Adam Ruins Everything - Why Anatomy Was Taught Incorrectly For 1000 Years | truTV

Andreas Vesalius discovered that the authority on human anatomy for the past 1000 years had never dissected a human being and that much of what was known about the body was dead wrong.
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About Adam Ruins Everything:
In Adam Ruins Everything, host Adam Conover employs a combination of comedy, history and science to dispel widespread misconceptions about everything we take for granted. A blend of entertainment and enlightenment, Adam Ruins Everything is like that friend who knows a little bit too much about everything and is going to tell you about it... whether you like it or not.
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truTV is the home for original, creator-driven comedy series with a distinct point of view. With millions of engaged fans across linear, digital and social channels, the cable network features a growing roster of critically-acclaimed premium scripted, non-scripted and hybrid series, such as Adam Ruins Everything, At Home with Amy Sedaris, Bobcat Goldthwait’s Misfits & Monsters, Hack My Life, I’m Sorry, Impractical Jokers, Jon Glaser Loves Gear, Talk Show the Game Show, The Carbonaro Effect, The Chris Gethard Show, Those Who Can’t and more. As a division of Turner, truTV is also a partner in airing the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship each year.
Adam Ruins Everything - Andreas Vesalius, Founder of Modern Human Anatomy | truTV
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[@Handington]

I turned up the volume because the sound was low, and the ending music jumpscared me

[@lysypolpot]

Handington same

[@andregon4366]

IKR

[@nob2243]

Exactly! The volume levels are off in this one clip, looks like somebody messed up a bit here.

[@Handington]

nob2243 I'm so glad I'm not the only one who thinks so!

[@celticphoenix2579]

I did the same and nearly blew out an ear drum with the ending music. Thank goodness for mute buttons.

[@carsonthomas8678]

Well considering at the time it was highly illegal and immoral to desecrate a human body, Id say Galen did all he could.

[@shotgun6X]

Carson Thomas I interpreted this video as mocking the old scientific culture, not just Galen himself

[@irregulargamer1352]

Evan Sageser people are also thinking it was easy to figure out and prove hypothesis like in their 7th grade science class and assumed it didn't even need much math either.

[@keeperkai999]

Was it better than doing nothing though?

[@user-qv2qf1jk5o]

Yeah but it’s not about the fact he was a bad doctor (because he did his best under the circumstances) so much so as the fact he was the father of human anatomy when he obviously shouldn’t have been. He probably shouldn’t have assumed that other animals are the same as humans either

[@teatea4496]

Carson Thomas in greek you maimed the dead

[@GoldenPenHD]

Man, who knew that Galen, a Greek physician who was in an Empire who banned dissecting humans, and a time where looking at different parts of the body was hard due to the technology at the time, was wrong.

[@markyang7178]

Derp Chaos The problem is, people during those times actually thought he was right, and spreading misinformation is never excusable.

[@irregulargamer1352]

CVCF how would the majority have guessed he was wrong? Carving up a dead body like a Christmas goose to prove somebody wrong wasn't as smooth and easy as the cartoon makes it out to be.

[@LaFonteCheVi]

Then he shouldn't have wrote books on it. Don't make a factual claim that you have no evidence for. Galen did.

[@shiakou]

Now we just have to convince modern scientists that tests carried out on lab rats might not be applicable to humans. . .

[@AA-ve5qp]

LaFonteCheVi Christians would like to have a word with you

[@degeneratesquid5873]

I like how he went teenage girl on galen xD "I HATE YOU GALEN I HATE YOUUU"

[@xylophone897]

Maliaka Williams YOU WERE MY BROTHER GALEN!

[@realislit8064]

xylophone YOU WERE SUPPOSED TO CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ANATOMY NOT JOIN THEM

[@etdrwho8328]

IF YOUR NOT WITH ME, THEN YOUR WRONG!

[@MushroomGuy12]

ONLY A ROMAN DEALS IN ABSOLUTES. I WILL DO WHAT I MUST.

[@whatwonderfullpeoplesay8663]

I love you guys 😊

[@yandwl4162]

So basically that guy was the Adam ruins everything of that time

[@rcksnxc361]

Bryan Yandel lmao

[@AnonymousUser77254]

If Adam ever did original research, maybe.

[@yandwl4162]

Sybrand Botes so why outta nowhere you come out with thys

[@user-po9iy3pk2y]

Haha yes

[@jarrenstarkey8541]

More like Adam ruins anatomy

[@MightyElo]

I hope he explains why galen did not operate on humans. It was it was considered taboo in ancient rome.

[@bulletbill1104]

MightyElosan Do you blame them? I wouldn’t want my loved one’s corpse being all goofed up

[@Electric0eye]

MightyElosan that's true, but you'd think someone within 1000 years would bother to double check his work...

[@Fankas2000]

BulletBill110 In a society where they value human life so little, to the point that they have slaves who are sent to the mines (a literal death sentence) it's kind of weird that they forbid operating on those slave.

