David Reich - How One Small Tribe Conquered the World 70,000 Years Ago

[@ParallelPenguins]

The black death killing such a large chunk of humanity through out prehistory just makes me think that damn dogs and cats have REALLY been our best friends. Helping us take out pests and hunt for food and keep our livestock safe. We really wouldn't be who and what we are today with out cats and dogs.

[@jhtsurvival]

Uh yeah?

[@jhtsurvival]

​@@E.lectricityNorthso did your mom

[@bigdallyc]

Sure, but the populations he is speaking about existed far deeper into prehistory, before we domesticated wolves. That is a relatively recent occurrence, around 11,000 years ago.

[@wtfgreg1246]

You should see the stats on malaria (it's killed about 50% of humans who have ever lived)

[@mickvonbornemann3824]

Funny thing is David Reich is also a vet.

[@tobystewart4403]

The way David Reich speaks, his manner of phrasing possibilities rather than certainties, is a great credit to his intellectual standing. He does not think in terms of simple certainties, leaping from broad postulations of fact to far reaching conclusions. Rather, he is more interested in comparing possible alternatives, and questions popular models by always examining them against different models. One would be extremely fortunate to work with him, or be a student learning from him.

[@goprojoe8943]

I'm no Jesus but I can look around at the historical landscape and see what happened is evolution

[@user-ny7sg9mz1v]

Yeah unlike Yuvah Noah Harari

[@AnjelLee-f8c]

Yes but he still goes in to say probably this and probably that.

[@arsonfrog69__97]

i feel like this guy is what Jordan Peterson would be if he was actually smart

[@odonnelldenise]

Yes why IS KZbin pushing this video?? It aint the algorithm​@user-ny7sg9mz1v

[@chetisanhart3457]

When a brilliant person says "I don't know" so many times, it gives me hope for humankind. ...and that he is a fellow N.American...wow. I didn't think we did that anymore. Thank you both for this interview.

[@MrDubyadee1]

True. Its one way to tell the difference between a brilliant or very smart person and a pretender.

[@harrietharlow9929]

I'm glad he admits this because we really don't know a lot about our past. We're learning. but we're not there yet (and I doubt we ever will get there since so much has been lost).

[@718EngrCo]

I have found that “I don’t know” is very difficult to say, but it is very important. It informs others, but more importantly reminds yourself that you have limitations. Of course everyone else already knows you have limitations but you sometimes delude yourself.

[@ALavin-en1kr]

Supposedly there are fourteen versions of the human, to a uniquely human prototype, in one universal cycle.

[@ashleigh3021]

“Fellow N. American” what does this mean?

[@ynwicks7142]

Now this is a real scientist. He is precise and is able to confidently say "I don't know". Unlike many egotists in science nowadays making ridiculous claims.

[@lewissmith350]

Yes, and then there are pseudoscientists he claim to know everything,

[@kathypiazza7228]

Yes. Too often theory is presented as fact.

[@adamscruton2972]

Yes and more often people miss understand what a theory even is.

[@AnjelLee-f8c]

Exactly. They have so many stupid theories.

[@jimbo3779]

Yes, like human caused climate change.

[@jnielson1121]

There's something so wonderfully haunting and wonderful about being able to capture parts of these ancient stories and journeys that people went on so, so long ago. TOTALLY love this - really exciting to be alive when this kind of revolution is happening :)

[@DwarkeshPatel]

I've been obsessed with what David Reich told me ever since we recorded. All this stuff is so fascinating. Really excited to put this one out :)

[@joshbickett]

Just started listening and interested to learn more. Dawkins would be an excellent guest as well. I'm interested Dawkins perspective of AI, functional self-awareness, etc.

[@arthurmair8901]

David is great, but mate, you really didnt prepare enough for this interview, it felt like you were floundering and not really asking the right questions, or following what he was saying...bit of a wasted opportunity...

[@karlnordenstorm8816]

It is nice to get a break from the AI. You are doing god's work there. Important subject. But so nice to get some biology. And this guy was just the right kind of guest. Underexposed on youtube before.

[@stripeytawney822]

​@@arthurmair8901yeah, but how would you prepare? I like to think I can follow most anything, but what 3 books plus eigenvector math? To prepare I would need months. He deserves a series not just a.podcast.

[@bealzy]

Razib Khan next! 😊

[@LeonardTavast]

Thanks to the algorithm for serving me this podcast. I subbed in less than a minute.

[@socialistcynic]

Dont know if anyone will see this, but i really reccomend Stefan Milo for archaeological discussion on human history. Super interesting!

[@Bakarost]

Same

[@tmthyha]

it's like non-bozo Lex Fridman

[@markroberts4976]

YET the blind acts like Y'ALL no longer exist 😂. I seem to cross paths with y'all ALL the time. Keeping it real on KZbin. 🫣🤫

[@nambiarradhikanambiar6998]

​​@@socialistcynic thank you for the recommendation, I'll check it out. 😊❤

[@KathrynHaugan]

Dr. Reich...blows me away with his humility and brilliance...every time. Thank you for this extended interview Dwarkesh Patel. More please!

[@vickyyounghensley1269]

One of the most fascinating interviews I've seen or heard. Really impressive is that his willingness to admit what he DOESN'T know and that he remains open to other perspectivess.

[@Donaleigh222]

Then why isnt he takin about the Africans DNA 19% being from some unknown species.

[@tcrown3333]

I had to slow the video down to 0.75. This, undoubted brilliant man speaks far too quickly for this 81 year old. 😳 Excellent, thought provoking content!

[@davebergie]

They both speak too fast. It's quite irritating.

[@davebergie]

And the interviewer mumbles and slurs.

[@TheMargarita1948]

I use a playback speed of .75 for most YT videos involving normal human speech. I have no doubt that the option to speed up the playback is available and most producers (is that the right word?) choose it. I have been doing most of my reading with audiobooks for about 15 years now. I almost always slow down playback.

