Ancient Human Genomes...Present-Day Europeans - Johannes Krause

Public Lecture - March 19, 2015
Johannes Krause
Professor of Archaeology and Paleogenetics at the University of Tübingen and Director of the Max Plank Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena
In this lecture, Krause explores the methods used to investigate European population history about the time of agricultural transition. Using genome data, Krause explains how at least three ancestral groups, the Hunter-Gathers, the Early Farmers and the Ancient North Eurasians, contributed genetic material to present-day Europeans. Krause also discusses these three ancestral populations discovered from this data and explores their connection to present-day Europeans. This lecture is made possible by the Dr. S.T. Lee Fund for Historical Studies.
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[@MichaelShulski]

I wish people would watch this instead of Ancient Aliens

[@yanadre9154]

Me too.

[@scottleft3672]

Thre's no drama.....you cant form a cult with facts like this....nor scambeg money from fans....and mostly....no immenet destruction guilt, threat...lol.

[@stein1919]

can't form a cult? challenge accepted

[@zhannaibrasheva8167]

hy9nos Nice to hear that the Basque people are very special! If to take into account that the Basque language might be related to my language which is Kazakh. Though the linguists so far are relactant to work into the link between the Basque and Kazakh language. But there are very close links between these two languages - believe me, I am Kazakh and recently I looked into the Basque language and found suprising similarities. That makes us, the Kazakhs, the very special people too. If take into account that parts of the Kazakhstan are located in Northern Caspian region which was part of so called Pontic Caspian region, we, Kazakhs, might be the ancestors to other Europeans too. There are more than 130 similar words in English and Kazakh. It is true! Truth in Kazakh is duris (дүрыс). From linguistics point of view, these are the same words.

[@thepezfeo]

+Unpopular Opinion Trying to throw people off your trail? I'm on to you, you big-headed Gray .

[@kashmirha]

Fantastic how rapidly the history of prehistoric humans evolve with the help of genetics. Without that we would have zero chance to put all these pieces together. Just 5-10 years ago we had no clue about what now we can all learn from the genetic components of ancient and present populations. Such an interesting times!!!

[@donnacsuti4980]

Thank you for letting us hear this lecture on the up to date information on human ancestry. Very interesting.

[@reaganbaby2847]

Where all the comments?

[@antkoz6370]

Google censored them

[@kathleenwheeler6346]

Absolutely fascinating lecture! Thank you for sharing!

[@Emotionallyattachedtorocks]

Does Blood type correlate with the different human types that emerge? A “farmer type” was said to be characteristic of an A blood type, O is hunter-gatherers according to DAdamo.

[@Studio-gt2te]

Great lecture. Can you please tell us if Huminid upgraded somehow to Sapien by DNA modification?

[@Bambagustrust]

Why can't i see the comments?

[@richardrose7382]

Unfortunate that there were people walking back and forth in front of the camera and not sitting to hear/see the presentation. Quite rude, I think

[@panafricandesignsandapparel]

13:00 started to study whole genomes...22:50 Neolithic transition: Demic or cultural defusion models...42:20 admixture chart...

[@belovedfilms9366]

Does anyone know what haplogroup r-a299 is?

[@theendgamefl888]

Never seen this: 263 comments are counted and not one is shown here on my sreen. Mine is the only one. How did that work? Any answer on this? Thanks.

[@shakdidagalimal]

Quite frustrating in all these analysis - and I've watched many, is that when they ask where did the farmers come from and when did they mix with the hunter gatherers - they postulate the farmers coming in from south east of main europe - but then of course one asks - these farmers, how did they arise - did they have an incoming population that converted them from hunter gatherers ? They never ask this and never touch upon it. They leave it hanging in the wind, as if it is their blind spot. It is ALWAYS their blind spot, I assure you, after many hundreds of checks, they always leave that blank.

