Action Potential in the Neuron

[@GGG965]

Every sentence is literally a ¨punchline¨. I wish schools around the world had the ability to convey the material that way, instead of confusing their students. well done harvard.

[@naglaakhaled5259]

Honestly yes school books just throw in a bunch of unorganized data and they only give half of the information so they can confuse you even more

[@tinyr101]

@@naglaakhaled5259 I’m currently in grad school and I feel that this statement is 100% correct. During courses, the professor/ textbook throws a bunch of information at you but you really only need the main points to succeed on tests/work outside of the classroom. Universities just need an excuse to keep students in the classroom longer and make them feel as if they ‘need’ all this information and need to pay for ridiculous tuition in order to be successful…

[@Addison0526]

@@tinyr101 yet we’re learning the same stuff, arguably in a better format, on KZbin for free 🥴

[@tinyr101]

@@Addison0526 YEP, and I still have to waste my time in a lecture room where I wont benefit from what the prof says 🐔

[@Lydianon]

@@tinyr101 It would be wonderful if they turned that around - learned the main points- the bare bones first and THEN fill in all the details. It not only could save time but lets you organize information in a more logical manner. You'd retain alot more. Because throwing it all at you at once... It defeats the whole purpose. Memorizing words and phrases without understanding them is why kids forget half the stuff they needed just to pass a test.

[@bluehourcore]

you literally just explained what takes up more than 10 pages of my textbook in a video that's shorter than 15 minutes. tysm!

[@niahda8687]

Bnerbatt 😭

[@rodney9886]

facts!!!

[@HarryPotter-rl9np]

Yaa it's too short,but it is good for revision

[@elperro746]

This is one paragraph on my text book and she made It look like 10 pages. Shitty explanation

[@yourfavouritescepticx8969]

That’s what I’m saying. These textbooks just confuse ppl 😂. I always come to KZbin with these textbook topics

[@rachelthellammaa3923]

I wish everyone well for the upcoming test! You got this! *Update: I'm now in college and I found myself coming back to this video since I have an exam tomorrow. Still extremely helpful!

[@periwinkle1812]

Thank you very much🐼🐼 🌺🌺

[@denissemedina4619]

Thank you! 🥺🙏🏻

[@lauragarcia6959]

Did you pass? :/

[@ogechiobinka2031]

Thank you.

[@NathanHarrison7]

KZbin University!

[@_Understand_it]

This is by far the best explanation of action potentials I've ever come across. Thanks!

[@JonLolatte]

this 14 minute video should have been maybe 3 minutes. much better vids out there

[@Alphacentauri819]

@@JonLolattemove along then… not everyone learns the same way. Also..condensing some things into less time isn’t always superior. Soemtimes concepts are missed.

[@Alex-dp1bk]

My professor couldn't make this make sense for the entire two semesters I had him. This one video explained it all to me in just 13:11. Thank you.

[@nancywei2312]

In my class they don't explain this stuff easily and non-complicated. This is like a dream, where all the complicated parts are filtered out and all the important things are here. Thank you Harvard this should be in all lectures and lessons about neurons

[@DannietheSWAMPY]

As a first year neuroscience student, my lectures on the introduction to this topic was covered over 3 hours and was very confusing to understand. This managed to keep the level of detail needed whilst keeping it simple and also under 15 mins... Thank you so much, this really helped.

[@nrubab8222]

Are you an undergrad student?

[@DannietheSWAMPY]

@@nrubab8222 yes

[@simranc7690]

It took me an hour to get through the whole video because I kept pausing it to get almost two pages of notes out of it. Thank you so much!

[@mbalensiefer]

Do "Open Transcript" next time, and copy->Paste. :))

[@elamathielam9084]

@@mbalensiefer wre s the transcript?

[@prerna3058]

Me too

[@Noor-mu1bl]

Lol I thought it was just me!

[@dannichols6261]

@@mbalensiefer "open transcript" is good, but it is sometimes *better* to write your own notes from what you're hearing, as doing so likely 'sets' the info into your brain better, I think.

