DC-3 Formation Paratrooper Drop + Ice Pilots Flying a forgotten D-Day airplane!

[@mayorstoner3459]

Another terrific video Steve!! On a side note, let me say the audio mix was perfect. The problem with most KZbin content is the lack of processing on the mix. Producers can't understand why they get complaints about music on their channel. Usually it's not the music selection, but the mix that's annoying. As a editor for 27 years, I find myself explaining "Dynamic Range" to content producers who do not want to add another step in production. Thanks for the time spent on detail.

[@FlightChops]

THANK YOU for noticing that! I spend hours on the sound mix! - more so than I do on colour correction or image processing - I zoom in on the timeline and key frame levels so that it never clips, and animate the music volume to drop a few dB as needed for dialogue. I am just about to leave for the weekend to work on the RV-14 build, and some warbird flying - I don't have time to reply to comments yet - but THIS is the first one I am replying to :)

[@MichaelD-fn5lv]

I've always admired the production quality of this channel. I often forget this is a relatively small channel. Keep up the good work, you'll be at a million+ subs in no time!

[@THOMMGB]

You know the worst part about all of this? The vast majority of viewers don't notice or appreciate all the effort that goes into mixing the sound properly. They don't notice good sound, they notice BAD sound. It takes real effort and time to do it properly. The sound is excellent! Thanks for doing it properly. :-)

[@paulyoung181]

@@THOMMGB Very well said, like most things when done right it look or sounds perfect.

[@joejdicara]

thank you so much for complimenting Mikey’s videos. If I where him I wouldn’t have been able to point a camera in the right direction. Their efforts needed a cool hand and mine to capture more of that days emotions. Looking forward to EAA footage too. Thx again, oh and I follow Chops too.

[@rogergusty1802]

Definitely not a forgotten D-Day airplane anymore. Plane Savers will be remembered for a very, very long time to come. ... and I am sure that everybody is looking forward to following the next 'Plane Savers' airplane. Thank you for all the happiness that you bought to many thousands of viewers.

[@cpaul6622]

Thank you Mr Chops for this follow up video. I followed Plane Savers from day 1 and spent one of the best days of my life with Mikey and the crew during the Aero Salon show in June. You have captured the spirit and emotion of the Plane Saver's Nation with this tribute. Excellent quality footage. Like DTD, I turned 75 this year (one month after D-day) and my father flew as crew (Uncle Ronny's spot) on DC 3s in the RCAF - over 5000 hrs so there's a special place in our hearts for that airplane. Hats off, well done and warmest wishes to you all. Keep the timeless classics real. . . Cheers and thanks again - Just Plane Paul

[@flyingbeaver57]

Steve, a great episode, really nicely bringing these two stories together. I got captured by the dream that Mikey had for DTD from Day 1, but health issues kept me from going to Montreal to help with the restoration that began on Day 100. I watched the D-Day live stream of DTD, and the video the next day with my dad's pilot logbooks in my lap - he was a Mosquito night fighter pilot who was also in the air over Europe on the nights of June 4, 5 and 6 1944, "beating up" the Luftwaffe. He died quite young, many years ago, soon after June 6th. I know he would have wanted to be at St. Hubert. C-FDTD is a salute to and a memorial for all of the young men who jumped into the night on June 5/6, 1944 - British, Canadian, American, and many other Allies. There was a lot of guff in January & February from some "experts" about how "Plane Savers" was really "Mission Impossible". But the project had amazing volunteers and amazing support, and many thousands of people who believed it WAS possible,with Mikey pulling it all together. I'm very glad that you put together this excellent video, saluting both the squadron of aircraft, the pilots, and the parachutists who marked the 75th anniversary of D-Day, but also showing a great perspective of a simply incredible project. DTD took off with Joe, Quinn and Ronnie, with the sweet music of two Pratt & Whitney radials, but also powered by the will and contributions of so many thousands of people. Their thoughts and actions were there, pushing C-FDTD into the air on June 6th. As Joe and Ronnie both said, she's beautifully restored and flew beautifully, and every single member of the "Plane Savers Universe" were willing her to take to the air. DTD is a proud D-Day veteran reborn to honour the memory of all who were part of a never-to-be-repeated event. Great video, and nicely put together. As Quinn put it, "my eyes were leaking a bit" all over again.

