11 Unsolved Problems in Climate Change

[@theresalwayssomethingtobui944]

Hydrologist here, specialised in the soil moisture part: I agree with the middle child idea. Drought, salinisation, drinking water... It's baffeling how strong people's opinions are on agriculture yet how little they want to do for a resource that's mostly invisible... I work in groundwater research and I think it is overlooked because a lot happens under the ground and you can't touch it until it's pumpedout.

[@pingvingaming]

so sewer systems under a city works great for underground life? compared to farm soil? i will eat a crop coming from a field but i wont even torch a crop grown in a sewer system the reason people hate climate people on farming is because the climate people not care about the real sciences or how farming is done they care for one thing get people into there 15 minute city's where concrete is magically made and food grows in a freezer

[@mrunning10]

Do you realize, Mr. Hydrologist, that all you points, while valid and valuable, are just the WEATHER? Not CLIMATE?

[@t.c.2776]

@@mrunning10 Too funny... it has less to do with the weather, then it does with over-population and feeding everyone... and you may not realize this, but CLIMATE effects' the WEATHER... and you "running" your mouth is kind of ignorant🤪

[@Pier-zl7gm]

@@mrunning10They are not weather - please learn a bit about how long it takes to recharge groundwater storage after depletion and you will see that the timescale is far longer than that of weather events

[@meneedmorebrain]

​@@Pier-zl7gmI'm an accountant and even I heard about large scale groundwater depletion and that the ground than sinks, diminishing the aquifer volume so it never will be as plentiful as before, even if there would be enough water. Don't worry, not all normies are idiots.

[@knpark2025]

Dear people who are fortunate enough to never study in grad schools: when experts say something is a "gap" in research and/or understanding, it means that those experts are partially or mostly certain about what they don't know. This is because they know of many similar topics to said gap already answered by someone else. A "gap" in research is more like a pothole on a highway and not a gaping maw with a sign that reads "hic sunt dracones." Sure, such potholes sometimes turn out to be the tip of a massive sinkhole, and major gaps in climate change research worthy of a report to the European Commission can be like such sinkholes. But even in those cases, those sinkholes will not "sunt dracones." Just like how this video started with, climate science is a *mature science.*

[@manuelcampagna7781]

@knpark2025 this is why uneducated people believe that Unidentified Flying Objects _must_ be alien spacecraft and will start conspiration theories. If an object is "unidentified", it means it hasn't been identified and so can in no way be identified by anyone as spacecrafts from outer space.

[@SebastianKrabs]

Lol no that's not what it means. This is classic con man talk "scientists" use to confuse and brow beat normies.

[@critiqueofthegothgf]

@@SebastianKrabs why don't you go ahead and enlighten us then, genius?

[@robertmarmaduke186]

@@SebastianKrabs SCIENCE: "The )ab is Safe and Effective!" ALSO SCIENCE: _"We never told you to take the )ab! It was always your Free Choice!"_ The editor of Nature quit because fake-Science has so _monetized_ the Commons, that most 'peer reviews' are their own academia pals, and most claims are specious future casting or pre-IPO fluffing. al-G0re's "97% of climate scientists!' FRAUD used LEXUS-NEXUS crawler bots to detect the word 'climate', pro or con, in scientific reports. That was their '97%' ratio. Now academia's 'The Hottest Day on Record! says in the report fine print (...climate model simulation...) That should win an Academia award! : )

[@FernandoWINSANTO]

@@critiqueofthegothgf Start with Atmospheric physics, Solar cycles, Milankovitch cycles, Ice Ages, modeling chaotic systems .........

[@BobQuigley]

Possible video topic? Misguided efforts both sincere and fraudulent. IMO an example is building huge structures with wood. SMR vs large nuclear plants. Hydrogen as large scale replacement for flammable fossils vs niche areas where it would work. Surely there's many many more...

[@florianvancitters3674]

SMR vs Large reactors? Didn't know this binary was a controversial topic. Could you elaborate on that? (Would especially love it if you could share a good source!)

[@vile8366]

Yeah, it would be quite interesting seeing a take on SMR vs. Conventional. Much of our national discourse in Sweden on nuclear power seems to be pointed towards building SMR and not conventional, large scale nuclear facilities. Mainly due to being faster to implement? If I'm not mistaken. I see the reasoning, but I also don't see why we wouldn't want to build large scale reactors akin to the ones we already have, as our electricity demand is about to skyrocket with the new factories opening in our northern parts.

[@larllarfleton]

​@@florianvancitters3674 I dont have a source for you sorry, but my understanding of it is that small scale reactors have existed for decades to power ships/submarines, but they've never been economical enough to make small scale nuclear power plants. Nuclear energy is just most efficient when its scaled up, there are just fundamental limitations that prevent SMRs from ever being economical precisely because of their size

[@florianvancitters3674]

​@larllarfleton I agree that nuclear will inevitably be more efficient at larger scales, but my understanding is that SMR's focuses more on building time, scalability, funding and with that political feasibility (which inevitably has to be considered). Haven't really found many unbiased sources on the topic though, the only people really talking about SMRs are those developing them (e.g. Rolls Royce), or those who are against them in principle.

[@dynamicworlds1]

SMRs may be an issue best left to the specialists atm. Right now, renewables far outperform traditional reactors in cost/kwh and feasibility for rapid mass production. If SMRs can't drastically outperform conventional reactors, economically, they're a dead-end technology (or at most a very niche application).

[@OpenTanyao]

Council member from the Netherlands here. When trying to implement legislation on climate adaptation, the main character of most measures is water again. All these topics are so interconnected, and so very very important!

[@DJWESG1]

I think water is Hollands unique cc problem, what we can learn from you Dutch folk can help and is helping many ppl around the world. Each area on earth I'm guessing will all have their own unique (and shared) problems, some too much water, some a lck of, others will see too much heat and other maybe too much cold, how each adapt to meet these issues and how quickly others take up those sollutions will be a key part of the overall strategy to combate cc.

[@OpenTanyao]

@DJWESG1 I don't live in Holland tho ;)

[@Solstice261]

Thank you for doing such important work it must be very hard and for that we are all grateful

[@ricos1497]

@@OpenTanyao behind door number 12 is the large gap in knowledge surrounding the difference between Holland and the Netherlands.

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

Water. Everyone uses it, someone's got to legislate it.

[@HedgeWitch-st3yy]

Geoengineering scares the hell out of me. Our track record of unintended consequences would suggest it would be highly risky.

[@nehorlavazapalka]

but we already didi it, and making the China, US, EU sulfate peaks coincide would lover the temeprature by about 1°C as IPCC underestimated the effect. It's doable, even with salt.

[@roy04]

Until 2020, ships had already been releasing enough sulphur to offset ocean temperatures rise by a measurable amount. But yeah, doing it on a grander scale may have unwanted side effects.

[@dfinlen]

Bad news bro we're doing it right now just without any intention or discipline. What do you think millions of acres of farmland are? Tons of CO2 emissions, etc etc. better to learn and try then to dance around a fire to the mystic God of earth Gaia.

[@kim-ys2fs]

cloud seeding in the arctic poles the only one i could support as its done with spraying ocean water into the air. All the others have dangerous side effects that iv heard of from impact on human and animal health at the smallest n we already have enough pollution going on

[@DrSmooth2000]

Desulphurization has saved 240,000 people (and unknown animal friends) since 2020 Clean Air Plz 🤗

[@Conus426]

Glad to see nature based solutions finally getting more attention

[@FuriousImp]

It is a slippery slope, though. For instance "nature based solution" could be construed as "plant more trees". But the problem isn't that there aren't enough trees to suck up CO2 (it is terrible for other reasons) - we've taken CO2 that had been sequestered inside the Earth for millions of years and pumped it into the atmosphere. We can't just plant more trees and expect to suck up all the CO2...

