ESF 101 | A Guide On How To Fly In Planetside 2 (Not Outdated!)

Hopefully this video will help people that have been wanting to get into piloting or have already got into piloting but are struggling with some things. Looking forward to seeing how many people take to the skies to try out this style of play.
Check out my other tutorial video on how to find good fights in Planetside 2:
• Picking Your Fights | ...
Be sure to go look at Hader's ESF Top Gun Guide:
steamcommunity.com/sharedfile...
Twitch: / dudisfludis
Intro: (0:00)
Settings: (1:10)
Keybinds: (2:55)
Loadout: (5:38)
Flight Mechanics: (10:14)
Sensitivity: (19:19)
Dogfighting: (23:13)
Thanks For Watching: (29:20)
Thanks again to Quinn and Canadianpride120 for the help recording this video.

[@Dudisfludis]

The reason why this video is so long is because I wanted to go in depth with the mechanics more than the dogfighting portion because I think the basics are more important to understand first rather than diving too deep into the actual combat. If I were to dive deeper into the dogfighting portion the video would probably be 50 minutes long which I didn't want. As I said, people will learn a lot more about dogfighting from other pilots and experiencing it for themselves.

[@Dudisfludis]

@Sasha Lemay I would like to say that I know, but I don't. I've never tried doing it because I never saw it as a problem and just played with the controls as they are by default. I think I mentioned somewhere in the video that you could try to experiment to get it the way you want. Again, it might be possible but it might not, so my answer is "I don't know." Sorry I can't be of help here. Also, apologies for the late reply.

[@siratthebox]

@@Dudisfludis So my comment was about the fact you missed the idea of coordinated controls. You gave examples which inferred it, came up with a bunch of manoeuvres, but never mentioned the underlying concept.

[@Dudisfludis]

@@siratthebox I don't know why you deleted your original comment and reply. I apologize for how I put my reply to your original comment, but it still stands that I included basically everything that was said in your original comment. I don't know what you mean by "coordinated controls" but I assume it means that I should have described what exactly I was doing when doing the maneuvers. Maybe I could have gone more in depth with that, sure. However, I think that most people are smart enough to be able to copy or recreate the maneuver I'm doing just by watching the way the ESF rotates/moves. If they can't, then I doubt explaining it in further detail would help because it would then be more confusing. Yes, there are a bunch of overlapping when it comes to how you exactly do a maneuver such as rolling and then pitching down. I would say that for the majority of what pilots need to know, I think I described these maneuvers thoroughly enough. Maybe if you elaborate on what you mean by "coordinated controls" I can give a better response, which is why I assumed a lot in my response and in this one as well.

[@shepheardadi4329]

In this video it looks like you are rolling a lot faster than I can. Rolling feels absurdly sluggish....is that right or am I doing something wrong?

[@Dudisfludis]

@@shepheardadi4329 It's sluggish for everyone due to mouse acceleration and smoothing. All ESFs roll and pitch at the same speed, though. None of them have an advantage over another in that regard. If you have a high flight sensitivity it will feel less sluggish and slightly more responsive, however don't expect much difference if you decide to go that route. The ESFs all have a maximum roll/pitch/yaw speed that can't be overwritten. In more advanced terms, their angular velocity is limited in terms of pitch/roll/yaw which means that even if you have a really, really high sensitivity you will still only be able to turn as fast as the game allows because of the limits placed on the angular velocity. So, yeah, it's sluggish if you're used to more responsive things. But, I am in no way "rolling faster" than anyone. (Edit) Summary: you're not doing anything wrong, that's just how it feels.

[@LadyHermes]

I remember a few years ago, before I stopped playing, there was an enemy Mosquito outside our warpgate. He was just shooting down every ESF that tried to go outside the shield. After a few minute we ended up grouping and engaging him in 5v1, but we couldn't touch him and he still won. I had the chance to witness his movements and I was stunned, he was like dancing through our bullets. Of course we were all beginners pilots, but that moment makes me realize how it's rewarding to master flying ESFs and how huge is the gap between beginners and well trained pilots. Also, I could talk about the day I learned that you can actually send private messages to ennemies. I was flying late in the night and an enemy ESF whispered me and ask me to stop using coyotes, that it wasn't fun for him and that I won't get better playing like this. I answered to him that I usually feel free to play as I want, but since he asked nicely, I switched my setup like he suggested me to. Then we flew together for maybe 2 hours, did some duels and then he gave me a lots of advice to help me improve my flying skills (he was way better than I was...) He even swapped to liberator just to become a practice target for me. That's one of my best memories of any online games I've ever played.

