyrus2946]

Great explaination. Is there more on the nervous system i need to learn it ASAP for my nursing. Thanks for your help,

[@UR1FirstChoice]

You ROCK you are a great teacher and thank you for what you do

[@InteractiveBiology]

@megaloveistheanswer That's so awesome. Glad the videos have helped you. Now go and get that A+ and make sure to come back and tell me about it :)

[@chrishanners1]

Many thanks for this simple explanation. Now if we could only figure out the source of that action potential...

[@InteractiveBiology]

@polygontaco You are welcome :D

[@diimtarsh1]

Hello, I liked your video, it explains things simply and clearly.I have a question though: When a signal traveling on the axon reaches the synapse a neurotransmitter is released.This can be let's say dopamine or GABA or smth else, and is either inhibitory or excitatory, correct?Then the receiving neuron binds this neurotransmitter with its receptors and sends an electrical signal to the core of the cell, am I correct?The question is what kind of signal is this one - excitatory or inhibitory?10x

[@qiucuojimei5852]

Thank you for your comprehensive explanation. I have still one question, what is the minimum number of Neurotransmitters that should be received from the presynapse so that the information can be transmitted?

[@julianyuriemunoz]

Thank you so much! This video and the previous videos have helped me a lot!

[@makeuptherapybyarifa]

Thats a great video, I want to know what binds the neurons to each other at a distance from each other? Is it the glia ? can you please explain!

[@Bantermolecule]

Thank you very much Leslie, you're a BOSS.

[@majidhaddad7112]

Thanks, it was very nice explanations, however I wonder, to date what are the potential areas remained unknown for further investigation?!

[@Babytart23]

Hi.. :) It`s such a good video, less complicated and easy to remember. :) I have one question regarind the last part: once the neurotransmitter is released from the vesicles, it will attached itself to the reseptors on the post synaptic membrane. Does it end there? Can you explain futher how the depolarization of the muscle cells takes place, in connection to sodium-potassium pump?

[@brownsuga2400]

sorry i found them. thank you!! these are great. i almost dont want to share with my peers :( but i will.

[@sacmom3]

This was a big help. Thank you.

[@Interactivemedicine]

keep posting nervous system videos please, i love your videos so much XD

[@VictorAdrian1492]

This is really helping me understand everything soooooooo much better! Thank you so much! :) I'm gonna keep watching for fun too!

[@anitawatanabe4942]

I have a question. Does the depolarization of the presynaptic membrane cause the Ca2+ influx into the terminal or does the presynaptic terminal release the Ca2+ during hyperpolarization? I am confused.

[@InteractiveBiology]

@juhidgenius Check out episode 015. That answers your question.

[@iyaloo_mbwale]

This was so helpful, thank you so much ❤️

[@InteractiveBiology]

You are very much welcome @nanyeoshomuli. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

[@lookseeau1]

Are the neurotransmitters in this particular synapse all the one type?

[@icekon]

The sequence of the steps in the synaptic activity is as follows. 1. action potential arrives in the pre syn. membrane. step 2. Ca ions flood into the pre syn. terminal. step3 membrane potential of the post syn. cell changes. step4. neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the post syn. membrane. step5 The SNARE pin complex shifts its shape pushing the vesicular membrane very close to the cell membrane. step6. neurotransmitter diffuses out of a syn vesicle into the syn. cleft. step 7 neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft. is the sequence correct.help

[@dannichols6261]

No, your sequence is not correct. The first two steps are correct, but the others are mixed up. Your sequence should be more like this: step 1. action potential arrives in the pre syn. membrane. step 2. Ca ions flood into the pre syn. terminal. step 3.The SNARE pin complex shifts its shape pushing the vesicular membrane very close to the cell membrane where it fuses to the cell membrane. step 4. neurotransmitter diffuses out of a syn vesicle into the syn. cleft. step5. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft. step 6. neurotransmitters bind to receptors in post-synaptic membrane step 7. ions flow into post-synaptic neuron. step 8. membrane potential of the post syn. cell changes

[@summerhall2100]

Why does the influx of Calcium cause the vesicle to fuse with the presynaptic membrane?

[@spagetiebal]

Great video! I do have a question: what is the role of magnesium in this process? Thanks in advance!

[@stickmaneli]

thank you very comprehensive explanation

[@cherryfilling1997]

Leslie, thank you so much from the bottom of my heart! Ur amazing!

[@ayamorsi3650]

Another question... In the sensory nerves, how different stimuli as heat, smell,..are translated into action potential in the nerve endings? I felt that the story started from its middle I just want the very early beginning... Thanks alot

[@Frkannebw]

Thank you so much for your videos. They are very helpful! I have a question with regard to the action potential. Is it correct that the action potential is caused by the neurotransmitters bringing EPSP and IPSP where the summation is sufficient to depolarize the membrane to its threshold of exicitation? Is the Action potential also generated by the neurotransmitters binding to ionotropic receptors which cause sodium to rush in? And at last, can you tell me what is the case for Serotonin? Thanks!

[@charmanteb2012]

VERY HELPFUL!!!

[@AMANSINGH-zu4ry]

which nuerotransmitter is responsible for muscle movement.

[@ansgar271]

you explained well

[@shinramen1940]

Thank you! you're a life saviour! I was like "what? " when the teacher explained it. Hahaha, keep doing what you're doing!

[@folashadelojede5118]

If extracellular calcium was absent, what would likely happen?Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane, Voltage-gated calcium channels would not open or action potential will not occur in the axon?.