[@josea7804]

⁠@@FuriousImpthe way I understand nature based solutions in the context of grey solutions (I’m a civil engineer) is regular regular concrete based infrastructure design vs designing and building infrastructure using natural processes. For example, the Sand Motor in the Netherlands to control coastal erosion versus the regular break waves and jetty’s that end up causing more troubles down the line but implement a solution right away.

[@uggali]

@@FuriousImpwe can plant more trees and suck the co2 we released when we cut them down. I know it’s a case by case thing when planting but where i’m from the colonisers employed my people to log our forests, and these weren’t just any trees, many trees native to my land live upwards of 1000 years with diameters measured in the meters! I think regeneration and restoration are good things

[@FuriousImp]

@@uggali Did you just completely ignore the fact that the CO2 was taken out of the ground, and the trees will never be able to suck it all back up? Exactly like I explained in my reaction? Thank you for proving my point for me.

[@FuriousImp]

@@josea7804 Thank you for clarification.

[@toyotaprius79]

12 Forceful reacquisition of all fossil fuel capital

[@boneappletee6416]

Absolutely, comrade!

[@andywomack3414]

Hate to break it to you, but those most likely to survive, even proper during widespread climate catastrophe are those holding the most fossil fuel capital,

[@tristanridley1601]

If we just charged all emissions, fossil fuel companies would go bankrupt quickly and the investors would lose their investment. That's a good step.

[@shaneelliott9045]

This should be number 1

[@andywomack3414]

@@tristanridley1601 They'd take the capital to take control of the nature of the transition. As they now do.

[@trenomas1]

Regenerative agriculture solutions are not a complex bio-supply chain. The existing political framework supports exploitative land management. Adjusting that framework will naturally provide opportunities for smallholding farms and native land practice. The key to keep in mind is that regenerative solutions are modular. They don't need complex scaling. They need replication.

[@Solstice261]

If you do complex scaling you get intensification and you get the mess that was planting random trees everywhere to get carbon credits and "fix the climate". Good call out, most people miss that sort of thing, gess we've gotten used to the traditional more is better way of doing things

[@pingvingaming]

well regenerative agriculture is a fun idea but its not gonna feed 8 billion+ people

[@quillo2747]

Regenerative farming is great. But it does lower food production resulting in either higher food prices or more foreign imports from areas that are more likely to use monocrops and lots of chemical fertiliser and pesticides. There's a middle ground somewhere.

[@pingvingaming]

@quillo2747 or we could just keep what we doing using basically no artificial fertilizer and have food for millions of years to come

[@Solstice261]

@@quillo2747 it actually depends a lot, i am not disproving your point but in certain situations regenerative farming outproduces intensive monoculture, usually because of resilience against a sudden plague and stuff like that so it isn't really valuable, there is also the sad fact we throw about half the food we produce so there isn't a real undersupply but yeah sure we need to tackle those points and that is why we need to find an equilibrium, a mix of intensive and regenerative in different areas focusing on having regenerative near other natural spaces that way creating buffer spaces

[@gljames24]

We need to plant way more trees, especially in cities that are at risk from urban heating.

[@bobwallace9753]

That would help a little bit. But we would need massive amounts of tree (and perennial grass) planting.

[@tristanridley1601]

That's more of a heat island and quality of life thing, with very minor carbon impact. Very.

[@raonijosef5661]

Not so easy! It's more important to stop deforestation. And that it's important to plant the right tree in the right place. But than, and in this way, it's really necessary to restore millions of square kilometers brought down the last 50 - 100 years!

[@etienne8110]

Carbon wise it is anecdotal. But for making cities more liveable during heatwaves it is indeed needed.

[@JasperKlijndijk]

Fountains also help

[@ericlotze7724]

“Put that thing back where it came from or so help me, so help me!” But for hydrocarbons?

[@bobwallace9753]

It's the carbon. Sequester it. Put the carbon back underground where it came from. Remember, that carbon was at one time overground and put underground over thousands and millions of years. We need to come up with ways to stick it back underground fairly rapidly.

[@lavenderlavenderlavender5680]

Mike wizzowwski

[@greenftechn]

@@bobwallace9753 it was pulled from the ground in highly concentrated forms. Meanwhile, it is dispersed in our oceans and in our atmosphere in quite low concentrations by comparison. Unless we find some way to scale natural means of capture, the energy required to reconcentrate it would dwarf that used and released in the process of using fossil fuels.

[@yogsothoth7594]

@@bobwallace9753 That fairly rapidly is pretty difficult though. If you think of it in terms of energy fossil fuels are the result of millions of years of photosynthesis taking CO2 from the air and putting it into organic materials, a portion of which became trapped and slowly turned into fossil fuels. At the moment the only vaguely economic carbon sequestration is taking it direction out of power plants and the like before it enters the atmosphere. With all that carbon dispersed it would take a lot of resources and energy to successfully sequester it all again.

[@coweatsman]

@@bobwallace9753 It will take as much energy to sequester the carbon as it took it take it out. Between 10% and 30% of the global GDP. We will live to live with lower living standards and we need to make peace with that. Worse, modern agriculture is the use of land to turn petrochemical products into food. Minus that the earth could not feed more than 2 or 3 billion people. Worse still there is no choice because the world is at #PeakOil as we speak. We will see a dieoff this century whether we like it or not. Fossil fuels over the last 200 years are what caused the population pulse of the human population doubling 3 times from 1 billion to 8 billion and a plague species responds with dieoff when a temporary increase in carrying capacity is withdrawn. In addition to geo drawdown of energy we have pushed all other species and appropriated their share of the biosphere for ourselves by biospheric takeover. That's why we have inadvertently started the 6th great extinction. I am afraid that SC is only a blue pilled environmentalist with a limited appreciation of biospheric, energy and thermodynamic system flows.

[@Altobrun]

Great video Simon. Something to add from the Canadian perspective for prospective environmental scientists. Canada is extremely lacking in grad students interested in atmospheric science and computational hydrology/climatology. Incoming grad students overwhelmingly want to do field work and our original core of modellers from the 80's are retiring without nearly enough people trained to replace them. My background is in computational climatology and remote sensing and I've been told at conferences I'll be 'Canada's most employable post-doc' when I graduate because of how in demand the fields are.

[@theresalwayssomethingtobui944]

It's the same in Europe! We train Master students for field work as they mainly go into engineering disciplines in industry - but also there's a lack of introducing computational methods and modelling from an early stage in studying. It's almost daily that I see people lacking fundamental knowledge in modelling when the cross section into field work is so easily accessible... (hydrology here).

[@Altobrun]

@@theresalwayssomethingtobui944 Sounds exactly the same. I've often thought that if I do end up going into academia rather than government (which is where I'm leaning) I'd push hard to include an undergraduate course (ideally two) on Earth System modelling. Students never know what they will enjoy until they're exposed to it so it would be nice to have the option available (like how earth sci/enviro sci/geography departments now almost universally offer GIS courses).

[@TheWalkingSteakhouse]

Do you think a background in mechanical engineering could open up doors to pursue atmospheric science? Or even with a background in civil/structural engineering? I am in my 4th semester in ME and have found my solid mechanics and Finite Element Analysis course to be quite interesting, but I have also realized that I don't find machines and industry that interesting. However I have always had an interest in our planet, physics and mathematics. I was wondering if my skills developed in FEA could carry over to modelling of for example the atmosphere. Or do I not have much to offer without a degree in math or physics? I am also studying in Europe if that influences anything

[@critiqueofthegothgf]

I'm in the US and a junior studying environmental science but I'm incredibly interested in pursuing a masters in atmospheric physics and doing research with modeling and statistics; it's a bit of a funny feeling because I know how in demand the work will be due to the decreasing number of students pursuing it but at the same time, we need more people interested in this; to add a bit of optimism however, my degree program requires 2 GIS classes so it's a start, at least

[@critiqueofthegothgf]

@@TheWalkingSteakhouse environmental engineering is EXTREMELY in demand, if that's something you'd be interested in. engineering in regards to every single type of renewable energy construction; batteries, solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, nuclear etc.