[@davidthomaschwclmt5925]

I wish my A and P teacher would just show this video. its so helpful

[@maheen97]

this 13 min video covered this content way better than my professor's 40 minute video

[@mikeish6640]

If anyone is wondering, there are things called leaky K+ gates that always allow a little bit of K+ ion movement across the membrane. This is how the resting potential is restored after hyperpolarisation (when it goes to negative). Because it's so negative inside the cell (below the resting potential of -70mV) K+ ions will move into the cell because of the electrical gradient, sodium ions can't their gates are shut. This movement of K+ ions into the cell makes it more positive and restores the resting potential. The sodium potassium ion pumps do help a little to maintain the electrical gradient, but mostly they keep the chemical gradient (Na+ in high concentration outside, K+ high conc. inside) with the leaky K+ (how many / how leaky they are) determining the electrical gradient and therefore the resting potential. EDIT: As pointed out to below there are leaky sodium gate to there are just more leaky potassium gates so the over all movement of ions = more K+ ions move than Na+ ions, but the effect is the same, there is a net movement of K+ ions into the cell. Or as below: "I think there are sodium leak channels as well. Sodium is constantly leaking into the neuron to make the membrane potential less negative. This is why there is the Na+ K+ pump to establish the -70mV potential, because without it the Na+ and K+ will just leak according to their electrochemical gradient. However, during hyperpolarization, the electrochemical gradient is so large that the leaks are leaking ions faster than the pumps, that is why the membrane potential can go back to -70mV. Sodium leaks and potassium leaks should be different though. Sodium leaks are protein channels but potassium leaks are holes in the membrane. "

[@booyah9402]

Sorry, can you explain this better? I am not understanding how the potential is restored again after hyperpolarization. If 3 sodiums and 2 potassiums pass through, wouldn't the cell be losing 1 negative ion all the time, making it even more negative?

[@mikeish6640]

@@booyah9402 losing a net of one positive ion and making it more negative yes. The K+ gates "leak" a little bit. These gates are not the ion channels pumping the 3Na+ / 2K+, they are gates not channels. They stop most the K+ ions moving when shut, but a few still get past even when shut. When the cell becomes very negative on the inside the electrical difference (the potential difference across the cell membrane) is large enough so K+ ions are forced back into the cell through the K+ ion channels. This is moving from low conc. of K+ ions on the outside to high on the inside, so is moving against the concentration gradient and how diffusion would work, but the electrical difference is so big it pushes positive K+ ions into the cell to restore the electrical gradient. NA+ ions can not be pushed into the cell as their gates do not "leak". Did that help?

[@Kak570]

​​@@booyah9402actually 3 factors contribute to RMP: 1.Na+/k+ pumps. 2.leaky k+ channels 3.leaky Na+ channels U must know permeability of k+ is much more than Na+ because of the presence of large amount of k+ channels than Na+ channels on membrane (approx. In the ratio of 100:1) As a result the cell membranes is significantly more permeable to k+ than to Na+.

[@pratyaydatta4678]

In that case you can consider, more sodium ion enter the cell during depolarization than potassium ions that goes out during repolarization. @@booyah9402

[@sahandsabahi4991]

Thank you. I was confused by the last part of the video where it says pumping 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in restores the cell from hyperpolarized state to resting potential. I think that last part is a bit misleading since the pump always makes the cell more negative.

[@teresagaines5087]

I’m on page 4 of notes! I can’t believe how much this video is helping me understand what I believe is going to be a large topic on my midterm for an SFSU psychology course titled “Perception.” I’ve been struggling to conceptualize brain structures and brain activity that is now included in my courses. I’ve never seen any of it before and have had to slowly teach myself through videos like this when, even after re-reading the dense textbook, I still struggle to keep it all clear. As a very passionate psych undergrad who has never had to take chemistry or any class past intermediate biology, this video made me feel like I really missed out on appreciating science classes more because now that it was explained in a way I can understand, it blew my freakin mind. God I love learning.

[@leilacx1088]

great video, i understand why Harvard students are so smart, if your explanations are this good online, I cannot imagine how great the lecture are in person.

