the five kinds of paradox

[@HBMmaster]

all errors in this video are my own

[@philschannel1750]

Impossible!

[@theevilsandwitch8520]

And yet you uploaded it. Curious

[@twinprimeable]

may I have one?

[@conjure76]

Thanks for telling me.

[@Reginald_Ritmo]

I trust you.

[@albertfanmingo]

I love math pranks, because they're either breaking the most subtle, obsure hidden math property to allow something to be true, or are incoherent insane rants about how all horses are the same.

[@Romanticoutlaw]

reminds me of the fact that cows are technically spheres

[@PHILTente]

The horses one only sounds incoherent and insane if you dont know how induction works

[@copperII_]

@@Romanticoutlaw well, according to topology, if you do consider cows to be 100% solid with no holes, then it is topologically the same as a sphere.

[@somerandomguy-3102]

@@copperII_ mouths are holes though

[@copperII_]

@@somerandomguy-3102 assuming...

[@maadneet]

If I ever get a book published, I'm going to put "none of the errors in this book are mine, the editors are conspiring against me" as the preface

[@saxassoon]

Solid chuckle out of me

[@xjdfghashzkj]

Or better yet, "all of the errors in this book are yours"

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

@@xjdfghashzkj You bought the book. That's entirely on you for believing it.

[@user-up4dn3qk7n]

@@saxassoon l

[@tulliusexmisc2191]

You can put that in if you like, but that's not how it will be printed.

[@rruhland]

“You’d expect the bread to land cat side down.” Is a great line out of context.

[@cardboardhed1967]

"The universe (assuming it exists) is very large"

[@GasparLewis]

Another available punchline from some video (likely an ad for a product I'll never remember without looking up) is that attaching buttered toast to a cat creates a "free energy" anti-gravity dynamo that continuously attempts to turn to the "correct" side.

[@SomeTomfoolery]

It's also exactly the kind of staple line I've come to expect from this channel

[@fuuryuuSKK]

@@cardboardhed1967 which at least is a callback to the previously mentioned Boltzmann brain, though definitely a mice line

[@aykarain]

@@GasparLewis a

[@jan-pi-ala-suli]

“imagine a bar” aw i wanted a real one “it can be real if you want” so considerate!

[@gamez00007]

imaginary bar + real bar = complex bar

[@tanyaomrit1616]

I love that I know about the preface paradox now. Like without the context of, you know, how books get written and published, I could totally see how one could assume that "all errors in this book are my own" would mean "I checked all the errors in this book and confirmed that they were mine" (rather than what it actually means, which is "I fixed all the errors that I saw, so if any still remain, that's on me"), and then think "why would the author check all those errors but not fix them?" Wild. I love it.

[@globalincident694]

It's really intended to be a version of the lottery paradox but stated in slightly simpler terms. To put it a different way, if a particular page of a book has a 1% chance of containing an error, then it's rational to believe of each page that it is free from errors, but not rational to believe that every page is free of errors.

[@crumble2000]

The author would also need to check that everything in the book that is not from them is not an error

[@RAFMnBgaming]

So if they had an editor that could potentially have made errors then it either is a different paradox, or just a white lie. Unless the editor highlighted every section they edited in which case the onus falls back on the author to verify that everything is correct.

[@tanyaomrit1616]

@@crumble2000 oh yeah, it's all coming together

[@darkeyeshadows]

Putting a preface at the beginning of all my books that just says "The errors in this book are mine", implying I know they exist and I left them there on purpose, just to be chaotic

[@dimethylhexane]

"the number ninety is not rising, it is remaining constant - at ninety" this channel always has something to teach me

[@egon3705]

"people with a lot of friends are friends with a lot of people"

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

[citation needed]

[@morzathoth919]

Not all horses are the same color because it's possible for two horses to be different colors.