[@trinleywangmo]

I'm 54, and needed to slow it down and turned on subtitles.

[@wsewlal]

Thank you for the tip to slow things down. I'm less than half your age and also needed it.

[@ajknaup3530]

I am thrilled at your humility. So many "experts" talk like everything is known, like common assumptions & conclusions with little to no supporting facts are incontovertible. Fascitating presentation on important & interesting topic. Thank you.

[@jeremymullens7167]

He’s suggesting a truth when the established model is resistant to that.(Nazi ideology kinda hampered a lot of science and social science models because no one wants to be associated with it) He knows what likely happened because we have examples for the historic record and human behavior all across the world. Men from a culture killed the men from another culture and took their women. That’s how you get a dramatic demographic shift. Disease can contribute but stuff like that happens a lot. The Men winning wars lend their DNA to future generations. This even happened in the modern era to an extent. Some of it could be female mate selection where they leave their family. The human profile tends towards male expansion but females have an adventurous risk accepting type at a lower frequency. If you think of the male/female behavior, it kinda paints a picture. Men are more accepting of risk with some proportion being more risk adverse. Some portion stay behind, and some portion goes out. You need both. We also have a set up where younger men take more risk and older men less risk. All these things are biological. If you want a wife, you have to go win one from an enemy.

[@rionorman6775]

​@@jeremymullens7167well shit

[@numshy101]

@@jeremymullens7167From my understanding, evidence show that the spread of Y dna of a group over another cannot all the time be attributed to the males of the first killing off all the males of the other and procreating with all the females. He suggests that interactions of humans with Neanderthal is not that. It seems over a long period, some human males will procreate within a group of neanderthals. This happened all over. Until such tine many of the Neanderthal groups have a significant human DNA. It might be the Neanderthals realized they needed more genetic diversity and since maybe because of their lesser developed vocal tracts they were less able to merge with other groups. So they might have captured human males who wandered into their territory. The group of farmers in Britain is also probably a different scenario. It would be unlikely that the invading Y dna group killed off the males and continued the farming culture of the invaded group. Same with the Austronesians. It would be unlikely for a sea nomadic group to simply wipe out the males of the population of every group they encounter. The case for this scenario might apply to the Beaker people discussed and the prior culture. The culture was wiped out as well as the Dna. So this might be that all the males were killed by the invading group. But again it seems the models and evidence show that that is not the only way Y dna spreads and dominates a population.

[@lindyasimus]

You been watching Fox?

[@rionorman6775]

@lindyasimus he said "fascitating" lol

[@dariolemos4583]

I bump into David at lunch every now and then, really nice and humble guy. A cool scientist too. Cheers from HMS

[@Look_Upon_The_Heart]

Does he talk as fast as this recording in real life?

[@kathiemahoney4261]

That’s wildly cool.

[@casstay4499]

You are very lucky then!

[@dariolemos4583]

Haha no he doesn’t speak this fast, not while he grabs salad anyway

[@dariolemos4583]

I happen to be a scientist at Harvard too 🤷🏻‍♂️. Definitely lucky to share the same building

[@bradleythebuilder8743]

Can we get a little love for the janitorial staff please?That lady saw that yellow cart fucking up the shot and got it TF out of frame. 🎉

[@nicolasolton]

They are the unsung heroes of human civilization!

[@occamraiser]

Yep, perhaps common politeness is still alive and well in some parts of American 'culture'.

[@clivestainlesssteelwomble7665]

Blessed are the Caretakers and cleaners 😉👍🏻

[@ericsonhazeltine5064]

Yeah!

[@Nylon_riot]

You don't need to keep swearing to discuss a cart.

[@Bitter_Pill_]

Quick suggestion: have the guest sit where you are, so there is less background distraction, since the guest is the one on-screen the most.

[@jish_nu_mohan]

That makes the guest distract while he is speaking

[@canonbangpowell]

Amazing. David Reich speaks non-stop without hesitation for almost 2 hours. Remains as fascinating at the end as he was at the beginning.

[@mk3kxc4u]

So refreshing to hear an export say "I don't know" so often. Gives one confidence that the research will continue to reveal a better knowledge.

[@ericstromquist9458]

This is great! I had you pigeonholed as strongly focused on AI, which is a mistake. Paleoanthropology is fascinating, and It’s great to hear your questioning, which shows a clear understanding of the field, drawing out all sorts of insights from your guest.

[@jackielikesgme9228]

Same. It’s why I follow, but I loved this so much!

[@Spoonishpls]

He kept asking weird AI questions which would derail the Convo, but overall it's great

[@lawrencemurray568]

I love this stuff. Ancient DNA has quickly moved us forward in our knowledge of how we came to be.

[@Andy_Babb]

It really is fascinating. I admit that I sometimes feel like I’m looking at a 10,000 piece puzzle and don’t have the picture on the box lol I get so amazed by how humans evolved, how many species of humans evolved and all separately migrated, how so many mated and made little hybrid babies that became other lines of humans and… see? Puzzle pieces lol it’s like the more evidence and research that comes in, the harder it gets for me to conceive given how complex it all is This guy does a great job conveying the science though

[@acaydia2982]

Me too. I believe I have binged everything about it. I can’t wait for more

[@DaboooogA]

Possibly the most compelling and profound subject of our time, and Dwarkesh has delivered yet again!

[@quarkraven]

this talk is amazing. I'm tempted to read his book but 6 years ago already seems old for this field--incredible how fast we are updating the details of the still quite fuzzy picture

[@RamZar50]

David Reich is brilliant on Ancient DNA as much as Svante Pääbo who won the Nobel Prize in 2022. Reich’s 2019 book “Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past” lays a lucid foundation. I remember thinking years ago about how civilization expanded and Ancient DNA along with archaeology give lots of clues. Another was the book by David Anthony: “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World”. That’s when we find out about the Yamnaya culture in the Pontic-Caspian Eurasian Steppe (West) region and then the Sintashta. Horse domestication for riding occurred in the same region.