[@fortuna19]

The story about the coyotes is crazy - that’s how I happened to get into ESFing too, although that was almost 3 years ago lol. I guess everyone needs to be pushed out of their comfort zone to improve!

[@d.lebowski4626]

The Mosquito is just superior

[@kyndjal3118]

there are some incredible moments.recently i was doing the storm buoy mission,and i asked on chat to plz not to shoot me while doing it,as i'm a shitty pilot and i'm no threat to anyone. my faction (TR) was sarcastic,saying good luck with that. NC was like "yummy come on in". the VS was quiet,just bantering with other people. in the middle of my flight,2 reavers start shooting me and i was ready to bail out just to rob them from my death and all of a sudden 5 scythes come in like hornets and kill the guys and surround me.they make some wing salute and pm me saying "we will escort until your done". man it was a strange sight a TR Valkyrie being escorted by VS,but it was so cool!

[@tsrorst2792]

I've noticed among the trained pilots you can often challenge them to a dual or show you're friendly (if they wanna focus on ground pounding) by tapping your gun in their direction. An allied reaver and I spent bunch of time dualing and practicing with some nice scythes, provided me a lot of useful practice without the trouble of dying every 5 seconds haha

[@ez4m]

@@tsrorst2792 Thats true…

[@Minituremike3]

Damn I wish this was around when I was first trying to fly. Although I think you missed out the most important tip: Rebind vehicle exit! The amount of reavers I've accidentally ditched is ridiculous.

[@peterbonnema8913]

hahaha. That was the first thing I did. Also, you get a warning to bind a key to something while it's already bound to something else.

[@dionagona8205]

But then you can’t have those moments where you exit your esf and catch up to it on the way down, get into it, and survive.

[@trevorthieme5157]

@Bo Sann It is but its right next to go accelerate *AND RELOAD!* Which is where the problem lays! It's between 2 of the most used keys in the game! it isn't a problem in a ground vehicle that you can probably hop back into fast enough but in a air vehicle that 1 problem has probably cost Millions of accidental deaths!

[@demonman1234]

@@trevorthieme5157 I've pressed E by accident so many times... thought about rebinding it but just haven't yet LOL Sucks when you press it in a dogfight...

[@thatrandomsquirrel2924]

The flying in Planetside is so strange. I’m normally a pilot in the games where I can be, and I’ve even flown many times before in real life, but the mechanics in Planetside drove me away from that. So thank you for this video. It is much appreciated

[@DFlaminberry]

The fact that there is mouse acceleration you can't disable definitely adds another level of jank to piloting in planetside.

[@pietrosmusi2410]

What things dod you fly in real life???

[@JAnx01]

​@@DFlaminberry It is a lazy mechanic of making the machine feel like it has mass to it. The real way of doing this is physically simulating angular acceleration which works well when mouse acts as a simulated joystick like in Star Citizen or Freelancer.

[@TeamFurySuperGaming]

So i saw this on reddit.. And was expecting you to have THOUSANDS of subs and you only have 59?! are you kidding me?!

[@TeamFurySuperGaming]

Aye a year later im comin back checkin shit out again lmfao. I see you got 100k views and 1k subs now. There ya go man! Way to fuckin go!

[@itzzschlumo1313]

@@TeamFurySuperGaming he doesnt upload wnymore though

[@Schimml0rd]

@@itzzschlumo1313 :'(

[@itzzschlumo1313]

@@Schimml0rd sadge

[@jonasbaumgartel5994]

ESF tutorial in 2019 :D Really good explained.

[@iironhide6209]

Really well explained

[@buttercreamonsconeshascure9644]

Very outstanding explained

[@kaboom8428]

Very Y E S explained.