[@Coops777]

Thankyou Steve. I never get tired of watching DTD's 2nd maiden. Nothing could keep Ronnie from standing in the doorway between Joe and Quinn even on take-off for this occasion. If I recall correctly, he oversaw the workshop teams right through without missing a day. Great work Steve as always.

[@qjones100]

AWESOME footage Steve! You did a fantastic job of capturing the first flight of DTD. Watching it took me back to the way I felt in the moment. Thanks so much for all the time you spent editing the footage. It was great to see the excitement and emotion of everyone watching and those involved it this incredible project. What a day that was, I will never forget it. With that said lest we forget what we were commemorating that day. It was very emotional for me to fly that airplane. Beyond my personal connection, on board that day we had a copy of the original hand written log of the pilots who flew her 75 years earlier. We also had a copy of the original manifest with the names of the 17 courageous hero’s who stood and made ready then jumped out the door prepared to give it all for the freedom of others. The gravity of that hit me very hard once it was all done. Never forget them! Quinn

[@jadefalcon001]

Goosebumps! That is WONDERFUL they got the old bird up and flying again. Back in the sky where it belongs. Long live the DC-3!

[@stanbearup9200]

I shed a few tears while watching DTD take to the sky once again while watching Mikey and the PLANE SAVERS crew via FaceBook live back on June 6, and just shed a few more while watching this. Such a great job, Steve! Thanks for all of your hard work in filming, editing and sharing this with us all. PLANE SAVERS!!

[@NesconProductions]

Agreed.. Steve edited out the part where the tower informed ground traffic they were going to have to wait for the DC-3 and to stop calling them.. lol! Think everyone at that airport became attached to that bird (plus Mikey took Stella to tower for Valentines Day - how romantic ;-). Best was after months of brutal weather the day it flew on June 6th. was beautiful..

[@robertfpjr]

How incredibly detailed and precise that flying had to be.... now imagine having to do it while being shot at by huge 88mm flak artillery cannons with tracer rounds and not being able to divert your flight path, brings new meaning to the words dedication and commitment. “Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the assessment that something else is more important than fear.” Franklin D Roosevelt. Deep respect to all who gave some and some who gave all.

[@flyingbeaver57]

Steve, thanks again for making this. I watched it again today (Dec 1, 2020) and got tears in my eyes all over again about the Plane Saver's DC-3 restoration. I had hoped to put the tools in the truck and head down to help Mikey and the crew out early in 2019. However, a health issue cropped up that left me stuck in temporary digs in Edmonton, going to & fro the University hospital for many weeks. It was so great to see how the project all came together, and how well everything turned out. Mikey's daily vids kinds of saved my sanity, and some other views by people like you and Mark Brandon rounded out the story. I grew up with aviation; I probably sat in the left seat of a Beaver on floats not long after getting a 2-wheeler. My dad and his navigator (and lifelong friend) was flying a DeHavilland Mosquito over occupied France on the night of June 5-6, 1944, hunting Luftwaffe night fighters and trying to keep them on the groumd, one way or another. I'm sorry he didn't live to see this - I think he would have been very pleased, and very proud of everyone involved in both of the stories you tell in this video. Many thanks.

[@andrewjones938]

In this era of divisive politics and suffering there are reminders of the greatness we are capable of. The aviation community, across the globe, constantly exhibits the qualities of inclusiveness, passion, love, perseverance, cooperation and altruism because we all share the same, often undefinable, love of aviation. It brings people to together in an environment where race, sex, religion, education and wealth are relegated to insignificance as we share or knowledge, skills and labour to accomplish great things - both as individuals and as a collective. You need look no further then aviation for where humans do good.

[@steveshoemaker6347]

THE WORLD WOULD NOT BE THE SAME WITHOUT THIS VERY AIRPLANE..An others like it...Thanks, well done...!!!!!

[@briander43]

The flying bug bit me hard when my dad took me and my little sister up in a DC-3 when I was 7 or 8 years old. I just earned my private in 2015 - a long time coming. This was emotional for me, bringing that memory flooding forward after more than 50 years. Love the sound of those engines! Thank you, thank you, thank you!

[@fly4fun610]

This is one of your best videos ever. You really did it up right with coverage of both events. And one thing common to both events were all the good people that came together to make it happen. Thanks for being one of them.