[@helenaj9436]

They don't know. And this lecture is 5 years old.... There's another video, in a class and the professor discusses migration and how they are still looking into where and how groups groups migrated and changed from one cultural lifestyle to another. That lecture is 2 years old. Even with genetics, we may not know certain answers in our lifetime. Thanks to archeology tossing things they found that "didn't fit that layer" in a stock room somewhere, answers may not come about until our grandchildren are our age.

[@alexburke1899]

There is no one obvious point where people switched from hunter gathering to just farming. A good channel to learn more about this stuff is called “through time and clades” they talk about the different waves and settlements. I’ll look for the link and edit it into this comment. Here it is if you are interested kzbin.info/door/IQ0Kh8vlPeY3YsYW3hHmvg

[@fredrikpetersson6761]

Excellent

[@carriemorley356]

Wow! Did you delete comments for a specific reason or was it inadvertent? Bummer. 🤔🤦‍♀️

[@carriemorley356]

Found them! Tap the broken line box beside the X at the above right!

[@user-jq6ts2kg2o]

For anyone missing the rest of the comments, press on the "SORT BY", and select "Newest first". The default setting is "Top Comments", and usually it shows "the most relevant comments" according to the mighty Algorithm. I have no idea why it only shows recent ones here.

[@gregboggs2708]

My mother's family is from Iceland

[@zafar78600]

Increase audio volume please

[@davidlonhol8016]

15:45 He says you have the actual map of Europe failing to even mention (kind of includes it in the slavic countries because he stops after Austria)one of the oldest(surely the most holy): Hungary.

[@rkdazet]

Thank you for this fascinating lecture! I noticed Professor Krause briefly showed a pie chart of Y-DNA haplogroups in Western Europe. I am researching the origins of my German ancestors who are haplogroup E1b1b1 (test kit on FTDNA) and likely emigrated from the Pfalz or Alsace (no documented proof found yet). I'm curious, since the E haplogroup is not common in Germanic Europe, and is common in Africa, how did it arrived in Germanic Europe and which group mentioned in the lecture, it may have belonged to? Also, since I lived many years near Heidelberg/Mauer, I wonder if the Heidelberg Man was part of Professor Krause's study?

[@thebrocialist8300]

Is your specific clade [of E1b1] E-V13? If so, there are a number of migratory, historical, etc. scenarios that could plausibly account for its presence in a minority of contemporary Germans - as the V13 clade had migrated/settled into West Eurasian territories (e.g. Balkans, Eastern Alps, and Western frontiers of Eastern Europe), and been assimilated into the gene pools of at least several major proto-Indo European/Indo European ethnocultural populations by the early Iron Age. E-V13 has also been identified in Germanic ADNA samples dating as far back as Migration Era. Goths appear to be the amongst the earliest early Germanic populations to have assimilated this patrilineal marker; and they also seem to have carried the largest proportion of it (which aligns with much of the documented history of the Visigoths following their integration/settlement of Roman Pannonia, etc.)

[@donnacsuti4980]

Maybe brought in with the Moorish populations when they came into Europe

[@___Truth___]

@@donnacsuti4980 The E1b1b haplogroup is far older than the Moors

[@rkdazet]

@@thebrocialist8300 Thank you! I missed your reply -- sorry for the slow response. Yes, E-V13, but further down E-CTS9320 with a Big Y terminal SNP below that. This is all very interesting. I appreciate your input! Hopefully someday soon I will find the more modern origins of my Germanic ancestors! I wish Y-DNA testing was more common in Southwest Germany, but I understand the privacy concerns.

[@JBigjake]

Truth: It is not the age that matters. It is how it came to Europe. Donna posited one possible origin. The Roman Empire could be another.

[@deborahdean8867]

263 comments but they don't show up?

[@constancegreiner906]

Switch to "Newest comments"

[@AkakaDomenjer]

Yep. KZbin censorship

[@anamositykilla2190]

There from another dimension 💁‍♂️

[@petermitchell6348]

19:30: Should the DNA extraction not be done in a sterile environment in order to prevent contamination?

[@JBigjake]

Saliva is not a particularly sterile environment.