[@Schimml0rd]

Much explain

[@redtsun67]

I feel like the skill ceiling is so high for ESF. It's almost a glass ceiling in a way, because wherever I go to fly there's always an ace pilot there to kill me. Ace pilots, pilots who fly just to fight other ESF, will travel around the entire map to find other ESF and destroy them. When you're just coming into the flying scene there's not a lot of room for practice because you die so quickly to more experienced pilots, and it's not like you can just respawn either since Aircraft cost nanites to spawn, you will eventually run out. What made this even worse was the ASP and faction bonus systems they added recently. High level pilots can now get up to a 50% discount on ESF with a 30% light aircraft module on a base and the 20% ASP discount to light aircraft. They can keep pulling aircraft over and over again, so even if you or a ground unit manage to destroy them they will just pull another aircraft and come back. There's a massive barrier to entry for flying since you will get stomped by more experienced pilots over and over again. Very demoralizing.

[@shmack2836]

The skill barrier can be really discouraging to those wanting to start flying. Devs need to bring back Air Anomalies, since that drew large air crowds and you could often find those with similar skill levels before you got shot down

[@ProGamingProphecy]

@@shmack2836 It seems fate has brought us together once more.

[@mindoftime2558]

Literally said in the video, that having perseverence and humility will make you a better pilot.

[@Schimml0rd]

while i wholeheartedly agree on the general mercilessness of the airgame i can attest and promise to you that if you whisper a pilot after he shot you down more often than not they will be willing to help you out, or straight up meet somewhere secluded and have some 1on1 practice! and if the first one doesnt want to the 3rd will

[@skyezblue3136]

Well if you want unlimited esf,just build 1 or help build it,that way you can get what you want and also help your faction..

[@CoinBaron]

Coming from an ESF-newb, thanks a lot for the extensive guide!

[@orphanmeatman9256]

Coming from someone who started yesterday, I’m still confused, this isn’t a hate comment tho, but fuuuuck this games complicated

[@orionwolf5034]

Same

[@straycatterry]

Honestly, I thought "Oh, this person is gonna use Mossie or Scythe only..." Yet, he showed me piloting a Reaver for a time longer than I expected! Oh yeah, now this is the pilot I can trust on his words..!

[@noahloyd9176]

KZbin: recommends video months after release. Me after watching: "So that's why I can never shoot this guy down."

[@akzork]

I'm am 2k hours in and a noob when it comes to flying.

[@ryannelson8762]

Same lol

[@davecrupel2817]

Same. I've been playing since 2014. Not even 2 hours in an ESF. Lmao

[@cherrysherry2538]

KZbin brought me here. Used to fly against you for awhile before college happened. Thanks for keeping ps2s community alive!

[@2pumpedupforu]

Every time I watch this video, I am proud of what you accomplished. A comprehensive guide that is easily referenced for learning

[@TerkanTyr]

The fact that Yaw couldn't be rebound to mouse is the cause for my brother refusing to join this game, and he's an avid fan of air combat games. I hope Rogue Planet decides to allow rebindability. It's kinda ridiculous that they haven't.

[@user-tg5wr9cm6k]

My friends that started with me, taught me to get a feeling on ESF handling by farming outposts turrets in hover mode.

[@Dismal626]

1 small correction. there is a 3rd way to tell if youre in hover mode and thats the streaks on your wings. when youre in jet mode your wings make trails, in hover mode there are no more trails. this applies to scythes as well.

[@H0Z1809]

thanks you a lot ! I learnt how to fly and then a2g everybody ! im the first banshee cobalt rn, couldn't be possible without you

[@bloodyglitch1777]

proud of you dad

[@fightclub571]

Any tips?

[@H0Z1809]

@@fightclub571 loving guy help a lot

[@hobog]

This is very good, and a great refresh because other ESF guides so in depth are mostly years out of date. First in depth ESF guide for DX11 :D

[@Ometen]

Most of the older esf guides are still valid. Ithink the last major change to the flight system was back in 2014-2015.

[@boerny6757]

Saw your reddit post and tbh expected a bad made video with crappy voice since your channel is still small. But I have to say this is some quality shit. Well done man hope for more videos in the future :)

[@Dudisfludis]

Glad you liked it. Thanks man!

[@2pumpedupforu]

Nah. Dudis is hawt

[@fleites6556]

I don't know where you are right now. But you should keep posting tips and guides for Planetside 2

[@Dudisfludis]

I'm here, I just haven't made up my mind on what to do next and college has started which keeps me busy sometimes. If you have a suggestion you should post it and let me know!

