Graphene Computing Explained (Making Computers Faster)

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This video is the fourth in a multi-part series discussing computing. In this video, we'll be discussing computing performance and efficiency as well as how the computer industry plans on maximizing them.
00:00 Intro
[0:25-1:55] Measuring Computing Performance - Starting off we'll look at, how computing performance is measured and its rate of increase since the mid-1900s.
[1:55-8:05] Graphene & 3D Integrated Circuits - Following that we'll discuss, new classical computing paradigms that will push the computer industry forward past 2020. These paradigm shifts are 3D integrated circuits and the use of new materials such as graphene.
[8:05-10:15] Summarizing - To conclude we'll summarize and wrap up many of the concepts we've discussed over this and the past few videos in this series!
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Soundtrack ➤
♫ 00;00 "Elixir" by SizzleBird
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♫ 06;20 "Resonance" by HOME
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[@OptimisticFuturology]

Want to learn more about the Technological Revolution? Watch our playlist here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/e3-6pKKNn999irM - ALSO - Become a KZbin member for many exclusive perks from exclusive posts, bonus content, shoutouts and more! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/member - AND - Join our Discord server for much better community discussions! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/discord

[@eyeofthepyramid2596]

So can we use a rat brain instead of these chips to compensate the same flops ? Nice vedio and i watched 3 ads purposely and subbed

[@kennaee]

I really don't understand how your channel is this small as the video quality and freshness of information is top notch. I just found out your channel by cheer luck and am now going thru your older videos and the quality is just superb! Thanks yet again.

[@zdzichus.3264]

enigma? zerobility?>

[@enkiimuto1041]

This video is too well done, hope it gets the attention it deserves. Kudos on subtitls btw.

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Thanks for watching!

[@GnuReligion]

Yes, excellent production quality, and content. Wish though, that the voice volume was a little higher, and the narration speed slowed down just below aspie levels. Can see these vids going mainstream!

[@ricardolourizela5961]

Graphene has no energy gap; it behaves more like a metal rather than a normal semiconductor, which limits its potential for transistor-type applications. There’s a lot of research on other two-dimensional materials, like Indium Selinide (InSe) or hexagonal boron-carbon-nitrogen (h-BCN), that have large bandgaps.

[@ritaamorim5455]

Exactly! I don't understand why this video (and everybody watching it) is ignoring this...

[@vitalnutrients744]

But metals are conductors. Why settle for “semiconductor” when you can use conductor, which is graphene.

[@SarevokRegor]

Look at "“Graphene based materials: Past, present and future,”" viewable here ; wwwgu.ftf.lth.se/courses/FAFA10VT/Protected/Graphene.pdf . In the introduction section on page 1181 it states "a distinct band gap can be generated as the dimension of graphene is reduced into narrow ribbons with a width of 1-2nm, producing semiconductive graphene with potential applications in transistors" . Whilst it might not be either the first , the long term, or even a replacement for silicon, it does have the basic properties necessary to do so. Note that there are things graphene is not optimal for, or is only optimal with a lot of finagling or trade offs , kzbin.info/www/bejne/poS2dnmOa8dne8k , but it is not quite as simple as is being made out in the original post. Additionally further methods are being investigated to increase the band gap , www.chemistryworld.com/news/graphene-band-gap-heralds-new-electronics/9000.article , with graphene base having 0.5ev whereas silicon is ~1.14ev.

[@BattousaiHBr]

in addition to what sarogo posted, a new field called "twistronics" just recently sprung where you can change graphene from either a resistor to a superconductor by merely changing the angle at which 2 stacked sheets are in relation to each other. this is fucking crazy and i don't know how that could be put into practice, but there's a lot of potential.

[@phoenixzappa7366]

You are all missing a very simple key point

[@ejkitchen]

It's crazy how few subscribers you have for the quality you have! Keep it up and this will grow rapidly. Fantastic work.

[@DarthRaver-og7qq]

Bro i spent like the last hour or so watching a bunch of your videos. You use computers everyday but rarely do you ever stop to think how it all actually works. You just know it does work so your questions stop there. Its cool to see how it all works together. Awesome vids!

[@micaiaskauss]

I can't stop watching your videos, great content.

[@EMPBossHacks]

Holy shit, subscribed. Now I have a source to find new computing innovations.