[@laurastabell2489]

Im surprised that no mention was made of the Himalayan Gene that gives increased immunity to disease. Also the so called Warrier Gene. I dont know if that gene has a specific area of increased incidence, but the profile is like the Klingons in Star Treck. I think they were the space version of the steppe horsemen!

[@bill9989]

​@@laurastabell2489Research on the "Warrior Gene" abruptly ceased when inconvenient distributions were discovered.

[@laurastabell2489]

@@bill9989 Trust me! Its real! Inability to break down Tyramine in certain foods.

[@bill9989]

@@laurastabell2489 I know it is real. That wasn't my point.

[@JHeezy93]

​@@bill9989 Hi :). What were the inconvenient distributions?

[@John-qo9hw]

Wow didn't expect two different worlds of mine to come together in such a beautiful conversation

[@previnder]

Extremely interesting discussion. It seems that my rough mental model of recent human evolution is pretty out of date by now.

[@Gaeliclass]

Same, it's evolving 😊

[@1237barca]

Our more recent version of history is also built of falsehoods. Looking at the oldest photos tells a vastly different story than the standard model.

[@rosomak8244]

Because it's not evolution in the strict Darwinian sense of it. It's far far a more complicated process than that.

[@zrymill]

Their models are always out of date. The constant updates are handy, but the standard dogma seems to exclude any form of intervention by more advanced species from or located on either this planet or other planets. According to Theosophy (Secret Doctrine by Helena Blavatsky), the spark of mind was implanted in animal man around 21 million years ago. Modern science will catch up eventually, at least they're not pandering to Darwin and the fundamentalist Christians anymore.

[@drewbester]

Mine also

[@solitudessilentgroove]

David Reich is brilliant and an excellent speaker. I try to watch all his content on KZbin. I wish there was more of it.

[@Noetje1970]

I'm reading David Reich's brilliant book at the moment... it really helps to be able to re-read sentences a few times 😨🤔

[@matthewseed3386]

This guy is great, I love to hear a scientist say he/she doesn't know something. If all of the total knowledge in the world was compressed into one 300 page book , there would still be an encyclopedia Britannica sized book to write about what we don't yet know. Rather than slap gap filler terms like dark matter to make the numbers fit our theories, we should acknowledge the shortcomings of current understanding. Too many people believe theories of current models are settled science (even scientists) and this impedes forward progress when large amounts of energy are wasted arguing with people about the things they think they know.

[@gustinian]

Precisely. There's no such thing as a righteous scientist. If 'scientists' are convinced of their certitude they are more priest than scientist. All theories and models should be consistently tentative no matter how convincing. There is a dichotomy between progress and standards, institutions like standards but standards stifle progress. Nobody enjoys having their entire life's work refuted but pure science doesn't care about your feelings.

[@frank327]

Just discovered this channel. Superb! Food for the mind

[@theNeathBoy]

Fascinating talk, glad this came up in my feed. Will be checking out more from this channel to see what’s on offer.

[@marjus89]

Incredible talk! Brilliant contribution from Dr. David Reich, simply riveting and mind-blowing to realize as an adult that the out of Africa only genesis for 'modern humans' is not totally correct. To think that Eurasians for example are possibly more admixture of Neanderthals and Denisovans than strictly modern humans out of Africa with a touch of those other sub groups is wild. This honestly makes much more sense when you think about all the other patterns of evidence and diversity that we see today.

[@penelopehunt2371]

Totally agree. The Out of Africa thing never ever made sense . Not ever

[@Casualphilosopher-db9gy]

I come from Eurasia region and I remember we studied about these Kurgans and early people in history lessons in schools. There are plenty of them in my country. Thankfully now DNA testing makes it easier. Anyways, I never heard my history teachers mention that we all come from Africa. We have people in this region since Stone Age. There are very early burials and sights. I only started hearing we all come from Africa past 2015 in US media and I always wondered why I never heard it before. We did study all existing early human remains found on Earth, not just our region, bc our course in the world history was extensive to say the least (when it comes to the earliest humans, there aren’t too many of those found). So different people and caves found in different parts of the world, and approximate dates. Ofc after so many years I no longer remember the details of what I studied in the secondary school. But never even once I heard that we all come from Africa. I did recently hear US historians say those Early Eurasians who lived in Central Asia and Southern Siberia had dark skin bc light skin wasn’t developed yet. I don’t know if it’s a theory or they found something in their DNA to suggest that, cause at this point all we see from them is very old bones and some remains of their objects.

[@Herosennin]

It was never stated to be totally correct and back then it was also known that Eurasians mixed up with Denisovans and Neandertaels and West-Northern Africans as well. This isnt new information and says nothing really about the point that Homo Sapiens, which even 'Eurasians' today are for at least 98%, would be entirely different. Like a glass filled with 98% of pee and 2% of water, nobody is going to say it's a 'mixed glass of water.' Stated by Reich himself by the way, also in this video. Not the pee thing ofc lol.

[@Herosennin]

@@penelopehunt2371You do realise that Reich as well proposed OOA right?

[@alstevens7060]

​@@penelopehunt2371 confused? Reich stated that maybe at most 20% is Neanderthal/Denisovan DNA( right now the # is 2%), the rest is modern humans from Africa. So we are still largely out of Africa.

[@bratwurstmitbiryani]

Dude. What a man! I haven't heard such people who are so passionate and intelligent in their subject in a long while. Thank you sir David Reich for giving us a short update of the field. Your efforts are highly appreciated and respected.

