Age of Exploration: 1000 AD - 1616 | America | United States history | Discovery Voyages | Columbus

Leif Erikson arrived in Newfoundland briefly around 1000AD, but the longer-lasting Norse outposts are in Greenland and Iceland. Thus, the first contact between Europeans and native North Americans occurs between the Norse and the Inuit in the middle ages.
As early as the 14th century, Spain and Portugal are connecting with islands out in the Atlantic Ocean. Spain is active in the Canary Islands.
Meanwhile, Portugal expands this early into the Madeira Islands. By 1440, Portugal has expanded to the Azores Islands. The Azores are a big step in exploration, because they are so far out in the Atlantic Ocean.
By 1482, Portugal has explored the west coast of Africa. Tragically, this will be the beginnings of the African slave trade.
In 1492, Columbus sails to the canary islands and then shoots straight west across the expanse of the Atlantic ocean, in an attempt to reach India. He lands on San Salvador in the Bahamas.
Columbus returns the next year in 1493, sailing near Hispaniola--modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic--and Cuba. There are about 1 million natives on the island of Hispaniola at this time.
In 1497, the English commission John Cabot to sail directly west from England. He sights Newfoundland in Canada.
Also in 1497, Vasco da Gama clears the Cape of Good Hope around Africa, and navigates the eastern coast of Africa, finding an alterative route to India.
Columbus returns for a third voyage in 1498, and he sights the northern coastline of the South American continent.
Amerigo Vespucci, whose name--Amerigo--will christen the newly discovered continents, sails along the northeastern coast of South America in 1499.
Spain continues to dominate exploration. Ponce de Leon explores the eastern coast of Florida in 1513, and Balboa reaches Panama in the same year for Spain. Balboa will be the first European to see the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Cortes passes north of the Yucatan peninsula and lands in Mexico. there he encounters the mighty Aztec Empire in 1519, a civilization of millions. The Spanish find cities in Mexico bigger than the cities in Europe.
France enters the American exploration theatre in 1524. Verrazano sails up the Atlantic coast, the homeland of many Algonquian nations.
Cabeza de Vaca of Spain travels along the Gulf region from western Florida to near Galveston, Texas. He then spends time in the Texas interior of North America in 1528, moving among the native peoples there.
Further south, Spain conquers another powerful Native American civilization, the Incas. Francisco Pizarro brings Peru into the Spanish Empire in 1533.
Spain has established sugar colonies in the Caribbean. African Slaves are imported from West Africa to the sugar plantations of the Caribbean.
1535: The Frenchman Cartier sails directly west from northwest France across the Atlantic. He explores the lower St. Lawrence River in the north.
Spain is now active on the Pacific side of the American continents. In 1539 de You Oh-A sights the Pacific coastline of Mexico and Baja California.
Spain's reach into the interior of North America spreads wider. Between 1539 and 1542, de Soto travels widely through the future southeastern united states. His long journey begins in Florida and goes westward across the Mississippi River.
On the other side of north America, Coronado is simultaneously exploring the southwest between 1540 and 1542, finding the great pueblo civilization of the southwest.
1565: The Spanish form the colony of St. Augustine in Florida, the first permanent European settlement in the future united states.
By this time, many native American populations are crashing from smallpox, even before any direct contact is made with Europeans.
Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the first English colony at Roanoke in North Carolina in 1585. In a few years, the colony will vanish with only the word "Croatoan" scratched on a tree, a reference to a local native nation.
In 1588 Spain loses much of its fleet--the armada--in a thwarted invasion of England, and Spain's sea power dominance is now in question. England and France begin to find new openings.
France is finding its niche in the northeast. Samuel de Champlain explores the north between 1603 and 1609, pressing further down the St. Lawrence. His journey takes him to the the lake in New York State that bears his name. On the New York side of the St. Lawrence is the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. On the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence is the Huron nation.
English Jamestown is established in 1607.
French Quebec is established in 1608.
The Englishman Henry Hudson sails up the river in New York State that bears his name in 1609. The following year, 1610, Hudson explores the great Canadian bay that also bears his name.
The French also advance further into the north. Between 1615 and 1616, Champlain continues further into Huron country in Canada, sighting Lake Huron and Lake Ontario.
Film by Jeffrey Meyer
Satellite images from Microsoft Bing

[@theskycavedin9592]

It's actually a misconception that Columbus thought he was going to "India" like the modern country. He was trying to get to "the Indies" which is what Europe called India, Indochina, Indonesia, and almost every other place in the east except for maybe China. So Columbus thought he was in "the Indies" and the name "Indian" referred to a broad range of people at the time, and he thought these people were in that range. So it wasn't really a misnomer when it was introduced as a term.

[@danherrick5785]

Didn't they use the term "West Indies"?

[@TurboManiacal]

Yup exactly. Columbus knew he wanted to get to “the indies” but wasn’t sure exactly where he landed in regard to that. He knew he was somewhere west and south of modern day Japan. Japan had been grossly mis-mapped at the time so he thought he might be somewhere off of Japan in the “West Indies”.

[@JohnnyAngel8]

It's a misnomer in that Native Americans were "mislabelled".