[@amirabudubai2279]

A FLOP isn't a measurement instruction per second. IPS is the measurement of instructions per second however it doesn't work very well for modern high performance computer. This is mostly because newer systems are designed to perform more than one floating point operations in a single operations. Also, no bets are being placed on Carbon replacing Silicon. To make a graphene transistor, you have to control both the chemical and physical structure; we can hardly make a single transistor in lab. Whatever replaces Silicon will have to work with photolithography otherwise we won't be able to manufacturer it no matter how much better than Silicon it is.

[@ashutoshsamal4287]

The video is so well made, it's just amazing and really shows your efforts. I'd love to watch the last two private videos in this series.

[@shahmabdulnafeaw.j.7268]

Your videos are amongst the best and most understandable by normal people without background knowledge about computers ( me 🤕) keep going you are helping many people . Now it's ramadan I am a Muslim and I am gonna do prayers for u 😊.

[@NarekAvetisyan]

This video was amazing! You blew my mind. Carbon nano tubes replacing silicone huh? Very interesting.

[@scottfranco1962]

Or better yet, replacing silicon!

[@JorgetePanete]

Scott Franco carbon nano tubes implants to make things bigger hehe

[@clubbone]

This video relating to graphene, is very accurate with what has happened with its development milestone in 2024

[@jimarious6616]

Im a subscriber of this chamel before millions.

[@LuzuyaMishibu]

Wow, I love your videos. So informative, thank you. Please keep it up!

[@MohamedMSabry-ig8md]

Got this video as recommendation. Surprised that my work is mentioned here. Many thanks for such a clear and simple explanation

[@ekaterinavalinakova2643]

Amazing channel, so glad I found it!

[@mridularul1]

Very Informative tone of narration , it weirdly keeps you curious .. Great Video ! and the animation is very well done !

[@absbi0000]

Quality content without the fantasy sci-fi. Thank you.

[@rahmanash9856]

Hey, can u do a series about Graphene and it's applications.. from what i heard, it's going to change majority of things so i am pretty curious

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Have a video planned for it in the future!

[@ZeroRelevance]

Singularity Prosperity Sounds interesting

[@leecaste]

Yes please!...more graphene electronics and photonics, at wich point is research and development right now and when will we have portable supercomputers. That terahertz numbers on cpus just blew my mind, as a 3d artist I'm excited thinking of how in some years the barrier between realtime and offline rendering will vanish. Realtime pathtracing, simulations and much more!...man I'm going to have a heart attack 😃

[@WowYaska]

I just found this channel. It will be interesting to see it go into the hundreds of thousand in the coming months.

[@teflonpan115]

the 100 to 4000 mhz increase on the CPU is because of the efficient cooling techniques were introduced, moore's law was more consisent based on transistor size. There were barely any fans on processors back in 1995.

[@joshjenkins8353]

Amazing work!! Totally loved this video. Subscribed

[@domm1341]

Excellent video.

[@rajinkhan7611]

This channel will grow huge

[@jepaul59]

I’d love to learn more about the basics of hardware architecture but I don’t even know where to start other than that fantastic video quality!

[@imtube333]

Great Video. Wonderful research and presentation. Keep up the great work.

[@Grosvenor77]

Your Videos are amazing. Keep up the good work.

[@bartoszbarejko1585]

I do working today on the Graphene batteries working 24/7 2/3 months .

[@motozest7856]

Incredible video, as usual! Your timelines are just slightly off - we'll be getting 3nm transistors in 2021 (likely either GAAFET or MBCFET), not 2025; we also won't hit zettascale in 2030, more like 2033-2035.

[@pedronogueira8148]

Exactly! Late 2020 for the exascale (with the Chinese beating the American Aurora project), late 2021 for the 3nm node and 2034 for the zettascale are my bets.

[@motozest7856]

@@pedronogueira8148 I think they're *very good* bets. Any guess on the yottascale? I'd say anywhere between 2045-2050.

[@rtx_____]

Its about time. This channel will become big.

[@Naitik_Sanas]

i just found your channel today ! really great content :)

[@bjornvollheim7303]

You speed up my learning abot 10 times faster than other media.I´ts so wellorganized and syncronized so I wonder if you are a person ore an AI.(ment as an compliment)

[@nicwalsh9537]

This blows my mind.