[@dylancope]

Really excellent video. As a machine learning phd student I really hope to use my skills for helping find solutions to the climate crisis. This was a really inspiring presentation.

[@adamsmith9778]

Machine learning engineers unite

[@travcollier]

You get points from me for calling it machine learning. FWIW: I decided to become a biologist when I took a course on microbial diversity/evolution, a computational economics course, and machine learning in the same term and [its_the_same_picture.gif]

[@christianrobertdemassy900]

What crisis?

[@gehwissen3975]

"AI comes with good & bad" The energy consumption alone is bad enough. The rest of possible bad outcome is horrible - and I don't mean the agi_moloch👀 The social consequences....

[@johngage5391]

Explore MIT and Climate Interactive's climate policy simulator for some idea of what we need to do. It's called En-roads and it's made available for free online.

[@walker1054]

Having KZbin scrobble bar chapters in KZbin videos is a nice thing to have if you feel like adding them.

[@Justin_Osugi]

Agreed! Especially good for going back to a video you've already watched for a refresher or to share with friends.

[@harry664]

always top content, one of the best voices on these topics

[@xthischinchilla]

Such a useful video! I'm a climatology student in search of a master thesis topic right now and i will definitely look into that report

[@bobwallace9753]

Consider: Moving to cultured meat should free up massive amounts of land now used for feeding animals. That freed up land will mostly revert to carbon sequestering forest and prairie grasses. Tie that in with some data that suggests the Earth experienced cooling periods follow the massive slaughter of humans by Genghis Khan and again when diseases introduce to North America wiped out huge numbers of Native Americans. I don't know how well that population drop = cooling data is, but a master's thesis is all about doing research. Look into whether those studies are being accepted as likely by people working in those areas.

[@malcolm8564]

​@@bobwallace9753or a simple public information programme to discourage the consumption of beef and lamb.

[@manuelcampagna7781]

Excuse me, Dr Simon, the colour of carbon atoms is black, not red.

[@bartroberts1514]

Except in diamond. Or as gas or plasma. Carbon is a diverse atom.

[@horst4439]

I very much doubt, "atoms" do have any colour whatsoever. They might emit some colored light when ionized and recombine with their missing electrons. The colour results from entire groups of atoms and how these reflect light. we are just used to represent different atoms by their appearance in the most common macroscopic structures like coal.

[@bartroberts1514]

@@horst4439 Yet more proof posters need to use /sarc tags. At least quarks still have colors.

[@incognitotorpedo42]

@@horst4439 Chemists, who deal with atoms on a regular basis, have long had color conventions for the common biological elements. Carbon is black, oxygen red, nitrogen blue, hydrogen white, sulfur yellow.

[@manuelcampagna7781]

@@bartroberts1514 sweetie, I was referring to his model of a molecule of methane in which the carbon atom was represented as red.

[@BobQuigley]

Another gem. Of course the amoc situation is most worrisome in that once data verifies collapse is in progress it's too late to mitigate. Nothing good can come from it's collapse. Thanks for your work! Consider hooking up with Nate Hagen's Great Simplification. His recent video was with Potsdam Institute climate physicist Level Caesar. She spent good amount of time on amoc. You+Nate more GHT amplify the message and bring more viewers into the conversation

[@richardeastman9846]

The heck with this noise. REBUTTAL: There is so much compartmentalization here, the eleven doors each begging for research money -- but total neglect of different ... not doors, but .... different entire buildings! other fields of human involvement such as adaptation of economy by market mechanisms, learning, economic system change and behavioral cultural adaptation, not by billionaire oligarchs who are so inferior. This kid is not interested in war cost or central banking cartel rigged monopoly of credit -- hobbling human welfare here and now and costly. And how come there is no mention of weather warfare, weather redirection -- highly suspicious that all that is left out of account.

[@bensanders5681]

YES! Nate Hagens!

[@pingvingaming]

Well the climate people think if we just collapse the farming industry world wide making everyone go hungry and die the world is a better place with more hunger and suffering what a future they will have no thanks

[@robertmarmaduke186]

AMOC 'collapse' remains a theory that can't be tested, therefore speculation, and 'mitigation' an evangëIical absúrdíty. What, are you going to flush the toilet backwards?

[@robertmarmaduke186]

​@@richardeastman9846Am in my 70s and worked at EPA in Clean Air Clean Water as one of first environmental scientists then taught STEM at HS and CC right up until Obama Common Core top down heads down Federal Instruction on the Cloud. Had our first suicide then our first mvrder, but Common Core memes and tropes spread like al-Gore's Carbon Cap & Trade Scheme (actual legal name). Now it's metastasizing as that first cohort of CCC graduates enters the 'work' force.

[@bartroberts1514]

AIP has a great timeline of climate science going back 200 years to Fourier, through Foote, Tyndall, Arrhenius, Hogbom, Callendar, Plass, Lamb, Keeling, Revelle, Smagorinsky, Broeckner, Alley.. We long ago passed the point of refutation of the basics of the CO2 thermostat of global temperature.

[@DJWESG1]

How that was directly linked to capital.and growth though is still a contested issue, even though that too is also well studied and documented.

[@bartroberts1514]

@@DJWESG1 Could you cite some of that documentation? Some of those studies? Because to rise to 'controversial', wouldn't someone have to have taken such documentation and studies seriously? Was it Smil? Lomborg? Patrick Watson? One of those other enviro-mole trojan pseudointellectuals?

[@tompallowseconomicsofquali9034]

John Tydell's experiments with CO2 never accounted for the effects of gravity on convection in the real world, and this is where the myth and lie that CO2 increases in the earth's atmosphere will increase temperatures was begun and it has yet to be corrected.

[@bartroberts1514]

@@tompallowseconomicsofquali9034 Let's break down the statement and address the mistakes and fallacies: "John Tydell's [sic] experiments with CO2 never accounted for the effects of gravity on convection in the real world" Mistake in Name: The scientist referenced is likely John Tyndall, not "John Tydell." John Tyndall was a 19th-century physicist who conducted important experiments on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases, including CO2, confirming Eunice Foote's earlier findings, and building on Fourier's 1824 conclusion that climate variability occurred internal to the atmosphere. Gravity and Convection: While Tyndall’s experiments primarily focused on the radiative properties of gases, understanding of atmospheric convection and the role of gravity was not absent from the broader scientific context. Atmospheric science incorporates convection and gravity, lapse rate, adiabat, density, compression, air pressure, etc. into mathematical Navier-Stokes climate models predating computers, and also used in proven weather predictions. "this is where the myth and lie that CO2 increases in the earth's atmosphere will increase temperatures was begun and it has yet to be corrected." Fallacy of Misrepresentation: The statement misrepresents the mountain of scientific studies that create the consensus. The understanding that CO2 is a greenhouse gas and contributes to warming the Earth's atmosphere is not based solely on Tyndall's work but on a robust body of scientific evidence accumulated over more than two centuries. Scientific Consensus: Numerous studies, empirical data, and independently audited and validated climate models have consistently shown that increased levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases lead to higher global temperatures. This consensus is supported by stringent review of work methods by organizations such as NASA, BEST, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Appeal to Conspiracy: Referring to the understanding of CO2’s role in climate change as a "myth and lie" suggests a conspiracy theory. The overwhelming majority of climate studies converge to agree on the fundamental principles of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, based on extensive research and evidence. Summary Incorrect Scientist: The correct name is John Tyndall. Incomplete Context: Tyndall’s experiments were foundational but part of a broader scientific exploration that includes convection and gravity effects in climate models. Misrepresentation of Science: The claim disregards the extensive body of evidence supporting the role of CO2 in global warming. Conspiratorial Thinking: Suggesting the scientific consensus is a "myth and lie" is an unfounded conspiracy theory. Addressing these points, the statement is corrected to reflect a more accurate understanding of the history and science of CO2’s role in climate change: "John Tyndall’s experiments in the 19th century were foundational in understanding the radiative properties of CO2. Since then, extensive scientific research has consistently shown that increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere contributes to global warming. This understanding is supported by comprehensive climate models and empirical evidence, considering various factors, including convection and the effects of gravity and far more."