[@fancypantsdancer8750]

They state that, if one traces their ancestry back 600 years, one can find One Billion people they were related to. In the year 1400 there were only 390 million people on the planet. So does this one billion include everyone on the "family tree" since that time and not at that time?

[@crqf2010ruler]

You forgot to do the math and focused only on fixed data. Do data of 4 families each having 6 children, 4 girls and 2 boys each. You will see that at some time cosanguinity happens (incest). Now calculate that within a certain parameters (percentage, thing of probability). Tl;dr do a Markov Chain and you will find out.

[@colinchampollion4420]

Europeans began in the Iberian Peninsula

[@UICeinnselaig]

No we didn't

[@loismayette2747]

Stop the movement in front of screen....

[@RobinByron]

I agree. That is very annoying and rude to the speaker.

[@johndodge2188]

Where is all the bodies

[@godfreyzilla8608]

Wait a minute. Is it just me? Does that Tyrolian Ice Man look like Rudy Giuliani or what?? Just sayin'.

[@artemidadaki3787]

VINČA CULTER ?!!! Neolithic archaeological culture in Southeast Europe, in present-day Serbia, dated to the period 5700-4500 BC or 5300-4700/4500 BC.

[@jude175]

I wish someone had told the rude people who kept passing the speaker, back and forth, to stop. So distracting.

[@marksinger3067]

Wish the camera operator was awake.

[@perseoeridano4182]

👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@shivaramannair7212]

slide show in a corner

[@inmate1614]

Terrible camera work

[@part2140]

KZbin knows it goes down in the comments and fact checks

[@johnhender8032]

Very interesting lecture but you wouldn’t go to London to find out the Origins of UK peoples!!

[@MrVinnie47]

Benson cycle!

[@briemills9209]

Very poorly filmed. Can't see what he's pointing at and people walking in front of the camera.

[@trtr-tl8li]

カメラの前をうろちょろするな！ それくらいのエチケットも持っていないのか！

[@christopherbowen2547]

So typical clumsy video and a guy walking in front of the camera and feeble audio.

[@petermacleod2402]

The harsh wet windy climate of north scotland still has best archeology in world. Africa dry and prime for a good dusting over reveals very little. Come to nothern Europe dig down a few meters and all will be revealed. Oldest primate from Asia, oldast houses in the world Europe. Don't be fooled!

[@jamesthomas4501]

Fantastic work - thank you! This helps to cut through all the confusing clutter of contradictory theories. Just mentioning for people searching on Google, that this presentation supports that the Endoeuropean Language enters Europe about 4500 years ago. And it suggests a North Eurasian origin - north of the Black Sea.

[@tiami3886]

indoeuropean is fake theory to support even more fake history books.

[@racinesceltiquesduquebec4649]

hahaha...

[@incredulity]

tiami then why languages in europe are very similar?

[@incredulity]

Epic Quintessence I hope that it is a joke.

[@zhannaibrasheva8167]

James Thomas North of the Black Sea was part of so called Pontic Caspian area which included North Caspian too. That area (North of Black Sea and Caspian Sea) for ages was populated by people who speak Turkic languages. Crimea Tatars, Pechenegs, Polovetses in Black Sea area, Bashkirs and Chuvashes in Ural, Nogays, Karachays in Caspian and Caucases, Kazakhs in Caspian area, etc. So the Turkic people might be the true ancestors of the Europeans. By the way, there are more than 130 similar words in English and Turkic languages alone, not speaking about other Germanic Languages. And Basque language is most probably from Turkic languages too because I found similar words and similar grammar. And do not hope that the genetics studies will give 100% correct answer because different nations have different approaches to marriage. Most nations of very different religions (Jews, Muslims, Hindi, Buddism etc) practice interbreeding (marrying close relatives (cousins etc)). We, Kazakhs, do not do that because we have so called Zhety Ata (Seven Grandfather, or seven generations) rule which prohibits marriage to close relatives. Seven generations of one ancestor are considered close relatives. So genetically we might be more diverse and modern day Kazakh might have less genes that Yamnay and other Kurgan people had.