[@travisk5589]

Can I say that I went to Harvard after watching this video

[@Letitgonow]

Travis k yes! 👏 Be proud of yourself but remain humble - UofH Student :)

[@krrishkai]

I think you should be allowed to

[@uzi6839]

@Albert Darian you bitch stfu

[@uzi6839]

@Howard Bishop it’s a scam m8 they steal all your information

[@angelusvastator1297]

Lmaoo

[@theorionnebula9746]

as a homeschooled kid making my own cutriculum, thank you for this resource. i learned about ion channels the other day and was like “wtf those things do” then was looking into the specific cell functions of neurons and thwy came up bigtime. everything is connected

[@veroniquelevesque3998]

I can't thank you enough for this video. I am a big visual learner and this should be presented in all physiology classes. Wow!

[@katjorbar]

It all finally makes sense! This video is brilliant in its simplicity and cuts out all the fluff that made it complicated!

[@aakashsaha8400]

I was so baffled by the Neuroscience introductory class. This video made me understand the process so easily. More videos on topics like this are appreciated. Thank you...

[@haripriya2k]

A complex phenomenon explained in ease. Slow steady and clear explanation with beautiful animation which we can actually visualise. Thanks a ton for making the learning so simple.

[@spacemaster8831]

I am 14 and obsessed with a level psychology: This video was very useful, particularly for clarification and being clear and concise! For anybody confused: Basically the dendrites are decorated with synapses, which don't quite touch the next axel, but have literally less than 1 millionth of an inch between them. The dendrites decide whether to pass the stimulation on, and if yes, then the process begins. The stimulation is passed through the cell membrane (soma), through the axel (which is often covered in a layer of protective fat called the myelin sheath) where the action potential then reaches the axel terminal, and the action potential "jumps" across the synaptic gap and into there receptor sites (like a key fitting into a lock).

[@jem3706]

so smart for a 14 year old! keep it up!

[@satoshinakamoto7253]

@@jem3706 he reads, american teenagers don't read

[@mercychepi]

My professor confused the heck out of me. This video was very easy to understand and grasp. I never thought I would say this, but Harvard is saving my grade

[@kristinafernando1072]

this is THE BEST action potential video out there!!! I've been struggling for ages and this video coverseverything in such a comprehensive and easy to understand manner. THANK YOU!

[@rubybhatia618]

This is simplest vedio on Action potential....very helpful in clearing my physiology exam

[@NikkiJohnsonFreeThinker]

This is a FANTASTIC EXPLANATION! It includes so many helpful details that are simply not covered in other videos about this subject. Thank you so much!

[@ahmedelfaki2526]

Can I conmect with you plazzz

[@iceblaze3043]

4 years later and still saving lives

[@marisolceja]

This explanation with the graphics is super good. It definitely helped me learned my class material better. Thank you Harvard.

[@jagannathhirave]

Magnificent, it can't get better than this. Thank you Harvard.

[@Rockerfeller26]

Okay...this was just about the best narration I needed to understand the concept. Just on point.

[@josephmbilla7395]

Best video I have ever come across. I have exams in the next 2 days and this video has been useful and impactful. Bring more videos of these.

[@sharonedigitale]

This was a pleasure to watch. I’m not in school, just here for curiosity and I thoroughly enjoyed learning it because it was slow, simply explained, and illustrated so well. Thank you.

[@Lydianon]

I'm not in school now either. Interesting how much more i enjoy learning when i do it just for fun.

[@leonardocardoso1627]

This is by far the best explanation on KZbin for the Hodkin-Huxley model. After watching it one, I understand everything about it. Amazing work, whoever made this. I'm sending you a virtual hug of appreciation ahaha

[@davivvd1994980]

this 13 min video covers four of my lectures...

[@yunkegu8460]

lmao

[@mrkrieg1963]

It covers 2 minutes of mine! That’s why I needed this

[@jaffaesque]

It's about 1/4 of my first lecture for the course...

