Antibiotics, Antivirals, and Vaccines

Explore the basics of how antibiotics, antivirals, and vaccines work to help your immune system in the fight against pathogens! This Amoeba Sisters video also briefly introduces the lines of defense in the immune system and discusses how vaccines can be important for "herd immunity."
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:24 Basics of Immune System
2:50 Antibiotics
4:35 Vaccines
5:41 Herd Immunity
7:14 Antivirals
8:04 One Last Thing- Pathogens Can Evolve (Flu Virus)
Factual References:
*OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 7, 2018 cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e....
*Rubella Vaccine from CDC: www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccinati...
*www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/...
*SOME vaccines are contraindicated DURING pregnancy, which is why pregnant women can be a vulnerable population for some diseases if they lack immunity [mentioned when discussing herd immunity]. CDC General Vaccine Recommendation During Pregnancy: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnanc...
Keep in mind that, as the note states in the video, a woman may be vaccinated against rubella as a child but find out when pregnant that she has a "low titer" of Rubella antibodies and therefore be vulnerable. As the note mentions, some vaccines require "booster" doses.
Further Reading Suggestions:
-Importance of Vaccinations from CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/...
-What if we stopped vaccinating? from CDC www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/...
-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2...
-Learn more about Herd Immunity here: www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article...
-Learn more about myths and facts regarding vaccines: www.texaschildrens.org/depart...
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
www.amoebasisters.com/about-us...
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: openstax.org/details/books/bi...
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MUSIC:
Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the KZbin audio library kzbin.info...
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[@AmoebaSisters]

We always like to pin any corrections or clarifications. At 8:12, the antibiotic is making a comment about cilia but you won't find that in prokaryotes! Pili or flagella would have worked better for that comic...the antibiotic needs to more carefully examine bacterial structure (and Pinky should have caught that one). Thanks for noticing this! :) Also to add- we received questions related to the fraudulent paper (published in 1998 in The Lancet by Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues) that attempted to link vaccines and autism. We wanted to point out this was not only retracted, but it also was determined to have used falsified medical information. Wakefield lost his medical license and was completely discredited. Numerous peer-reviewed studies were done afterwards that showed no link. Unfortunately, despite all of this, the belief that there is a link can still exist among the public which can cause re-emergence of some dangerous diseases due to not vaccinating in some areas. Here is one of the largest recent studies showing no link: jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2275444, and here are some great scientific articles specifically on this subject: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136032/ and www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24814559. *But this is not the only myth about vaccines that continues to exist among the public.* *We really like this following link about Vaccine Facts and Myths- especially since it clearly shows where those facts come from as well.* www.texaschildrens.org/departments/center-vaccine-awareness-and-research-cvar/vaccine-facts-and-myths#Myth:%20A%20preservative%20used%20in%20vaccines%20causes%20autism.

[@ggkproductions1632]

Make A Video About BIG CHUNGUS

[@tillygorce6145]

Guys can y'all do a video on the immune system and all the cells involved? that would be truly amazing

[@ouuthale4423]

Tilly Gorce Acctually that idea isnt that half bad, may I add if they choose this subject-- a demonstration of some sort on what an immune suppressed immunity would be like.

[@akhilgopal3078]

You should make a comic about influenza pathogens having a New Years party where they are making resolutions to change and become more powerful for the next year

[@minecraft_88]

You know amoebas are dangerous prodas yes they are one of those

[@SergioGonzalez-ot7tg]

If you two want to start doing microbiology I’m gonna lose my mind. I used your videos through bio and finished with a 98! Thank you!!! Keep up the great work!

[@niquecael123]

Your animation is so fun to watch. I love the dialogues 😂

[@memeuploader4784]

2:51 Antibiotics 4:35 Vaccine 7:17 Antivirals

[@ramdasdhone5947]

gantamicine vaccine 5000 chick doses mixing

[@vladislavzvonarev6419]

God bless you

[@sitinha.1554]

Rejected Jokes my savior bro

[@manjulroy4464]

Thanks

[@jesusrmz8937]

Wow!,Thank you,you make my day.

[@astral2282]

0:31 I’m sorry is that a Leviathan dreadnought from 40k?

[@aali8935]

Can you start a channel for physics and chemistry?????..

[@cilliapeters216]

Yes please make one for that. I really enjoy your way of teaching! It’s easy to understand and keep! Sometimes, I just wonder how you make your examples so simple!😃

[@grayforscher2747]

I can do that, I can also make a astronomy channel.

[@madhuakkaraju5509]

What about geology

[@guadalupeflores8732]

El scholar

[@xxMayanddrewAJxx]

"especially as of recent years" Anti-vaxxers: *nervous sweating*

[@alexwang982]

xxMayanddrewAJxx [I can't art] hahah

[@summerdow7548]

when i was born my mom told my dad that i was going to get vaccines. 16 years later and I get the flu every month. please call CPS

[@stevenpetrus7330]

@@summerdow7548 we'll I'm not and it's hard to believe you

[@maryam-qh8sj]

@@summerdow7548 vaccines are not life long... u should get vaccinated once in a while.