[@OspreyKnight]

Electric0eyeThe problem is one of philosophy, specifically Plato's philosophy which was largely adopted by the christian church and many Romans at the end of the western roman empire. I'm simplifying the crap out of it, but at the time the prevailing philosophy was that you had to be taught knowledge and it wasn't possible to get real knowledge on your own. The only way to get new knowledge was divine inspiration. That isn't to say all advancement stopped, but that nobody was really looking at things with a critical eye for about 1000 years.

[@iSaintRichie23]

This was a society, mind you, that believed you could pay the church to let body parts into heaven. Having them removed probably meant you'd enter heaven disfigured. The Church also frowned on the act of disfiguring a corpse, and back then, the Church had a lot of pull. The Egyptians were leaders in medicine because removing the body's organs was actually part of their burial rituals.

[@GoldenPenHD]

“Galen says that there’s five lobes on the liver, but I only see two!” Actually Galen was closer to the actual amount, there’s 4 lobes in the liver.

[@notaweeb7555]

actually, it's both, two when looked at vertically and four on the underside edit: it's still technically four lobes but only the main two are clearly visable

[@Preposter]

I agree with Notaweeb.

[@GoldenPenHD]

NOTAWEEB thanks for clearing that up.

[@dilospino]

Depends on the way you see it, because, technically, both the quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver are part of the right lobe of the liver (if we take the round and falciform ligament as the division between left and right lobes)

[@m7md5540]

Dogs got 5 lobe .

[@samirulkarim5448]

boyyy were they wrong

[@duskedradiance4165]

Ayy that one's odd

[@icelingbolt]

OUT

[@ramiqcom]

Amateur Gamer i undertood that reference...

[@brettdn13]

Remember to wear your seat belt

[@BarbaricDuck]

@theodd1sout

[@JohnSmith-yw9nk]

There was actually considerable advance on the work of Galen and this happened centuries before Vesalius. Like all scholarship, the study of medicine went into a steep decline soon after Galen's time, particularly in the western half of the Roman Empire. The upheavals and chaos of the third century AD affected the western half of the Empire very badly economicially and socially and all forms of scholarship began to decline from this point onward. The political recovery of the fourth century saw greater stability, but no great improvement in scholarship. Then came the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century and the centuries of invasion, disintergration and chaos that followed. The formal, academic study of medicine went into a steep decline in this period and much that had been known was lost. But not everything. Benedictine monasteries had a strong tradition of the preservation of learning and also maintained infirmaries for the treatment of the monks and the rest of their community. This meant that some works of ancient medicine survived the collapse of learning in the fall of the Western Empire. Thanks to scholars like Cassiodorus (c. 485 - c. 585) and Isidore of Seville (c. 560 - 636, Latin summaries or editions of key works of Greek and Hellenic medicine did survive. Thus at least parts of the work of Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen were preserved and studied. European folk medicine and herb lore was added to this small corpus during the Carolingian revival in the ninth and tenth centuries, and Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) wrote her Causae et Curae, with a long list of cures that ranged from herbal to magical, but many of which seem to have been effective. But the real revival of the formal study of medicine came in the eleventh century, when the influx of formerly lost Greek works via Arabic translations as well as works by Muslims on medical subjects began to find their way into Europe via scholars who travelled to Spain and worked in Sicily to make Latin translations of them. In this way Nemesius' Premnon Fisicon and Galen's Art of Medicine, Therapeutics and other works had a major impact on the flowering of scholarship that took place in western Europe in the twelfth century. Medical schools began to spring up alongside the new universities or as medical faculties within them. Salerno emerged as the first major medical school, with Roger of Salerno as its most famed surgeon. But soon there were also major medical centres of study at Montpellier, Bologna, Padua and Paris as well. Hippocrates and Galen were the most esteemed ancient "authorities" in these schools, but the work of Muslim and Jewish doctors was also carefully studied, including that of Avicenna, Isaac Israeli, Al-Rhazi, Albucasis, Hunain ibn Ishaq and Haly Abbas. Medieval doctors did not just follow the works of others, but also made advances of their own. The use of mild anaesthetics appear in medical texts as early as the twelfth century, with various versions and improvements on a recipe based on opium, mandragora and henbane appearing over the next few centuries. Various forms of surgery were practiced, with suturing of wounds and more delicate operations, such as sewing together nerves and various forms of eye surgery successfully carried out. Opinion was divided on the best way to encourage wounds to heal, with a range of medieval doctors opposing Galen's prescription of using salves to promote what he considered "healthy supperation". Hugh and Theodoric Borgognoni, Henry of Mondeville and Bruno of Longoburgo all rejected Galen's treatement, insisting on washing a wound with wine, suturing it and keeping it clean, aired and dry. Unfortunarely many other doctors followed the influential Guy de Chauliac in continuing Galen's far less effective approach. The area in which medieval doctors were greatly in advance of Galen and the ancients was anatomy. Galen, like almost all ancient doctors, operated in a society with strong taboos about dead bodies and in which human dissection was completely forbidden. As a result, his anatomical knowledge was based on the dissection of apes, pigs and dogs and was, unsurprisingly, often very wrong. Medieval doctors had no such taboos and the bodies of executed criminals came to be dissected on an fairly routine basis - no student at the Medical Faculty of Montpellier could graduate unless he had completed a human dissection. As a result, anatomical knowledge improved vastly and works like Mondino of Luzzi's (c.1275-1326) Anatomia and Guy de Chauliac's Chirurgia Magna became the key anatomical texts before the time of Vesalius. Like all pre-modern medical practicioners, these medieval scholars were still tied to the ancient Greek model of the four humours and their mystical connection to the cosmos via astrology. This meant medieval doctors were not bad at diagnosis and were better than their ancient counterparts at anatomy and physiology, but they were as bad as the ancient Greeks and Romans at actually curing anyone simply because their theoretical model was wrong. What the improved study of anatomy via careful dissection and observation did achieve, however, was to lay the foundations of medicine as an empirical science, which in turn made modern medicine possible. When Vesalius exposed many of Galen's errors he was not a radical innovator who was doing this for the first time (as some popular works maintain) but an heir to a centuries old tradition of correcting Galen's work. Image: i1.wp.com/library.hrmtc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/carruthers-the-book-of-memory-cambridge.jpg?resize=350%2C200 References: www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_galen.html www.famousscientists.org/galen/ plato.stanford.edu/entries/galen/ www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum www.iep.utm.edu/galen/