[@travisk5589]

Sam, check out the crash course video. Each sentence is packed with info

[@rawanghanem1607]

same

[@aishasingh8433]

Literally my teacher explained this concept in the worst way possible 😐 thanks to this video

[@hypnosisbyalex9459]

omg this is the best easiest way to understand this process, I got so much confused from the book and from my teacher!!! but here you are explaining so simple !!!! thank you so much, I finally got it on time for my exams, are in 2 days!! THANK YOU

[@alessandromattoli298]

Absolutely clear, each sentence is an important aspect, amazing job harvard

[@nicholasbeck1558]

Thank you for making your work available to all. I really enjoy your excellent presentations.

[@F8LDragon2]

Still amazes me that this universe developed such a complex organization of matter

[@نورالإيمان-ع8ذ]

Universe > super power > creator >✨ God ✨ 🥰 That's the one and only Truth to explain these amazing super complex operations .

[@F8LDragon2]

@@نورالإيمان-ع8ذ why does the universe have to be created? If it was created what created the creator? If the creator could be deemed eternal, why couldn’t this universe simply be eternal?

[@Geminish15]

Alien overlords 👽👑

[@F8LDragon2]

@@Geminish15 if that’s so, how did they develop? Must be just as fascinating

[@Alphacentauri819]

@@F8LDragon2I think it is a circular expanding energy…not some “god” in the sky like many religions made. Because of so many dogmatic ideologies, often used to control and suppress people (and yes, in some cases to try to explain the unexplainable)…to often people are entirely turned off by the idea of a greater force, especially when paired with the name of “god”. That word, label, is so loaded. I do believe there is creative force, that does interact with, connect with, all things, and is highly creative…but it’s not in the limited sense that most humans try to box “it” in as. It’s way more abstract and ineffable than can be grasped by most human minds. Actually trying to understand from an intellectual, hyper-analytical perspective, will often cause one not to “get” it. One can be very intellectual, yet needs to have the skill to table that too…and just be.

[@JahnviShenanigans]

11th grader, NEET aspirant, my teacher explained this topic so well that i revised what he taught in 2x speed from this video

[@themkerich]

Well this was stellar education; best explanation of APs i've ever seen!

[@VarietyRulez]

Had to watch this video for my human physiology course in undergrad in 2019 because I had trouble understanding this concept; now I'm back here again for my human physiology course in medical school...time flies 🥲🥲

[@emc_44]

This is the best explanation in the entire world! I really understood the concept so well , i really wish all teachers would reach that level of understanding so they can explain to their students THIS WELL We are very lucky to have this video and i am very grateful, THANK YOU GOD الحمد لله

[@ericpalmateer806]

Big thank you to Ethan Contini-Field, Dr. Jennifer Carr, and Michael Davis for putting together such a wonderfully helpful video. Good job!

[@Geminish15]

When did we start listing names alphabetically by FIRST NAME instead of last name? 🤨

[@emmakaleck34]

thank you so much. my teacher doesn't tell me shit and i was lost...then I found this video and all of my hope was restored. I love you even though i really hate action potential ur awesome of this i could cry I'm so happy. and I'm not even exaggerating

[@aviaxa]

Great explanation video! I understood everything and what made it even better: You could feel the motivation of the teacher through the screen! She seemed ecstatic to be teaching! This really kept the video entertaining, as I was awaiting every next sentence. Monotonality? Don't know her!

[@ulu_al_albab]

thanks so much. I think Harvard is the best channel that can explained resting membrane potential process clearly with good animation. I have been searching video like this since yesterday. I get the AHA moment!

[@chrism5213]

Thank you so much! This video is just what I need, it’s clear and to the point.

[@kinjoya4926]

This was the most helpful video is my high school week, the details are perfectly explained and opened my eyes to how beautiful the science world is. This helped me way more than my teacher could ever. Her explanation are so low and pea brained compared to this whole of art. Thank you so much -santanPwopa

[@arghyadas2836]

I always come to this video whenever I need to revise my concepts. This video is packed with valuable information!