[@salty8671]

This video is amazing! after I watched this video I immediately improved with this vehicle. Im about two weeks in and can now hold my own against most fights when before I would be lucky to get a kill. Thank you so much for allowing me to be able to experience another side of planetside 2. I cant get enough of this vehicle now!

[@lion_los]

Amazing video dude. Thanks a lot. I've been flying for quite a bit now (not 1000s of hours, obviously) but there's been a number of things I've been doing wrong. So now I'll specifically practice maneuvers outlined here to build the correct muscle memory.

[@Altrue]

4 years later and this video is still a masterclass, well done!

[@MrZega000]

huge props for the sound in this video. Music is pleasant and not over the top or blasting past your voice level (which was clear and nice to listen to) Thanks for the helpful hints. I've played a lot of combat flight sims and this game was by far the hardest to get the hang of. I had no idea hover was a whole mode and I have over 200 hours in PS2 @_@ It's really shocking just how high the skill ceiling is for this game.

[@TFTairsoft]

Perfect video to watch during lunch time at work! Now time to use the stuff I learned when I get off work!!

[@RokkoEffe]

Amazing and detailed tutorial, huge thanks to you

[@planetside2]

Greetings, soldier! May we promote this video on our game launcher? Please reach out to us on Twitter @planetside2

[@TheRennat47]

Good tutorial I've always known about hover and plane mode but never knew what actually caused it to change between them. I ended up just learning method one by accident but with extra key presses that I didn't need but now I know what I don't need to press anymore.

[@ChilupaKing]

Thank you, sir. Been an Engineer infantry guy mostly. Trying to expand my horizons, and am looking to do different things in the game

[@justsomeguy8385]

Thanks for the vid! I have well over a thousand hours in an ESF and I still learned a few things. I never noticed the [H] on the screen while in hover, which should be very helpful in duels and while flying a scythe. One criticism I have is with something I've noticed about increasing the max render to 6,000. It barely affects performance and makes it easier to see the things that matter in a hover duel, like my tracers and the opponent's afterburners. Fighting with the day sky as the backdrop is pretty tough, especially on Esamir. Setting the render distance really low increases the amount of sky you see, which imo is just not worth it for save a few FPS. Not to mention the game just looks better at 6,000 render and for new players it makes the continents easier to navigate. Also, I think you should point to a video about hover dueling that people can check out after watching this one. Maybe make one covering all the basics of leading shots and maneuvering or point to a good one that already exists. If you make one, you could cover other things that are more philosophical as well, like strats for using and fighting against the different ESFs, or even community aspect of it. I think people outside of the circle don't realize how happy the good players are to help those who really want to learn. They don't want to see the air full of scubs with coyotes and tomcats. There is no fun in that. And many won't kill on sight if someone is sociable and really trying to improve.

[@Dudisfludis]

Just for the sake of some of the people who play this game on, say, a laptop or something, I wanted to make it clear that you really only need that amount of render distance. I get what you mean though. It helps to have all the reference points available when you're trying to track someone else. I could've probably pointed to some ESF dueling videos, you're right. Although, I don't think everyone should learn from just videos alone. At some point they'll have to actually try to apply the things they've learned and watching all the videos in the world about ESF combat can only help so much. As said in the video I wanted to make it as short as possible while trying to include all the basics I can. Thanks for the feedback though, man. It's always welcome.

[@ianwtheman]

Great vid! Found your yumi vid awhile back, and started watching.

[@barkedog]

Okay fine you excellent tutorial making bastard, you've managed to get me interested in what I assume will be the most masochistic experience the game has to offer in what is already a very painful game. Time to cert out an ESF.

[@the32bitguy]

This is really comprehensive, thank you.

[@DennerGSB]

Watched the video about a month ago and since then i became way better at flying and continue to improve. Just as a little tip to other newbies like me: In the last couple of days i found that changing to the short range main gun helped me tremendously, since it fits way better the playstyle with Stealth, because you can ambush players and kill then more quickly and also because i noticed that i almost always end up on close range engagements. It seems obvious, but i didn't realized till changing, and it kinda made me even more exited to keep practicing.

[@cuebanb4227]

This helped me up my game a lot. Thank you very much.

[@itworkss]

First guide I’ve seen of yours. Great content, you’ve got a talent for teaching!

[@TheOblomoff]

While I don't think it'll help me airduel like a pro, for sure I'll find situations where I wouldn't have survived without this and the likes of it guide. It was very on point thank you.