[@MrAluminox]

Be able to focus on the essential information of the lecture. And forget useless details like the walking people. Excellent lecture.

[@elizabethbell999]

Thank you and your team so much for doing this study. Your study lines up with an old Druid story I once found on ancient Irish history. The story goes: Ancient Ireland was once a warm place where people farmed but left due to cold and rain and went east. The story goes on to say they later returned. The story picks up with Goidal Glas invited to the Pharaoh's court... this part of the return of the Irish is well documented in their historical mythology. thank you.. go scythia!

[@Hurricaneintheroom]

This is quite an interesting lecture and very understandable. Genetics can be hard to understand especially when trying to decipher what some manufacturers of the home kits provide to you.

[@Dutchhero2]

Extremely interesting! :) Many thanks for this very accessible docu/presentation. As a curious layperson I could get a long very well. Hopefully more in the future. :)

[@gearoid8485]

Absolutely fascinating and dovetails neatly with David Anthony's work on the Yamnaya culture. The best thing I've encountered on UTube!!

[@johnlawrence8215]

Might it have been possible to keep people from walking back and forth in front of the camera?

[@Rony2453]

thanks for showing the slides, finally

[@margon1234]

Excellent presentation. Thank you

[@anotherelvis]

Great talk - Starts at 4:25

[@tedtimmis8135]

Excellent lecture!

[@mathewdallaway]

Great stuff. Looking forward to more contributions from the Max Planck Institute on these migration mappings. I'm especially curious about the Gimbutas/Renfrew ideas on PIE--Krause hinted that there may be more to come on this if his team's research can hook up with that of the historical linguists.

[@amrineferreira]

Who are the ancient ancestors of the Circassian people that pulled their DNA so high and to the right on the map? What is the genetic history piece that is missing between them and the Yamnaya?

[@erichoogland4791]

Great confirmation of existing historical knowledge, with lots of new specifics. However, there's scant acknowledgement of how much we already knew through over a century of Proto-Indo-European linguistics research.

[@Psychoactive010]

So by this hypothesis , the Basque people, are the closest thing genetically, to a modern day "Indo-European" ,they are by all means immigrants, descendents of ferocious, chariot-yeilding Steppe warriors. Yet, the Basque's own unique language is considered an isolate, entirely unrelated to Indo-European. So my question is, if the Basques introduced Indo-European to the Europeans? who introduced Basque to the Basques?

[@jamessuhr9667]

Is it possible that the obtaining vitamin D from butter/cheese in diet, as an adult ,has an advantage in cold climate areas.ie. more children survive.Just a thought.

[@irrigationjoehenggeler2863]

Fantastic presentation that brings together many studies!! I'm going to BOOKMARK this presentation in my genetic folder for future research. Johannes is the type of guy you'd want for a friend or a son-in-law!

[@panteltje]

This is s new field to me, very nice presentation, I did keep thinking were the migrations correlated to climate , say ice-ages etc?

[@terrayjos]

what is it with those people that keep walking in front of the camera!!!

[@mosesbullrush8051]

It's a man carrying chairs from one side of the room to the other.

[@diarmuidhurley3230]

terrayjos. sorry

[@dlwatib]

It was standing room only. Get over it.

[@sorinstelian4395]

Nature calls.

[@paladro]

they did it just for you, isn't that obvious...

[@karunasong8665]

Its too bad that with such a great, fascinating subject that we don't get to see any of the slides; especially for those of us who are visual learners rather than auditory learners. At least at the beginning..

[@lbburgett]

Wow! I am thankful to the collaborators and funders of this project. The material might seem esoteric, but the practical applications are legion!