[@snack27lol56]

Good essay.

[@silencio4660]

very interesting. underrated comment indeed.

[@Chrisfb-oo9mr]

Why?

[@jessefolding3564]

Compelling read, thank you!

[@cjcanton9121]

Adam oversimplifies things to the point of being wrong

[@InternetUser-wi5sy]

They're not criticising Galen for being wrong, they're criticising the educational system that didn't check if he was right until 1000+ years later. Galen obviously couldn't dissect humans, but people didn't confirm his theories even after they could.

[@thenecromaniacraisesthedea9676]

Tbh, the desection of humans wasn't exactly accepted till the rennesance... Also, as a fun fact, england didn't see a problem with graverobing for quite some time, I'm fact, people made an honest days work by graverobing, horrific ain't it?

[@conormcmahon]

Not really surprising since most European countries were grave robbing (Pharaoh's tombs)

[@CasualNotice]

You're thinking of 18 and 19th century Europe, Cynical Conor. In the Medieval and early Renaissance periods, Western Europe was to busy infighting to invade anywhere else (effectively) and Eastern Europe was getting slapped around by Turks and Mongols. Hippocratic medicine was all about cutting people open (and trepanation, woo!), but Galen was a Roman and they were weird about that sort of thing.

[@Pikachu2Ash]

Sinless Brutus of the Prey Would you say it was(puts on shades) horrible history?!

[@DarkAssasinYT]

That's not true at all, body snatching has been a crime in Britain since the early medieval period. But it was only a misdemeanour not a felony so you'd only be fined if caught. Generally criminals were used for dissection but there weren't enough criminals being served with capital punishment during the late 19th century so body snatching became commonplace, particularly since it was profitable and many officials were bribed to look the other way. But it was still illegal, the issue was resolved with the anatomy act which allowed people to donate their bodies to science. Body snatching was never "an honest days work".

[@achanwahn]

That's not true

[@kimberlyterasaki4843]

I think it's important to remember this was only part of the world; other civilizations and societies like the Egyptians were doing great work on the human anatomy and medicine, though also to varying success.

[@finnheisenheim8274]

If that part of the world isn't white then no one will care.

[@vedikapainjane3591]

True, other parts of the world had better medical knowledge

[@Bobstan]

Thanks to mummification and embalming, Ancient Egyptians had access to human anatomy.

[@Electric0eye]

I love how emotionally invested Adam is by the end. 1000 YEARS!

[@ziljin]

Nobody questioned Galen. This is madness!

[@OspreyKnight]

The problem is one of philosophy, specifically Plato's philosophy which was largely adopted by the christian church and many Romans at the end of the western roman empire. I'm simplifying the crap out of it, but at the time the prevailing philosophy was that you had to be taught knowledge and it wasn't possible to get real knowledge on your own. The only way to get new knowledge was divine inspiration. That isn't to say all advancement stopped, but that nobody was really looking at things with a critical eye for about 1000 years.

[@billkillernic]

That's a bunch of illiterate bull-crap you are blabbing about... a) Ancient Greeks (and their philosophy) is the reason western civilization came out from the dark ages (that's why a hefty chunk of the scientific lingo scientists use no matter what their mother tongue is, is actually Greek starting from the very names of the sciences e.g Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy,Biology etc ) b) Galen wasnt flat out wrong as its stated in this video there were just some ambiguities most of them probably a product of bad translations/reproduction of his written work over the centuries. (and by the way Andreas Vesalius who revisioned Galen's work was also greek) c) The only thing Plato believed that would be considered as being absurd nowadays is the use of books instead of memory (like nowadays we blame the use of computers/internet instead of books) He believed that a person should know things by having them in his mind not by needing to refer to a page in a book, books for him were just means of transferring information or historical events you had to experience and then memorise knowledge instead of just flat out copying it from a page. And Aristotle (who was one of his student's in Plato's academy and one of the biggest Greek philosophers that shaped the western civilization) did not share this mind and authored books about everything scientific with method and reason.