[@SerasXHarkonnen]

I absolutely loved this, it can be intimidating seeing a nearly 2 hour video because it feels like a large time investment, especially having come from a short, but this was well worth the watch. The topic is fascinating and I really enjoy how David explains things, he never pretends to know more than he does, he acknowledges when there are gaps in our current understanding of a particular area, he admits when something is out of his expertise but is still willing to discuss based on what he does know, he credits others for their contributions, and he doesn't present speculation or theories as fact when there is still uncertainty. It's so refreshing to see genuine intellectual honesty when it feels like modern culture promotes confidence over actual knowledge and understanding. I did also love how you were genuinely interested and enthusiastic when discussing the topic and asking questions, this whole interview was just so engaging to watch.

[@Andy_Babb]

I need like an animated map showing all the known human species’ evolution, migrations, meetings/mating with other human species, where they went once they left, how many migrations happened and just all of it lol it’s so hard to get even a broad picture in my head… granted, I guess that’s also how science feels right now lol but I wish I could just have a better basic understanding of how we got where we are. I try reading but I’m dyslexic, so, challenging at times haha

The new simplified human tree starts with erectus who branches off denisovan a million years ago and then branched off sapiens 250,000 years ago. These are the only three species of homo. All other variants of homo were offshoots of erectus that died off before they created successor lineages,.. or they bred back into the direct lineal descent of erectus. Neanderthal is of direct lineal descent from erectus and not a branch. He is a regional variant of erectus just like all the heidleberginsis, habilis, tang, Damasili, dragon skull, rodiesan, flores, naledi skulls etc... all of them are variants of erectus, denisovan or sapiens. This is not the dyslexic version, it's the results of research into the African ghost population in Nigeria where there exists people with a 19% autosomal genetic match to erectus. Within this 19% archaic dna is super-archaic dna going back to australopichicene and dna we share with the bonobo. However, the results are so extreme that it will take a couple generations to integrate it into society.

[@thePyiott]

And also show geographical changes, water levels etc

[@Andy_Babb]

Love the comment, thank you, but… to be fair, everything in writing is a “dyslexic version” for me 😉 lol Thanks though, I appreciate you kinda breaking it down for me

[@Andy_Babb]

@@thePyiott yes! Now we just need somebody to make the video lol

[@jackgwhitaker]

great idea

[@Andy_Babb]

This whole topic is so fascinating. It’s hard to wrap my head around the reality of different human species intermingling, migrating and evolving both separately but also not separately… 🤷🏻‍♂️

[@track1949]

L

[@track1949]

Also how the migrations stopped. So ultimately we got so separated that entire civilizations were established unbeknownst to other civilizations.

[@FrikInCasualMode]

@@track1949 Migrations never stopped.

[@huskytail]

How I didn't know about this channel? 😮 Fantastic content and as always with D. Reich, very interesting.

[@kharilane1340]

So basically, every group of proto humans bred with each other, and modern humans are a product of all those lineages mixing at different times.

[@alexwilliamrussell]

Well, modern people are 96% humans from 70000bc Ethiopia who exploded across world from 70000-20000bc. They added 4% from other humans.... Before 70000 was 200000 years of african mixing, so tribes wandering from Masagascar to Kenya to South Africa and back exchanging the best genes ... Europeans are 90% that Yamnaya tribe from NE Ukraine, so a Swede is very cllosely related to Italian, more than a Kenyan to Ethiopian.. .. So Eurrope really is just 1 national background, Yamnaya.

[@Makabert.Abylon]

We took the best from them all and destroyed them, as we humans do. We rule! ⏳💥🌍

[@alexwilliamrussell]

It's hard to kill off an entire other tribe. The new tribe comes and kills 10% of men, grabs half the women, and the defeated tribe runs to next valley. Next valley probably is less good so they can have less kids. Over 1000s years yes the old humans are barely around. I think ... But total wipeout in 1 generation is rare. It's why we have gay men, they serve as fathers as the defeated tribe hides in next valley and rebuilds..... I think

[@kharilane1340]

@alexwilliamrussell another thing is that, if a tribe take the defeated tribes women as their own, the other tribe lives on in the winning tribes blood. Also mothers have a big influence on their children, so you can bet some tribal customs live on in the winning tribe as well.

[@alexwilliamrussell]

Sadly there aren't many customs in primitive people. Sitting around a campfire 200 people aren't thinking of amazing stories, they maybe sing some chants and just have crude jokes. Farming around 5000bc changed that, 200 became 200,000, and once have alphabet 2000bc the Assyrians and Sumerians start making longer myths and 1000bc the Bible starts..... Even farmers don't have much culture, my Finnish ancestors living in mud hut and growing oats in middle of bog aren't thinking of complex stories...... With a raid making them hide every so often in swamp itself they couldn't really keep much as tools and art. Humans til recently lived like Amazonian tribespeople, NOT thinking or knowing much..... Evolution and most death and births happened in the hunter gatherer primitive time, almost literally cavemen with nothing but clothes on backs and jars of wheat and berries to survive winter ..... My point is, humans culture is very new, post 3000bc basically..

[@JaiSuresh]

A word for the interviewer - shorter questions please. He asks the question and then says “because….” and goes into an explainer tangent. Please keep it succinct and just ask the question.

[@BiNumLi]

I like the theory that when the community size reaches a critical mass it sustains cultural knowledge and this gains momentum so that knowledge starts accelerating. Once a community is large enough to specialize workers and gain transformational technologies it becomes dominant over lesser tribes whose development has stagnated. So the key success factor is ability to adhere in a common cultural community identity. The ability to see oneself as a part of a greater whole and commit to the greater community's success rather than personal success. Dominance might not be merely military. Ability to grow and store and distribute food means a population that is more resilient to changing weather, disease, etc. Lessor communities simply can't survive. Greater communities survive and thrive. Its all a fascinating discussion.

[@KevinArdala01]

I hope he writes another book with a deep dive in all of these topics (and more), his first book is in my top three reads ever...