[@sebabaciu1224]

Yamnaya is actually the Cucuteni -Trypilian civilization that was living in today Transilvania and Moldova, at NW of Black Sea, having very distinct potery and well known pastoral life (sheep and catles, with milk and cheese as basic food), not quite really farmers, but having some grains in their diet. They are the ancestors of dacian/getae family, related to thracians. There are no samples on the plot map, but will be interesting to cover those places with DNA samples

[@krisinsaigon]

I wouldn't be surprised if it was disease that killed off the early European farmers when the indo Aryans arrived A lot of human diseases come from farm animals, and people who haven't been exposed to them before are at risk When Ponce De Leon explored southern America for the Spanish he took pigs and those pigs killed a lot of Indians through disease If the Corded Ware people took the first domestic horses onto Europe they could have brought biological agents the other peoples weren't immune against and killed without even meeting the first people Something drastic must have happened for almost all of Europe to be left speaking their languages

[@LordVilmore]

So did the indo-european languages come with the farmers or the steppepeople? If it came from the steppe people, what language did the farmers speak? and how come the IE languages spread into the east and india too? My own uninformed mind, would think maybe the both spoke an indo european language, which then mixed in europe. This talk is now 2 years old, is there any follow up made by linguists as well?

[@royoetting502]

This seems to be a contemporary archaeology approach , but I think there are a lot of people out here including myself that would say you have excluded the advanced society that built the megaliths. Perhaps the group that comes in at 4500 years is a remnant of the advanced society. I think someone should look for humans living 30,000 years ago perhaps north of the Baltic. I would guess that most of the advanced society was lost during the deluge. It would also be useful to know where people didn't live during the last two ice ages.I enjoyed the presentation but I'm not young so I'm also a little impatient.

[@DonteTheGr8]

Good video. My paternal Dna is I2A1*.(I also show dna connection to the Yamnaya & Corded Ware culture) I still to this day look like the original hunter gatherers from Europe that u explained in this video. I am dark skinned with Brown Eyes with a Blue ring around my pupil. I am researching my genealogy & ancestry. I was quite confused about my paternal DNA but, your video made it make a lil more sense to me. If u have any more information about Haplogroup I2a or I-P37 please keep me alert. I would like to possibly get into the field of dna research and/or archaeology as both are pet peeves of mines........ do u suggest in particular institutions in the U.S. for me to take up my studies?

[@tiami3886]

alien blood!! don't worry though we're the only normal humans on earth..

[@AlexeiRamotar]

Good lecture. Especially enjoy the views of the many geneticists and anthropologists in the comment section.

[@SideWalkAstronomyNetherlands]

starts at 4:40...

[@maxsvensson5891]

Does anyone know where you can read about this pre-8000 years ago migration of ANE HG to Scandinavia? (52 min 30 sek)

[@cthorix2452]

I know as much as you. I noticed that later on, while showing the Yamnaya expansion, the ">8000" arrow was redirected to start from Ponto-Caspia. Maybe it was an earlier expansion of Yamnaya-related genes to Scandinavia? This would indeed be interesting to hear more about.

[@maxsvensson5891]

I think, after trying to research this, it was a migration of EHG (Eastern Hunter Gatherers) that moved in to Scandinavia from Northern Russia not long after the ice melted and mixed with WHG (Western Hunter Gatherers) coming from the south. Because of that the hunter gatherers of Scandinavia are called SHG (Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers) because they where a mix of these two groups very early. These EHG are direct descendants from the ANE and the Yamna are partly from the ANE so when the Corded Ware Culture came to the Nordic Countries (And the Baltic's) as the Battle Axe Culture ANE DNA was already there. Therefore it is not so clear what ANE DNA are from the Yamna or from this early EHG in Scandinavia; compared to "continental" Europe where there was no ANE DNA before the Corded Ware invasion; so all ANE DNA in for example Germany and Poland came from the Yamna. It probably means that the DNA footprint of the Yamna in the Nordic Countries, the Baltic's and Northern Russia is less than what precent models show; these areas already had the ANE DNA before the Yamna expansion.

[@deniskokos]

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Gluten is a protein complex, not carbohydrate. Amylase will not help you digest gluten.

[@kevinclass2010]

Denis Shishin He was kidding about gluten free diets becoming a fad among wealthy people without Celiac's disease nor wheat alergy.