[@wadel.2465]

ziljin Wellllllll....... Ummmmmmmmm........ All I will say is modern medicine.

[@SergioPerez-vm8zw]

ziljin when a experiment 200 years after issac newton's death seemed to prove he was wrong on something, they questioned the experiment

[@jeretoon8350]

No this...this...IS SPARTA

[@R.M.3.14]

Galen was restricted to the moral standards of the time. He did the best he could with the information he had at the time.

[@itsOasus]

Its not so much about Galen's methods as much as the fact that people just didn't question his findings for a thousand years, even after they were allowed to dissect humans.

[@Dingus343]

I might be wrong, but I think he used dogs and monkeys because he wasn’t aloud to go cut and open up human bodies.

[@nitr0gen_shark]

No you're right. Adam said this in the full episode

[@Sam-Pound]

Nah he was doing it "aloud" tho he probably wasn't "allowed" to

[@Dingus343]

Sam Pound haha sorry, I don’t spell things so good

[@Sam-Pound]

@@Dingus343 its ok man it was a small mistake

[@bigdave7293]

We're there ever dead human bodies he could find to dissect?

[@bunnyslittlespace9811]

As someone who studied medicine through time, it is nice to see that people recognise how wrong we were for a lot of medical history.

[@preid122o]

I think it's important to remember that Galen came from another time and that while it's easy to misunderstand his teachings to make him look like a quack it would be imperative that one ask if it wasn't the scholars of the later period who simply misunderstood his work and it's intended purpose.

[@irvine1185]

preid122o Finally, common sense

[@irregulargamer1352]

Right? Everyone is like "question the system, discover knowledge" when at galens time that was his best shot. There weren't wildly circulated books or internet or high speed communication. And I'm sure it'd be a challenge for the average joe to tell people it's cool to cut open this dead body in your home because it's for learning.

[@mengeletalon8151]

Human ignorance knows no limits

[@schwarzerritter5724]

It depends on whether you believe arguing against scientific consensus is ignorance.

[@financialproblems9308]

Mengele Talon more true here because of all the islamaphobic comments here sadly

[@fulcrum2951]

Tacticaldifficulties neo nazis rule majority of youtube whilst sjw rules tumblr, kinda sad that no rational people rule anything

[@financialproblems9308]

fulcrum 29 i was reffering to this video but ok

[@Redbird-dh7mu]

Actually, it didn’t know anything, if it did, it wouldn’t be ignorance

[@thatguynexus5935]

TheOdd1sOut: BOY WERE THEY WRONG

[@wingedknight07]

This new format is really cool! I really love your show Adam! You make history so much more fun for me.

[@TheEvilpossum]

Galen's big accomplishment was supporting the brain over the heart as the seat of consciousness. Impressive enough for the time.

[@christlisnull2750]

Jesus, that reaction at the end... I almost thought Adam was going to give us BOTH a heart attack!

[@wakawakatakeover]

Oh my sweet Arceus, the "for over 1000 years!" at the end is hilarious. Great inflection there.

[@avonthefoxboi1391]

Thank you, Adam, for ruining everything! It's really educating/informative! Keep up the good work!

[@annykurniawati7484]

Poor him, i could feel his sadness😭

[@alexkeer1418]

The irony is that Galen was a huge proponent of dissection, advising his students to visit Alexandria where the human skeleton could still be studied. He was also in favor of first-hand observation and would have frowned upon the practices of those professors.

[@juanmanuelpenaloza9264]

A thousand years and no one thought "You know that guy rotting in jail?...Let's cut him up for science."

[@nanareinhardt2249]

Well, there ARE 2 bones in the lower jaw, they just fuse together. The line between them can be seen in baby skulls.

[@dilospino]

Nana Reinhardt there WERE 2 bones in the lower jaw during the development of the embryo/fetus, but after he/she is born, there is only one. There are 2 bones that make up the upper jaw, however.

[@DownWithComcast]

Yes, but Galen dissected dogs, (Bc it was taboo to dissect human cadavers], and dog jawbones never fuse

[@maxjones503]

This isn't really Adam Ruins Everything as much as it is Adam tells a story of someone doing the same thing years ago. Unless the target audience​ is galen fans.

[@roguedogx]

The ending, where Adam is clearly venting his own frustration with this, has to be my favorite part.

[@lpswerido688]

Adam’s frustrated scream in the end made me die! 😂

[@rameball]

I had actually covered this during my history classes actually we covered alot of medicine throughout time and one of Galen's theories was essentially a reserved version of one of Hippocrates in the four humours which was essentially a guide on what to do with certain symptoms

[@OiyBeiy]

2:18 when a teen girl finds out her favorite guy in a boy band has a girlfriend or something

[@gokuiv007]

Lol true though

[@steveverdugo8106]

I remember learning about vesalius in my AP European history class. I loved His drawings of human anatomy they were so detailed.

[@SovietReunionYT]

I finally have context for Jeremus and Artimenner's dispute over Galerian's writings in Mount & Blade!

[@AzureStar795]

2 + 2= Galen

[@warriormanhasdied6479]

God Among Men galen -1=3 quick maths.