[@namukalisiwali3261]

The explanation was so clear...ive understand it most compared to the other videos ive tried watching

[@itiscrook]

POV: You procrastinated studying until the last minute and now you’re up past midnight trying to get annotations done

[@Flamma1205]

Hi! Thanks for the lesson, it was very informative. I have a question, at 9:52 , how does moving more sodium ions out of the cell raise the the membrane potential when sodium ions are themselves positive? what I mean by that is if we move 3 positive ions out and let 2 in , that would result in one less positive charge inside the cell. So how does that raise (makes more positive) the membrane potential from the hyperpolarization state to resting potential?

[@jonathanfargalla5427]

Same question here!!

[@julicookful]

Ridiculously clear and helpful! I'm using it to develop content for "neurobiology and addiction" presentations. Thank you!!

[@andreakurotova]

I am having and exam in about 20 minutes. I was really worried, because I didn't understand the lecture but I found this video and it really helped me. English is not my first language so I was checking my notes as I was watching this and I understood everything. Great video. Thanks 😀

[@rayhanhossain9861]

ayo....there is a reason why you mans are the top UNi still. Respect G

[@hannahshaw4875]

That makes sooo much sense! Thank you! I appreciate that you connected the action potential back to the myelin sheath, it makes sense.

[@sibusisomathibela1451]

mind blown i've been struggling with this concept all semester and it was explained in less than 15 minutes

[@melissahumphrey4331]

Excellent Video! Thank you for speaking slowly and clearly. Very helpful!

[@tenzinwangmu1757]

So helpful ,this is my second time watching and revising AP

[@channelofbd5404]

This video removed my complexities simply. Loved the way it made me understand the whole fact.

[@monaoconnell5650]

Excellent! I have the idea but will have to listen several more times. Thank you so much.

[@hazelpetrick8340]

this vid gave me potential to do some serious note-taking action

[@বোকাচোদাখানকিমাগী]

Haha

[@thenightdances21]

THIS IS THE BEST EXPLAINATION ON HERE!! even better than Khan academy if you are studying for the MCAT or classes! It covered every detail in my 2019 -2020 Kaplan MCAT books! Thank you!

[@alitinashekazembe1922]

This is lit you made the concept so easy 😅😅 saved from reading 15 slides

[@sarahdadswell3817]

Such a brilliant, clear explanation with great animation. Huge help. Thank you

[@pnar6412]

Freaking love everyone who contributed to this gem of a video LOVE YALL

[@kokusaibio4796]

This is an excellent video. Best I have seen on this topic so far. I have sat through so many quirky, fun, mnemonic filled cartoon videos; so flashy and bright they are seizure inducing. Sometimes you need to just slow it down and tell 'em how it is. Subscribed!!!

[@ceejay1684]

video makes this much more easier to digest. thanks harvard

[@michelleplanton1873]

Thank you! I have been reading all my material supplied and my textbooks but have been struggling to get my head around this. Now I get it! Such a brilliant and clear video.

[@MukeshKumar-xl8tp]

i was astonished by the way they presented this video.Hats off!!!!!!!

[@raffyvirata8317]

This is so good! This is our assignment for Anes

[@dairaquiroz]

I have an exam tomorrow and this has helped tons!! Thank you!

[@custom_1233]

Appreciable work please provide more such material to help us study Thanks a lot

[@abanoubmaged2101]

this video well explanied everything i did study on cell biology and i wasnot sure about certain points i really wish you all best harvard

[@elix35]

very helpful! Covers like 30 slides of my professors powerpoint in a very clear, understandable way!

[@vitoria96634]

Simple video! Perfect for you to have an idea about the subject before diving into it! Thank you!

[@Lydianon]

Dr Bashir on Star Trek DS9 just told Captain Sisko (acting as The Emissary for Baijors Prophets) that he needed to depolarize his neural sheaths... I hadn't a clue if that's possible or simply artistic license. Thank you Google for bringing me here. Actually I thank God for the internet daily- when i was young I'd have to visit the library to learn Anything... It oftentimes took many hours and sometimes days to gather all the pertinent resources to attain even just a passing familiarity with complicated processes, not to mention any esoteric topics. Lol Anyway. The instructor did a terrific job here explaining things so that even a dummy like me can understand. 🙂👍

[@tane1038]

This is a fantasic video. Very thorough, so well explained!