[@wolfsbaneandnightshade2166]

my mtDna is H(einz 57) but the paternal y chromosome on my mother's side is N1c1a (M178 and P298 markers) idk what my fathers y was and is impossible to find out now with out digging someone up.

[@panayiotisyannopoulos2668]

Imagine in 5000 years trying to explain why a new immigration from east came to be at Europe ^^... they are in for a big surprise ^^ By the way, at each migration he speaks about near 100% destruction of the previous inhabitants , like what happened to the Indians at North America ... Now that doesn't sound very promising for human instincts ...

[@jimsnyders6700]

instincts? like Survival/kill,lol,peace .

[@maryanndavey9935]

These only applies to the melanin races! WW 3 Hello!!!!!!!!!!

[@scottbros6368]

Currently the European populations are on track to be 100% replaced👌 per the programs from the masters of the E.U.

[@tommyodonovan3883]

Panayiotis Yannopoulos If you ignore immigration you'll end up on a reservation.

[@LawrenceMclean]

It is a bit misleading to say we have huge numbers (millions) of ancestors, in reality if you could determine a true family tree of a person going back say 1000 years, you would find that many of that persons ancestors were cousins to various degrees. For example most people are not familiar with 3rd cousins.

[@amarforest]

Farmers, Pastoral Peoples and Natives, three different peoples bringing genetic makeups that refer to long term successful survival methods of the middle east, of the steppes and of Forested Hunter Gatherer Europe.

[@JRobbySh]

Why not show the projection?

[@zwanzikahatzel9296]

As his next research project, he should clone all those ancient humans!!

[@IHeartZui]

Watched this about a week after the "Cheddar man" revelation and he definitely has all the features of a Western hunter gatherer. Darker skin, blue eyes, slowly morphing osteology.

[@johncarr7673]

Some of the 11,000 year old hunter gathers in central Texas were blue eyed (horn shelter man), and not related to modern native Americans. I wonder how their DNA compares to European and Asian hunter gatherer's of the time.?

[@ghettomedic188]

That's the Clovis question, isn't it? I'm looking forward to more studies on that topic, proof positive would be cool to have.

[@texasyankee3512]

Blue eyed genetic mutation is between 6500 to 8000 years old -- do not believe any blue eyed people existed 3000 years before the mutation first occurred.

[@michieldeprez4025]

Very thought provoking! I have a question about the math. How is it possible to be descended of 1.000.000 people in 600 years if there were less than 1.000.000 people alive in the 1400s. I am sure I am looking at this wrong, would love an explanation!!

[@michieldeprez4025]

Jacob S I've got that number from my university textbook, it could be wrong I will look that up thanks

[@michieldeprez4025]

Jacob S I believe we were both off, read this academic.mu.edu/meissnerd/plague.htm if you please

[@eurosensazion]

I wonder how these will change over time as they will discover older fossils. Just a week ago I read they found 6 million year old foot prints resembling early relative of human species feet on the Greek island of Crete which at that time was probably not an island. No bones discovered yet but they studied the foot prints and shows that hominids then were in Europe in south before what they now say and same time as in Africa. So if true, then Africa is not the only cradle of humanity.

[@davidinmossy]

eurosensazion always wonders where the Neanderthals came from? I've never really heard a proper explanation. Then there's the fact we could breed with them so they must have been very closely related.

[@williamlucas4656]

Herr Professor is an excellent lecturer as regards DNA and paleo migration theory.

[@SandyBarnettFamilySleuth]

I wish we could see the slides

[@kabud]

all the slides are crispy clear

[@zzero9438]

so are the earliest native europeans directly related to africans?

[@baref1959]

I2 ydna U8 mtdna i can find no matches to my dna in several data bases. apparently my hunter gatherers were not that social with the farmers. that behaviour is still prevalent in my line today. i have a few close relatives that look a little neanderthal :)

[@jakeroberts3935]

What about the biggest contributors to modern day Europeans who came after the Neolithic farmers? The Indo-Europeans.