[@robertlafnear4865]

THANK YOU and the Plane Savers ..... what great piece of History SAVED for us all !...........wow............. I have a few fair WWII aircraft photos from....ah..... WWII ..... but you have the real airplanes ... even better ! Thank You for the great video.

[@GaryMCurran]

There may be faster, more efficient, and even more 'beautiful' airplanes, but NOTHING compares to a DC-3. What an unbelievable airplane, and what a great video, Steve. Thanks!

[@TheCanadianBubba]

Really something to watch three fellows working together to fly that beautiful machine. Totally captivated for twenty minutes... again ! Congratulations to all involved with this ! Thank you for bringing it to us Steve !

[@MikeKobb]

Awesome. I watched the DTD flight live stream on the day and was cheering along with them. Amazing how much of a workout flying the C-47 in formation is! No need to go to the gym after one of those flights.

[@paaln180362]

Thank you, Chops, for pointing me (and I'm guessing several others) in Mikey's direction back in May, and for completing it with this one, been waiting for it for a while

[@NesconProductions]

Much Agreed..! Would have never know about Mikey's 'Plane Savers' and what a great story.. Still in the process of watching all the episodes from the beginning that I missed. Lots of great side stories Mikey incorporated during the course of all of his video's. Being the general manage of Buffalo at the same time as doing daily KZbin video blogs on his DC-3 must have been an incredible amount of work and was ground breaking in execution. What Steve (Flight Chops) doesn't do in quantity he makes up in quality but both guys do outstanding work.. Educational, informational and most importantly inspirational.

[@mischef18]

My parents went on honeymoon in a DC3 in 1951 so I have a soft spot for them, have watched all Mikey's episodes on PLANE SAVERS and completely blown away with seeing it flying. Great video bro

[@bobstienke178]

Thanks for bringing her back to life! Excellent!

[@robertlevit3599]

My first flight was in a WWII vintage DC3 from Mitchell Field on Long Island. The pilot had flown the plane on D-Day. Really wanted to get my license after that experience. Thanks for the video!

[@Mrcaffinebean]

Wow that’s so cool! Really gives you an appreciation of how difficult jumps like these things where in the real world!

[@williamhenderson9535]

Certainly more respect for "old Fashioned" formation flying!!! Wow. Thanks for the video.

[@RobMR3]

Great story. Great story telling. Great team. I'm not gonna lie, I shed a tear on this one.

[@markhayes100]

Thanks Steve, appreciate your helping Mikey capture the “moment”. Still choking me up even a month later! Great job on the paratrooper segment as well, we all owe the Greatest Generation so much.

[@DavidJones-xr4qk]

This is a such wonderful thing to watch. What you have captured is a remarkable story that pays testament to all those very brave service men who fearlessly did what they had to do on D-Day 1944. Watching this made me feel I was in the plane both with the paratroopers and the pilots. You have edited it all together so beautifully, so much so that I have gotten even more emotional about it all now than I did when I watched it live back on 6th June 2019. What Mikey, Stella, Ronny, Rod, ENA and each and every one of all the willing volunteers have done in putting DTD back in the skies is a really unique and fabulous achievement. They ALL deserve a monumental and massive pat on the back. They must feel so so proud with their achievement. I also feel proud to have followed the story from day one, and also helped out with the project, and supported it, albeit in a very small way. One other mention of thanks must also go to the pilots of DTD, Quinn Jones really did his grandfather proud, that will be a memory for Quinn that will be everlasting. And finally we must give a massive thank you to Buffalo Joe McBryan, without his support and generous supply of parts, the whole story would have taken so so much longer to achieve. David Jones Coventry UK.

[@ditzydoo4378]

Sherman and Shane fly the aircraft in third echelon with tail number 348608 and the yellow cockpit Id letters "CD" is "Betsy's Biscuit Bomber", an original Douglas C-47B built in 1943. It was flown from the Estrella Warbirds Museum collection here outside of Paso Robles, California. U.S.A. This aircraft's last U.S. military missions were flying the Berlin Airlift, it was sold to Israel and was later purchased back from the Israeli Air Force and refurbished. There is a hand painted sign in Hebrew on the lavatory-door that roughly reads, "The only replacement for a Dakota, is another Dakota". The plane has been a military transport it's whole life and was never converted for civilian use. It still has all of it's original equipment to include the 1943 over-sized desert type sand shield air-scoops atop the engines nacelles and the gear it used for towing combat gliders at Arnhem. It has participated in many jumps and I hope they have a smooth and safe flight there and back. God bless all Veterans this day.