[@gouvyfam]

You sir deserve more likes. I'm just waiting for the day some genius destroys our entire world by simply proving that our math has been wrong all along, and that 2 + 2 = 10 or something

[@kibagami25]

Makes you think on how far behind we are than what we should be. All because of liars.

[@Lina-py5wm]

My personal favorite part was when Adam just screams, "A THOUSAND YEARS!" in pure, utter frustration.

[@VoIcanoman]

1:46 For the record, there are 4 lobes of the liver, not 2...or 5 for that matter. The left, right, caudate and quadrate lobes. So neither of them got that right.

[@andrewglinski4722]

After dissecting numerous humans I took conclude that Galen was very wrong.

[@poggersmcgoy779]

Galen was Roman and also Vesalius debunked over 300 of Galen’s ideas. Otherwise great factual evidence

[@toughbutsweet1]

Galen was a Greek, born in Turkey, who eventually moved to Rome.

[@NyAppyMiku22]

please never stop making videos like this

[@TalynWuff]

Wow, there's a history snippit I've never even REMOTELY heard of.

[@friedwater6519]

Because we’re afraid of looking at a naked dead person and being blamed for having a fetish

[@dipdop9734]

I love how Adam's voice rises for the last three words; A THOUSAND YEARS!! He just sounds so upset with our species.

[@NavissEtpmocia]

As a student medievalist, I had a lecture about this a month ago and what this video shows is almost not parodic! Of course, they didn't only study Galien but Avicenne and Hippocrate too - and Avicenne was actually even more popular than Galien! A typical medical school day in late Middle Age/early Renaissance was like this: Morning: 1st year - Avicenne and then Galien 2nd year - Galien and then Galien (yeah, that's about 4 hours of Galien) 3rd year - Hippocrate and then Galien 4th year - Avicenne and then Avicenne Afternoon: 1st year - Avicenne (only 1 lecture for them) 2nd year - Avicenne *2 3rd year - Galien *2 4th year - Hippocrate *2 So students mostly spent their time listening to the teacher's commentaries on Avicenne and Galien's books. One of the advantages of Avicenne was that it was not too big nor too small for Middle Age/Renaissance's standards, it was considered as both easy to memorize and interesting for the students, and students, when they actually became teachers, would teach Avicenne/Galien too so it kept going for 200 years. Also, medical student did watch dissections with actual commentaries about what was happening and not only Galien's texts read in the background... but rarely on humans, it was more vivisections of animals, tests like "what happens if you cut that nerve", etc. That's all folks! Sorry for my bad English, if you want to know more about this subject, I strongly recommend you to read Joël Chandelier's books on the matter, especially if you read a bit of French (but I think some of them were translated in English, just check out the library of your own university) > www2.univ-paris8.fr/histoire/?page_id=1602

[@mpuse7709]

I like how adams yelling "For over 1000 years!" Is quieter than the outro music

[@NarwhalDrawsD]

*those sound effects...*

[@bjarnes.4423]

Dafuq I expected sth like that to last for a maximum of a few hundred years, but over 1000!?

[@andregon4366]

PREPARE TO LOSE ALL YOUR FAITH ON HUMANITY HEATHEN: mediumdevice.com/images/darkages.gif

[@herodotus945]

Enough of that crap, science progressed fine during the middle ages and the church helped it. Glasses, heavy plough, mills, hourglass, mechanical clocks and spinning whell were all invented during the middle ages, not to mention that the Saint Chapel in Paris (built in 13th century) almost has more glass than stone in its walls, something the ancient Romans never achieved.

[@andregon4366]

Herodotus 94 They would if their empire didn't fall.

[@herodotus945]

The Roman Empire survived until 1453 and still havent done that.

[@andregon4366]

Herodotus 94 Because an empire in decline can do as much as when it's in its peak right? What's your next excuse?

[@jayromebabag5313]

2:20 Me when I found out that JP had a lot of dinos wrong.

[@ryadinstormblessed8308]

And even the word "anatomy" comes to us through misspelling. It was originally "atomy" which meant "a skeleton". But before we had prevalent dictionaries, people often spelled things however it sounded to them, and various writers and experts would disagree. People hearing "an atomy" kept mistakenly writing it as "anatomy", and it stuck.

[@ashiqali4933]

Actually although the European world had an incredibly distorted and inaccurate other parts of the world had already known accurate and proper anatomy such as the early Islamic world such as the ottomans and others

[@rainbowisticfarts]

The chinise, japanese and the arabains yes

[@vedikapainjane3591]

Susruta had also written Susruta Samhita in 6th century BCE. In Susruta's work, it is evident that considerable thought was given to anatomical structure and function, as Susruta was a proponent of human dissection ; his texts include a systematic method for the dissection of the human cadaver.

[@vedikapainjane3591]

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039177/

[@JoeEnglandShow]

There are a few different stories very much like this in the history of academe. Man, humanity is embarrassing sometimes.

[@pokemongirlc.856]

Okay, Adam's little rage at the end was just...it's to cute

[@StealthMarmot_]

I love how Adam turns up the WTF volume at the end like classic Vegeta. "And this incorrect anatomy had been taught to physicians for over A THOUSAND YEARS!"