[@bartroberts1514]

@@tompallowseconomicsofquali9034 ".. Tydell's [sic] .." Mistake in Name: The scientist referenced is John _Tyndall_. Tyndall was a 19th-century physicist who pioneered experiments on absorption and radiation of heat by gases, like CO2. He confirmed Eunice Foote's earlier findings and built on Fourier's 1824 conclusion that climate variability occurred in the atmosphere. Gravity and Convection: After Tyndall’s experiments showed radiative properties of gases, the understanding of atmospheric convection and the role of gravity was studied in Thermodynamics and is well understood. Mathematical Navier-Stokes climate models, which predate computers, are beyond the scope of this format. "this is where the myth .." Fallacy of Misrepresentation: The statement misrepresents extensive scientific studies. The understanding that CO2 is the thermostat of global warming is not based solely on Tyndall's work but on a robust body of scientific evidence accumulated over more than two centuries. Scientific Consensus: Numerous studies, empirical data, and experiment are supported by stringent reviews of methodologies by organizations such as NASA, BEST, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Hostile Thinking: Referring to the understanding of CO2’s role in climate change as a "myth" suggests intentional misunderstanding.

[@johnwoolley1965]

Commenting to boost engagement for good climate information

[@Justin_Osugi]

Adding a comment to do the same!

[@FarisSalman]

I'm doing social interdisciplinary research for my dissertation and it overlaps with a few of the small topics among the doors: land use, land governance, and social intervention. To put in a way that is analogous with your content, the last 8, 9, 10 are interlinked in a way that I can only say "It's all important and there is no way prioritizing only a door makes sense" It's basically OH MY GOD 😮 and OH MY GOD 😱 at the same time.

[@thaddeushamlet]

The fact I keep getting road and suburb expansion ads on climate videos saddens as much as it annoys.

[@Objectified]

It shouldn't. You can bellyache all you want about growing suburban and metro areas in the developed world, but the reality is it's the 2/3rds of the population still living in underdeveloped countries that are the issue. You're not getting ads about them.

[@DrSmooth2000]

His meatless burgers ain't free

[@olivermuff9799]

as if we ever get there… We know exactly how to get to net zero. The problem is, nobody wants to do it. We don‘t need machines to calculate what we have to do. they will tell you to not do fucking hotdog eating contests, don‘t throw away half of all the food, don‘t produce cheap shit and ship it around the world, use public transport, get used to heat and get rid of your AC, and stop buying shit. But that won‘t exponentionally grow your GDP and won‘t grow shareholders assets. So the people who are in power won‘t do anything. And even if they would do anything, people would get mad and vote them out. We are fucked and we should be ashamed of what we have become.

[@Solstice261]

Hell, with current technology you could even stick with the AC the only real requirement would be "once someone has something don't make them buy it more"

[@olivermuff9799]

@@Solstice261 but who is gonna make money from that? I heard you can have the same AC in pink now.

[@pingvingaming]

well they are doing something buying up farmland so they can sell lab grown meat instead politician outlaws farming indirectly with taxes they know a farmer cant pay so the government can step in and make state owned "farms" and control the food control the food = Control the People only reason farming is even a toptic in the climate debate is control the top 1% wants to be the once makeing bank on selling the "new thing" and the goverment wants to control the people soo win win for both

[@quillo2747]

Its not about GDP growth which only benefits corporations, its about standard of living. Its an imposition to tell everyone that they can no longer drive, that they have to eat certain foods, especially when cars are still avaliable at very high cost you have just created a new aristocracy where the rich have everything and the poor just get by. The only alternative is no one has anything, which necessitates a tyrannical government who will inevitable keep the cars and caviar all for themselves. All you do in punish the poor.

[@Solstice261]

@@quillo2747 that is way the way to tackle consumerism is at the consumer level, which is short of what we are doing

[@samdenton821]

Door 12, how to transition away from capitalism and profit based economies to one that is compatible with sustainable existence. Not sure how this is not a bigger part of the debate. I know science tries not to interact with politics or economics, but we don't have a choice. Lets be real, none of these things will be worked on currently unless directly profitable. Capitalism is too short sighted to deal with this issue. My areas of expertise happen to intersect pretty strongly here; climate, economics, AI (my degree is within AI development). I can tell you with full confidence that AI will break our current economies anyway, so we really need to do it intentionally in a way that benefits the climate / humanities long term existence.

[@samdenton821]

Although you could argue this falls into climate education. This fact is blatant to anyone who has studied the climate and has a good understanding of modern economics; profit based economies are fundamentally incompatible with sustainable living.

[@bobwallace9753]

Suggest you start paying a lot of attention to AI humanoid robots. How close we are to them starting to replace humans. Potentially humanoid robots will be able to do anything a human can do, do it better, and do it more reliable for far less money within 25 years. If/when that happens human labor will have no value. Capitalism cannot survive since capitalism is built on labor, energy, and raw materials. If humanoid robots replace humans then there will be no customers to support capitalism as we know it. We need to be thinking about a new system of distributing goods and services.

[@JayJay234234]

I fear sometimes that poeple like this creator are so deep into the usual science environment that has been changed since the neoliberal reforms to operate basically in capitalist terms. He speaks about the importance of sustainable finance which is ok but the problem is not a lack of money but fossil capital trying to defend their artificial scarcity oligopolistic extorsion world economy with synergies in this power concentration with local car companies that lobby governments to keep car centric neighbourhoods intact. I mean what is the problem is the fact that science has completely lost its radical character as it needs to produce studies that shows incentives and profit-based metrics that "prove" why in the long-term it would be nice to shift to a Green Economy while ignoring entirely this complete capture of all institutions, including their own, by company interests which make any type of real status quo changing implementation impossible. Basically, the work of these scientists is next to worthless without a complete redirection of our democracies to expell all types of capitalist interests from decision-making.

[@Solstice261]

Actually, science exists in the political climate and getting used to no growth has been recommended many times by many scientific papers, of course since a lot of them are direct to Europe and the US, that same understanding of the political climate means avoiding anything that may directly hint at anti-capitalist rhetoric because it will essentially make politicians and decision makers ignore your study

[@quillo2747]

Your assumption is non capitalist societies like socialism and communism are sustainable and dont exploit the natural environment? Thats just not true. The largest polluter on the plannet is China, the Chinese communist party. The only way you stop capitalism and proffit is by force with an authoritarian government, there is no guarantee that the system you replace it with is any better as it necessitates concentrated power in the government and restricted rights for the population just like China. If a corporation can have a proffit incentive to pollute, a government can have a power incentive to pollute. At least with the separation of powers a government with regulations and fines can try to prevent and punish pollution from corporations. When the government and industry are one and the same there is zero incentive to reduce pollution. Your utopia is based on the assumption that a government is magically benevolent and doesn't suffer from the exact same corruption as massive corporations. You are mistaken my friend.

[@pgantioch8362]

Simon, the Early Anthropocene Hypothesis has become increasingly accepted. Humans began raising CO2 7K yrs ago with agriculture, & did even more with rice farming 5,500 yrs ago, releasing methane. This prolonged the Holocene, preventing the cooling we should have had related to Milankovic cycles. The Industrial Revolution dramatically increased human effects on the climate. But we’ve been affecting it for 7K yrs.

[@pingvingaming]

so your saying farming has put us here well what should we eat air not gonna happen we need food and not the lab grown crap

[@evildude951]

EAH is actually highly debated, and a lot of events prior to agriculture contributed to uncoupling the Holocene from orbital cycles. Plus methane emissions from wetland succession increased methane emissions at around the same time as agriculture. It's not an unviable theory (for absolutely wild and impossible theories check out the Firestone Impact Theory) but there's not enough evidence one way or another.