[@williambrandondavis6897]

@@JohnnyAngel8 no, your wrong. Indian was the term used by Europeans for any native culture. Just because it’s not descriptive enough for your liking doesn’t change the original intent and usage.

[@JohnnyAngel8]

@@williambrandondavis6897 And your smugness doesn't make you right, either. Name me another culture where Europeans used the term "Indian". Regarding my response to theskycavedin, I stand by it. Today, we know it was a misnomer when Europeans called Native Americans "Indian" because they had, in fact, not reached the "Indies", despite what they believed.

[@alstar70]

Actually the slave trade had already been going on for centuries, to the east. The west Atlantic slave trade was small by comparison.

[@taoliu3949]

He's talking about the origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Slavery in general goes back to the dawn of history.

[@TheRst2001]

@@taoliu3949 yes but if you do not phrase the context correctly , everyone wrongly assumes the White Europeans invented Slavery in west Africa

[@taoliu3949]

@@TheRst2001 Nowhere does he state that West African slavery was invented by Europeans. Anyone who thinks that has a very poor understanding of history. The video specifically says "importation" of slaves from Africa, that implies the existence of slavery prior to the fact.

[@larmondoflairallen4705]

@@taoliu3949 Regarding Portugal, he stated "Tragically, this would be the beginnings of the African slave trade" and he was speaking specifically about Portuguese exploration. You can refresh your memory at 1:37. You are nitipicking semantics.

[@taoliu3949]

@@larmondoflairallen4705 Yes, because prior to Portugal setting up trading posts in West Africa, trading West African slaves (or any commodities) isn't really a thing for the Portuguese. And lol, me nitpicking semantics? I'm not the one complaining about the wording, OP is. What I'm saying is to take in the context, which goes the opposite of nitpicking semantics.

[@mattschlegel1266]

I hate this misconception. Columbus didn't think he was in India, he thought he was in "The Indies" which later was referred to as the "East Indies." Specifically he thought he was in some small islands that are now part of modern Japan.

[@biggibbs4678]

"Indonesia"...

[@mattschlegel1266]

@@biggibbs4678 No!

[@mattschlegel1266]

@@biggibbs4678 Japan and Indonesia are about 5000km apart, Columbus did not think he was in Indonesia.

[@rohancooray194]

Your statement is not quite right either. Medieval Europeans did not have a conception of India as being limited to the exact territory of the modern nation of India. 'India' and the 'indies' were interchangeable, both names being used to identify south-east asia as a whole. This was because they did not really have much knowledge as to where the far side of India lay, and how far India extended. To say colombus thought he landed on the far eastern end of india, and was encountering natives of this area of india, is not wrong. Neither is it wrong to say that he thought he was landing on islands near japan. Europeans did not at this time have enough knowledge of the area to clearly delineate Japan from India.

[@mattschlegel1266]

@@rohancooray194 It's certainly wrong to say he thought he was in India. Learned Europeans going back before Alexander actually understood the concept of land east of or "beyond" India. Columbus' exploration was 200 years after Marco Polo, he had read Polos story and definitely knew the difference between India and the rest of the Indies. You couldn't get much more beyond India than Japan without crossing the ocean and it is well known that he thought he was in Japan.

[@nilsb.8559]

Sure, Hudson was english but I'm still a bit bummed that the Dutch weren't mentioned. It was them after all, he sailed for. That's also why our favourite city on the Hudson was once called New Amsterdam.

[@MS-jz2pq]

Why would you be bummed about that? Do you think colonization, genocide and slavery are things to be proud of?

[@Julsran]

I remember learning all this in the late 60's and early 70's in middle and high school.

[@KC_FlightChief]

Can you imagine a time where explorers were setting off to explore the unknown.. I feel like it’s comparable to us exploring the cosmos, it had to have felt the same way for them.

[@deathkitten7635]

Also knowing you were likely to die.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Yes, I think crossing the Atlantic in the 1500s was very similar to colonizing a different world.

[@danielebrparish4271]

Except they did it with weapons and brought home tons of money. Literally tons in the form of Gold and Silver. Later sugar, cotton and tobacco were being traded.

[@elizabethstatom4456]

The graphics reminded me of the start of the computer game "Civilization". Great visual aid. I like your vids. More on topic: when looking at the great works left by ancient civilizations (Gobekli Tepe, Sumer, etc) I find it hard to believe the Europeans were the first to sail around the globe, especially with the similarities of symbols, monolithic structures, pyramids, and un-explainable high tech stone work found in so many places. No boats? No way.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thanks, I am a fan of Civilization myself. Gobekli Tepe and other ancient sites are very interesting, and I suspect in the eastern Mediterranean--from Turkey down the Levant to Egypt--agriculture is possibly older than the current chronologies show. It's been a well-agreed upon fact that Jericho had walls 10,000 years ago. I think Gobekli Tepe was the product of a farming society, and agriculture in that region is older there.

[@elizabethstatom4456]

@@JeffreytheLibrarian I had an anthropology prof who pushed agriculture back 100,000 yrs. I asked why. He gave a one word reply: tools!

