Cytotoxic T cells

Animation by Etsuko Uno, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
www.wehi.edu.au/wehi-tv
The animation illustrates how cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. The movie shows how the body, in response to a virus infection, can produce clones of cytotoxic T cells that specifically target and destroy infected cells. The movie highlights key molecules that enable the cytotoxic T cell to kill only infected cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

[@Nawmps]

Mad respect to the camera crew that shrunk themselves down and risked their lives for education

[@rittenbrake1613]

😂

[@afreakingwaffle]

Bro literally said underrated instead of overrated 💀💀💀

[@exanimato6586]

@@afreakingwaffle No no, he actually mean underrated, he find camera jokes funny af, so he had tell the other guy to shut up because those camera man jokes where making him laugh so badly that he wasn't able to focus on learn the content of the video.

[@nikkio8421]

LOL!

[@Tiniuc]

These sound effects make me feel like I'm watching Doctor Who. I love it.

[@YouGotsTheRabies]

The immune system seems to be hell-bent on revenge.

[@IsaacMorgan98]

You're immune system just wants to kill, that's its function and that's what it loves doing. It takes an awful lot of effort to stop it from breaking your body down cell by cell!

[@Filterdissman]

The “Revenge system” sounds cool.

[@itcamefromthedeep]

Infected Cell: [grabs T-cell] "Rico! You know what to do!" T-cell: "Yes sir!" [cocks cytotoxic granules]

[@LordAcastra]

...

[@fralael7671]

T-cell: launching granule in 3...2....1..... [mission completed, you may return to the nearest lymph nodes]

[@chereshan906]

god. sound design is so good.

[@samuel.hricko]

I know, right?

[@booloob]

So good you could barely hear the narrator... lol

[@strivingcobra]

Hmm... Today I will regret going to the comment section

[@fizzyb00t]

I thought the sound effects were horrible and distracting.

[@RoGameReview]

they are ASMR

[@yimingqu2403]

the chewing sound makes the infected cell sounds delicious....

[@AbhilashNairSpartnax]

lol true

[@LordAcastra]

lmao yeah

[@etherflows3059]

WEHI animation is WOW! We need full length documentaries of this!

[@deanna1410]

Check out The Body. It's on curiosity stream but you can probably find it in other places too.

[@Ihateregistrations1]

the sound effects are the best

[@NotoriousPyro]

Can barely hear the narrator over the sound effects.

[@williamwixon]

Thank you so much everyone at WEHI for producing and presenting these astounding animated videos! Absolutely jaw-dropping! I wish everyone could/would watch these videos! I’m sorry but they seem to have what I would assume is the opposite effect of what they are intended is that I watch these videos and I can’t possibly imagine that something that complex could be created by accident/evolution, and how in the world did it function in a lower revolutionary state a less complicated state I can’t imagine that it could function at all unless it’s fully formed and perfect as it is, everything relies on such absolute precision.

[@MatMabee]

Your inability to understand or comprehend the complexity of evolution is not evidence of its creation. I'm terribly sorry that your indoctrination outweighs your ability to think rationally.

[@williamwixon]

@@MatMabee get back to me when you can perceive the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

[@alexandrabrighton6520]

OMG!!! What a perfect explanation!!! I absolutely love this way of learning. Thank you very much for the content ❤️

[@edeeeeeeeen]

i have a learning disability

[@MusicEchos]

Don't tell those t-cells about your cough, they may come after you.

[@user-jj8wu2ox1t]

amazingly informative! enjoyed the sound of binding T-cell receptor and virus peptide MHC!

[@dastanfarooqui7256]

Most beautiful finding on youtube.....👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻

[@doctorvimalkatarmal4704]

bro.. respect for u. u done fabulous animation... perfect

[@hansmack6792]

Your animations are incredible!

[@restauranthotelkristina557]

Brilliant videos. Thank you

[@BlueUKLouis]

This is beautiful!

[@m.abdurrehmansyed8122]

Thank u so much i was having so much trouble with these co receptors

[@Electroblade360]

The Sound Design Is Perfect

[@alwaysambitious]

Wow! wonderful, I loved it.

[@0xoRial]

This raises some questions: 1. why virus-infected cell expose the virus fragment? if they can recognize virus on their own, they could just turn on apoptosis and not waste time/energy of the body immune system. 2. how does activated t-cell knows not to attack the 'scouting' cell, if the attack and activation are triggered by same molecular complex?