[@ConnorLonergan]

But Adam if this had been discredited why do a segment on it

[@irregulargamer1352]

Connor Lonergan money

[@snack27lol56]

To let more people know about it

[@JohnSmith-yw9nk]

“Galen says that there’s five lobes on the liver, but I only see two!” Galen was actually closer to the actual amount, there’s 4 lobes in the liver. The human liver is most commonly divided into left and right lobes based on the location of the falciform ligament. It can also be divided into 4 lobes when viewed from the bottom, but this isn't very common. Finally, the liver can be divided into 8 segments, as defined by the hepatic veins.

[@raawesome3851]

Yeah, I think it was a joke, and it wasn't meant to be taken literally.

[@tarunmathur4301]

Brilliant job adam and team

[@burntcocaine5794]

Galen must be looking at this video being like "bro u gotta expose me like that?.."

[@mike7086]

The liver has 4 lobes, not 2 as mentioned

[@dr.roybitkover4893]

Michael Hillhouse too low... was looking for this comment

[@raawesome3851]

@@dr.roybitkover4893 is it? Again, they cite their sources, so you can pick it apart

[@shocknawe]

Err....love the show, but there is a tini tiny thing that they simply forgot to mention called "Catholic Church" which made it forbidden to disect the human body. So...yeah...it wasnt because people were stupid. They just couldn't imspect the human body. Cheers.

[@AuroraLalune]

Shock N Awe Also brainwashed to follow unquestioningly might also play a role. Also catholic church.

[@andregon4366]

"which made it forbidden to disect the human body." Or any kind of human advancement at all. AT ONE POINT THE DECLARED THE NUMBER 0 DEMONIC FOR FUCKS SAKE! Thanks to religion manking is about 1000 years behind time.

[@mr.messofgeorgia]

Galen died in 210AD, a couple hundred years before the catholic church would gain significant power and over a thousand years before the height of Papal rule. Much of Europe was free to dissect any humans they wanted at the time unless their tribes had rules against it, which I assume many did for disease reasons more than religious.

[@bulletbill1104]

Andre Gon The idea that hadn’t religion existed science would be anymore advanced than it is today is one of the least historically grounded and accurate theories tossed around. Sure, maybe the church stopped some things, but you also have to remember that they were the spearhead for western study for the entire middle ages

[@bulletbill1104]

Shock N Awe This isn’t true. The only reason people didn’t study anatomy in Western Europe during the Middle Ages was because people weren’t interested in the topic (as they thought everything had been discovered) and they didn’t want to waste money on it.

[@boiledegg427]

When he meets Galen “After all… I am your biggest fan.”

[@wcdeich4]

Funny story - Galen wrote at least 1 page every day of his life - and his medical findings did get more accurate over time. But since he produced soooooo many pages, other people printed summaries of his work & the often left out the more important findings he made toward the end of his life

[@wahabalrefai2455]

1st guy who did human anatomy was ibn sina an arab doctor who was born in Iraq and was a college professor in spain later on in the years 700s

[@cramerfloro5936]

wahab alrefai I didn't know the last part. To be honest most of what I know about Ibn Sina comes from the movie "the phisician" so... (btw it's a great movie, though there are many terryfying sights of human insides)

[@covenawhite4855]

Not subtracting from his amazing contributions but Egypt direction of mummies probably helped him. ibn sina an arab doctor probably perfected Egypt's work by adding his own intelligent research and observations. Rediscovering what was lost from Egypt's destruction

[@preid122o]

While Avicenna undoubtedly influenced modern medicine as one of the foremost scholars of the Islamic golden age he was not the first practitioner of human anatomy nor the first to conduct an autopsy.

[@wahabalrefai2455]

Covena White he got his college degree in egypt he studient in egypt so no suprise egypt influenced him they tought him!

[@justraphael6653]

Isn't 700s too late. I have heard of at least Susrut who wrote book on surgery around 600BC and considering how advanced Chinese and egyptian civilisation were, they must have had some knowledge of human body. I am not an expert on this btw.

[@irvine1185]

The video doesn’t actually describe why Galen was accepted by many. Christianity had a great monopoly over medicine due to threats of excommunication. Galen believed in design theory and so was preached by the church because of it. Some ,before Versailles, were arrested or killed for questioning Galen. Questioning Galen was questioning the church. Questioning the church was questioning God

[@herodotus945]

Source, because it sounds like you made up. Read comments from John /smith above, he actually named unlike you anathomists who questioned Galen before Vesalius and they did fine.

[@irvine1185]

Herodotus 94 I’m not saying Galen was stupid, mistakes carve the path to success and all

[@vsaucepuppet697]

Source?

[@charlesramirez587]

Need more sources on your assertions of the catholic church, not Galen's contributions.

[@irvine1185]

A example of this power was Roger Bacon, an English philosopher. He believed that a doctor should study and research for himself and not from the likes of Galen. Many disapproved of this notion. After Pope Clement died in 1268(who protected Bacon), The condemnations of 1277 was established and banned these types of study. Within the following 2 years, Bacon was either put on house arrest or imprisoned. The man who ascribed this was Franciscan Minister-General Jerome of Ascoli, he was most likely acting on behalf of the clergy. The dates of his imprisonment, however, are still disputed

[@skullton3292]

Wait, in 1000 years not 1 doctor thought to check if the information was accurate? 1000 years and not 1 person bothered to check?