[@TheRst2001]

One of the best games ever back in the 90s civilization

[@jxcksxnx6]

@@elizabethstatom4456 nah it isn’t possible to be that back because tools were produced before 100,000 years ago. So agriculture could be even older, however it isn’t because the first tools were not made for agriculture. Agriculture and village life is like 20,000-15,000 years old. Highly doubt its any older.

[@EdinburghFive]

​@@elizabethstatom4456 Some animals actually use 'tools' but they are not suddenly farmers. There is quite a cognitive leap to go from tools used for hunting and domestic use to understanding the reproductive nature of, and the process of planting and growing plants.

[@EdinburghFive]

The Norse voyages to Newfoundland should be shown despite the fact they did not settle there for very long. Over the nest nearly five centuries of Norse occupation in Greenland, the Norse certainly sailed westward for various resources and to trade with the Dorset. They likely sailed into the Gulf of St Lawrence and maybe a bit farther south. The Norse did sail into the eastern arctic Baffin Island and Labrador and thus the map should reveal this within the first minute of the video.

[@mrbaab5932]

I agree 👍 with that.

[@rocksandforestquiver959]

Why? They didn't really manage to document most of it in a terribly useful way, that's why outside of Greenland we're not even really sure where they went and their presence in North America was pretty darn minimal and not permanent. It's a topic everyone feels like they need to bring up as a precursor to talking about the actual age of exploration but it's never more than an asterix point because we basically know nothing for sure about those voyages. Interesting topic, not terribly relevant when you're talking about how the Americas were explored and settled.

[@jimstewart9395]

I really enjoyed hearing this. You explained it well. Thank you

[@automaticmattywhack1470]

With his video of the early European colonies in North America and this one, it's a full semester of high school American History.

[@JohnnyAngel8]

I beg to differ. The early explorations are introduced in elementary school. High school American History is more detailed and geared toward American government history.

[@westtex3675]

Good to see to map clouded in unknown areas. If only 1 European nation was doing a lot of exploring in a given time, would knowledge of those new coastlines they found quickly propagate to other European nations, or would it be held secret by the exploring nation? Would the other nations still have a more clouded perspective until their own explorers reached it?

[@amethystgamer852]

Well, it wouldn't be directly messaged to the other nations, but knowledge spreads over time

[@PocketInfinite]

Apparently Portugal managed to keep its sea route to India secret for many decades until one Dutchman committed espionage.

[@felipearenasbarr]

With time, it would have been found out by any catholic nation with coastline at the time. Maybe random spanish soldiers told their families about their jobs in the Americas and then the rumor would start to spread out locally and then with a lot of time it would end up in other countries and end up in the hands of someone related to someone important, and then the government of that country knows. Though there are millions of ways they would have known. During the magallanes expedition (first trip around the globe), when coming back from Africa in a stop in the Azores, a spanish ship could have been captured by the portuguese with its crew, then after tortures the portuguese would get some of the intel and would notify the portuguese government directly about the lands and unknown civilization in there. And would probably lead to portuguese expeditionary trips over the continent probably making the foundation of Brazil earlier

[@thisthingsibelief4791]

ship's captains would write their own 'rutter', a book detailing information such as navigation directions and ports, descriptions of coastlines, landmarks, and anything else needed for navigation. They would not have made maps as we know them today. sometimes a captain would share new discoveries with the king, sometimes with other ship's captains. The portugese kept sailing directions to south east asia secret for almost 100 years.

[@hamlltonhope8123]

This has been worth every moment of your time, this is a great learning tool, may you one day get to expand this north and south and with a greater span of time ***

[@hamlltonhope8123]

Sorry that was meant to be a three star Michelin rating.

[@roomofidiots]

Love these so much! Should make more for other events in history!

[@frankrosati6403]

Columbus never wrote in his journals that he was in India. He referred to the inhabitants as "indiginos" (indigenous) which was shortened to "Indios" and that was Anglicized into Indians. If Columbus thought that he was in India, he would have referred to the inhabitants as Jindus (The Spanish "J" being pronounced as an English "H").

[@laylacastel]

I don't think that's completely true. In spanish (and even old Spanish) Hindus has always been written with an H, the word has a persian origin, and in old Spanish J is pronounced as an "i", what later derived into the H sound was the F (like in "fierro" - "hierro" p.e). He did believe he reached India, or the Indian Archipelago (current Indonesia), it wasn't until the travels of Amerigo Vespucci that it was "revealed" they reached a new continent (and that's why it's called America and not Columbica or something). In fact, that territori was known in Spain for several years as "Western Indias" or "Castilian Kingdoms of the Indias", so yes, the term "indians" exist because Columbus (and all the Castilian Empire) thought they discovered a part of the "Indian Archipelago" for a while.

[@jazjaz2364]

Indigenous means literally "born in India".

[@CamoflaugeDinosaue]

Indios was actually "en dios" or "people in god". This is how Columbus described the native Americans since they seemed to be innocent people living an eden-like life. This is why native American scholars find the term Indian to be a complement.

[@laylacastel]

@@CamoflaugeDinosaue That has been already debunked, it's just a myth.

[@jazjaz2364]

@@CamoflaugeDinosaue "Indios" =/= "en dios" Thats is pretty clear !