[@AMANSINGH-zu4ry]

there were specific neuron store in brain for specific movement.

[@dannykal]

how often do action potentials occur? and, since action potentials don't always trigger the release of a neurotransmitter, what specifically causes an action potential to trigger the release of a neurotransmitter?

[@InteractiveBiology]

@neemasch We have videos on most of that. Check the site listed in the description. Go to the videos page!

[@omgaikwad9199]

Hey I guess u missed point of protein present in pre synaptic membrane which helps vesicles to bind to it How does it changes its conformation in presence of ca ions I have doubt in it

[@panini1827]

good job! nice explanation and video!

[@biologywithSSR]

realllllllllllly

[@stephpina2]

definitely agree, these are helping. Thanks!

[@mohamedabdeljalil4292]

thank you doctor

[@diimtarsh1]

@InteractiveBiology Hello, thank you for your answer, that really helped me. Have a nice day :)

[@anafernandez3281]

excellent explanation! thank you!!!!

[@gaiuschannel8819]

Please can a neurotransmitter be extracted from a nerve fibre in an animal?

[@jillbloomfield8698]

thank you, this helps me a lot

[@omarabbas6866]

wonderful explanation thx ..Dr. Lasli samio

[@AMANSINGH-zu4ry]

how stress cause high blood pressure or headache

[@minduliwithana1314]

what happens when there are toxins present? I've heard that it makes the muscle stay contracted but I don't understand that part.

[@abbicampbell3433]

Some drugs or toxins can inhibit the enzymes or uptake proteins that degrade or recycle the neurotransmitter so the neurotransmitters stay on the receptor so it stays activated, such as ACh on the NMJ which doesn't get broken down by AChesterase, that's why rigor mortis occurs too

[@nooraabdulkareem9326]

in resting phase Ca+ ions are more inside or outside the cell?

[@InteractiveBiology]

Outside

[@nooraabdulkareem9326]

Interactive Biology I don't know how to thank you

[@nooraabdulkareem9326]

i cant understand why increase Ca ions decrease the excitability of the cell? . and whats the relation between the excitability and action potential?. and why Ca channels open when action potential reach axon terminate? why threshold different from nerve to nerve ,isn't -55 for all the nerve? sorry , but I really don't have one to ask him except you. thank you very much.

[@danielsilverman3214]

Increasing Ca++ ions inside the cell decreases the cell's permeability to sodium, which lowers the excitability of the cell. The relation between excitability and an action potential relates to the Resting Membrane Potential of the cell, pretty much the difference in voltage between the interior of a cell, and the exterior of a cell. At rest, the difference is -70mV for a nerve cell generally (Note the resting membrane potential is always comparing the INSIDE of the cell to the outside). So the excitability generally means getting closer to threshold, so taking in more sodium ions which cause a decrease in the membrane potential, and may lead to an action potential if the threshold is reached, which in a nerve cell is generally -55mV. Ca++ channels open at in order to push the vesicles toward the pre-synaptic membrane so that neurotransmitter can be released into the synaptic cleft and then bind to a receptor in order to transmit the signal. Threshold can be different in different cells for a number of reasons, it's important to remember that the threshold is related to the physical structure of the cell, and so things like diameter of the axon and the amount / density of sodium voltage-gated channels can have an effect on the threshold of the cell. Hope this is of some help to you (and if any of this information is wrong, feel free to correct me anyone! I'm learning too)

[@nooraabdulkareem9326]

dan silver thanks . i just wounder if the threshold is the same for all nerve cells

[@victoriabriano]

omygod. this video saved my life

[@annabelledavis4675]

GOOD DAY, CAN YOU GIVE ME THREE WAYS IN WHICH A NEURONE IS SIMILAR TO OTHER ANIMAL CELLS

[@nikoloztarielashvili2827]

It is great video, thank you very much! But I have one question regarding the connection in Synapse. How is neuron connected to the other cell or other neuron, so that it is all the time at the same place and does not move. On the picture we see, that these two are not bonded. There is nothing that holds axon terminal, so it can move and hand somewhere in other place. Please, can you answer this question, will be very helpful! Thank you one more time :)

[@polygontaco]

thank you!

[@maggie02683]

thank youuuuu!!!!! great explanations :D

[@AMANSINGH-zu4ry]

how we form imaganery image in brain

[@BABOLATennis1]

THANK YOU SO MUCH :)

[@generalmedicine-lg9wg]

what stops the action of neuro transmiter

[@dannichols6261]

Reuptake. The neurotransmitter is conveyed back to the originating neuron for repackaging back into vesicles for reuse for conveying another signal between neurons.

[@Djalitana]

thanks a lot

[@pjffedjns8451]

thank you

[@InteractiveBiology]

You're welcome. I see you're studying the action potential from your comments on my videos. I hope the videos help you a lot. Stay tuned for more.

[@jessr3190]

like a boss thanks

[@tatikshachaudhary374]

Excellent 😍😘

[@biologywithSSR]

thnks for that

[@capsicumfruit]

The rappresentations of the vesicles are wrong. The amount of neurotransmitters should be the same in every vesicle.

[@kerenlallouz5825]

thank you !!!!!

[@Steven-ml6cd]

great vid - I sub'd! Thanks!

[@MisizToni]

I loved it thank you do much :D

[@forevcompetitor9052]

Leslie Samuel... we meet again.. :D