[@samuel.hricko]

1. Cells indeed try to undergo apoptosis when infected, but many viruses have specific mechanisms to turn off apoptosis of their target cells. There is even a separate "class" of viruses called oncogenic viruses, which drive the cells away from apoptosis and into proliferation, causing cancer. 2. It wasn't exactly stated in the video, but the animation in fact showed two different MHC molecules. - the first one (the one on the antigen-presenting cell) was MHC II, which the T-cells recognize as the molecule that teaches them to react to a specific virus fragment. - the second one was MHC I, which is expressed on all cells and basically serves as a show case for what kind of peptides the cell produces. If a virus peptide is recognized bound on MHC I, the T-cell knows that this is just a normal cell that is infected. Good questions :)

[@samuel.hricko]

One more point that I forgot to mention concerning both your questions: The infected cells themselves do not recognize the virus. Well sometimes they do (there are few molecular hints, such as double-strand RNA, which is not typical for eukaryotes), but the way cells present the viral peptides on MHC I molecules is completely independent of recognition - they do this with every peptide they produce. MHC I is, as I said, a showcase of what kind of peptides is produced inside cells, not only viral ones. It is the duty of the T-cell to recognize that this one cell shows odd peptides that the immune system wasn't trained to tolerate as its own. +Mr Niceguy - 1. not precisely, but you touched important subject. Indeed, part of the cytotoxic mechanism of T-cells is to . activate death receptors on target cells, and some viruses produce proteins that block the downstream death pathway. But for cells to downregulate the death receptors themselves is more typical of cancer cells, another threat that the T-cells have to recognize. So that's why cancer often avoids recognition and destruction by immune system. 2. Good thinking, though the antigen-presenting cells are of various types. The one shown in the video is most likely a dendritic cell, which belongs to so-called "professional antigen-presenting cells", the main (nearly sole) work of which consists of gathering different, potentially interesting peptides from bacteria, viruses and environment. These cells present thousands of different peptides at once, but yeah, most of them get the chance of their lifetime when they meet a T-cell that is "interested" in one of their peptides and becomes activated. But no, they don't get destroyed :) There's many more types of antigen-presenting cells, some of which do this just as their side function - B-lymphocytes are a good example. As B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, it would be a poor design if the population of virus-recognizing T-cells killed of the population of the same-virus-recognizing B-cells :) All APCs use a distinct signal - MHC II - to present their antigens without danger of being destroyed. Amen :)

[@andrewkilroyable]

One problem is that cells don't have much capability to recognise many kinds infections within themselves. Viruses work by using back doors in to cells. If you've managed to get in, there's very little a normal cell can do about it. Another problem is mediating cell responses. Nearly all life recognises self and non-self through peptides, glycoproteins and other parts. They have no ability to directly observe items like we do. So imagine if cells simply detected alien parts and self-destructed. You'd have mass tissue death, collateral damage, pandemonium. This is why we need a specialised immune system, to compartmentalise these responses to certain cells that can independently verify problems and kill without the rest of the body overreacting. You'll notice that when non-immune tissue does have involvement in an immune response, such as inflammation, the side-effects, misfires and self-damaging issues are manifold.

[@Contra1828]

Another interesting fact: some infections disable the cell's MHC protein, to prevent the cell from displaying viral peptides. But the immune system has a response for that: natural killer cells. Rather than targeting cells that display viral peptides, natural killer cells target cells which don't display normal peptides, which implies that their MHC system was shut down.

[@javiermachin1]

@@samuel.hricko Great answers... thanks

[@Microbex]

I dont pay enough homages to my body. Thanks t cell and yall.

[@edu.me.hollingsworth]

Thank you for this!!!

[@streakie655]

T-cells : you had one job aunti gen. Aunti gen: 0_0

[@skgolamkibria1373]

Mind blowing

[@hameed3819]

That’s incredible!

[@Emacosa]

Absolutely Fantastic 🐥

[@user-wl8kk5kn6v]

Did he voice the medieval total warfare? Lol

[@NotAvy]

Helper T Cells : WTF! I am in the charge of activating T cells ....and YOU DELETED MY ENTIRE ROLE!!

[@enricotortelli3642]

This video is amazing!