[@kyles5513]

I learned more in 9 minutes than I did in my entire school year on this subject.

[@hogan4670]

You didn’t study enough

[@ghayes220]

New to your channel. I won't label myself a history buff, but it's been my favorite study subject since grammar school. Being 77, that covers quite a span. Excellent videos. 👏

[@SuperMarioVending]

Fascinating. Thank you.

[@jamesboekbinder3967]

Great - these videos really help to organize the events coherently while you learn about them. Thx!!!

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

I appreciate it!

[@rickintexas1584]

What a wonderful lecture. This definitely improves on what we were taught in school books in the 70s.

[@MrWeedWacky]

and it is completely wrong! Gudrid Thorbarnardóttir discovered America, not Leif Erikson!, he went there after her...

[@VisualAFMedia]

And sadly texas texts are getting worse. 😒

[@jasonkemp7224]

@@VisualAFMedia so are calis :(

[@84MadHatter]

to bad he is wrong on a lot of things but maybe that is somehow better then your memories of the 70s anyway

[@froniccruxis1049]

I learned most of this in 90s in a "shitty" school.

[@Blisnis123]

these videos are awesome man. Thanks for the info.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you!

[@jamesfields2916]

No mention of Magellan!

[@lco2073]

7:35 The ''Grande y Felicisma Armada'' its real name, not the ''Invincible Armada'', nickname given by the English was defeated mainly by the weather and was a disaster for the Hispanic Monarchy, but the Contra Armada, is considered a greater disaster for England than the disaster that was the "Invincible" for the Hispanic Monarchy.

[@hossamakarkach4429]

You missed a point in where the Arabs and the Persians knew a faraway land which they described more or less as: 'From Arabia to Andalus (Spain) is the same distance as Spain to a unknown land.' This was around 900 or 1000 CE.

[@Memorial_Memory]

Thank you for the visual you did a pretty good job

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you for watching!

[@thomasoldenburg2085]

I liked this a lot, saw a name I wasn’t familiar with, well done.

[@jessbawoke]

Awesome presentation of the timeline. Thank you, wish we could show this in ALL the schools.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you!

[@rodia1973]

Nice. But you forgot about Magallanes, he discovered Tierra del Fuego, which is the southern edge of south America.

[@blackdahlia6540]

Thank you ever so much, Jeffrey.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you for watching!

[@billhyde3872]

Excellent presentation. So much still unknown, the bits and pieces were slowly fit together…

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you so much!

[@SB-qm5wg]

Thank you.

[@ADogNamedMilo]

Hi Jeffrey. Thank you for this post. Very interesting lesson and a good start to further studying American history. I sure left a subscription and a like and I'm sure to follow more of your postings. Take care and have a good time.

[@MrWeedWacky]

no not a good start, it is shit, Leif Erikson, he was nr 2.... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnardóttir She was nr 1

[@ADogNamedMilo]

@@MrWeedWacky Thanks for your answer. Maybe you did miss that I wrote it was a good start for further studying this topic. I know that Nordics were exploring the northern part of America centuries before Columbus. I will gladly have a look at your proposed link when I find the time. Wish you a good time.

[@Burken65]

@@MrWeedWacky I'm sorry to say it, but that's wrong Bjørn, Leif Erikson was the first man to set foot on American soil... Gudrid, on the other hand, was probably the first woman to set foot on American soil a few years after Leif Erikson, and probably also the first Icelandic woman to give birth to a child there... As it is written, Gudrids son Snorri Thorfinnsson was born in Vínland sometime between 1005 and 1012.

[@MrWeedWacky]

@@Burken65 I don't know where you get that, but as it is written, Gudrid was the first there.

[@michellefoulkes3766]

Native Americans were in America long before these people. America was rediscovered.

[@gk4539]

Can watch this channel for hours!

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thanks!

[@EdinburghFive]

The first French settlement was at Port Royal (Acadia) in 1605. Champlain accompanied Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and assisted in establishing the settlement.

[@mcgiver6977]

Tout à fait !

[@Omerath9]