[@MegaDillbob]

“Dude I can’t believe that worked” 😂😂 love Mikey and plane savers

[@lepompier132]

@FlightChops, it was nice to see you there on the two occasion you visited St_hubert at ENA to see the plane. And see it from your point of view on D-Day flight. And with the bit with the Paratroopers drop, wow !

[@Blackhawkae69]

It was such a honor to be there on June 6th in St-Hubert and meet the gang. You, Mikey and Buffalo Joe are real gentlemen and that day greatly touched me. Keep sharing those stories Mr. FlightChops, your channel is awesome.

[@SmittySmithsonite]

FANTASTIC video, Steve! Loved the coverage of the 75th Anniversary D-Day drop - that was GREAT!! Then watching your footage DTD / Plane Savers made this one of the best videos ever! NICE work Steve!! 👍👍 So glad I clicked on the link to those guys a few months back after you had mentioned them in one of your past videos. That was the best aviation related series and event that I've ever watched. I was tearing up right there with Mikey when DTD took to the skies. What an adventure! An amazing accomplishment by Mikey & the crew there. So wish I could go to Osh this year. Would've been great. I'll be there in spirit watching both you guys' videos. Loved this one, man!! 😎🍻

[@jedwig61]

I get goosebumps every time I see DTD reach for the sky... thanks Mr Chops.

[@tony66au]

Steve I can not thank you enough mate, I just got to see June 6th all over again and teared up AGAIN a bit. I love the work you are doing and that Para drop was incredibly moving.

[@chrisbowpiloto]

When I first saw that you combined these stories I wasn't sure what to think of it, but you did an incredible job!

[@kylejenkin6567]

Absolutely fantastic! Thanks for documenting that historic moment!!

[@drdoolittle5724]

Truly excellent work all round - a tribute to the Dakota story and in this 'tablet age' wonderful to see real things and tributes to all our history. Thank you.

[@galenn796]

Thank you for a great video. It is impossible to watch without getting emotional. When you think about this plane, the history it represents and the effort it took to bring it back to life on the 75th anniversary of D-Day. Wow. Just wow.

[@mooman351]

Great story, I found planesavers after your first visit and was hooked.. Awesome story and great footage of the formation/jump, this ALL needs to be remembered so we never forget what was sacrificed by so many and never let it happen again. Also 7 people need to find another channel... How could anyone dislike this!

[@robbieguldi602]

Awesome!! I can’t believe he finished the DC-3 so quickly!

[@normanddenis4709]

We worked on her till the last minute !

[@paulrourke4785]

@@normanddenis4709 The effort you put in Normand was followed around the World Mate you and Stella did a magnificent job and you both along with every one else will be remembered in history!!!

[@southjerseysound7340]

@@normanddenis4709 You guys pulled off what so many said wouldn't happen and inspired so many along the way. It truly became so much more than saving a old Gooney Bird. It showed that hard work can make dreams come true even in todays world.

[@jamesyoungblood555]

It was such a blessing to watch all the video's on rebuilding this airplane back to flying statics. A part of history that needed to be done. Thank you Mikey and all the volunteers for this video and all the others. Blessings to you ALL.

[@BaumannJA]

1 Year later, and still an emotional Story. DTD, Not Forgotten...

[@cirruscapo]

Steve, you did such a great job of story telling on this episode, that when it left the ground for the first time, I got goosebumps... Great vlog...

[@NesconProductions]

Was worth the wait for you to put all this together. Steve you and Mikey are both aviation pioneers in your own way and thank you very much for your efforts! Best wishes..

[@ackack612]

Mikey was VERY fortunate to have you backing him up........nice job from beginning to end. THX!

[@christiankrause1625]

One thing I’m proud to say is that I grew up around the Flabob Express since I went to High School at Flabob airport and was a Member if the CAF out of riverside airport and worked with the D-Day Doll as well. I can’t wait to see them both come home and hear the groups stories

[@teethetruckertruckdriver4482]

Another great video for our veterans who fought on D Day. For use to remember then and what they did for use. Thanks again for allowing use yo come along with you to see this great video's

[@TumzDK]

Never underestimate the sound of a C47/DC3. Greetings from Denmark! #OYBPB #CFDTD

[@thesawch63]

Long live DTD and all the other DC'3's/C47's

[@gordanmilne7034]

Great compilation of both projects with some telling insights into the commitment emotion and achievements of the participants and their tributes to the greatest generation. Thanks.