[@Spartacus547]

I'd like to see a video on the global graphene Supply and how that relates to are current trends of Technology I mean do we have enough to sustain the current trends will it be able to scale up to this massive technological boost in the direction it's going? And does that mean it would just be a total necessity to start a mining operation on Mars?

[@CrazyFunnyCats]

Most interesting thanks 🙏

[@AjinkyaMahajan]

Really wonderful explanation.✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨

[@cardinalprinciples9756]

Amazing Video! :)

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Thanks for watching!

[@k.powell1634]

Sharing your channel. Keep up the good work. Please cite more sources on information where possible.

[@milohookfish6001]

You should do a video on optical electrical computing hybrid

[@alexhutchins6161]

Subscribed loved the video.

[@NikolaosSkordilis]

3:19 It is always _"either or",_ *never* "and". Your very own text about the IBM claim states that ("Or, more interestingly..."). Smaller fabrication nodes provide a higher power efficiency, which means that CPU and GPU companies face a trade-off between higher performance at the same TDP (i.e. heat, which is derived from how much power is consumed) _or_ the same performance at a lower TDP. Or, of course, they can opt for a combination of the two. For instance if a new node can provide 20% higher performance (at the same TDP, and thus the same battery life for mobile phones, tablets and laptops) or 35% lower TDP (at the same performance) they can sacrifice some of the performance and target 15% higher performance and ~25% lower TDP. According to the first preliminary data about Intel's first couple of Cannon Lake CPUs that have been spotted in Asia, they have ~15% higher performance due to the transition to 10nm, despite having no architectural difference. That performance edge is due to the 10nm node's higher power efficiency, which allowed Intel to add a 10% higher clock to their base clock and the rest must be due to longer boost clock times and +1 MB of L3 cache. Yet their TDP is the same as the previous generation, which means Intel sacrificed their entire TDP gain in exchange for merely 15% higher performance. That does not paint their 10nm node in a very bright light, which is presumably one of the reasons they delayed full volume production until next year. Nope, despite your exascale and even zettascale projections the road to them is nowhere close to "this increase in computing performance doesn't show any signs of slowing down". The industry requires either new materials like III-V semiconductors or a replacement for CMOS.

[@sydfin]

Love your video, but would be even better if background music was lower and you slowed down a bit. Very hard to follow at times, had to watch a few times. Awesome content and graphics. Kudos to you.

[@tekno679]

wow this is so optimistic. but thanks, good video

[@ADITYAKumar-xi1zt]

Graphene based electronics 😍😍😍

[@robertlock5501]

Interesting video - thanks..! You should do a follow up on this :)

[@hugeturd42]

good job

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Thanks for watching!

[@supultra7790]

So should I continue to replace CPU/GPU ram ect till this technology is out or just wait it out

[@banksy7376]

is there a way I can download this gentlemans script as a way of taking notes?

[@Yggdrasill21]

Great video very informative and up to date, just a couple things, first the audio, I don't know what it is but it sounds like you're muffled or something, and second I know its a lot of information for 10 minutes but sometimes I think you went a bit too fast. Keep it up hope to see more!

[@theroyalaustralian]

How much is 1 to the power of 50 flops? I found no search results? And that's by using a black hole as a computing device

[@emperor3743]

I'm born in the right decade, or came just a bit too early and found out on all the good stuff when it is in its heyday.

[@Sybaris_Rex]

Even though Summit currently runs at 200 petaflops, they too say that their upgrades will be around 1 exaflop around 2020 so that's right in line with this prediction.

[@mervinmarias9283]

So this means in the not too distant future we will have cell phones and laptops made 90% out of hemp. Hemp processors, hemp batteries, body and screen hemp plastic. Would be awesome to see.

[@igorrizvic4699]

Great videos you have here...liked,suscribed ...:D

[@youtubejack]

awesome

[@genericdeveloper3966]

So with graphene have they been able to make transistors with graphene? Because by itself isn't graphene just a really good conductor? That is different than Silicon which is a semi-conductor.

[@tylervrd3892]

at 1:39 you said 1^50 FLOPs, which equals 1 lol

[@bluesillybeard]

haha what a typo! lol!

[@pramoddubey8314]

I like It.

[@4dirt2racer0]

i knew that voice sounded familiar.... whatsup Napoleon Dynamites brother!!!!