I think you should rename this video to the age of exploration in the Americas, since you leave out the other dozens of maritime explorations done by the Portuguese in the rest of the world. The Spanish might have been the main explorers of America, but the Portuguese were the main explorers of the World at that time; West Africa, Southern Atlantic, East Africa, Indian Ocean, SE Asia, Japan, etc, and you hardly mention them. You also fail to address the beginning of the age of exploration which began with Portugal in Africa. No offense, but your knowledge reflects a very limited, American-centric knowledge of the History of your own nation and the nations around you. I will add some more information to here, as a lot is missing. In 1415, date which kickstarted the Portuguese expansion, the most up to date map of the world done in Europe was the Italian de Virga world map, which looked something like this: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Virga_world_map#/media/File:DeVirgaDetail.jpg As you can see, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, India and the Indian Ocean, as well as Asia, are practically unrecognizable. Despite Marco Polo's voyages to the far East, it was still a rather unknown continent. Africa was believed to end in Western Sahara, and they still believed that the garden of Eden was somewhere hidden in it, and Asia was believed to be a continent with a completely different shape and size. As for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, they were both considered to be unsalaible from one another, since Europeans believed that the lands below the Equator were too hot because of the sun. Fast forward to 1502, and the world now looked like this: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantino_planisphere#/media/File:Cantino_planisphere_(1502).jpg This is called the Cantino map, which is the name of the Italian spy who stole the official map from Lisbon. This is considered to be the first precursor map of the modern world, done by the Portuguese explorations and navigations. Almost everything to the east of the Tordesillas map was cartographed by the Portuguese, which for the first time in human history started to show Africa, Asia, the Atlantic and Indian Ocean closer to the size and shape that we now know of them today, except for eastern Asia which the Portuguese would arrive in 1509. This is yet another important piece of information that is widely unknown in the world. Up until that point, it was believed that inter-oceanic travel was virtually impossible. When Vasco da Gama arrived at the Indian Ocean, the Arabs, who had been sailing in that Ocean for hundreds of years before the Portuguese arrived there, were surprised to see them entering from the Atlantic. This massive feat of navigation changed the view of the world, and it proved that oceans could be sailed from one another. This allowed the Portuguese to be the first people to establish global maritime trade routes. By 1514, the Portuguese had managed to establish sea routes between Europe, West Africa, Canada, Brazil, East Africa, around to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, China and SE Asia, whilst the Spanish and Italian navigators for instance, only knew how to navigate between Europe and America. It was thanks to this voyage, that other future European voyages were made possible; for instance, the Spanish were only able to sail to Asia thanks to Magellan, who showed how to do inter-oceanic travel via the Pacific. Without the expertise of a Portuguese navigator (who were the only ones qualified for inter-oceanic travel), they would have never participated in the first circumnavigation of the world, and the same goes for the Dutch and English, who were only able to sail to Asia 100 years later thanks to maps they got from the Portuguese. It’s a shame that the Portuguese contribution to the exploration of the world is widely unknown or ignored today. The Portuguese accomplished roughly 50 major voyages of maritime exploration (when the Spanish did around 10), and established the vast majority of the oceanic trade routes, maps and brought the most knowledge of the outside world into Europe. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers

[@M0utles]

Brazilian here, I also felt the lack of information in the video

[@cseijifja]

@@M0utles he called the united states "america", its very clear where the idea comes here.

[@nickphillips2125]

Interesting video. I especially liked having parts of the map 'blacked-out' until those regions are explored. Thank you

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thanks for watching!

[@turnmazio]

Jeffrey, another great video. Just looking over your work/collections. We have similar interests. I wanted to put forward an idea for a KZbin video. A review of history / American Explorer era movies. I will throw out some title suggestion; Black Robe, The New World,

[@EdinburghFive]

What about Sir Humphrey Gilbert's voyages to Newfoundland? Although he did not establish a settlement, St. John's had been continuously occupied by the fishing fleets for decades. Small numbers of fishers were thought to have overwintered to help prepare the fishing centers for the following season.

[@VaxlandMapping101]

Dnag your voice is incredibly calming

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you!

[@VaxlandMapping101]

No problem.

[@TairnKA]

Good work, I hope to see a part II (1616 - ?) soon.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

I have a First Colonies, 1585-1700 video.

[@stevem7736]

Thanks!

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you!

[@springerkey6947]

After reading Russell Shorto's book Island at the Center of the World, I read that Henry Hudson's third voyage was for the Dutch, although Hudson's earlier voyages were for England.

[@robertewalt7789]

Shorter has two or three good books.

[@johnnym5093]

“In Fourteen Hundred and Ninety-two, Columbus sailed…….to the Canary Islands” wow I’ve never felt more let down by a sentence.

[@brianmathews2926]

Newfoundland was settled at l'Anse aux Meadows. It was the first ever UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of the completion of the circle of human migration to the Americas from both sides. They more than likely ventured further, but only conclusively settled at l'Anse aux Meadows. Your map should reflect what UNESCO very rightly acknowledged.

[@biggibbs4678]

Greenland is part of the Americas and was colonized long before newfoundland

[@robertklein1497]

Its a nice overview, but where are the Dutch and the Swedes?

[@dLimboStick]

1:36 Correction: beginnings of European involvement in the African slave trade. Slavery was happening in Africa long before Europeans arrived, and it continues in Africa to this day.

[@jaywinters2483]

You are right.

[@georgejcking]

Funny how Lib-tards completely and conveniently overlook that basic FACT!!!!!!!!

[@14yeartwitch14]

Another potential correction: (as the arguments have been long established and have merit), Amerigo being the root name from which The Americas were "christened". I was taught the same thing in school only to find out that it is only theory, and that the idea of that came from mere speculation from Waldseemüller based on the similarity/coincidence. It is only one theory as to how The Americas were eventually labeled as such.

[@taoliu3949]

Correction: beginnings of the Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans have been involved in African slavery for millenia dating back to the Romans and earlier. The difference was the amount of slaves from Western Africa purchased by Europeans exploded when the America's were colonized.

[@larmondoflairallen4705]

@@taoliu3949 When you say "Europeans", do you mean Slavic, Germanic, Caucasian, Latin, Turkic, Celtic, Scandinavian? There are significant differences between them, and your earlier comment was complaining about people lumping all Asians together.