[@Kpimpmaster]

I imagine if Galen had actually autopsied a human’s remains then the priest of Hades would have tried to kill him

[@ithinklikeawesome]

Wtf is up with the ear rape outro!!!

[@Star-nl5id]

Konichiwa! You could turn down the volume

[@ziljin]

This is insanity!

[@DissociatedWomenIncorporated]

0:22 - Is that Lucky Yates (Dr. Krieger)? 😄

[@jessicajayes8326]

It does sound like him. Yep yep yep

[@bleedingmasque.6193]

The thing they left out of this clip at least is that Galen wasn't just Greek, he was a subject of the Roman Empire in which it was illegal to dissect human cadavers. I might've gotten that part about the illegality of it wrong, but Ted Ed has a video on the guy, just watch that.

[@cuttingscizor]

It really feels like they went for a German accent for Vesalius whereas he was Flemish...like seriously a Dutch/Flemish person sounds nothing like that in English...I get that getting someone to do a Dutch accent might be harder, but just go for no specific foreign accent at all in that case, please...

[@magnumopus8202]

People are about dumb as hell bro 😒😴😴 Like Ronald Reagan once said "trust but verify"

[@PycasneEesost]

That's a Russian proverb. Regan learned lots of Russian phrases to try to reduce tensions between the USA and USSR.

[@SanvelloSerapiega]

its "trust, but verify"

[@davideinfeld4815]

Cap. Orange Soghda McGuffiepans i trust you, but I'm gonna Google it too, k?

[@favb7931]

Funny is that Galen in my language literally means "Insane" lol 😂🤣

[@Thedisgustingbeauty]

Galen studied corpses that washed up on on river beds. He was studying necrotic tissue. It was higly illegal to study cadavers back then.

[@ChilloHaus]

THIS MUST BE WHY TEACHERS TAUGHT ME THAT THE HEART IS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF YOUR CHEST AND NOT IN THE CENTER & THAT THAT'S THE REASON FOLKS PUT THEIR RIGHT HAND OVER THAT SIDE OF THE CHEST WHEN SALUTING THE FLAG!!! 😠

[@irregulargamer1352]

I assumed it was because we're right handed. Just feels better

[@nix-houndwyvern5828]

Its because the heart leans to the left; its a little tilted.

[@dilospino]

The heart is mostly in the center, but 1/3 of it is tilted to the left, so, that's the reason.

[@4NeonFun]

NIK NΔK The heart is center left, and the left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung.

[@buriza2401]

We need more Impractical Jokers!

[@YungBoiEscobar]

2:18 Stan "I ripped all your pictures off the wall"

[@gavinlutzi2844]

where do you find the full episodes

[@xhuang101]

Whew, I'm glad we have learned from this. Luckily, we don't use animals such as mice to figure if medicine will work on humans. Oh wait...

[@AuroraLalune]

Ray Huang They know that's inaccurate too but they still do it.

[@ThePeetzerGuy]

We're not looking to mice to solve questions about basic anatomy, we're testing them for effects on stuff like socialization and brain chemistry, functions which bear a lot in common between us and our close relatives, the mice. How do we know this? Newsflash: we can also dissect mice to figure out how they work, and how those functions relate to our own human functions. It's amazing what you can learn if you take a minute to educate yourself, an axiom you yourself likely ascribe to on some level, considering you're commenting on a video whose purpose is (at least, ostensibly) to educate.

[@AuroraLalune]

B10NIC PIZZA Actually, they use mice to test medications and the effectiveness of medical procedures. Also things like shampoo. What we have in common with mice: 1: social creatures, 2: warm blooded. 3: we have brains in our skulls 4: we have organs. 5: we have ears. Aaaand: We are so fundamentally different in pretty much every way that studies using mice do more harm. Do not talk to me about education until you get one yourself. -_- I like Adam ruins everything because I find it amusing. Most of the stuff he says I've already researched and fact checked. I like it. It's entertaining. I also like the conversations it sometimes induces. Questions that get asked. Your assumtions really say more about you than they do about me.

[@ThePeetzerGuy]

I didn't say we don't use mice to test medication and care products, I just used "socialization and brain chemistry" as an example because the original poster was suggesting that we MISTAKENLY use rodents, or that animal experimentation isn't effective when applying to humans. Which it is. In fact, the only way we CAN test these things is by testing on other animals, so we don't have to endanger human lives. To further defend my use of "socialization and brain chemistry" as an example, look up John B. Calhoun's overpopulation experiments on rats and mice, or the famous Skinner Box experiments, or Pavlovian conditioning, or any number of other examples I could throw at you that show how we use animals for a LOT more than what you suggest. "Do not talk to me about education" indeed...