[@DrSmooth2000]

🙏 we give thanks to the ancestors for so far overcoming Milankovich cooling 🙏

[@mauritsbol4806]

24:43 mate, as a very interdisciplinary learner myself, i am going to tell you right now, academia is wholefully unequipped to deal with interdisciplinary learning. This is a systematic bias that dates to academia. It is all about specialization, from decades if not centuries since specialization has become the norm. Critically, it is not inherent to academia, but the effect of capitalism on academia. I am writing a very critical piece on our understanding of human behaviour for good reason. If you are an interdisciplinary learner, you are considered a problem kid in school. You will get diagnosed by some random mental disorder, and off you go. You cannot function in society. Society makes clear you are unwanted. 20 years later, scientists wonder why there is not enough interdisciplinary knowledge available. Well i can tell you where they are. Not in academia that's for sure. Academia systematically eradicates interdisciplinary learning in favour of disciplinary learning. It is a bias within the whole system of academia, schools, and this goes even as far back as elementary school Elementary school tests on ability to perform in secondary education, where secondary education tests ability to perform in university, and uni tests disciplinary learning. As an interdisciplinary learner, i have to work so much more to be passing, i ask myself many times is it worth the effort. Because when i have econ class, my thoughts drift towards physics or philosophy. Is that a problem? It clearly is. Yet, it should be so desired. That is literally what these papers tell you so many times. "But we have interdisciplinary programmes". - Yes, for high performing students. The problem is that interdisciplinary learners are usually the low performing students in high school. These barely make it. Because schools test disciplinarily. I am being forced to learn so much about political philosophy, because i believe the problem isn't the climate or me. The climate is just reflecting what the people do. You fix the climate when you fix the people.

[@SeeNickView]

Certainly compartmentalization is effective in teaching early humans to better develop concepts and ideas, but at some point if there are natural curiosities about how disciplines relate to each other, education systems cannot not or should not silence those urges. Indeed it is imperative that we raise interdisciplinary humans because in doing so we break down boundaries that can enable great change for the better. Problem is you have forces in the world pursuing just the opposite of that, so we all need to pay attention to our education systems and seek out ways to stamp out regression while aiming for what you talk about.

[@pujeetjha8265]

As someone about to start their master's in this field it's very helpful to know the paths I can work on thank you

[@SyntheticFuture]

Aaah.... A list of "11 more things to worry about". Lovely. I'll add it to the pile...

[@TheDigitalZero]

If your list already included worries about climate change, you can remove those in the stead of these 11 problems.

[@bartroberts1514]

Sure, worry about those, but act on the ones that are most meaningful toward pushing the pile down: Cut 2% of today's level of fossil trade per month down to zero by 2030 by regulated limits on finance and licensing; Avoid methane emissions as much as possible as soon as possible; National programs to increase energy efficiency 8% per year; Diversify wildlife by conservation efforts equivalent to 40% immediate drop in shipping traffic at sea, and like measures on land, such as Miyawaki Forests; Increase biomass equivalent to a trillion new trees afforested -- and harvested to avoid new methane from their decay -- worldwide by 2060; Educate key policymakers on the economic benefits of climate action; Stop leakage offshore by border measures to keep fossil equipment and materials from moving internationally. CANDIES. Have some, before the climate gets any stranger.

[@Arcturus367]

There is only one thing to worry about: our future

[@incognitotorpedo42]

@@bartroberts1514 2% per month reduction in fossil trade would result in chaos throughout the world. We need to stop burning fossil fuels, but have to be smart about it.

[@bartroberts1514]

@@incognitotorpedo42 Perhaps you didn't notice, but the CANDIES list is SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bounded. The chaos throughout the world you speak of? Fossil already bred that, and it is breaking through faster and faster by the day. We have little time left if we are to succeed in taming climate chaos that already kills people throughout the world faster than war, today. 2% per month is a carefully metered number, prompted by understanding how Joven's Paradox requires rationing fossil at the same pace as replacements come on stream. Replacements as of 2023 came on stream 2.3% per month. We're overdue for stopping fossil trade -- more than just fossil fuels . Or perhaps you have carefully studied this issue and have at hand libraries of materials to demonstrate your claims?

[@simoneerceg7116]

All this report does is make this topic look and sound so complicated and stupendous that I throw my hands in the air and go for a walk in mother nature for a much needed hug

[@anyaakovalchuk]

As a physics uni student who's considering specialising in atmospheric physics, this was beyond interesting (and motivating)! Thank you, Simon :) also, go get yo nebula subs kids, I've had mine for ages and it's amazing

[@abody499]

Great video. Hope it inspires some to take up the challenge.

[@pingvingaming]

when they want to do real science maybe but this bullshiti with farming is bad no thanks better to belive the earth is flat than climate people " Farming kills the climate and its environment " Farmer "When did the climate start changing" data "The climate started changed at the start of the industrial revolution" Farmer "we been farming here since 3000 BC" climate people " Farming kills the climate and its environment why you not just shutting down your bossiness and your livelihood the city is a perfect climate utopia with more concrete and asphalt than the eye can see and food just magically gets to this place called "Supermarket" "

[@MyKharli]

Simon lives in a bubble where human beings seem to act rationally . A mistake is made when one believes we are any different to bacteria in a petri dish . I base my idea entirely on observation .

[@colmlynch8100]

Think this might be one of the best video you've made, great way to break down the three IPCC reports :)

[@karamyosefigbariya6983]

Perfect Simon Thanks for sharing

[@JSM-bb80u]

11:01 no. If we build more walkable dense neighborhoods heat island effect would be lowered. Because it has been proven neighborhoods with mid and high rises have a lower temperature. Because tall buildings provide shade. Also tall buildings are more energy efficient. Roof top plants would lower the temperature even more.

[@H2O.Science]

In terms of water availability for humans, there is a solution that exists and the technology exists and has been used at full-scale - it's called water reuse. It's taking water from your drains (and yes, your toilet, though this is a small percentage of the flow) and sending it through a very long series of super effective treatment steps at a city's facilities that remove pathogens and other contaminants. Out of it you can get highly purified water that's practically distilled. It's mostly just a matter of politics and public perception, similar to carbon emission reduction. It's not a silver bullet but it can greatly increase water security in times of drought. My research involves the treatment processes behind reuse and there's a lot of hope in my field that at least the water issue won't be as bad as other climate-related issues!

[@tonyduncan9852]

If you live in London, your tap water is guaranteed to have not more than a very small amount of human shit in it. It has been that way for decades. Quite a small amount.

[@trzdravko]

As an environmental engineer, I would like to thank you for the great video - it is really informative! Keep up the great work - the way you communicate science is interesting and engaging. We need more people like you!

[@zacharyhenderson2902]

Door #9. Yes! We've had the benefit of early industrialization and the ability to use coal and other fossil fuels for abundant energy over the last 400 years. Who are we to look to developing nations where only half of homes have electricity and running water and tell them they can't do the same without offering viable alternatives.

[@Objectified]

So you want to instate a massive form of political, educational, technological, and economic colonialism to try to bring clean energy solutions to 2/3rds of the world's population.

[@zacharyhenderson2902]

@@Objectified what in the living fuck are you talking about?

[@AxelEriksson-yl5cq]

Thanks for another great one! As an aspiring climate scientist, I found this really helpful!

[@melusine826]

19:10 Hmmm... waiting on mention of the BIG systems change- the political hot topic of moving away from captialism! I dont see how we could do even half of this without that. Such as doughnut economics, solar punk approaches and what ever else aspects of other poltical ideologies.

[@basilbrushbooshieboosh5302]

Excellent show Simon. I'll use it for my science classes if you don't mind, please ??? I think this expose of the entire systematic interplay of each aspect provides the best pointer that I've seen for showing the upcoming generation the scope and range of the issues, and that their generation will be sorely needed to fill all those posts in prevention, mitigation, data collection, research, social needs, manufacturing and design, disaster management, financial placement, need and direction, governance planning issuance and enforcement, and the hundreds of other .positions that will undoubtedly be available. Thank you. Michael B

[@jamesgreig5168]

Please don't expose your students to such nonsense.