[@vmhutch]

Read his book when it came out and he changed everything I was taught about humans in college. There are very few interviews with him like this, usually he is lecturing. Great job. Thanks.

[@alia9087]

Not allowed to read it where I am

[@kwekwlos]

@@alia9087wdym?

[@alia9087]

@@kwekwlos If i click on the link, it says it is not available to be delivered to my location

[@Diamon.d]

@@alia9087may I ask where you’re located? I’m just curious to what the reason might be to why you’re unable to access it in your area.

[@alia9087]

@@Diamon.d Germany. I have a problem getting access to many books and videos

[@ogdencitizensclub]

It is such a pleasure to listen to a scientist who speaks at the speed at which my brain runs. So grateful.

[@loganwilcox4037]

I am so happy that I found this channel. Intelligent people, fascinating topics, and a great host. Keep up the good work!

[@roberthicks2191]

Oooh! Humans living in many isolated pockets-sounds like the Papúa New Guinea highlands. Brilliant interview! Thank you!

[@pinello007]

About Yamnaya, its interesting that the old norse mythology written down by Snorre Sturlason at ca 1200 AD, "Ynglingesagen", describes the main God/chief, "Odin", comming from an area east of the river Don by the Black Sea: "The country east of Tanakvisl (Don) in Asia was called Åsaland or Åsaheim, and the main castle in the country they called Åsgård. One named Odin was chief of the castle".

[@rossstewart9475]

I'm feeling particularly slow today, so just to be clear I'm understanding: If the story holds water, the fundamental implication here is that the gods of Norse mythology were, in fact, simply proto-Kazakhs who rode in one day and did/said something cool? Neat!

[@dragongirlguitar]

@@rossstewart9475there are stories in the sagas of something like this. As in Odin being a real human ancestor.

[@zillakamikaze5551]

​@rossstewart9475 the Indo-European religions connect to most polytheistic religions. From Greek to Hindu to Celtics/norse

[@joels310]

​@@zillakamikaze5551that's because it's ancestor worship. But they are far from the only ones who are guilty of this. Caananites Babylonians, Egyptians, and all the little tribes absorbed by the hindi peoples added them to their roster. The Chinese still worship their ancestors, Native Americans retained some version of a supreme ancient diety but they were heavily into ancestor worship. The tragedy of this whole thing is that he needs to check out Neil Jeansons work, in 2022ish published a book called Traced. It's very technical and very dry but he does a good job of walking the readers through various events that have left clear echoes in the genetic record. There's definitely a bottleneck event near the Time of the Yamnaya, but I'm going to let y'all figure it out...

[@mihailo5petrovic]

Odin means one in Russian.

[@jimgraham6722]

Great discussion. As we learn more, the history of human origins is a truly amazing story. 33:07 There is no evidence Tasmanian aboriginal people lost fire. From an official history of Aboriginal Tasmanians "Tasmanian Aboriginal people made fire using flints and fire drills. The flint created sparks when it was struck against another stone. Fire drills were pieces of hardwood that were rubbed or spun on a piece of softwood. The rapid rubbing or turning heated the softwood until it was hot enough to light some grass laid on the wood. For convenience Aboriginal people carried fire sticks especially when hunting - so they did not need to create fire everyday. The dry grasslands provided excellent fuel for fire, creating flames and smoke that flushed wallaby, wombat, bandicoot, bettongs, potoroos, possums, echidna, blue tongue lizards, and emu out of cover where they could be easily speared or clubbed." As an aside before European contact the Aboriginal people of Tasmania numbered in the tens of thousands. The story goes they knew they had once been part of a larger world but believed that it had been lost in the flood. They consequently thought they were the last surviving people on earth.

[@DorchesterMom]

Discovering that humans as a collective walk around right now with various levels of mixtures is next level mind expanding for many of us following along from a non-scientific background. Thank you for sharing your work publicly. Within a few generations we modern humans have gone from essentially using creation stories to explain our presence here, to this moment in time where we are able to pool brainpower, use brand new tools, and apply human creativity and learn with better certainty (or so it is hoped) our origin story. And now - to have the ability to deliberately plan out and implement where it will all go next - So wild. What a big responsibility! I hope those with better knowledge and the ability to shape history (ahem Elon, Altman. Et al.) realize the awesome responsibility they hold. And it makes perfect sense. I think embracing our differences is (if not initially a difficult process, let’s be honest) ultimately it can be beneficial for the collective. Genetic diversity creates more potential multidirectionally -if we can be more mindful and curate healthy families. For my own perspective, Neanderthal creativity and innovation, their adaptability to ice climate conditions, at times caring for their elders even though they no longer contribute in physical ways, but reaping the benefits of multigenerational families. the fact they persisted so long in comparison - presented in this way makes it a lot easier to live them for their contributions. I hope we can now begin to learn more about other lineages, their stories. It’s exciting to follow along. To try to follow anyways ❤ Again, thank you to all who host these discussions and willingly share.

[@dee319indranilchakraborty6]

1:04:54 "Including mine" was the spirit that keeps knowledge of science alive.. 😇🙏

[@almusquotch9872]

Excited for this. loved Who We Are and How We Got Here.

[@delphinidin]

I need some diagrams and timelines to understand the older and newer models of human evolution.... A good bit of this is going in one ear and out the other

[@skoto8219]

Problem is not many diagrams for the newer models exist yet

[@delphinidin]

@@skoto8219 fair

[@ohhhhhcool]

@@skoto8219 I wonder if there are old power systems in place which are blocking the research necessary to develop those new models... much like the Physics world.