[@iamscoutstfu]

So what happens if you link nanotubes along their length so that all their walls intersect around a central cavity?

[@SvetlinTotev]

It's funny how you animated a clock speed going up to 1 THz. Just due to the speed of light limit the entire processor, with all of the logic gates, control circuits and internal memory, has to fit within a sphere of 150 microns diameter just because of the speed of light limit (assuming the signals travel at that speed and the logic gates don't slow the signal down more than that). Technically, yes, you can make a processor that fast but it wouldn't really be able to do anything that useful except for doing some small number calculations that require the operations to be executed in a specific order that that is already done in normal processors in operations like addition that can be executed in a single cycle. But the clock rate for the whole processor has to include all the interpretation and execution of the instructions and one of the main limits is how much internal memory you want since it takes up a lot of space but if you have it externally it is much slower. So, yeah, you can get high clock speeds for specific tasks but not much higher for general purpose processing.

[@bulgingbattery2050]

Will we have exaflop chips in personal computers?

[@LaughingOrange]

Not in the close future, but a modern smartphone is faster than the first supercomputers so there is hope.

[@BattousaiHBr]

maybe 25+ years from now.

[@sleepingbee101]

When are you coming back?😢

[@LibertyJava]

That problem seems REALLY HARD ..... :P I've got a raging clue though!!!

[@cryptojohnny3921]

WOW !!

[@noctarin1516]

1:42 when is the video ?

[@drew1035]

Really great content. Although I don't have trouble keeping up, you should consider slowing down. This is not the only video of your to have many comments about you talking too fast. I'm only saying because maybe you could get more subs. On the other hand if that's just how you talk... meh. Anyhow you have a new sub

[@njc9911]

Hey man, love the content, but you could really use a high-pass filter. Please, lol.

[@saladdays180s9]

Fellow Synth Nerd

[@jarobejm8720]

Great video & great channel. Would love to watch a video explaining blockchain & cryptocurrencies (bitcoin, ethereum, etc.), it's impact on big data and why there is a hype about it these days.

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Thanks for watching :) Have a whole series on blockchain and crypto planned for the future!

[@metacube9913]

So basically, if we manage to create a commercial CPU using graphene, even with today's IPC levels, we could boost the computation power by hundreds. Wow.

[@CatboyChemicalSociety]

all the tech shown in this video was created 10 years ago or more its just that the computer industry worked with silicon and improved it and wont change to a better material because it will have to change its entire assembly line to make them now that they can no longer do that, they turn to material scientists with stored ideas from over a decade ago to improve computing!

[@jerrycapodilupo9195]

Any videos on GRAPHENE Spin Electronics and connecting brain to Artificial Intelligence ❓❓❓❓

[@gameresearch9535]

check my other channel called Technology Research, watch the video all the way through on the home page that's there for now, a minute long. Go to the "created playlists" after that and save that to your favorites, only be on the created playlists, scroll down to the bottom of the created playlists and start there, work your way to the top by watching all the Graphene types of playlists, the STL and Time Crystals playlist, and all the Quantum Technology playlists. Though forget about electronics and go with Photonics, use Graphene Spintronics and Graphene Twistronics for Graphene - Photonics, now add Graphene aerogel made in space to revolutionize the way we explore space to the Graphene - Photonics also. Again please follow the steps provided to find the "created playlists", and start at the bottom, do not just click on a playlist at the top for your convenience without following the steps, people make this mistake a lot and cherry - pick through it!

[@CatboyChemicalSociety]

if you simulate the human brain with transistors it wont be as efficient dedicated neural units maybe better but som1s gotta make and design them you could train them on a standard computer so they learn faster then move them onto dedicated hardware

[@mrni6502]

Graphene is now the real vibranium

[@ritaamorim5455]

We have to solve graphene's lack of band gap before thinking of it as the cure-all...

[@SomeNot]

We *need* a new cpu architecture

[@activedreamer]

I don't think silicone has a chance of being replaced by graphene, but maybe silicon does!

[@les_crow]

You just told me that within the next two decades computers can become trillions of times more powerful?

[@CMDRScotty]

Graphene would be nice but we can only make 400 tons a year. If we really want to have a graphene age we need to make over 10,000 metric tons a year to find a niche market. Silicon was made in quantities around 7.2 million metric tons a year.