[@basilbrushbooshieboosh5302]

@@jamesgreig5168 It is you that is not looking at very concerning data. Students definitely deserve to loo at this stuff. It is their future.

[@davidkirkham9117]

Imagine a world where the birthrate is collapsing, where there will be a falling population, not enough school leavers to fill all the courses at universities, not enough tax payers to fund research, not enough humans left to create harmful emissions?

[@gothboschincarnate3931]

invaled...

[@Pier-zl7gm]

Yes, given the demographic situation and reliable trends for it, what you say will happen in the second half of this century (global population peak being between 2060 and 2070). But it makes no difference to the climate disruption since by that time the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions and other cc factors will have brought the earth system to a non-reversible devastating state unless there is far more mitigation action in this decade and the next.

[@julianskinner3697]

We need to tax wealth not just income

[@ranaekmekcioglu4679]

I will recommend this video to all young people I know and my peers who are in a period to choose a career path or research topic! Brilliant. Thank you 🙏

[@megabyte01]

Out of curiosity, I took a look at the estimated cost of curtailing annual carbon emissions. On the one hand, $3 trillion is a lot per year. On the other hand, it's not that much compared to $100 trillion world GDP. Thinking of it as a 'carbon interest payment ' could give rational actors incentive to cut their emissions, or even invest in carbon capture technologies as they start to scale. We can enact further incentives and subsidies to develop this industry

[@bobwallace9753]

Think a bit about your $3T costs. Fossil fuel plants and vehicles have useful lives. After 40 years or so a coal plant is worn out. In less than 20 years most cars are worn out. They have to be replaced. That is a baked in cost. Now. New wind, solar, and storage are cheaper than new coal plants. Rather than spend X$ on new fossil fuel plants, spend less money and get the same amount of electricity cheaper. The price of EV batteries has massively decreased over the last couple of years. We've reached the point where it's cheaper to manufacture an EV than a same-feature ICEV. Spend less money for a new ride. Run it on renewable energy and save per mile as well. Finally, realize the very high amount of money we spend annually to treat fossil fuel pollution caused health problems. Get rid of fossil fuels and we'd save hundreds of billions of dollars per year. Easily one of those $3T in a decade. Quit fossil fuels. Save money.

[@Novacification]

@bobwallace9753 where do you live that you can buy an EV cheaper than a comparable fossil fuel powered car? Here they're still quite a lot more expensive.

[@markthomasson5077]

@@NovacificationUK

[@Solstice261]

Take away what you get from no longer having to pay subsidies to fossil fuels, or even better, fossil fuel companies and countries using their money to transition and we have more than enough without really even affecting most countries' finances

[@bobwallace9753]

@@Novacification The US. A Tesla Model 3 starts at $38,990. A BMW Series 3 starts at $44,500. Then there's a $7,500 federal subsidy for the Model 3 that drives the price down to $31,490. There are some extremely affordable EVs in China. And they are spreading to other countries.

[@alsjogren7890]

Excellent Simon! Extremely thought provoking. I look forward to the GeoEngineering video.

[@aimcfarl]

Hi simon, with the just announced general election in the uk, could you do a review of the climate policies of the major uk parties

[@SimonClark]

I will be doing this video, absolutely!

[@davidjennings2179]

Whilst I think this is absolutely important, unfortunately the nuance between parties on the left is overshadowed by the need for tactical voting. Labour might not be the best party for climate change (though not bad, I might add) but they're the only party with a decent chance of beating the conservatives.

[@Solstice261]

It's quite simple, reform UK doesn't believe in climate change, the Tories have already proven they will only say they care and then proceed to take down any control measures for climate policy and leave everything in the hands of underfunded agencies, labour will do the bare minimum, the libdem care about the climate but won't win and usually it goes behind stuff like housing and such, and the greens good ideas yet they've got no real experience governing so it won't go great, and the rest if parties won't get enough votes to matter

[@Solstice261]

​@@SimonClarkcan't wait for that video

[@alienoverlordsnow1786]

Good reporting Simon! Excellent video! 🙂😎👍✌❤💯

[@GraigRussell]

Wait, are those blood bowl, cursed cities, and 40k boxes in the background? I knew I was in the right place 😎

[@TimeTravelReads]

Thank you Simon. I'm not a student, but if I were, this would be very helpful.

[@yetao5801]

One sentence summary: what remains to understand is not IF but HOW FAST this civilization collapses and if/when human extinction would happen.

[@GirthTickler]

😂😂

[@lopiid]

WOW! That was dense with facts and knowledge. I will have to watch this video again!

[@mattheide2775]

Positive feedback loops are already in play. Methane from decaying plant matter from thawed permafrost is the most serious example. Good luck kids😢

[@HeribertBraum]

I have another interesting problem: Assuming we manage to get zero emmissions and even manage to filter out CO2 from the athmosphere. Which CO2 Level do we want to achive? Pre industrial 280ppm which leads to cold and harshy winters in the northern hemisphere. 350,400ppm or even more? At the moment we would be glad if we manage to stop the CO2 level rising. But later this topic could lead to complex political discussions.

[@travcollier]

Another great video, but I want to mention something a bit off topic... Avian influenza (specifically HPAI) is quite worrysome at the moment. There's a fair chance we're on the edge of another big pandemic. There's no excuse for being caught off-guard this time, but governments are being slow to even monitor properly. It would be good if smart folks with platforms maybe raised the public awareness a bit to put the pressure on. Oh, and a PSA: Now is very much not the time to get into raw milk/cheese.

[@elingrome5853]

touch grass... eat healthy... turn off globalist fear mongers...

[@quillo2747]

FEARRRR DOOOM meanwhile I'm chilling in the sunshine drinking my raw milk and healthier than ever

[@travcollier]

@@quillo2747 What I'm afraid of is that people have their heads in the sand (or up their asses) and we won't we prepared. Zoonotic pandemics have happened forever, but we have no real excuse for just stumbling into this one. BTW: Lots of raw milk producers are currently refusing to allow anyone to test their milk because they are afraid a positive result will cut into their profits. So far, the USDA, university research labs, and journalists are just allowing that. So enjoy your "profits are more important than public health" beverage.

[@rjbiker66]

​@@travcollier you can be assured that government organisations know all they need to know about the avian flu ;) There is not much they can do about its spread.

[@travcollier]

@@rjbiker66 I have some former colleagues who work for those government agencies... They are dismayed by the lack of monitoring. As for limiting the spread. That is tough. The strain(s) which have jumped to mammals might be deterred by better livestock sanitation measures. We just recently started requiring dairy cattle to be tested before moving interstate (should have done that months ago). But the highly infectious bird strain is in wild populations, and the virus is present in their guano. Not a whole hell of a lot you can do to stop that. So we really need to be watching for when new strains jump species to mammals.

[@LCCB]

Hopefully all the researchers behind these “doors” interact amongst each other. Solving for density or food without water considerations could be catastrophic.

[@joshuahillerup4290]

This never addressed the thumbnail question, "what happens after net zero?"

[@dylancope]

2:20 The question isn't answered, but tbf this is a video about unanswered questions

[@joshuahillerup4290]

@@dylancope it didn't even mention the question though

[@checkfactschecking]

Yes he did, LOL. What do you think some of those 11 unsolved problems reference?

[@joshuahillerup4290]

@@checkfactschecking it was all around getting to net zero or the like, not after

[@polydex108]

Sadly, despite everything, we are not even close to net zero or heading there.

[@martincrotty]

Thanks for a great well done video as always. Only by recognising what we don't know can we move on and improve.

[@Atheistbatman]

Don’t know about reports but when I was a child birds filled the sky. There was a decent flock in the sky wherever you looked. Bugs filled the air during summers and yes you sucked some in sometimes. Lightning bugs made the summer nights look like the stars came down to visit. Now it’s almost a Silent Spring - horticulturist in Rome, GA…don’t even get me started on the change in plants….it’s over…no hope. No adaptation. Only NTHE

[@etienne8110]

That s more the conséquence of néonicotinoïdes. Not climate or climate change. Régions forbiding the use of such pesticides can recover insects and then birds in a few years.

