Biological Molecules | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool

Molecules make you think of chemistry, right? Well, they also are very important in biology too. In this video we are going to look at carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. When I say lipids, I am talking about fats and oils.
Life processes depend on biological molecules, whose structure is related to their function.
Did you know that living organisms are actually made from quite a small group of molecules? What do you think the most common molecule in you is?
It is actually water. About 55 to 60% of a human adult’s body weight comes from water. And in some organisms it can be up to 90% of their body weight!! [could show jellyfish here]
Your muscles and kidneys are particularly ‘watery’ at 79%, but even your bones have 31% water. Bet you didn’t expect that! Does that mean we really can walk on water?!
Ok, I’m done with the water for now. Imagine I removed all of the water from your body. What would be left? Well it would pretty much just be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids such as DNA.
So what are these all made of? Well both carbohydrates and lipids are really simple; they both just contain three elements… carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Protein is a little more complex with four or five elements… carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur.
Let’s start by looking at carbohydrates. There are 3 main types of carbohydrate: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Simple sugars, like glucose and fructose, are monosaccharides.
Sucrose, which is made of 2 simple sugars joined together, is a disaccharide.
And some carbohydrates are polymers that are made of lots of sugars joined together, and so are called polysaccharides. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are three important polysaccharides. Cellulose is found in plant walls, and starch is the storage unit for surplus glucose made in photosynthesis. Glycogen is the storage unit used by animals for surplus glucose, and is found in liver and muscle tissues.
Starch is tested for using iodine solution. If the solution turns blue-black, then starch is present.
Now onto proteins… proteins are also polymers. But whereas in carbohydrates the monomer (or repeating unit) was glucose, for proteins it is amino acids.
The protein then folds up into a complex 3D shape, which is held together by weak bonds. The function of each protein depends on its shape.
Because enzymes are proteins, and the bonds holding proteins together are weak, this is why enzymes denature above certain temperatures. The bonds are broken and the structure of the protein is changed.
There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins. The order of amino acids varies in different proteins and so 20 different amino acids means an almost infinite number of different proteins can be made. It is estimated that there are about 50,000 different proteins in the human body alone.
You will come across proteins everywhere…
In cell membranes where they control the movement of substances during active transport,
as enzymes - so in photosynthesis, respiration, DNA copying and digestion,
as hormones like insulin, oestrogen and testosterone,
and as antibodies for fighting infection to name just a few examples.
So that’s proteins and carbohydrates. Let’s end with lipids. Many lipids are triglycerides. These have a single glycerol molecule with three fatty acid tails attached.
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[@thomasreeves6261]

Hello everyone. If you are using this video to study for a biolgy class, there are a few errors. Testosterone and estrogen, the sex hormones, are classified chemically as steroids (a type of lipid), not proteins as the video indicates. Also, it is true that triglycerides and steroids are both examples of lipids or fats, but the picture showing the glycerol plus three fatty acids is a triglyceride, a lipid family that includes the saturated and unsaturated fats. Cholesterol and Vitamins A and D are given as examples of triglycerides, but they are not. They belong to the steroid family of lipids. Steroids have a different structure than a triglyceride. Didn't want you to get these wrong if you have a test coming up. Good luck!

[@studyonly9005]

ok thx

[@omarmo3109]

K,ty.

[@studyonly9005]

who else is here to study for 10th grade exams?

[@ishanpujari2171]

I learnt more in this 4 minutes video than in my 40 minutes class!

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glad you put music on background this way it is not boring anymore.

[@fuseschool]

Glad you liked it 🙂

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[@fuseschool]

Glad it was helpful! 🙂

[@KillerTacos54]

We watched this video for our Biology elective, thanks for making these concepts a lot easier to comprehend!

[@fuseschool]

Glad you liked it!

[@atiya2762]

Time saving + informative + straight up = perfect video

[@fuseschool]

😍 thanks!

[@philipforinton5804]

what about nucleic acids?

[@megumifushiguro9958]

Awesome and thank you FuseSchool!

[@fuseschool]

Any time!

[@hasnainhaider8071]

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[@fuseschool]

Thank you too!

[@sandpiperr]

(incorrectly!) Lists estrogen and testosterone as examples of hormones made up of proteins...on the very next slide mentions that steroid hormones are lipids. Quality content there, buddy!

[@redwinebros9665]

this is so helpful. couldnt even understand my teachers lecture.Great jood :)

[@fuseschool]

Glad you found it helpful!

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Awesome! Glad you liked it!

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@@fuseschool Can you please tell me which animation you use because even i create such videos?? is it very difficult??

[@fuseschool]

It's easy if you know how to use Adobe Illustrator and After Effects. There are lots of tutorials on KZbin, check them out 😉

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Great to hear it!

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You are welcome 🙂 glad you liked it!

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[@squidzplzyz9400]

Can you please tell me which animation you use because even i create such videos?? is it very difficult??

[@elvalorena1406]

Tks for the video

[@fuseschool]

No problem 👍

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Thank you!

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Thanks

[@YoungWood8]

Try to pass bio so rn I'm going to sleep while listening to it

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[@fuseschool]

Thank you!

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i love this and i appreciate your work but you lost me in the first sentence 😂

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[@fuseschool]

Glad you think so!

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[@haydyshamy8296]

Great video, but how about no music next time?

[@fuseschool]

Noted!

[@MW-be2dm]

Really useful video, but estrogen and testosterone are not actually proteins as they are made from cholesterol, which is a lipid. Better examples of protein hormones might be growth hormone or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

[@fuseschool]

Good point! Thank you!

[@katelynm9129]

why does a potato technically has all 4 biological molecule types in it, even if it is not considered a good source of all 4?

[@leenyamin3633]

very*

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LIFT?

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[@fuseschool]

You're most welcome! Glad it was useful!

[@bobbyhill5067]

whats the music mate?

[@fuseschool]

Check out the end credits, should be listed there.

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Y r u telling

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[@fuseschool]

Thanks 🤗

[@elvalorena1406]

Testosterone and estrogen are not proteins as you say at 13:38

[@fuseschool]

Good point!

[@laylagaming2170]

I think it says protein like testosterone and estrogen are not literally protein... Protein are used to produce energy and to synthesize molecules like hormones.. so it means that protein drives the reproductive hormones gets?😅

[@YoungWood8]

Wow makes more sense 😂

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2021! 😭🤚

[@feraligatrdestroyer4563]

Good vid but work on your voice volume

[@feraligatrdestroyer4563]

Id understand a thing

[@fuseschool]

Ok will do

[@aryasaryas124]

background music is too disturbing

[@yusr0111]

Suggestion: Can you speak a bit more clearly? So that the automatic captions can pick up everything... This could be helpful for deaf people... just an idea... you know

[@fuseschool]

Noted!

[@zacstrauss6387]

The music in the background is very distracting and unnecessary, otherwise it would be a good video.

[@fuseschool]

Thanks! And sorry about the music.

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