[@ANTEKWICINSK]

1^50 FLOPS :) - You can literally do more on most handheld calculators. 1:36

[@smergthedargon8974]

1:35 "One to the power of 50 FLOPs" So 1?

[@Mattstiless]

Ya but the display is actually 90% of the battery drain in smartphones! We need transparent displays already with all the components in the bezel. (Yes, bring bezels back in exchange for see-thru screens) Apple needs to get on this first or they will fall behind even further lol!

[@bigbluebuttonman1137]

"Uhhh...sir..." "You see a black hole...I see an advanced CPU for Fortnite 7.0..."

[@kapildeshpande6220]

Best channel on KZbin about computing

[@NerothLoD]

Good video, but your microphone picks up way too much bass. Makes it very boomy and muddled.

[@parkerbradshaw4122]

i9 9900k clocked at 7.2 GHz

[@abcdxx1059]

1 exaflop can't simulate the brain we will need a lot of connections

[@kooroshbboy8218]

your channel has a high APS (Adds Per Second rate), i mean like insanely high, but why

[@bintangsena2249]

CAAAARBOON NAAANOOOTUUUUUUBEESSSSS !!!!

[@GRASBOCK]

The assumption that one could increase the Clockspeed of a CPU to the 10^12 Herz just because heat generation sinks low is false. This is due to the fact that the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves becomes too small for the chip to remain controllable. There is a reason as to why CPU are as small as about 4cm, while the wavelenth is about 6cm at 5 GHz. At THz the CPU would have to be smaller then 300 micro meters.

[@kiyoshimatsutsuyu1931]

Golem = cloud computing!

[@j.macjordan9779]

Hell yes! Spread the word!

[@zdzichus.3264]

O ja pierdole... ;-) (classic and contemporary Polish: "WOW!!!")

[@odilovonsteinitz9205]

I just came across your channel by accident today and immediately subscribed - *what a fortuitous accident it was! Your work is top notch and very informative.* I have an interest (venture capital investment) concerning the practical applications of graphene in general electronics (not only computing), photovoltaics, energy storage, in propulsion and transportation, desalination and the invention/production of brand-new industrial materials through combining and interspersing and/or sandwiching layers of different metals, carbon fibre, plastics etc with graphine layers. The problems associated with graphene as a new industrial material capable of solving multiple problems towards progress of otherwise feasible 21st century technologies, seemed to lie primarily in the production costs and scalability of graphene sheets. It would appear now that very recently this road block may have become a thing of the past.

[@Sri_Harsha_Electronics_Guthik]

some graphics in graphs are obscuring thr top of the graphs

[@ayushchaturvedi5203]

the music is so loud the words are not hearable

[@rgaleny]

use the material from the space shuttle tiles as heat sync in between layer of the 3d chips to cool them

[@j.macjordan9779]

Yeah, but that's just Aerogel shielding - it would isolate the heat from one chip to the next, but the heat generated by one chip itself could be enough to destroy the chip. The heat would need to be actively pulled out with a heat sink/radiator setup of some kind. That's seems entirely feasible. Even submerging chips in a non electrically conductive fluid with a high density (mineral oil) & circulating it around has become popular with people over clocking chips. Competitions for over clocking involve isolating the chip surface & keeping liquid nitrogen in direct contact. The prep prior to a competition at that level though is insanity...

[@darktower74]

Slow the hell down, you have a lot of interesting things to say. It's not a race.

[@evhwolfgang2003]

Click the little gear icon at the bottom of the screen and set the speed to 75%. I've found this to be a vital skill if you intend to self-educate online, because a lot of these dudes talk really fast!

[@irowebot]

I usually watch everything at 2x, but I had to drop it down to 1.5x for this guy lol

[@learrus]

I enjoy the pace and amount of information, and dislike how many KZbinrs spend 5 minutes saying what this guy can tell me in a few sentences. Smoke a joint, it will help. I love getting super baked after work then watching SP

[@joseluis8512]

IKR

[@davidcadman4468]

turn off the sound and do as Dane Calderon suggested... I just turned the speed down to .5 and I'm able to read the text fine....

[@Faisal-st6hl]

I watched all your videos

[@-indeed8285]

3:00 boring noise music..