[@quiet-iris]

for anyone still struggling like I was, this is how i was able to kinda understand it; the purpose of the action potential is to allow neurotransmitters to release at the axon terminal/synapse. the wave of electrical charge travels all the way down and once it gets to where the neurotransmitter is stored in the vesicles near the synapse several things can happen but usually, there is a few more ion exchanges that end up with the vesicle membrane fusing with the cell membrane so that the neurotransmitter is floating around the OUTSIDE of the neuron. then the neurotransmitter can bind to the postsynaptic cell, open ligand-gated ion channels and create another action potential. and sometimes the neurotransmitter can bind to multiple cells my teacher doesn't care if we understand how it works, he just wants us to be able to parrot the steps of the sodium and potassium channels and the depolarization hyperpolarization and repolarization, and it was driving me crazy not knowing how this actually can help cells communicate with each other, so i hope this helps. i don't have full understanding yet or anything near it but i'm getting the vibe that information, thoughts, memories etc is more carried in the frequency, organization and order of which cells the nerve impulses go to

[@tolubalogun8440]

Thank you so much for this. Helped my study. Psy 221 exam tomorrow!!!! wish me luck!

[@nihaal7750]

Sike!

[@عزالدينالشيخسليمان]

Great information, great animations, and a great narrator, thanks a lot

[@saanviwadhwa8494]

this makes it so easy for a topic that seemed so complex!!!!! thank you ;-----;

[@BryceChristian-l3z]

Great video for MCAT prep!!!!!

[@KitambaraMakwani]

Your briefly explanation have cleared my mind satisfactorily

[@fitnesswithmaria3701]

Excellent explanation which included plenty of detail. Thank you.

[@camm9397]

BEST EXPLANATION I'VE SEEN !!!!

[@playitback-os7mh]

9:44 why does the voltage become less negative, when the pump pumps overall one plus charge per cycle out?

[@itielmartinez7824]

Now I see what does the true power of Harvard looks like...

[@oykubozalioglu1465]

The best video on this subject! Thank you

[@veronicanoordzee6440]

Finally a video with some content! Extension School? For an extended career? Of for extended knowledge? Watch the playlists and you know.

[@rissarissaris]

This was incredibly useful! Thank you for making this video :) and good luck to everyone who's here who has exams.

[@RamyaUmashankar-nv7uj]

Fantastic Explanation. Wonderful diagrams used.

[@95Jamecia]

YOU ARE A FANTASTIC PERSON. THANK YOU FOR THIS VIDEO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@nishurauniyar5788]

Mam your voice is soothing and your English is very simple to hear. It helps me a lot. Please make these types of videos more. Thank you so much. 😊😊😊😊💓💓💓💓💓

[@britanieblackhurst9093]

This video is amazing! It finally makes sense!

[@theundeadvolke9574]

You have really made me understand what this topic entails..... Im totally speechless after listening to the video

[@TeresaLiedtke-h5t]

I enjoyed that was this was explained. Straight to the actual details of what and how this happens. Great job!

[@jimcoote5094]

Excellent video, and one of the few to emphasise that the changes in ion concentration occur exclusively around the membrane, with the bulk of the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid remaining electrically neutral. Sometimes the opposite can be implied by media describing how conduction of action potentials is quicker in neurons with higher cross-sectional area. The latter is true, but is not down to cable theory as applied to electrical wires. Only a fraction of the neuron diameter sees changes in charge or ion content, as this video makes clear. It may be better for lecturers to highlight increased circumference rather than cross-section area as being responsible for faster conduction in larger neurons.

[@TalomNeyang]

This literally help me than those videos I have seen for action potentials and resting potential also the axon myelinated thing...... it's literally telling you all the basics which is why it's more understandable....very greatful for this video💯

[@TalomNeyang]

Can't believe I'm back here again😭

[@reanns.2911]

Well, I could read over 100 pages of textbook and listen to 80 hours of lecture about this concept, or I could just watch this video and understand this like it was the easiest thing to learn in all my degree.... Thanks for the video! Sad that my professors never used it. :(

[@sheetalmahajan4150]

It was the best explanation I could ever find. Thank you