[@Pooky1991]

To the point many of then are uaing horse dewormer to fight Covid. The definately need these classes

[@dkexpat2755]

You guys got me an A on my Biology exam this month, plus my interest in this field is just growing and growing thanks for sharing this amazing content.

[@official_gd_sadd_2024_yt]

Influenza: Strongest Flu Ever COVID-19: *Hold my Beer*

[@Sleipnirseight]

Dear Amoeba Sisters, I LOVE YOU. Your videos do an excellent job of explaining biological concepts and reviewing or introducing material in an easy to digest yet very informative way. I use your videos to supplement almost every unit I teach in Biology, and even a few in Anatomy. Plus the wonderful worksheets that go with your videos are a massive time saver. You are an INVALUABLE resource and I can't thank you enough ❤️

[@dragonblade2375]

I am a bacteria myself, thanks for telling me about antibiotics, so I can start mutating right away.

[@Daytruin]

cool anime to watch right now is "Cells at work" educational and pretty accurate at least in description of interactions in the body. Obviously animation takes creative liberties lol.

[@mid-madness8095]

🤣 i was thinking of that anime this whole time watching this video

[@foodloverplays9912]

"Not all heroes wear capes" this is one of my favorite quotes now because of you guys XD like frontliners and doctors and nurses

[@dancerslv865]

I'm in my vacation but I still enjoy watching this videos. This has good information and I can understand well, thanks

[@angelasantana9288]

Absolutely obsessed with this amazing channel!!💗💗💗

[@yoanshie]

I'm going to drop biology after completing my 12th grade but ameoba sisters are making me curious about biology HELPPPP I wanna learn more about things;(

[@Tuxxed_Rogue]

0:31 this is one of the last places I would expect a 40k reference

[@eternalwarfare514]

2:35 where the memory cell screams "INTRUDER" was so funny I spat out the beef I was eating back on my plate. These are the best biology videos by FAR. KEEP IT UP!

[@justplutoexisting]

This was a very educational and fun video to watch! Thank you for working so much for us!! Will soon wait for a video on immunity!

[@adityakumar6476]

One of the best channel I came across in last 2 year on KZbin.

[@sleepybirdcitrine501]

I've always liked how this information is presented :) thank you so much for making these educative & informative videos! They have helped me a ton in my biology classes :D

[@khepri5945]

I use your videos to help my kids (5, 10, 12, 15) better understand science! We watched this while waiting in the doctor’s office for their COVID vaccine.

[@anytroubles]

just wanted to let you know that i binged your videos for my bio midterm and i got a 90! thanks so so much!

[@carelessdreamer]

Their mention of a rash made me remember that penicillin, an antibiotic, is actually something I'm allergic to. When I was little, I found out because I was given some for something I had. The morning after taking it, my parents brought me right back to the doctor because I was an itchy cherry tomato of a baby. So some people are actually allergic to certain antibiotics, like me.

[@inessoto4481]

Petunia: Some bacteria just want to watch the World burn... Me:😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@lisabauman9424]

This is an incredibly great resource for COVID-19. I am very appreciative of the additional resources listed. Thank you for all your work.

[@DrGrape-px7se]

I liked how efficiently summarized large topics in short time 🤙🏼💜.

[@CandyJamAnimations]

You guys are the best! I love the drawings and detail! Your teachings are brilliant and I can see that your channel will get 1M subs!

[@jaredhall238]

At 8:17 the antibiotic quotes, “His cilia looks great though”. I’m pretty sure bacteria do not have cilia.

[@AmoebaSisters]

You are so right! Pinky didn't catch that one in Petunia's drawing. 😫 We appreciate you pointing this out though; we will make a note!

[@Yupp12078]

I am now in college and still watching your vids for exams. Thank you and by the way your videos also helped me when I was in Senior High

[@carolj1223]

Thank you guys so much for this video, now I'll pass my science test!!!

[@awtung]

Yes! You’re back! Good luck with the baby!

[@wonderingmerchant]

I give thanks to you Amoeba Sisters I learn our topic that took almost an hour but watching you help me understand in a minute more power and God bless

[@Ahlan.A]

really enjoy your way of teaching! It’s easy to understand and keep!

[@Miss_Prowlheart]

these are the only biology videos i genuinely enjoy to watch

[@techtv1232]

You should also create videos on Physics and chemistry.

[@mistheesinghal4964]

Maths and physics

[@migz1875]

My teacher always use your videos in our biology class. And its very helpful. Thank You

[@darthhanna3800]

Your guys are amazing! Thank you so much for all your hard work! xx

[@juliettyler7670]

Awesome video- Thank you for taking the time to make this!

[@sanjanadandu5959]

I absolutely love your channel!! Thank you for all your helpful videos

[@melvinbkruah3183]

Profound video. In a short period I have a clear understanding of the mechanism involves in immune response.