[@drivingforgiraffes]

Thank you for explaining the physics mechanics. I did not know that there were two distinct modes for these aircraft.

[@kauptor1773]

watching this for the 2nd time and found my problem you did a really really good job there and im thankful that you talked and showed more about the mechanics and manouvers of flying thanks a lot

[@Dudisfludis]

Glad I could help!

[@llKorperll]

Thanks for the video it helped a lot. Practiced in VR Training for about 30minutes and then went at it. Started out pretty hilarious, with some crashes, made 2 Mosqitos in a 2v1 tuck tale with my Reaver when I did consecutive damage to both of them, and my session ended with flying with 20 plus others escorting a Bastion. Ended up taking out 3 Scythes very quickly before getting taken out myself.

[@fuzzydonkeyballs1]

this is great, i haven't thought about turning up my particles before, i'll be shareing this out good stuff

[@Smokinlucretia]

Excellent video, DudisFludis :D It's Helping me!

[@sheldondinkleberg6525]

This was stupidly good. I would love if you made a series about what goes on in your head, why you picked a certain loud out, the perks and intent you are bringing to the table when you get in certain situations like you did at the end of the episode! You got a new subscriber and fan here.

[@BarakYisrael]

Wow this is one of the most comprehensive well constructed training/informative tutorials I've listened to. You even state and clarify for the one's who may have misunderstood that you were showing the nose gun's "potential damage" vs realistic scenarios. You're amazing brother. Very excellent work 👏 👍 ❤👊💯

[@Dudisfludis]

I appreciate your kind words, thanks man!

[@book5ter]

Thank you very much. For me as a newb, knowing that the hover can be ibfluenced like this alone, is immensly usefull.

[@starpixi9725]

Dude, I didn't know there were pitch up & pitch down controls This helps so much, thank you!

[@patrickbeyer8909]

Very good Guide ! i Got 980h on PS2 but mostly played as infantry. So this will help me alot to get a grip into new things.

[@einfachnurmarc262]

Great guide! Very helpful!

[@Q8_BoRashed]

Great video my man. Thanks a bunch.

[@aonodensetsu]

i sat in an esf today after roughly 1.5 years without any planetside and almost never using vehicles and i could not get over roll on mouse, but i did see the potential especially since i'm pretty good at flying in other games so i came to youtube for help; never knew about hover, probably that's what screwed me in sanctuary a lot, dogfighting seems cool and useful on the battlefield so i'll get used to that and we'll see

[@ex4lt341]

Nice video dude. GG

[@Schimml0rd]

Ahahahahaah the switching-scythes-part had me burst out in laughter, i had completely forgotten about the old "oh damn i brought u the wrong gun"-thing lol 😂 😂 Great tutorial btw!!

[@sergiomalice6911]

The best esf intro video

[@Ihaveausernametoo]

Great guide, thank you for taking the time. I remember how flying was back before mouse accel (which happened at PS3 release). Now I see everyone struggle to aim. It's really sad.

[@guerrierim15]

Thanks for making this great video. I have played PS2 for a while and the prospect of learning something new is exciting! I have a lot more hours in Rocket League and I'd have to say the control and mechanics for controlling a rocket powered car in that game seems similar in both depth and satisfaction of mastery to ESF piloting in PS2. I will try to work hard and improve my skills in the sky. I guess I really enjoy the aspect of a hard to master vehicle in videogames. Plan on taking your advice and putting it to good use!

[@solarupdraft]

This guide has encouraged me to try out flying.

[@johnniewalker6236]

About to learn flying here, which is a lot different to war thunder simulator but I'm getting slowly into this,because of ur tutorial/guide, Thy for that!

[@Schimml0rd]

Just throw any and everything you know about energy out the window lol

[@medomaigrey7512]

Thanks for making this video.

[@Heloboiye]

Pretty nice my guy! We need more guides for new people to stay!

[@HAmzakhan2]

What a great video. Thank you for making this.

[@Torreogen]

ESF Tutorial in 2020 ;D i liked how you explained it, it really helped :)

[@jingluo7836]

Thank you!!! This game should get more players and attention. been playing it since 2012

[@easynsafespoof6132]

Great video! Definitely should be included within the game for new players to watch.