[@Lfg117]

Outstanding content: what about the voyages of Zheng He?

[@taoliu3949]

The guy went west to Africa, he never crossed the Pacific.

[@slimpickens01]

Or the Polynesian navigators or the voyages of Abu Bakiri Munsa of Mali Empire

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@slimpickens01 Yes, it is well established that the Polynesians voyaged to the Americas. Zheng He probably did also, but I am not familiar with Munsa!

[@rodrigocarneiro6663]

You missed the discovery of the south America east coast by Pedro Álvares Cabral a Portuguese Navigator, very important

[@richardengelhardt582]

You've missed the Basque and Portuguese codfish fishermen operating off the Canadian Grand Banks.

[@redbuki]

The Basques were and are Spanish too, I don't know if you know much about European geography

[@zantlozantlom4752]

Champlain was actually Sir Francis Bacon, as discovered when Jacob Roberts, decrypting the Shakespeare Funerary plaque in Stratford-upon-Avon, realizes it was Bacon's Autobiography. The information Bacon reveals changes history as we know it.

[@Fenixion88ZX]

Francisco Pizarro is from my hometown in Spain, proud seeing him here :)

[@robert9016]

It’s a funny coincidence how all of these guys found rivers and lakes with the same name as them!

[@tom4150]

Spain really conquered a lot fast. I didn't realize they explored Baja California and fought with Pueblo indians that quick

[@damagecontroller8637]

Thank u

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

thanks for watching!

[@teleamor]

How on earth does ANYONE know there were "about 1 million natives" on Hispaniola when Columbus arrived???

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

It would be a combination of primary documents and archaeology.

[@teleamor]

@@JeffreytheLibrarian - The natives of Hispaniola had no written language. The Spanish didn't even explore the entire island, and just guessed at the population size.

[@phoenix21studios]

great idea to hide the map until they explored it! it really puts things into perspective.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Thank you!

[@andyanderson5326]

Meanwhile Polynesians have discovered every island in the Pacific Ocean by 1300

[@robertforrester578]

How do they approximate the population of an island from 600 years ago?

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Archaeology and primary documents would be the most likely sources. It's actually very hard to do, but some educated guesses can be made.

[@williamthompson2941]

😞slave trade centauries old before Portuguese got involved

[@stevenbryant4718]

!559 DeLuna starts a colony of about 1500 colonists in Pensacola but is thwarted by a hurricane and looses his stock ships. The Viceroy in Mexico supplied them for some monthes and then recalled the settlement in 1561. This was before St. Augustine was settled as the first of what would become the U.S. mainland.

[@richardt3607]

How about l’anse aux meadows around 990-1050???

[@koggyb]

Shucks, no mention of Vinland!

[@user-cn8cz3qz6z]

It is worth mentioning that we have discovered a genetically Celtic man in a cave in New England, with a knife covered in Ogham inscriptions. This means whoever he was, and however he got there, he and whoever else he was with were likely the first Europeans to set foot on North America, so Irish people deserve a mention for this.

[@TK0_23_]

The Irish were not sailors. This is my first hearing of this discovery, but it would have been a Norse voyage. The knife could easily have been a spoil of battle in Ireland, or he could have been a slave. Either way, the Irish cannot be consideted here. Note: My 2nd great grandfather, thru my patriarcal line, was born in Ireland in 1815.

[@user-cn8cz3qz6z]

@@TK0_23_ New England "stonehenge" (almost certainly not actually a Celtic site) is probably around 20,000 years old, and is indisputably made by people from the Old World. The idea that people could not sail to America with older ships is erroneous, so there is no reason it "would have been Norse", when the most parsimonious explanation from the archaeological and genetic data is that the man was Irish.

[@tomsnead415]

I appreciate your geographical approach to history. It is how my brain naturally works. Smallpox was a terrible disease and obviously decimated the NA populations, but this was not intentional and was by all accounts a tragedy. I find it abhorrent to blame early explorers for causation with out intentions.

[@slimpickens01]

It was all about greed, plundering, and violating women. It's still done today. We were warned a long time ago that the enemy comes to kill steal and destroy. Ever since the Mzungus left Europe that's all they have done!

[@danielebrparish4271]

True and the native Americans were killing one another long before the Europeans arrived.

[@tongobong1]

I don't understand what was going on with Croats in Roanoke?

[@Shitballs69420]

Cabot went to Cape Breton, NS. (hence the Cabot Trail)

[@EdinburghFive]

It is uncertain where Cabot landed. It may have been in Cape Breton or Newfoundland.

[@hughdevlin4913]

crazy to think russia is so close to the usa alaska its a wonder the russians never discovered america first.

[@Krusty-kl5ej]

There’s a consistent implication in these presentations that European countries in these times “initiated” slave trading of African people. This practice not only began thousands of years before European colonization of North America, slavery was conducted by many different countries including Africa, but also slavery OF Europeans and people of many other regions - including pre-European colonization of North America, by initial colonizing cultures. This continued theme seems to be an attempt that the long held history of slavery begat with European nations.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

From the American history perspective, the slave trade begins during this period. The Norse didn't do it in Greenland. Many folks know that Rome and other ancient civilizations had massive slave economies.