[@lyndseychilds625]

Thank you for attaching scholarly articles ! Such a topic. Love all your big picture videos

[@adirondacknorthway]

My science teacher always plays your videos during class! Your videos have such a cute style to them, i love it ❤

[@kiranragbir4357]

Great information here 😊😊💯. Please do a video on the workings of the immune system

[@Garfield7410]

*How the immune system works Sorry grammar nerd

[@alexwang982]

#.Aman. Khatkar it is technically correct though.

[@christianverosil7976]

To be honest, your videos like bacteria, fungi, plants, punnett squares, and others are so much related to our topic! I love it thanks Amoeba Sisters for helping to think, understand, and evaluate! Keep it up SISTERS!

[@mohsenmohsen8852]

Biology went from being the hardest subject to the easiest thank you

[@rudyossanchez]

Cells at work, highly entertaining and informative.

[@alisonlaett9625]

So gad you posted again! thanks for the cool content :) You're part of the reason I'm changing my minor in bio to a major.

[@BobOofinson]

How do you do this? I love just watching this in my free time! It's like a comic... but a movie... but education!

[@aves4081]

This video is really incredible; I loved your animations and explanation

[@addy6543]

Yay ur back!!

[@Yourmother-ef8gk]

My biology teacher is a crazy cat woman and she is obsessed with amoeba sisters

[@balrajshahi5842]

Amazing video , i feel like kid in school watching video but its so fun and knowledgeable , good work

[@liridonadonna3189]

Your videos are so enjoyable to watch 😍. Thank you for your amazing work ❤️

[@dhanushdanes4064]

So beautifully explained in an entertaining manner.... Hats off...

[@mushroomme64]

I have only discovered this channel because of school, but I actually really like the style of these videos.

[@VaccinateYourFamily]

Fantastic video! Thank you.

[@christopherbriles5056]

Which of you plays 40k I was teaching and showed this to my kids and I about died laughing when I saw the Leviathan Dreadnaught

[@colton1325]

0:31 never knew a leviathan dreadnought was inside my body fighting infection

[@shrub6]

the leviathan dread inside you is the one thing defending you from falling to nurgle

[@OnlyNo1Videos]

Wow what a way of teaching very infirmative and conceptual

[@tonyh9401]

Great video! Easy to understand and remember thank you so much.

[@emmaj2044]

Hi!!! We watch you in class, and in one of your videos, the teacher paused the video and it paused on a funny picture lol! Love you guys!!

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I really enjoy watching your videos. They absolutely rock.

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wow, you put a lot of work into this video. I like the animations.

[@lordswarning9651]

❤❤❤ i watch these for fun and for school!

[@thinara6197]

What did the librarian say to the student? Read more

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Lol

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Wait you tricked me

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Ha ha that's funny

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I knew the joke but proceeded to click 😆👏👏👏👏

[@Noeman2009]

Read More and Show Less. LOL

[@matias330mt9]

que video mas vacano me encanto

[@TravelingwithJenny]

Wow- great video! Thanks!!

[@proknight6647]

welcome back. love the vid. good job.

[@tanthiennguyen9308]

Zum Glück gestern Abend hatte ich an der Parfüm durch gescheckt .................................Sauber & Sicherheit

[@elizabethmaerzluft4074]

Could you do a video about RNA vaccines?

[@tabithawhetham2540]

can you guys do a video of how different organisms go into and through a cell? please?? I have a science essay and this would be very helpful

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You guys are back❤️❤️

[@sierrawilson1637]

I wouldn't have passed biology class if it wasn't for you guys. Thank you!

[@curtpiazza1688]

Another great video!

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So happy to see you guys again and I love you guys a lot😘😘😘😘😘😘😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍

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My biology teacher says that this is the best and most accurate channle Thank you so much

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You may not believe me but in our science class at school we are actually watching your videos. our science teacher gives us some extra homework and it is to subscribe and like your videos.

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Great Videos! Merry Christmas to all unicellular organisms!

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Wish I could see this before I had my Science final exam

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Really informative and funny ...keep up the amazing work sisters.....love from Trinidad and Tobago

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OMG THANK YOU FOR THE KNOWLEDGE!

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Your channel deserves more millions of subscribers!! 😃😃😃 Love your videos 🤩

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This makes learning easy. Thanks for a great content. - eBio Education

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Underrated channel. Really e.e Also love the visuals and explanations uwu

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Im a highscool student but the cartoons really cheered up my day 😪

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you should do a video on the differences between animal and plant cells.

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I watch your videos because it helps me with exams. Thank you it help me

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I absolutely love your channel, its so helpful and both my sisters enjoy it! :D keep up the work! :3 hows the baby? :3

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Also great animations!

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The comic for the video is so cute☺️☺️ i cant help but smile.

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You guys are amazing!!! I won’t fail my exams 🎉🎉🎉🎉

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I like it so easy to understand.

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Never thought I'd see a white blood cell dreadnought

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This short video tough me more than my 12 years on school.

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epic

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Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!

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I Just Love Your Animations And Graphics!!!♥️