[@krisinsaigon]

The proto Indo Europeans had common words for wheel, harness & other words connected to carts, so they could not have diverged before the invention of the wheel about 3,500 BC, so it can't be that Anatolian farmers brought indo European languages, as 7,000 years ago is too old for them to have had wheels It's the wheel language which makes them more likely to be from the Pontic steppe

[@Shad0wack]

It would be interesting to hear an archaeologist/historian talk about the consequences of these migrations. Evidence of mass graves, organised violence and cannibalism turn up around this time.

[@dlwatib]

I wish he would stop conflating herding cultures and planting cultures as simply "farmers". The two developments are quite independent and even today there are herding cultures who do not plant crops. Likewise, there are cultures who live entirely off of planted crops and herd no animals for food. Unless there is proof otherwise, we have to assume that migrating "farmers" are merely pastoralists, not general agriculturalists.

[@Moronvideos1940]

I got this Thank you

[@watermelonlalala]

They need to come up with some better names to identify these groups. Maybe give them logos.

[@cthorix2452]

Good idea! Maybe Swastika for the Yamnaya?

[@chairde]

I had a DNA analysis. Paternal testing and my grandfather came from Ireland. For indigenous people I resulted in Irish 129 markers, Navajo 33 markers and Danish 25 markers. Please explain that to me because nobody in my father's family was ever in America prior to 1920.

[@veridicusmaximus6010]

What company did your analysis? Also Navajo markers could well be ancient markers from those populations that went both east and west prior to the crossing into Siberia and the Americas - they just align with the present day Navajo population genetic pattern. Also some of these markers are not 100% unique to that population. They are usually very high percentages but not absolute. But with 33 it would seem statistically likely. See the 32 minute mark in the video tilted 'Linking Europeans and Native Americans.'

[@chairde]

Farmer James , I understand that countries aren't races. I never said that. But listen to this: The Navajo and the Irish have ancient clan systems. Another interesting thing is that the Irish word for people and the Navajo word for people are the same. So possibly a trace back through time may suggest some interaction between the two groups. Remember that non African people have been found to carry a little Neanderthal DNA. I find this to be interesting. RB1 markers indicate an old strain in Northern Europe which I have. There is some RB1 markers in Asians also. So we are just learning about prehistoric human interaction over a long period of time. According to science we all are descended from early Africans who migrated to Europe and Asia. Even Cromagon man is still somewhat of a mystery like scientists insists they were modern man but more "robust". That leave a lot of questions open for debate.

[@chairde]

Veridicus Maximus , Clearly an ancient relationship from my point of view. However two interesting things that appear in both Irish and Navajo according to my searching. Both are clan based societies and both use the same word for "people".

[@kevinclass2010]

Gerald O'Hare What company did you get the test from?

[@diarmuidhurley3230]

Farmer James. don't be silly

[@1WaySafe]

42:09 wondering if this is true story.

[@junecuhns6533]

The volume was horrible as well as the parade of people walking in front of the camera! Both were equally irritating!

[@pm71241]

Why would you think Icelanders came from Denmark based on the language??? Sure, Danish is tough in schools in Iceland nowadays, (due to recent common history). But the language? Icelandic is decedent from Old East Norse. Danish from Old West Norse.

[@Blessings.429]

Why are not people from Australia and New Zealand, we always get left out

[@davidinmossy]

Naice Woolon what Native Australians or Criminal British people that got sent there ?

[@tombombadil3185]

Excellent professional presentation. Boorish inconsiderate audience walking in front of the camera. Amateur camera person.

[@hyknusa3538]

who is the asshole that is continuously crossing in front of the speaker ?

[@robertwallace8401]

wondering that myself...

[@stephenlight647]

Looks like they conducted the lecture on a subway platform. Nice material, but someone should have kept those folks seated and off stage!

[@1WaySafe]

great PICTURE OF THE THERMOSTAT ON THE WALL, TOO BAD THE PICTURE HE PRESENTED WASNT PART OF THE CAMERAS INTEREST.

[@erichoogland4791]

Strike that--he takes that up about ten seconds after I quit to comment!