[@ThatHabsburgMapGuy]

Dwarkesh needed to do a lot more work setting up exposition and drawing out explanation

[@Andy_Babb]

Omg lol I just commented almost the same thing, I said I need an animated map

[@miketacos9034]

16:38 this reminds me of something I read about how Aboriginal Australian bands used to occasionally meet from across huge distances and mix and have children with each other. These rare intermixing events probably made sense as bands might’ve passed through each others’ ranges from time to time. Correct me if I’m wrong though, it was just a basic explanation I read.

[@NikkiGoddess333]

I love this so much, as someone who is purusing understanding history through a mixture of myth, DNA, religion and written primary sources I feel like this conversation is very validating to my process of understanding and to hear it straight from David Reich is marvelous, thank you for such a top notch interview brb gotta go read his book now. Love this content

[@jackori6685]

Loved this video Stephan. Yes, I'm sure that most of us will be confused for some time. That just means that we have to watch it several times to get a better understanding of the material. Cheers!

[@yj9032]

The man the myth the legend: David Reich

[@zipperpillow]

He gets right to the meat of the issue, unlike most hand-wringing scientists who tip-toe around their "expertise", dreading the day their pet theory gets overturned.

[@claudiaarjangi4914]

The language, type of language we use , experiences we have SO affects your thinking & what you focus on, learn etc in a really fundamental sense. And because your mind is creating feedback loops with the evidences of experience in your brain/ body ( since your mind IS a part of your body ), It makes complete sense that new turned on genes that affect language would huuugely affect how & what gets focused on, abilities to learn, passed down etc.

[@ashleigh3021]

@@claudiaarjangi4914 There’s not much empirical evidence that supports this.

[@Jebediah1999]

Was listening to an evolutionary biologist talking genetics and its influences on brain evolution and development. Its an extremely murky area. What genes do just isn't understood to any degree of certainty.

[@katherineedman4857]

Watch half the video and immediately bought the book. Great content thank you! Very excited to see the advancements of genomic anthropology since I've graduated highschool. I work in medicine feel like I've been able to watch this unfold from the sidelines. Thank you Dr. Reich for your contributions to the field and thank you DwarkeshPatel for your informative interviewing!

[@NatoView]

Thank you for bringing us the esteemed scientist to KZbin. Very stimulating. One observation I had was this. You really should concentrate on your prep more. It's unclear if you were just starstruck, but your dialog meandered between unrelated and off-the-cuff style until you landed a question. It appears you are knowledgeable and somewhat versed in your subject matter, but the interview took an inordinate amount of time to get to the to the point of your podcast's title.

[@gardenhose590]

Excellent guest and discussion. Thank you!

[@thegroovypatriot]

I believe in the 'Stoned Ape Theory' of Terence McKenna for how Humans developed. In our search for new foods, we came upon the psilocybin mushrooms growing in the dung of the animals we followed. We experimented with that and it caused a surge in brain development and consciousness. Very interesting theory.

[@a.N.....]

Atun shai has a great video on him that kind of debunks the stoned ape theory. Give it a watch man you'd be thrilled to learn more about Terrence and his brother on thier journey.

[@PastPerspectives11]

Terence is one of the most interesting minds in human history, and I have read a lot of his work, but the Stoned Ape Theory is basically just wrong, and it’s not hard to disprove it genetically, archaeologically, etc

[@xXKillaBGXx]

Terrence McKenna was a product of the hippie and psychedelic culture of that time. I would not take his hypothesis seriously.

[@FrikInCasualMode]

Well, then every junkie should be a genius philosopher\entrepreneur then, instead of dying in a gutter somewhere.

[@Holy_hand-grenade]

@@PastPerspectives11What’s the principal invalidation of the theory? Thanks

[@MrTheoJ]

What a wonderful interview

[@DorchesterMom]

I’ve watched this beginning to end three or four times. What an amazing field thank you again for sharing your insight with the public in such an accessible and engaging way.

[@ankurbiswas80]

Absolutely loved this. The segment where he talks about the indian lineage in genetics' perspective is brilliantly explained. Wish i knew these things back in school to build a career on this.

[@johnwright9372]

In the pre DNA 60s one theory of the origin of human nations traced common linguistic traits. This led to astonishing revelation that Hungarian and Finnish were from the same roots, part of which went back to Turkic and Mongolian languages. Indo European with roots in Sanskrit was thought to be the mother of European languages. The picture is now so much more interesting with genetics and anthropological research.

[@spellandshield]

There is no clear evidence that Hungarian and Finnish (which are related, i.e. Finno-Ugric) are related to Turkic or Mongolian languagages; they share certain typological features, being for example agglutinative in terms of morphology but many languages are and there is no clear genetic relationship between these groups.

[@mattsch21]

Saying Indo-European has roots in Sanskrit is oxymoronic. It is the other way around. Sanskrit is the oldest extant language, though it's not really a live language, it's more like Latin. Also, linguistic theory has evolved dramatically in the last 60 years.

[@twinblessings2125]

@@mattsch21 David Anthony's theory regarding the Kurgans still has plenty of evidence to back it up....I have no idea where you're getting this perspective from

[@MeanBeanComedy]

Uralic isn't connected to the Tungic languages.

[@MeanBeanComedy]

​@@twinblessings2125 Because Indo-European languages don't come from Sanskrit. Sanskrit is a type of Indo-European language, like English or Latin or Persian. They all descend from a common tongue, including Sanskrit, so Sanskrit can't be what it descends from.

[@Jennifer-pb9nd]

Mr. Patel, I am enjoying your videos. I appreciate. your efforts. I personally would enjoy your interview style more if you were more selective in what you choose to share. I think if you contributed less often, you might feel more freedom to slow down and more fully explain your. thoughts. Because the interview is not about you, I think you feel you have to rush through your thoughts and cut them short. This is totally understandable. I know I would benefit more from your contributions if you practiced a quality over quantity approach. Thanks again for providing a place to learn.

[@chrisryan9191]

I agree. A good host always keeps his mouth shut !

[@MichaelReed-xf5qu]

Wow...