[@Solstice261]

​@@etienne8110sorry I don't speak French But don't forget about glyphosphates which are still legal despite being well known to cause a lot of problems for the environment and probably cancer on us

[@Solstice261]

Yeah that's a good summary of the effects of modern intensive agriculture

[@etienne8110]

@@Solstice261 glyphosate is an herbicide. It doesn t kill insects. The birds started to disappear After the introduction of néonicotinoïdes, not after glyphosate (way older). Not that it doesn t come with it s own issues, but in this case it is not guilty.

[@Solstice261]

@@etienne8110 it actually does though, it has known negative effects on wildlife And they did also decline with glyphosphate, wildlife in general has not had it great with agrochemicals, neonichotenoids are obviously one of the worst specially for pollinators, the disappearance of insects leading to the decline of bird populations

[@MikeWasley-r6f]

Add Biochar to shared agroforestry and agricultural soils. Add white ash on top during peak heat periods , on acidic soils, to improve albido effect. Its not that complex to incorporate CDR methods to regenerative agriculture, and offset our need to manufacture new concrete. Add Hydricity systems to desert regions where mining and commuity must occur. Do more green desal as part of that process.

[@secularstormchaser0074]

Great video!

[@Colololp]

Yes Agroforestry is a great idea. There are indications that part of the rainforest are actually human made gardens. This is a huge opportunity to rebuild these systems to support biodiversity and our health. Coming together for such a huge endeavor is the great challenge of our time. We have the knowledge and manpower it's just a matter of coordinating it.

[@quillo2747]

A great idea for ecosystems, a terrible idea for food production. It will make food more expensive and either lead to famine or reliance on foreign imports from places that still farm industrially.

[@noanyobiseniss7462]

Remove the carbon credit scam.

[@bobwallace9753]

Sure. Let's make things worse. Yeah 'Murica.

[@noanyobiseniss7462]

@@bobwallace9753 So your the genius of the family I see.

[@bobwallace9753]

@@noanyobiseniss7462 I don't like to brag.

[@ingjaldsleikestove]

You should make more of these deep dive videos. There are too few videos that go deep into the reports, and it is necessary for them to exist. Keep up the good work.

[@charlesspringer4709]

The smartest thing you can do is forget about it and work on increasing global prosperity. Prosperous people have fewer children. China due to prosperity now and CPC one-child policies of the past will be half its current population by 2080. Same for Japan and South Korea. Without immigration, the USA will follow. Population is decreasing everywhere. Just let it happen. If power production stays about the same as population decreases, prosperity will increase. Do not rely in the Unreliables - called renewables by the match challenged optimists. Consider getting behind the thorium reactor and reducing impediments to building power plants in a timely manner. Tipping points are probably not real. The "butterfly effect" gets a lot of attention but in a real system like weather and climate there are literally an infinite number of lower energy pathways alternates to these consequences. And nature loves the lowest energy paths. Global forestation has increased 18% since 1985. Just let it happen. Equity and just? Doesn't this require a world dictatorship? A world military force of "we" to deal with countries that won't cooperate? Or elimination of countries altogether? Best practices if you believe the apocalyptic climate view? Study architecture of the wet and the dry equatorial people and build homes and buildings and infrastructure based on your expectations. Also note that the politicians and "scientists" who trumpet this crisis will not sell you their ocean front homes at a loss. The people of the Seychelles demand mitigation money but will not trade their islands for land on the high coast of Chile. Do any of these people actually believe their claims? This video is interesting as an example of college lunch table bull sessions from an omnipotent view and assuming a population unlike actual humans. You can not actually predict any of this climate stuff because ....humans. You can't predict wars, famine, disease, population declines, one country building a coal fire power-plant a week, etc.

[@jaykanta4326]

"Do not rely in the Unreliables - called renewables by the match challenged optimists. Consider getting behind the thorium reactor and reducing impediments to building power plants in a timely manner. "

[@MattieAMiller]

I don’t think that it is going to single-handedly save the planet, but I absolutely love regenerative agriculture. There are so many different practices under that umbrella that it can apply to almost everywhere. Agroforestry, silvopasture, food forests, etc. I think the most exciting about it for me is that the benefits are often most visible for small scale farmers like the majority in the global south

[@johnthomas2970]

Loved to hear the Just Have a Think shoutout at the end - this video definitely seemed inspired by his style

[@jh5401]

I would LOVE to see more on the just transition side of things. Anyone got any recs?

[@calebfranks3903]

Does Nebula have content available in other languages besides English?

[@shadeblackwolf1508]

Based on the laws of physics, carbon capture and storage should only be done in high carbon environments, or when we're off of fossil fuels with the electric grid

[@williamthiery4269]

Perhaps we should start taking into account the fact that most of our activities are not necessary. We could drastically reduce the worlds economy and emissions by concentrating on what is really needed to live well, rather than praying that technology will save us. It requires no effort but it does require that we collectively change our perception of what it means to live well.

[@tonyduncan9852]

And maintain capitalism? This latter is fiercely incompatible with "collectively changing" anything. Know thy enemy.

[@etienne8110]

One of the conséquences not getting enough coverage imho is the post deglaciation rebound (glacio isostatic rebound). Meaning, when continental ice masses are melting fast, it moves a LOT of water (and thus weight) from continental masses to oceans. This in turn change the mechanic equillibrium between tectonic plates. Tl:dr, lots of earthquakes and eruptions will happen at the end of the century, in a scale of frequence never seen before in human history. It is known, logic and predictible, yet i don t see much people talking about it and anticipating the need for better seismic prévention and changes in building laws.

[@Solstice261]

While it may sound logic to you I am very much afraid this is a conspiracy theory, there isn't enough ice and it isn't melting fast enough to in any way affect the continental plates, if I lived next to a quickly melting glacier I'd be more afraid about running out of water when sno melt disappears, I don't intend to call you out but be careful with what you read on the internet as it can easily get taken out of context The glacio isostatic rebound is more of a thing that happens when the earth finishes a glacial snowball period and massive glaciers "quickly" return to the poles, you needn't worry about that happening in this case thank god, it's enough end of the world as it is but I encourage you to research more on the subject either to prove me wrong or because geology is just very cool and very underrated

[@AugustReversal]

Thank you for always presenting the facts in a way that is engaging, informative, and despite the gravity of the topic at hand never leaves me feeling too sad. But also never overly-optimistic. Your channel is right in the goldilocks zone of climate outreach. Thank you, Simon. (Also it's pronounced meh-thane, you neanderthal)

[@Objectified]

Any discussion addressing climate change that does not lead or prominently feature nuclear energy is not going to produce sustainable solutions. The direct and knock-on benefits of widescale nuclear energy would be game changing on their own.

[@YraxZovaldo]

Nuclear energy can't compete with solar and wind in price. New nuclear reactors are so expensive you need them to keep running constantly. That means that they don't solve a shortage of electricity production by wind and solar since nuclear will already be producing at max capacity.

[@name0529]

Great video thank you!!

[@rafaelcpatrao]

Great video, congratulations! I liked the deep dive into this kind of policy related documents. It reminded me when I was working at the European Commission's JRC, a lot of important and interesting scientific and policy work to be done!

[@talus9663]

I’m finishing my master’s in Forestry and Geostatistics. I’ve recently been hired as a carbon analyst at a company where I work with REDD+ projects in the voluntary carbon market. My educational background involves using statistics in remote sensing to predict biomass and estimate carbon sequestration potential. I am highly skeptical of the value of the voluntary carbon market. In my opinion, it is a new colonial framework used by the imperial core to hide emissions. These projects should be funded but not used to offset emissions in a way that lets industries continue to pollute. Instead, industries should fund these projects and simultaneously reduce their emissions. Although many REDD+ projects are dubious, they often provide a positive impact on the global community and ecosystem.

[@DJWESG1]

The more mitigation thats exists, the more forrests and mountains we lose.