[@adrenalinowner7992]

Thank you #Mickey and #Steve, for showing all of us #CFDTD.... Steve, glad I found your page when I did almost a year ago, fantastic job 👍🏼 Mikey, Great work all of you guys and gals did on the old Bird...fantastic Job👍🏼

[@f.dt.f3965]

THANKS STEVE !!! loved the mix of stories and the melting together and the history remembered on D day ....... still emotional after all summer watchin' DTD fly for the first time in decades AND ON D day

[@captbad9313]

My dad has some 12 000 hrs in the goonie. He's 92 now having accumulated over 40,000 hrs of flying time during his flying career.

[@songmaster9308]

That's amazing when you realize that's over 4 1/2 years in the air!

[@captbad9313]

@@songmaster9308 He always said it was the best plane he ever flew.

[@davecrupel2817]

40,000 hours. God damn. THAT is a serious number!!

[@captbad9313]

@@davecrupel2817 Something like 5 years total hours sitting in a pilot seat. I wish he could down load his memories. Makes me sad. He maintained his pilots licence well into his 70's. Now he doesn't drive anything anymore. Getting old is a bitch.. He flew for Air America for 12 years or so. They got shot at a lot.

[@custoscorona8244]

One of your most emotional episodes! Awesome work and congratulations to the whole team ! ... and thank you for taking us along on your journeys !

[@Mudtiresrc]

Way to tell it...was watching the Plane savers from day 3 and you wrapped it up spectacular...if it wasn't for Mikey I would have never found your site....keep up the great work!!! Really enjoyed watching the practice jumps with Atlantic crews as well...

[@cleaner10399]

Awesome job Flight Chops nicely put together, You did DTD a great justice, In 25 years she will make it to Normandy again.

[@Michael-he7xn]

Well done Chops! Our friend Mikey re-set the bar on what’s possible in aircraft restoration. Absolutely top marks! And the concentration involved in formation flying (with jumpers no less) with a changing CofG. Wow! I’m looking forward to your build that’s coming up. All the best.

[@brentdykgraaf184]

I remember this exhilarating day.... also remember getting a little choked up at Mikey and crews success !

[@FlightChops]

You've been an engaged community member for a while Brent. Your comment on the recent build vlog was auto filtered, likely due to the political tone. I'll briefly answer that we're not making a statement or a choice with regard to how we are operating at the museum. There are regional laws, and then specific organizational protocols that we have to follow if we want to work with in that facility - it is what it is, and we hope things get back to normal soon.

[@edfrawley4356]

2 Amazing stories professionally covered. Well done Flight Chops.

[@colinford6456]

Great video FlightChops, two perspectives on two groups of people commemorating D-Day in a different but similar way. Especially liked the in cockpit of the parachute drop and everything related to the first flight of DTD. Plane Savers!!!

[@TalkieToaster.]

It was great to see both Mikeys and your videos in the crossover episodes, amazing achievement by all involved getting DTD flying again. Maybe you should team up in the future for a resto project? That would be all kinds of brilliant. Cheers from the UK.

[@Mrcoffindodger]

I think this plane and definitely another couple flew over my house when they were flying into Prestwick when they were en-route to the D-Day event absolutely love the sound of the engines. They made me a very happy guy that day, whilst working in Largs West Coast Scotland.

[@MrJames_1]

Thx for sharing your footage with Mikey. DTD, crying all over again. | Jumpers, lining up, so much work going on in the cockpit.

[@LimitWHK]

This brought the emotions back up !. Awesome take on a great day. Hope to see some oshkosh coverage featuring her soon !

[@eaglebrink]

Omg, got the eyes full again just watching this! This was such An awesome efford by all the people invaulved! Awesome montage Flight chops!!