[@marianieves634]

Incredible, so Nice

[@seagull5976]

best sound effect on edu video

[@victoriapapesh6892]

Love this 💖

[@cocotierrose102]

Good work

[@mplmpl4004]

Informative

[@opufy]

whoever is in charge of the body deserves manager of the year

[@lanaymi4958]

WOW , finally understand .amazing

[@Crabcrap26]

this is the best video ever

[@alexandrudanielmartinas3615]

Thank you,good video

[@DaeZey]

Do infected cells display virus bits because cells are always displaying just a little of what they're making inside? In case is virus and needs touch of death? Also, are cytotoxic and killer t-cells the same?

[@Field_Ant]

yes and yes

[@sbarr10]

I like the chewing / slurping sounds at 5:15.

[@babayhendrayani7728]

Thats really cool

[@immadisarojini2775]

Super

[@terozak4140]

Is this a key to fight some special sickness with something like snake poison?

[@xiupsilon876]

Snake venom is neutralized with antibodies. Antibodies are produced by B cells. The T cells shown here are specialized towards killing infected cells in your own body. It usually happens when they are infected by viruses or damaged by pathogens in other ways. It's important for the body to kill off it's own cells that have become infected, because they spread the disease. The cytotoxic T cells are the special task force that does this exact job.

[@joannastanford9760]

The sound effects keep making me think a TARDIS is going to appear.

[@shubhamkale6327]

Nice

[@robertocastillo1471]

Audio is spectacular

[@debkwplayz927]

I didn’t hear the BLAHBLAH BLAH BLAH from the i just heard ASMR lol

[@skxarta]

but when a dendritic cell presents the procesed antigen that it found to a naive cytotoxic T cell it uses the MHC1 or the MHC2 to present it???

[@reberodriguez1330]

It uses MHC1 for cytotoxic T ones, and MCH2 for helper T cells

[@chaima5630]

It uses the mhc2 because it is the one responsible for showing foreign peptides on a cell (part of a virus for example) while it uses mh1 to show its own protein which it makes usually to identify itself

[@AbhilashNairSpartnax]

this is so cool

[@MinskyDoxsky]

is the mic inside someone's mouth while chewing?...

[@EliteTeamKiller2.0]

It's like we're invaded with a bunch of different types of organisms which simply go about their business, and in so doing help the greater whole. There are so many cases where it appears that we are a collective of smaller proto-organisms. Makes you wonder what happened in our ancestors billions of years ago.

[@nightmaresand808s]

dark ambient body music

[@Remima13]

🎶Ride on the magic school bus🎶 😂

[@thebeanymac]

Needs more Dracul narration.

[@alexmarvin3093]

I was thinking, Pshhh this is like so surface level... then he zoomed in on the molecular interactions and I went WHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

[@landryprichard6778]

Jesus. Could you imagine being down in that? Hellscape.

[@covarrubias25]

Is this Tcell new? I’ve never heard of it?

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

It's not new.

[@Bismarck666]

How do the cytotoxic cells travel through the body? Do they have cylliums?

[@WEHImovies]

Cytotoxic T cells crawl with 'ameoboid' type movement as seen in this video kzbin.info/www/bejne/pKXOaYuprbt3n5I

[@xinjunwu7941]

wow, this is impreesive

[@farahali5754]

Activation of receptor by binding ligand through cellular membrane

[@FaakLOL]

infected cell: dude we gonna kill this human alive also infected cell: *it's t cell.*

[@olegshevchenko5869]

1:24 Are those cells trying to create a portal to Stormwind?

[@nickenichite]

good graphics. but very scary music. unpleasant

[@beautifulvillian405]

This vdo sounds like my professor, but with the sound effects 😱

[@Zeldafan1009]

Just tiny little molecular robots, each one doing their job to make you, you.

[@applush23]

wow

[@DatsiKxModz]

This could be a sci-fi movie

[@alexanderx33]

Why are the poisoned cells shown as shrinking when injected with poison. Does the poison actually cause cells to emit water?

[@WEHImovies]

The cells shrink as part of the apoptosis process en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis

[@alexanderx33]

@@WEHImovies How weird. Its more like the cell has conective tissues inside that change their relative tension or break down.

[@WEHImovies]

You are correct - cells have internal structural elements that change and 'break apart' during apoptosis kzbin.info/www/bejne/qoCQiGujq6eUbZo

[@probability_density]

Holy machines fashioned from Nature's toothpicks and duck tape

[@luantran7810]

Please translate into vietnamese! Thank you so much!

[@rawia8325]

It seems like a horror film when the reseptors cluster 😂😭😭😭😭

[@ezpixelplays]

Antiegen presentation cells are dendritic cells

[@Perpetuallyoffended]

Absolutely amazing! The shit we have going on in our bodies is insane. Its like a whole galaxy that human eyes will never see, except through a microscope. And then consider all of the elements of the cells and what is in its body. This is not by accident. This takes a creator. Chaos cannot create perfection. You'll go crazy if you think about it too long.