[@shawnleary]

great talk, dude slow down, it’s okay to take a deep breath and build your question :)

[@Historian212]

Right?? Damn.

[@casteretpollux]

I listened to this at .75 speed setting.

[@trinleywangmo]

@@casteretpollux ... with subtitles even!

[@robbie31580]

The video has to be sped up. I looked at David Reich talking in other videos and it’s at a normal pace and not as rapid as this

[@Geckobane]

@@robbie31580 Coffee

[@amonferrari]

What ana amazing interview! Didnt know any of them, both host and dr reich. Already subbed!

[@miketacos9034]

This is so exciting. Feels like I get to learn history all over again.

[@d1agram4]

13:20 HOUSEKEEPING! The maid working in the background cracks me up.

She caught me off guard and bombed me with her mini skirt..

[@KasumiRINA]

This makes me think of that joke: men think of important questions, like where humanity comes from and whether we'll land on Mars, while women ask the unimportant ones like "where do we get the food to feed the kids" lol. Her presence kind of highlights that the entire thing they do is pointless.

[@janos1945]

​@@KasumiRINABoth are necessary

[@pseudopetrus]

Awesome stuff, gets me thinking, no firm conclusions, but inspired curiosity!

[@SurfCatten]

If Yersinia pestis was responsible for plagues in the bronze age in Europe has anyone thought that this might be also the cause of the bronze age collapse in the Near East?

[@royrunyon1286]

@@SurfCatten Look up the "Sea Peoples."

[@christophercody7697]

What a fantastic topic and interview. David is such an interesting and impressive man. Thank you both for giving us these current insights into prehistory.

[@BLACKSTARMOVEMENTS]

Fascinating stuff, as a researcher of human evolutionary mutations, mixing, classifications & groupings…this video is well received.

[@Mistmantle88]

He’s talking about ancient passport bros edging out the local men.

[@bub6871]

Passport bros stay winning.

[@GUITARTIME2024]

Or illegals in USA, Europe

[@RoyPounsford]

How wonderful to explore how ancient history with a man so open.

[@stanleywilliams4429]

yamnaya expansion ties in with the domestication of the horse.

[@Andy_Babb]

Dan Davis has a badass video on that

[@laurastabell2489]

Its funny that the devil has cloven hooves though- not horses hooves! One driver of people north and west may have been the cool summer seasons and the abundance of grass. The Middle East went through some extreme drought periods. The sheep and goat herding wasnt great for fragile hotter climate soils. Its easy for organic matter to burn out rapidly. Maybe the sheep and goats came with the horsemen. In tbe Danube River valley, trade would have been fairly easy. Maybe we need to trace animal ancestry! Otherwise, you drive your sheep south over fall and winter to reach the markets. When drought hits, food becomes worth a fortune! Some people are tracing precious metal signatures too. You can tell where peoples trade extended to.

[@royrunyon1286]

Read "The Horse, The Wheel and Language" by David Anthony.

[@varun794]

Yes Steppe is the perfect location to domesticate horses. And you'll even see in Indo European culture, horses are way too important.

[@matthewsanders4858]

Dan Davis’ Yamnaya video is fascinating. And easy to digest. Love his videos.

[@omairafigueroa9089]

.changing the speed to . 75 was a lovely suggestion by a commenter below. I really enjoy listening to such brilliant discussions ❤

[@nickfosterxx]

Fascinating, and thank you for adding properly edited subtitles. Overall, (and I'm only 40 minutes in so far) has tipped my decision to buy the book, even as I realise that it will already be 'out of date' in some significant ways given the speed that this field is moving.

[@Faithfusing]

Various genetic groups get replaced, but the overall culture, organization, technology and self-awareness slowly grows always forward.

[@black-redpill3]

Regarding Islamic history and the few surviving bits from pre Islamic arabia being repeatedly affirming it was a strongly feminist society; lol It isn't following forward or backward. It only follows who is best at using force to impose their beliefs on others.

[@First_Principals]

1001 Inventions in Muslim civilisation might be worth looking at.

[@MattGray_Chelsoph]

Fantastic work thank you.

[@grego15]

Can you put up curtains or blinds to block the glass doors behind the speaker? It's distracting watching people walk in the background. Just my opinion. Otherwise fascinating conversation! Thanks.

[@imwelshjesus]

Dunno, quite enjoyed the occasional hotty.

[@liennitram9291]

Amazing guest. Thank you. Such a great watch.

[@blek1987]

So lucid and articulate! What a genius level intellect.

[@raunakchhatwal5350]

Excellent guest

[@Sayitlikitiz101]

I came here after seeing a short from this video, I meant to watch a little then drop a troll comment about creationism being the answer to everything, but the video is actually very interesting and two hours later, I am quite happy with the time spent watching! Also, Mr. Patel is cute! 😍🏳‍🌈

[@MichaelMcCausland-pg6qs]

Absolutely spectacular and weaving our history of where we’re from and how we got here and where we’re going

[@mrme2155]

The scientific method so clearly contradicts the foundations of modern religions, it amazes me how many people still live their lives according to ancient religious texts.

[@GeorgeFranklin-m8w]

The reference to Aboriginal Tasmanians is ahistorical. Like the indigenous groups on the mainland, there is enormous weight of evidence of Tasmanian Aboriginals using fire stick farming. The Bay of Fires was named by English navigator Tobias Furneaux in 1773 when he saw fires burning along the coast, lit by Tasmanian Aboriginal people. There are contemporary reports of use of flints and fire drills.

[@JT96708]

I am puzzled by the use of the word ‘species.’ I took a bio course in college in the 80’s where I was taught that if two individuals could breed and create a fertile offspring, they must be from the same species. Given that definition, all of the dna evidence that shows successful between breeding Neanderthals and modern humans indicates that they are the same species. Has the basic definition changed?