[@alyciamarrison2916]

Oh My Amazing video I have been sooo waiting to see!It seems that DC3's seem VERY "Slippy" judging by the constant inputs the pilots have to constantly make to keep "In station"/ in formation, looks like hard work!! Amazing pilots! Thanks so much for making this wonderful video/documentation of such momentous event's!:))

[@jamesglenn2006]

Nice job on the movie FlightChops, you captured some pretty awesome footage. Thanks 👍🍻

[@RocHopn]

Steve, you out did yourself!! What a way to tell 2 stories!! Your best work yet!!

[@julieredmon1521]

What a cool video. I love WWII planes and this was just amazing. And Buffalo Joe...holy cow. I miss Ice Pilots. Watched every episode and loved every minute of them. Too cool.

[@stratsdad]

Great to watch that flight again and I loved your editing, great job, loved the para drop too.

[@gfavaria]

Thank you Steve. This video got me to tears. Very emotional and incredible achievement for the whole team.

[@cessnapilot8656]

Very well done you captured the essence and importance of such an incredible event

[@paulyoung181]

Thanks for posting this. The wait was very well worth it. As always EXCELLENT post!

[@tonyboulton9956]

Watching this in UK - an amazing and emotional moment. What a proud achievement for the team.

[@stephanebouchard9197]

You told me you'd do a good video when I met you in the DTD cockpit taking off your camera. Mission accomplished! you really kept your word. very good video. Every time I saw the footage of that day it make me really happy.

[@mikercflyer7383]

It was just like magic and brought a few teas to boot. Great job Steve.

[@halepauhana153]

Thanks very much for your coverage of the Plane Savers epic, it was a fun ride every day for almost 6 months, fantastic to see Flight Chops and Plane Savers together!

[@switchbackrickrc]

Wow Steve! Great Footage. I have been following Mikey since Ice pilots and your video made me tear up once again like Mikey’s last episode did. Well Done once again 🤙🏻

[@mikus4242]

I watched the flight of DTD live via KZbin that day. It was awesome.

[@gpny]

Great video! It was nice meeting you at cyhu and thanks again for giving my 2 boys a patch and a sticker!

[@hj45lp]

Brilliant edit of two missions, brilliant sound, thanks for being there and documenting it for us to enjoy!

[@e-rj8984]

Tears Steve for an FANTASTIC emotional trip ❤ Thanks for sharing this beautiful moment...

[@TrevorPilot9]

beautiful plane. amazing story! I love how emotional these guys are

[@ChrisFerLOL]

Awesome! Thanks for taking time out of your busy day to say hi in Frederick! Safe travels!

[@Moonwiz]

FANTASTIC production! Congratulations!

[@wojtekkowalewski2727]

FlightChops you are the right man in the right place at the right time. Thank you for what you do. This is the right stuff!!

[@tonylarkin7564]

Thanks for the Great video that finished the Plane Savers Epic for me Well Done Regards Tony Australia

[@eric.vice.01]

You cut my favourite ATC line. "DO *NOT* CALL BACK." That controller ruled that space with an iron fist. I loved her. She was one of the most awesome parts of the day.

[@radarmike6713]

Amazing video Flight chops. It's a story for the ages. It's a feat that not many attempt. You encapsulated the essence of this plane saving and the passion people have for aviation. Thanks for the video.

[@KevinJones-pj8kx]

Been waiting to see your footage. It has been an awesome ride. Hope to see more about the trip to Oshkosh. Great job.

[@stephenwalters8061]

Outstanding cockpit vision from both aircraft.

[@michaelcarrier4374]

She is so beautiful! What an amazing video!!!

[@michaelsherman1018]

Certainly brought a tear to my eyes...great video. Keep the passion!!

[@tikkin11]

Amazingly great content. Hard to believe this is KZbin and not Nova on PBS. Steve is simply on a higher level...so worthy of my Patreon support!

[@stevenbolam]

Waited impatiently for the DTD flight footage , it was worth the wait , top effort on the overall video .

[@dghrimwolf9442]

I came over from Plane Savers and I have to say you did a FANTASTIC job. Well worth the wait.

[@goatflieg]

Thanks again, Steve... for this... on so many levels. And of course thanks to Mikey too.

[@painlesstom]

Excellent all the way through. Great job telling the stories, the filming, and editing. You are an asset to the aviation world, keep up the good work!!!

[@paulrourke4785]

Thank you Steve, this Ep. from you has been eagerly waited and Mate you have done Extreamly well, thank you from Australia.