[@JoeCreator]

Really looking forward to you talking about geo-enginneeing!

[@kendrajohnson6535]

Great video. Also absolutely LOVED the doors - I had to watch 23:36-24:16 several times, as it was so visually appealing! Thank you Simon and Luke :)

[@niallwatson6851]

Looking forward to the Geoengineering video, that'll be very interesting!

[@mauritsbol4806]

I absolutely loved this format btw. I know you have been looking for identity on your channel, experimenting with cheap videos or really thought after like this one. Not that any of your videos are cheap but some as of late did feel that way. This was really good

[@likebot.]

I became interested in the threat we pose to the environment and increasing global temperature thanks to Ronald Reagan. I now call that a Grand Old Irony.

[@critiqueofthegothgf]

how timely of a video considering I've just started doing research into graduate programs regarding climate science/atmospheric physics!

[@syriuszb8611]

Quick guess? People get compliant, other get greedy and we bounce back right back into producing carbon dioxide emissions.

[@nice3294]

Great video as always

[@patrickkelly1195]

After 20 years of looking at this in my role as a Sustainability Professor in HE, I fear the only meaningful approach to our collective predicament, at this late stage, is to accept collapse as an inevitability, work to ensure it is (as far as possible) a just and equitable collapse, and focus on rebuilding on the other side (assuming that is, that we make it to the other side). And no, there are no workable geo-engineering fixes according to my analyses. Defeatist I may sound, but after strenuous efforts to think my way our of our dilemma, I have concluded that there isn't really a workable solution, barring some miraculous and unforeseen tech development. The extent of our ecological overshoot is far too great and our progress since 1987, far too slow.

[@Solstice261]

While you are right, every degree matters and being a realist, the way of solving this os essentially a collapse, we need to change the system and that is an inherently traumatic experience for human society as whole, getting a just collapse would be a godsend

[@patrickkelly1195]

@@Solstice261 Yes, every degree matters. I'm not about to give up making noise on this issue or striving for change. One can be pessimistic and driven at the same time. My colleagues, some climate scientists, talk to each other in much more bleak terms than they employ when addressing the public. They seem to feel the need to imbue positivity into their public messaging. That has to change - people need to know what we really think and feel. The problem with respect to climate change is not excessive panicking, it's too little panicking. People, in general, simply haven't the slightest clue how challenging things are about to become and how close we are to collapse. We're about to lose everything. Do not hold out for a political solution to our predicament. As ecologist William Rees pointed out 'The ecologically necessary is politically unfeasible, and the politically feasible is ecologically catastrophic". He is, of course, right. We're on our own.

[@Solstice261]

@@patrickkelly1195 sadly an essay was done in my country, an q lot of young people thought climate change while real an important was being exaggerated, it's hard to give the real doomerist perspective without making people abandon any effort or making them believe you, we really need the same lies that the fossil fuel industry has been doing by this point so I guess we'll all burn

[@ninjaknight-jn9ky]

I think green building as in wood and hemp brick buildings with enough structure to have roof top plants would be a good option for medium density housing. It sequesters carbon has good insulation and adding plants to the roof helps mitigate heat islanding.

[@kim-ys2fs]

direct carbon capture ONLY works when the carbon is turned into a solid, such as calciferous rock. It is also better to extract from the oceans than the air from what iv learnt about this dodgy solution

[@mrunning10]

Whatever, when will we start doing it? Air Ocean whatever.

[@VelcorHF]

Its like when you don't need to be on a diet to lose weight any more. Maintenance and new goals.

[@Cyrathil]

On the last door: clearly scientists just need to figure out a way to cut blocks of ice from Pluto to add to the oceans. Like dad would do with his drinks...

[@StrivetobeDust]

Thank you for a great video. (already a fan of "Just Have a Think" )

[@MB-sf2dq]

Hey Simon, thank you for your high quality work on environmental and climate sciences. I think this is very valuable, especially for me who is into sustainability and decarbonization strategy, where summarys like this are interesting, save a lot of time and help me to keep getting inspiration and expand my knowledge. Keep up the good work, greetings from Germany🌍🇩🇪

[@castform57]

To me net zero is just the halfway point. You have a hose that is spraying water on to the floor. You can stop the hose from running, but you'll still have all the water on the floor that has to be cleaned up i.e. removing the carbon that is already in the air.

[@tristanridley1601]

Good analogy. It clearly says "turn off the hose first" in our minds. You can *think* about how you're going to clean up the mess, but not if it slows down turning off that hose!

[@tristanridley1601]

The metaphor keeps working, too. Like how we keep arguing about how much water it takes to ruin the floor, walls, and how much damage to the floor and walls we can accept without the house falling on us.

[@SeeNickView]

This is the answer to Simon's thumbnail

[@quillo2747]

Don't be daft. Go look at the carbon parts per million needed for plant life and how high it was historically. Carbon being burried over millenia was dropping ppm towards the end of all life on earth. Releasing some of that buried carbon has likely saved the earth from a cold death like Mars. There has been far more carbon in the atmosphere for most of the earths history and life flourished. Thinking where we are at today is goldilocks is misguided.

[@cheese7119]

Can you make a video about the future of the uv index? I've seen a map prediction that in 2090 it might reach uv index 40...40!!! We would be dead why is nobody talking about how dangerous it's getting to go outside?

[@quillo2747]

Because its a fiction drempt up by doomsday cultists. Carbon doesn't change the suns UV output. The holes in the ozone layer that were letting more uv in are closing up.

[@PeggyEscobar-v8j]

Intriguing content as always. Thank you.

[@AndrewWainwrightPA]

Yep. Like the new deep dive format. 💚

[@buddywhatshisname522]

I’d heard of an idea involving vast floating algae farms located in the pacific and Atlantic gyres. They would capture carbon and sequester it in the deep sea bed in the form of marine snow. A portion of the seaweed could also be harvested for biofuels and food. These would become oasis’s in the mid ocean increasing biodiversity and wild fish populations and could be grown on mesh made of iron to help fertilize the farms. As this idea is scalable, this could be the magic bullet we’re looking for. Arthur C. Clark had an off hand line about this in his short novel Island In The Sky back in the sixties, (though only about it being for food production), and it kinda stuck with me.

[@user-xsn5ozskwg]

Love the editing for this one.

[@jonathanravenhilllloyd2070]

As the owner of a self seeded (last fifty years of abandonment) of a pine forested Mediterranean ex-farm, I'd love to know what trees can both survive in my minimal rainfall climate and burn less.

[@Solstice261]

If you are on a place like a fair bit of the eastern coast of Spain, there are some places where trees don't really work and you just get a bunch of reforested pinus alepensis which don't really help with carbon, encinas quercus ilex might work well, hardy plant can deal with the heat and dryness but light struggle if the soil isn't tight, quercus caducifolia might also do well If you are going for forestry I am not really sure since most trees for wood and pellet production struggle with high temperatures, if you aren't then I recommend the two I mentioned, they're bark is a bit fire proof and it isn't like with pine trees that just look to burn at any chance they get That's about as much as I can say from my fairly limited knowledge about the ecology of the area, hope it at least gave you some leads and good luck with the land

[@jaxvoice718]

The great thing about Solar Radiation Modification, the ones we have done accidentally anyway and not the harebrained overengineered schemes, is that they provide local cooling. Instead of cooling the entire planet, we can cool down areas most at risk from climate change. That way we can save wildlife and/or urban centres particularly vulnerable to these effects.

[@KoljaWolfi]

the point about social dynamic might be one of the biggest issues here: there is a lack of understanding how climate change, renewable energy, intelligent energy use, gene editing and having more money to spend is interconnected. and a blatend disregard of facts and the willingness to adapt. i joined a political party (partei der humanisten) because this bothered me and funnily enough through a video of extra3 i want to learn how our laws slow down progression and what could be done to change that. if we can stop lobbyists working against progress and implement stuff that really works long term instead of falling for greenwashing i am convinced we could make huge steps in the right direction really fast.