[@planetside2thechanglee427]

Very helpful your video . Just start learning to fly but on Vanu Scyth . Good video Wish you all the best

[@Schimml0rd]

VS FOR LIFE!!

[@rioterwarhier]

thanks quinnvs ... you are the realm mvp

[@jackie19944]

very nice in depth thanks for this!

[@meareAaron]

after watching this i learned a lot of stuff thanks! but also now I want a macross vf-1s skin for the ESF they fit verry well with how ESFs move

[@forint9654]

Thanks. It helped me a lot. Good job. Now I´m way better and I´m not afraid in dogfights as before. I´m looking forward to take down some Bastion with my friends!

[@ajneuschwander8928]

This was such a great help, thanks for doing such a thorough and easy to follow break down! Any chance you'd do one for Valk flying in the future? I've noticed that's it has a really unique challenge trying to keep your gunner on target while still staying maneuverable

[@eeanditto9156]

Yo you are so good at this, and thx! for this vid!

[@ethanleavins6944]

Well made doodis :)

[@Half_a_bosco]

before I saw this video I just had no ability to understand the mechanics of ESFs, but your vid explained them in an easy to understand manner thanks.

[@57ashdot]

Having an adjustable DPI mouse to switch between maneuver (high sensitivity) and aim (lower sensitivity) helps a lot as well.

[@prosilverplayer397]

brilliant tutorial bro. thanks

[@xx_aziankev_xx8526]

maybe the best Video guide that i ever see :D

[@Violentic81]

thank you for this tutorial, that helped a lot

[@alskopim]

After watching this, I can fly after 48 hours played. Thanks!

[@wilkham2678]

Really good video well made, helped me a lot thank you ^^.

[@eddrh3202]

you deserve a sub just for the tutorial, damn, I wanna try to learn now, so I will, thanks :) (for the next tutorial would you mind making something about how to use a Lightning effectively? thanks!)

[@spiritautonomie9109]

Thanks for your tutoriel !

[@dolphinsareus9110]

Thanks for the info man, it's very useful. I use a higher sens purely because i have about 5 inches of mouse room left and right of my mouse lol, I seemed to also neglect this pitch up and down thingy, I'll be getting used to that now hopefully. Cheers :)

[@lancezealot]

Thx for all the info :D

[@mart3058]

Excellent guide thanks

[@DNAinstinct]

You missed your chance at saying Cyrious's "I'll see you, Planetside"

[@vladslavtsisyk9459]

amazing explanation u could also of said engineering passive ability to heal in esf everytime when out of combat its really useful stealth combo works very good

[@PaffDaddyTR]

Great video

[@Schimml0rd]

Wait i know you :b

[@przemekportlaoise4731]

Thanks, really great tour, but I'm blown away by listening as you modulate your voice. thx

[@Dudisfludis]

Huh?

[@Lemmiatem78]

This review is awesome, and most importantly, current. Would it be possible to have you do a tutorial for the liberator and the galaxy?

[@Dudisfludis]

I don't know since the liberator is mostly just used for ground farming at the moment and the galaxy is really only troop transport. The ESF actually has something to do other than air to ground. The liberator and galaxy both kind of don't. So, we'll see.

[@Lemmiatem78]

@@Dudisfludis what about something simpler like ideal weapons and loadouts?

[@ikutshuiods41]

I have mastered flying in Planetside but I have lost all skill in all other flying games. A soul for a soul.

[@BOnEhEAdD]

I finally learned how to do my number 1 and number 2 properly, thx C:

[@wholesomedokichannel8603]

RIP aerial anomalies Nice video man !

[@Liam-xv5xy]

ay really nice man respect.

[@kwon7901]

Didn't know about the friendly fire thing - Good to know

[@0BLACKESTFUN0]

towards the sense part , you can find out wich sense is for you good by circle around a small object and stay on target with the mouse, if you need to drag alot than set it a bit higher until you feel comfortable to do so.

[@azzes20101]

What a guide, thanks alot

[@sergentlouis1474]

Thank a lot, amazing video for beginner.

[@xxraptorsc0pezxx]

Amazing video you deserve more subscribers

[@user-tg5wr9cm6k]

Great video, got some new tips out of it!

[@batuhanakyol8722]

So useful thanks!

[@brawler4456]

wow. me boi doogisfloogis made a guide. well done fine sire.