[@virginwrists4960]

It is absolutely insane how history videos are filled with salty pedantic right wingers

[@Krusty-kl5ej]

@@JeffreytheLibrarian Slavery arrived from many global cultural practices to North America long before the concept of America was ever borne. To endorse slavery as an American ideal is just historically incorrect. If anything, it was the American ideal that demonstrably started the eradication of systemic practices of slavery.

[@cheleftb]

Columbus knew where he was going and why.

[@gregorys6074]

So many African tribes enslaved their enemy tribes

[@shinebassist]

You missed basque and british fishermen before columbus. The grand banks were being fished decades before columbus

[@nathanbeard513]

Do you have a citation to explain why you said the Norse explorers came into contact with Inuit peoples on Greenland? I had always heard that Greenland was populated by the Inuit only after the Norse settlements had began their decline centuries later.

[@RJStockton]

While we're at it, I'm curious about where we get the 1 million population figure for Hispaniola.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

The Norse were in Greenland for four centuries. The Inuit were also coming into that region at that time.

[@mrbaab5932]

Cabaza de Vaca made it to the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean.

[@danielflach1563]

I believe you missed Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 1500.

[@isaac_aren]

Leif Erikson is the earliest contact with concrete evidence, but there is stories about an Irish priest travelling to North America in the 900's

[@nmarbletoe8210]

The Brendan Voyage is a good book about re-creating that journey

[@walkinwithjesus]

I recall Columbus landing in Hispaniola first. Can someone check this?

[@Fatihturk0071]

What about the ottomans? Piri reis map?

[@jesusperez-bz6pq]

Vascos (the spanish etnia) reach first terranova, they fish wales and other big fishes

[@spanishmasterpieces5203]

A video with times wrong information. Cabot or Giovanni Caboto was a Neapolitan (Kingdom of Napels) sailor working for England.

[@robertzelin158]

nice job

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

I really appreciate it!

[@bsims6275]

My money says the Phoenicians beat them all to the New World by 2000 years.

[@eiriksinclair5986]

A Brief History of Atlantis: Religion of Thor - Ring of Dragons c.1200BC: Greek Vikingar from Crete discover America, Mjolnir Erochson returns via Greenland 1186BC: Vikingar move to Carthage shipping portage, the vacancy of Crete incites the Trojan Wars 908BC: King Aegeus unites Troi with Athens, and relocates to England to oversee America 850BC: Voyages to America take place, the ‘Isle of the Blessed’ by Homer, 10000 furlongs 754BC: Roman God Mar begins the Latin colonization of Mesoamerica from Equador 404BC: Plato’s Hermocrates Dialogue orated the founding Sagas of America, Peloponnesian War 250BC: Phoenician colonization of America (Zeus’ Deluge), Mayan and Skraelingar occupation 133BC: Religion of Thor begins with Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and ‘300’ men, Tiber River 1BC: American Vikingr relocate the Tree of Life (Mississippi) from Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica 1AD: Liefr Eirikson, Son of Eirik the Red, Vineland coastal cycle of the Ouroboros (Ring of Dragons) 600AD: Cahokia Indians populate America’s Tree of Life, winter campsite at Teotihuacan 791AD: Vikings lose the Battle of Uppsala Sound, thought to be a land battle, were taken by sea 986AD: Lief Erikson, Son of Erik the Red, attacked along east coast, pulls men from Mississippi 1040AD: Federated States of America, militarized Indian tribes to finish off European Vikings 1068AD: Skraelingr and Stave Uprising brings end to Viking Era, Roanoke Island (NY) abandoned 1255AD: Confederate States of America formed by Orion Armistice in Iceland, Heads & Tails Accord 1307AD: Templar are purged from Europe, African trafficking from Gold Coast to populate America 1459AD: Byzantine Empire invites father of Christopher Columbus to Bimini Island with him at age 10 Podcast ‘Voyage of the Thundergods’: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rofbhaCEaJdlrZo Evolution of Time Loops: Enoch, Eroch, Erich… Odin’s Cobblestone Court, Washington DC (The Hill) Cycles of Ygododdin, in Europe: Visigoth Theodoeric (7) Gothic tribes, Camelot Spain, 200 AD - 500 AD Vikingr Erik the Red (7) Nordic tribes, Irish Derry, 500 AD - 700 AD King Arthur Knights (7) Templar tribes, French, 700 AD - 1300 AD Cycles of the Ouroboros Dragon, in America: Leafar Eiriksson (7) Gothic tribes (Vikingar Greek), 133 AD - 200 AD Liefr Eriksson (7) Swedish tribes (Vikingr American), 200 AD - 791 AD Lief Ericsson (7) English tribes (Viking Danish-Norwegian), 986 AD - 1309 AD

[@christianstainazfischer]

You need to watch knowing better’s video about Columbus, he did not think he was in India

[@EdinburghFive]

The Corte-Real family voyages are missing. They explored the coast from Greenland to at least as far south as Nova Scotia in 1500 and after.

[@danielebrparish4271]

It doesn't count if they don't leave a record of their discoveries or share it with the rest of the world. They explored it and decided it was a vast useless ice covered rock with nothing worth taking or exploiting.