[@AuroraLalune]

B10NIC PIZZA mice and humans don't have the same brain chemistry or social structure. At all. We differ. Greatly. Those studies only prove that mice are somewhat suitable to at least do social theory-simple theory at that(as the concepts are broad spectrum concepts and actually pretty simple). In the end there are still significant variables not present in those studies because mice are simply not human beings and we are actually wired differently. Having similar chemicals IN our brain is not enough to count our brains similar. Not only is there structure(configurations can theoretically be made for mass if compensating for appropriate factors) but the chemical balances and the things our brains are wired for are not the same or even similar enough. In fact, scientifically you can argue that we actually know so little about our own brains that it actually hurts research to try and fill the holes with other species. Repeating yourself will not change that.

[@JohnnyElRed]

When you look at it, many scientists of old and today can be as close minded as many priests in the matter of defending what they BELIEVE is right.

[@herodotus945]

Most scientists back then were priests, Roger Bacon is a good example.

[@icelingbolt]

And also some things are proven to be right.

[@icelingbolt]

I'd like to see priests come up with more evidence with more than just themselfs to prove it, otherwise its just a conspiracy

[@herodotus945]

Well you got purely secular archeologists exploring acroos Israel and Palestine, look it up.

[@industrialalliance9905]

The worshipping of one figure as an ultimate medical authority is the opposite of what science is supposed to be about.

[@Heidao623]

It's both painful and fascinating how fields in science and medicine took so long to develop up to this point

[@valasafantastic1055]

This is the reason why I despise the entire school system as it is, they teach it as wrote and don’t allow students to do their own research, question or argue ‘established facts’. Well I did anyway. I refused to bow down and worship the altar of Shakespeare. We did a course on Shakespeare and I kid you not on the first day I outright asked the teacher if I could do all the coursework and essays listing what is bad, wrong or not genius about it and he said ‘no’ of course. Why are most people okay with schools forcing one opinion on ANYTHING. Why do schools all teach that Shakespeare was a genius and don’t even allow for discourse or discussion about why he just maybe was only okay and even bad a t times and how many modern authors are better, and that art (including writing) is subjective and people can have different tastes and opinions and they are all legitimate. So I skipped the course due to ‘religious reasons’ as I deeply strongly and truly BELIEVE that it’s WRONG that school is all indoctrination, follow the herd, obey authority and memorize then vomit information for tests; oh then promptly forget everything you just ‘learned’. That is wrong and it’s not learning. You need to actually retain and be able to use information for it to be learning. Anyone that innovates, invents, advances art, science and humanity does NOT mindlessly obey established ‘facts’ and tradition. I am no zombie sheep. I could go on and have many stories, I plan on sharing them on my KZbin channel later still trying to get my first video to upload....... it keeps taking forever and not working even after like 2 days! *sigh* good video by the way.

[@tauwilltriumph]

You have a point about the school system not encouraging critical thinking and all that, but Shakespeare is amazing and I hope you give him another chance :P

[@tomgimbert1477]

First 💀

[@owen7383]

Why would you not talk about paracelsus as well? He was instrumental in the shift towards the physicians and barber surgeons becoming one and the same. And he also had one hell of a backstory

[@ThePeetzerGuy]

Because this is POP history. Facts only matter to the extent that they can be used to push a rigid historical narrative, in this case being "har har, we sure are even more smarter than all those dead people, right fellas?"

[@willropa4226]

Seeing some comments, I think people might be missing the mark on this video. Yes, Galen was limited at the time since operations on human cadavers was forbidden, but we're not calling him out for that. The point is, it took 1000 years for anybody to even consider trying to check his work and just assumed he was right, 1000 years worth of scientists not doing the #1 thing scientists should do, checking works to confirm an idea/theory.

[@simplyme1033]

Galen: yep this dog is just like a person

[@grahamgengar]

Imagine if this went onwards to this day be more like 10,000 or even 1,000,000 years. Even so 1,000 years of teaching unofficial parts of the body, that is just f***ing nuts!!!

[@winterweasel425]

when your wrong but you wont admit it and evrybody just listens

[@Mikman360]

Seriously? It took us 1000 years to just CHECK?

[@austin16377]

What did physicians do for a living when they haven’t dissected even a human body?

[@sananaryon4061]

"Lesson 3, we will pivot 360 degrees to... Galen." Turning 360 degrees would actually mean facing the same direction you originally faced. Attention to detail

[@123junerey]

I wish I could have brought you to my anatomy teacher.

[@herumuharman6305]

Galen might be wrong, but if people believe him for 1,000 year without questioning him it's hardly only his fault.

[@victorhugoguillenlopez4821]

Miss me with that Galen stuff

[@sussekind9717]

Fail'n Galen. I guess we shouldn't be too hard on the old chap though, considering what he had to work with. Most of the blame should fall on the naturalists that considered his work, conclusions and subsequent teachings, a dogma of sorts. If something can't be questioned, it's not science, it's faith. Faith demands acceptance, while teaching nothing. Science, on the other hand, demands that something be shown to be true, before it can be accepted. It's a hard lesson that, unfortunately, humans seem to be doomed to repeat, time and time again.

[@GamingXenZen]

Then another thousand years in the future, we have a future version of our Adam saying our medicine was thought wrong too XD and so on

[@annleeloveskitten1888]

That man dared to question the mainstream academic theory is brave indeed.