Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) variable region. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by inhibiting a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance. The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions.[4] The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[5]
Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system, mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B-cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.

[@joylot729]

Very helpful for me. Thank you. Cheers from Indonesia

[@zeenatidrisi6443]

Thank you for sharing ❤

[@rahulpatidar2747]

thank you sir line to line understand 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍

[@mariyamsiraj9051]

Another great and simple explanation!!

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..glad it helps ✌️

[@michaeleisenberg7867]

Shabir, Really nice dissection of an antibody! Very eloquent! Thank you! Your channel is a real rabbit hole. Off to the side I saw protein folding--click on that and I'm off and running. That lead to 3 of your Chaperone videos. All fascinating. I have the hardest time understanding how evolution came up with all those mechanisms. You start with the original polypeptide--with just the right sequence of aminoacids (which is a mystery in itself)--and then you need at least 2 more proteins plus some ATP just to bend it into shape. RNA world→DNA world→mRNA→primary protein→functioning chaperone proteins. That's a lot of trial and error, natural selection, and a huge leap of faith.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Dr.Mike for appreciation... You always analyse the things together which makes us to understand the things well.. Like everything is connected...Be it an Evolution or we talk of Biomolecule.. everything..

[@nabeelah62]

very nice vedio ..easy and helpful

[@vanilianareviews7496]

Thank you very much ❤❤

[@hussainbiology]

You're welcome 😊

[@ioanacasandra447]

Thank you very much for sharing your work with us!

[@tanhakhan6601]

in which condition fab portion dont carry the antigen binding sites?

[@israa_embroider8243]

Thank you 👍

[@hussainbiology]

most welcome thanks Isra for appreciation ....

[@tetianabondarchuk3533]

Short and helpful. Thanks!

[@hussainbiology]

Glad it was helpful!

[@moonlight8854]

You really helped me with your channel thanks a lot keep going 🌹

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@sravanipakki6363]

Tq

[@indethbed2546]

i liked the video

[@muazamamin9283]

Ur videos r killing it mam 🥳great getting great help from ur videos

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Muazam for appreciation...Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@selvamani749]

Sir, gud evening, I want specific function of G A M E D immunoglobulin

[@hussainbiology]

Stay updated.. GAMED in next video

[@ratandevda1981]

❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 superb work

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@MBBSLOVER786]

Good

[@Pavankalyan_09]

Wahhhh❤️❤️❤️ explaination dragrams🙏

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@kayanihazel5598]

You are just excellent sir. Thankyou❤️

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Hazel for appreciation ❤️

[@kayanihazel5598]

@@hussainbiology your welcome sir you cover my 2 chapters of microbiology💞

[@nallasanjay4369]

Today it made me to attempt the internals..

[@s.r0700]

Nice as always

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@nikhattaufeeque6825]

Blatant n vivid explanation .....❤️

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@qadeerunnisa4673]

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[@indethbed2546]

0:25 wrong arrow

[@ummehafsa4096]

So good🤩

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Hafsa for appreciation..Glad it helps🤩

[@medicalbiochemistry_]

👍

[@bhatbabubabu6724]

Sir can u plxx upload guess questions about this whole lecture I really need that

[@hussainbiology]

Like what kind off

[@shwetakunwar5062]

veryyyyyyy niceeeee

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation.... Glad it helps

[@rajgohil6248]

Sir i need chart ( notes) of videos. How can i get ??

[@hussainbiology]

i had a website back in 2019... but due to unavailability of internet for one year..i couldn't make up to it.... So now there is no way that i make PDF notes of it

[@rajgohil6248]

@@hussainbiology okay..i will manage with screen shots... . Thank you 😊

[@riyayadav8565]

Sir please app m.sc botany ki books kara dijie privious sem ki.. please sir🥺

[@hussainbiology]

Woh na sab subjects pe video banake chalna pdhta hai.... jaise ki abi cell cycle series

[@srilathayakari9231]

Hi sir the video is bit fast and difficult to catch up