Basal ganglia Direct and indirect pathways -

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Basal ganglia Direct and indirect pathways - Neuroanatomy Animations
Basal ganglia
----------------------
The basal ganglia or basal nuclei are large masses of grey matter located within the central core of the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. The basal ganglia are composed of the following grey nuclei:
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Amygdaloid nuclear complex (or Amygdala)
Claustrum
Substantia nigra (within the midbrain)
Subthalamic nucleus
The lentiform nucleus is composed of two groups of neuronal soma (grey matter) known as the putamen and globus pallidus. The lentiform and caudate nuclei together constitute a mass of grey matter, the corpus striatum.
Therefore, the basal ganglia can also be defined as a large mass of grey matter composed of the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum, which is situated deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
Note that the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus are not included in the above definition because they are usually described by several authors as only having a functional relationship with the basal ganglia.
Direct pathway of the basal ganglia (excitatory)
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Function: increase in motor activity
Pathway: motor cortex → glutamate release → stimulates striatum → GABA release → inhibits globus pallidus internus (GPi), which usually inhibits thalamus → disinhibition of thalamus → stimulates premotor cortex → activates muscles → ↑ movement
Additionally, the subthalamic nucleus stimulates substantia nigra → dopamine release → stimulates D1 receptor in striatum (further inhibits internal globus pallidus)
Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia (inhibitory)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function: decrease in motor activity
Pathway: motor cortex → glutamate release → stimulates striatum → GABA release → inhibition of globus pallidus externus (GPe) → less inhibition of subthalamic nucleus → stimulates substantia nigra and globus pallidus internus (GPi) → inhibition of thalamus → inhibition of premotor cortex → deactivates muscles → ↓ movement
substantia nigra → dopamine release → stimulates D2 receptor in striatum → inhibits GABA release → disinhibition of globus pallidus externus (GPe) → GABA release → inhibition of subthalamic nucleus → decreases stimulation of GPi → disinhibition of thalamus → ↑ movement
Functions
----------------
There are a growing number of studies focused on the functions of the basal ganglia, as its functions are yet to be fully understood. However, the following are established functions involving the basal nuclei:
a.Planning and modulation of movement pathways
b.The basal nuclei is involved in the control of movement and learning
c.Coordinating motivation with body movement. Specifically, the basal ganglia inhibits individual behavior in a complex social interaction and also inhibits small voluntary movement
#basalganglia #directpathwayofbasalganglia #indirectpathwayofbasalganglia #directandindirectpathwayofbasalganglia #neuroanatomy #anatomyanimations #animatedanatomy #neuroanatomyanimations #usmleanatomy #basalgangliaanatomy

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[@vishwawedsnitinsaini4905]

This is hands down one of the best videos explaining both the pathways. Makes it so easy to understand DBS targets. Brilliant!!!

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

TYSM

[@peacefulhooligan8081]

​@@doctorbhanuprakashI agree. Very simple video. But Can you please make another explaining all the actions of the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS Vis-a-vis the Substantia Nigra Compacta

[@ivo3185]

I can't believe this video exists... Thank you so much!

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@kamalabuchholz8329]

Amazing video. 8 mins did what 1 hour of lectures couldn't do. Thank you

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@MrHugoTaz]

FINALLY a great video about this topic. Congratulations, great work! Thank you very much.

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@TheTraveller747]

This is helping me a lot in my PhD in Cognitive neuroscience

[@muqaddashameed7010]

I was unable to find a video of about 10 min for a topic ....but now finally it's there ..great work.. Thank u ... 👍🏻

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

Most welcome 😊

[@KarlROSJohnsonDC]

The best video I have seen on this topic. It would have been very helpful during functional neurology training! Thank you for making and sharing this video, Dr. Prakash.

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

You're so welcome!

[@user-sf7cn6ne9w]

Watched 5 videos on this concept and this video was my last!!! Snatched away all my confusions from the previous videos and gave the best, elaborate explanation for this concept in less than 10 minutes!! I stan, Sir!! Thanks a lot Dr. Prakash!!

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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Crisp and concise Well appreciated❤🎉

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I will never get why random ass youtube videos (that's meant in a good way) are easier to understand and better illustrated than my neuroscience lectures. Nowadays I don't even start reading the chapter of the books before checking out a video. Look how easy it is to comprehend this! Insane. Kudos and thanks for carrying me through my Uni ^^

[@NoulsPB]

WOW!!! Brilliantly explained, with awesome supported graphics. Thank you for making such a complex process so accessible!

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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Was very worried about basal nuclei Later found this video,its just awesome. Great work .

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

Glad to hear that

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OMG LIFESAVER THANK U!!!

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Thanks millions and millions

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Cant believe i can finally understand these pathways, thx alot 🙏

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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Thanks a megaton for this, couldn't have understood better!

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This is just fantastic.

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Thank you for your support !

[@user-jx7zr1te4e]

I literally searched a half dozen of videos on this topic with mnemonics and all the stuff,, but could not clarify my concepts... But thanks a lot for giving the cystal clear concept .... 🎉 ❤

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

You're very welcome!

[@ayuenkwagnejok1747]

Fully satisfied! Thank you sir for piece of travaille.

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@skhedayatullah7945]

The best ..throughly understood..

[@mr.anindyabanerjee9905]

Superb precise explanation of Basal Ganglia circuits. Thank you Sir for this video... 🙏🤝

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@gallant7]

Finally understood these pathways !!!! very grateful

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THIS IS THE BEST VIDEO EVERRRRR THANK YOUUUUU

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I really wanted this vid, thank you a lot you helped me out from losing my mind ! My prof’s lecture is so horrible that it’s demonstrated in a very stupid misleading way 🤦🏻‍♂️

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I must compliment you on not just the presentation of the subject, but moreover the clarity of your English diction and pronunciation. (Visuals were really good, also.)

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

Glad it was helpful!

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Best video I have ever seen about Basal ganglia

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Thanks! Very clear

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Wow our brain is amazing 🧠. Great explanation. Thank you!

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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so so simple explanation , i love this video. Thank you so much. ♥️👌🏽🙌🏼

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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Awesome video. Helped alot in grabing the concept. Many thanks..

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Great to hear!

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Great explanation

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great!

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Thanks a lot😁

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tooo complicated topic explained so simply within 8 minutes..hats off and thank you so much .. best explanation ever

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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Thank you sir. I was so confused after reading the textbook. This video cleared my concept 😊❤.

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Nice video, it really helped me to understand this pathways very well. Thankyou

[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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[@doctorbhanuprakash]

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The video is amazing... it's very realistic.

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thanks to you i finally understand it!!!!!

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