[@riottonitedragon8344]

Neanderthals and Denisovans are the same species as modern living humans. Most genealogists classify them as a subspecies of modern humans. But they are more closely related to us then Erectus, or Habilus. To my understanding I think of them as different breeds to the same species. Like a pit bull and a Rottweiler are two breeds that descended from a wolf. If that makes sense.

[@kennybachman35]

That’s the creationist definition of species. Speciation and hybridization are not only possible, but a fundamental part of understanding evolution.

[@kennybachman35]

@@riottonitedragon8344incorrect.

[@violentfox]

A lot has changed since the 80s. Certain inter-species hybrids were able to produce fertile offspring, like Grizzly and polar bears. Still contrast-different ecology and behaviors of both species. On the other hand, Ring species became a thing (google it up). All that rendered the old offspring-based approach outdated.

[@imwelshjesus]

Forget species, think communities.

[@zimzob]

Aren’t the Patels traditionally the merchant caste of India? The guys running caravans between cities, moving goods from faraway places to bazaars and markets all up and down the subcontinent? That could be a likely explanation for their relative genetic variability, yes?

[@2Phast4Rocket]

I am glad to have found this episode. I wanted to know more about the evolution of human instead the simplistic walk out of Africa theory

[@harmwon]

I'm so happy I found this channel!! Thank you so much from NZ ❤

[@xman933]

A logical follow up would have been to ask “can you speculate on what might have caused the changes in the methylation signature that led to the changes in the vocal tract of modern humans that is absent in Neanderthal and Denisovans?”

[@DavidEngland-tn5ih]

Reich rarely if ever uses "uh" or "like" as punctuation, making his discourse much easier to follow compared with Patel.

[@russiaprivjet]

oh god yes

[@offshoretomorrow3346]

Patel shares strong speech traits with Elon Musk.

[@luisluiscunha]

I feel very archaic listening to these two

[@facejets]

Absolutely fascinating. Will be revisiting again and again! Thank you.

[@Phryxil]

We evolved nuanced language, allowing for the accumulation of a memetic lineage to empower and underlay our genetic lineage. Once we became intellectually immortal, our dominance was irresistible.

[@claudeyaz]

Cold weather seemed major influential

[@PastPerspectives11]

Read John L Brooke’s ‘Climate Change and the Course of Global History.’ Climate has absolutely shaped all facets of human biology, archaeology, and history.

[@phillipkapler8319]

This was billed as a dialogue with a geneticist. The conversation was largely consumed by a lot of anthropology and archaeology, about which Mr. Reich has interesting ideas, but is no more expert than any other person with a broad education. There is of course, considerable overlap among the fields, but I was expecting a discussion more focused on hard genetic information.

[@newolde1]

And, it was. Expectations are meant to be broken. I personally enjoyed the overlap between his specialized knowledge and his perspectives of humanity at large. Genetics and anthropology are not standalone subjects after all. Alas to each their own.

[@fionaottley4976]

The most striking thing I've learned from researching family history is that small numbers of immigrants swamped indigenous populations very quickly. And those small numbers ballooned over the last 100 years or so. The population in my home town grew from about 762,000 to 2.5 million during my life time. For my mother it was less than 500,000 to 2.5 million. Most people alive today are indeed cousins.

[@justincavinder5504]

For the U.S., excluding dying towns ghost towns. It’s pretty common for the population to double every ten years. In some places doubled in half that.

[@seregruin]

Why do you say "small numbers" and then talk about millions of people? Population grows through birth has clear upper limits, impossible to get from less than 300.000 to over a million in your life time. What you are talking about are large numbers of migration, not a tiny minority suddenly out booming the rest.

[@jrecon]

David’s example of Tasmania losing fire made me think of an Australian Aboriginal song about the first person to find fire after a lighting storm. Maybe foraging for fire after storms was the norm?

[@michaelhallii3322]

Most interesting watch in a long time. Thanks!

[@darrellcriswell9919]

An important point is because of the nature of DNA survival there may be regions of the world where we never will find archaic human DNA of the residents there, so we may never get a complete and accuracy picture of human. In addition there is a big political movement which extends to academics in the social scientists, almost exclusively in the US, to not allow study of ancient DNA. It is a very powerful movement in the US.

[@Nylon_riot]

I loathe these people. There is no bigger sin than trying to erase or change someone else's history, I don't care how uncomfortable it makes you. The US is a very religious nation that was started by multiple extremist groups of Protestants, that is not stained by an orthodoxy in accordance with the Constitution. Because Jefferson and Madison really had an issue with the Church of England. This makes Americans really prone to radicalization. It is a new Puritanism. That doesn't mean other countries can't take up the mantle.

[@indyzaga]

can u document this movement with a link or a paper ? it sounds very interesting

[@indyzaga]

indeed, there is so much biais about what DNA we have access and what DNA we will never access that I have a hard time Reich and his collegues would be able to "trace" the reality of human lineage...

[@MeanBeanComedy]

​@@indyzaga It's usually with regards to "Native Americans," who fight DNA testing, because it would show they're not that related to Clovis peoples and the people buried near where they live, since they were largely nomadic, and didn't traditionally live where they live now. It kinda hurts the "this land is our land for generations" thing when it's shown that's not the case. That's my understanding of it. 🤷🏼‍♂️

[@aquireeverything9382]

@@MeanBeanComedytheir aversion to this is sad, some of us have native dna but zero clue what tribe we are linked to. ❤ ah well

[@prasaddalvi6426]

Is the playback speed set to normal?

[@renegdn]

It feels like 1.2x to me

[@pebystroll]

Very good catch

[@jackgwhitaker]

it is!!

[@bencopeland3560]

lol, I don’t know but I put it at .75 so I could keep up with Reich

[@stripeytawney822]

​@@bencopeland3560 I could not keep up. This one bears repeating multiple times!