[@EdinburghFive]

Hey @@danielebrparish4271 Good to hear from you. The Corte-Reals did leave records and if you look at the northeast coast of North America you will find many place names that are of Portuguese origins. There were also records indicating a settlement was established, in the area of present day Nova Scotia. Although Greenland was not particularly inviting, Newfoundland, the Gulf of St Lawrence region, Nova Scotia, and Maine are much more habitable.

[@tom79013]

Irish monks were on Iceland 100s of years before the Vikings

[@michellefoulkes3766]

Yes they were!

[@paltomori4625]

1:40 "The African slave trade" started thousands of years before even Portugal became a country.

[@paltomori4625]

@Valentin J. Suarez Slavery is probably almost as old as hunting. Hunting was started by the Homo erectus, about 1.7 million years ago or at least it is the earliest time we have the evidence for. So slavery is older than our human race. As soon as we were able to capture other animals, we were able to capture humans as well, and we forced them to do whatever we wanted. But then at the late 18th and at the beginning of the 19th century some white people declared that slavery is inhuman, and they started to force everyone to end slavery.

[@EdinburghFive]

The opening statement: "Thus, the first contact between Europeans and native North Americans occurs between the Norse and the Inuit in the middle ages." is in error with respect to the Inuit. The Inuit were not in the eastern arctic when the Norse arrived. The Dorset people were there and they had first contact with the Norse. The Thule people (proto-Inuit) migrated eastward and eventually supplant the Dorset.

[@patrickcarey393]

I remember reading many years ago that when John Cabot arrived at what is now St. Johns Nfld. he encountered a number of Portuguese fisherman. Is there any evidence of that.

[@taoliu3949]

There are theories that some European sailors/fishermen had knowledge of the New World prior to Columbus, but there's no archeological nor historical evidence to back it up. Historical records does show Basque fishermen were present in Newfoundland from at least 1517 which predates all European Settlements in the region, however.

[@joeltell8484]

@@taoliu3949 there is a viking settlement in newfoundland that goes back a 1000 years

[@taoliu3949]

@@joeltell8484 Yes, but that settlement did not last.

[@wildatlanticman128]

Some say St Brendan discovered the Americas in the 6th century...🤔

[@EdinburghFive]

The Popham Colony in Maine was unsuccessfully settled in 1607.

[@HVLLOWS1999]

What about Portugal and their exploration of Brazil. Was that later in the 17th century?

[@danielcastellvi2994]

This is just about North America.

[@henrygreenwood3927]

No mention of the dutch explorers? That's kind of weird. They were one of the great super powers of the time.

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

Hudson is in there, he's a big one. He worked for the Dutch even though he was English.

[@redbuki]

Comparing the Dutch explorers with the Spanish is sheer stupidity. Un saludo.

[@jeffgravel5220]

Except the Vikings went to eastern Canada as well.

[@Shitballs69420]

The Atlantic bank certainly shouldn't be blank for so long, in my opinion. P.s. Maybe look into the pronunciation of Algonquin (kinda like 'Al-Gone-Quin')

[@JeffreytheLibrarian]

As I understand it, captains really stayed close to established routes, getting from coast to island and then jumping a straight line across, almost like highways today, there were common routes. "Algonquian" also appears in the dictionary as "Algonkin." It's a word that is brought into English from Native American languages, so we all mispronounce it.

[@SouthernGentleman]

He wanted to reach the indies to establish a trade route. The Indians ate 3 of his men. Starting a armed conflict between Stone Age and modern civilizations

[@nmarbletoe8210]

stone age lol

[@SouthernGentleman]

@@nmarbletoe8210 yes they had Stone Age technology

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@SouthernGentleman Yes, but also gold silver and bronze and large scale agriculture including a city larger than Madrid at the time. Not to take anything away from the Spanish, they were far ahead with the ships guns and horses.

[@tongobong1]

You forgot to mention Santo Domingo.

[@matthewrbailey]

1 million people on the island of Hispanola in 1493. Doubt it.

[@mikearmstrong8483]

I may be wrong, but I thought it was in contention that Amerigo Vespucci ever actually sailed to America. I believe he made the first map of the eastern shores of the Americas, which is how they came to he named for him, but credible scholars believe he never made the trip himself. My info may be outdated; if someone actually knows (by research as opposed to presenting just an opinion) please correct me.

[@Abrahamgreenbodybuildinglifest]

This is interesting and I do believe that these exploration was the coz of how Spain found the Philippine and this was why they banned people from exploring the world.

[@jaywinters2483]

Read into the American magazine and you will learn a lot. There is a lot more going on over here before then.

[@Urlocallordandsavior]

I also think that the Arabs/Swahilis/Indians have long known about the Gulf of Aden. I mean even Zheng He sailed there in the 15th century.

[@Nicksonian]

Being of Danish decent, back in elementary school in the ‘60s, I said that Columbus didn’t “discover” America. Over half a century later, many still think this myth to be true.

[@valverdee1859]

You are crazy

[@michellefoulkes3766]

The Native Americans discovered America. It was only rediscovered much later.