[@sri23125]

Is same as cytokine storm ?

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

No. Kurzgesagt made a video or two about it; it's called the Complement system.

[@DihydrogenMonoxideGuy]

ofc not

[@benwearne542]

sound fx got me trippin

[@nztraveler2470]

love your body, because we have T cells that will always battle for us to live...

[@LeadingCross]

Cytotoxic T Cells...are the bomb. 😏👍👏

[@Examinee315]

I never knew "Cytotoxic T cells" or "Killer T cells" after watching "Cells at Work!" (Its an Japanese Animation Show or Anime)

[@aussakagamine8862]

i came from cells at work too. thanks japan.

[@greasepan1]

bro literally just came from the anime

[@mariangarcia8464]

I’m here because of that show too!

[@rockNrolla661]

Same here 🤣🤣🤣

[@emmravito9165]

same hereXD

[@ryanrivard1455]

And here I thought it was complicated?

[@cinderng8574]

"Naive" means immature?

[@Electroblade360]

Yes

[@catsak4727]

There is good t cells

[@noneplaceholder9975]

SFX way too loud compared to voice.

[@jameswalker3973]

Sounds like a bad case of bubbleguts.

[@matthewroy7718]

What cream triggers an immune response resulting in antigen presenting cells > T-Cell (CD-8 & CD-4 Helper) activation? Aldara (imiquimod)

[@stevemean8682]

Cure for Coronavirus 👍

[@scrittle]

Viruses are too small for cytotoxic t-cells to be effective

[@netzach7571]

@@scrittle Dude, they just explained. They kill the cells inficted by the virus :'D

[@Craigy2818]

I think it's different with COVID. We are injected with the proteins that you find on the outside of the Coronavirus cell, which the immune cells target because it's a foreign body. The body then learns how to attack that protein in the future, so that it can pluck the proteins off of the cell wall and destroy each Coronavirus cell, when it's in the body. It means you feel much less unwell, if you do catch it because the body has that immunity and ability to destroy the virus much more easily.

[@netzach7571]

@@Craigy2818 You will be injected the rna for your cells to produce that protein/antigen. After learning how the virus looks it still destroys the infected cells.(Coronavirus still being a virus) You feel much less unwell becouse your immunsystem reacts much quicker if everything went well.

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

Only if it can respond to the virus FIRST

[@gianpalomares4372]

Uhhhhh... no?

[@elviscaragea4433]

best video about cells for an amateur

[@32zim32]

The question is why cytotoxic t cell doesn't kill the antigen presenting cell?

[@Arcticgator64]

good question

[@adenosine2electricboogaloo647]

I've always wondered that

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

Because the antigen presenting cell is using *MHC II* which was not specified in the video. If the antigen was presented from the MHC I - which the rest of the cells have instead - that would trigger a response from the T cell.

[@adenosine2electricboogaloo647]

@@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk Hang on isn't the cd8 coreceptor only able to bind to MHC I?

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

@@adenosine2electricboogaloo647 and thus only allow it to kill MHC I cells?

[@nickrubixx4611]

The cells don’t look like Ts. I’m disappointed

[@PlanetVenus1480]

cytotoxic t cells can reconized virus infected cell by color green,& red

[@Paradox079]

Are you an idiot?

[@juanpablonavagamez1036]

I thought that cytotoxic t cells would lead the infected cell to eventually cause the cell to do apoptosis

[@aviatorsound914]

That’s your white blood cell or immune cell that causes infection. Cytotoxic T Cells Only kills the infected cell so if the dead bury of the cell does not get cleaned up by your body it causes infection.

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

I think it's a different T cell that does that.

[@improviseadaptovercome5651]

Metroid

[@janhay7925]

Grand Designer/Creator at work here

[@gianpalomares4372]

noooooooooooooooooo???????/

[@georgejenkins3371]

Such annoying background noise..........

[@republikadugave420]

And people say AI is more complex than humans...give me a break...

[@thecamocampaindude5167]

He talks normal when you speed him up to 1:25x the speed

[@morplagro1545]

omg you're right XD

[@maxxplzz1992]

Johnny Depp???

[@user-mn5tv4gb8s]

Darcho Jandreoski Pegasus Galactica 7 Roboterce ovde je ovo uci