[@Voshchronos]

I laughed way harder than I should when I heard him say that shit

[@pyropulseIXXI]

@@egon3705 I have a lot of friends, but I am only a friend to like two people

[@ellie8272]

Oh god the last category is such a goldmine If you made a sequel to this just listing more "guy got confused" paradoxes I would absolutely love that

[@NAFProjects]

I second this

[@justinlindfors8512]

You could do an in-depth video for each type and go through another list of paradox types you mentioned.

[@nelumboandrews6762]

Yes guy got confused is so much fun 2 reaseach bc then there is 2nd guy who has more info but then confuses something in their explanation which makes 1st guy more confused!

[@arturgomessouza2540]

God is Love Love is blind Therefore God is blind Steve Wonder is blind Therefore Steve Wonder is God

[@lazuliartz1296]

The elevator one is my favorite for just how fucking dumb it is lol. Like, if you are on a lower floor than the elevator currently is, it can just... come down to pick you up, and then go back up lmao

[@Nuclearburrit0]

So to simplify this, if we take a question with two mutually exclusive answers. Type 1: Both answers must be wrong Type 2: Either answer could be true Type 3: The right answer looks wrong Type 4: The wrong answer has a subtly wrong proof Type 5: The scenario is perfectly clear but has been phrased to make it not clear

[@edwardmacnab354]

Type 6: both answers are right

[@choppalungon]

@@edwardmacnab354 isnt that just not a paradox

[@hazelv.a.7976]

​@@edwardmacnab354the answers being mutually exclusive means they can't both be true.

[@edwardmacnab354]

@@hazelv.a.7976 but if the premise has a subtle flaw and if you choose one it is true but if you choose the other then the other is true then they are both true depending on which you choose

[@Thewalliest]

Type 7: both answers are self-contained paradoxes

[@Jack-ql7cj]

If you ask Rick Astley for a DVD of the movie “Up”, he will not give it to you because he is Never Gonna Give You Up. However by not giving you Up, even though you asked for it, he is letting you down. The Astley Paradox.

[@accountid9681]

This assumes that you would be legitimately distressed if you asked for a copy of the movie up from Rick Astley, and he did not give it to you, so by knowing about this paradox you have made it nearly impossible for you to act as it's inciting factor. (because any query would naturally be in jest, thus eliminating the emotional significance of the outcome) Thus we should maximize the number of people who know about the Astley paradox to prevent the universe from collapsing in on itself.

[@explosu]

@@accountid9681 So the only way for this to be resolved is for him to desert everyone('s legitimate request for this movie). We are doomed.

[@bookwyrm1885]

@@explosu Oh no. By deserting you, he is quite literally Saying Goodbye, and Turning Around And Deserting You. In addition, ha can't lie.

[@Jack-ql7cj]

@@spcxplrr but he’s still letting you down

[@qwertyuiop.lkjhgfdsa]

@@accountid9681 but he can't turn around, say goodbye, and/or desert you

[@friiq0]

I love the quote “Assuming it exists, the universe is very big” 😂

[@staceynainlab888]

we don't know that for sure. maybe the universe is just a tiny jar of neurons perceiving large universe

[@thnecromaniac]

@@staceynainlab888 everything is relitive.

[@Klick404]

The universe is only what I can see and hear, everything else is hearsay

[@Guidus125]

@@thnecromaniac indeed, even spelling is relative apparently

[@thnecromaniac]

@@Guidus125 the word color/colour would agree, seeing as both of those spellings are both incorrect, and correct spellings in the english language, as the awnser of wich one is correct changes on who you ask. also random fun fact, the spelling of 'color' is older then the spelling of 'colour'. same with armor, and armour; and Aluminium, and Aluminum, though in the case of aluminum, Aluminium is older, though only by a couple years, as the one who named the element first called it Aluminium, but then he felt that was stupid, and his last desicion fell on Aluminum.

[@Silv3rleaf213]

My favorite "one guy getting confused" paradox is the cheese paradox, similar to the temperature paradox: Cheese has holes The more cheese you have, the more holes you have The more holes you have, the less cheese you have Therefore the more cheese you have, the less cheese you have. It's pretty obvious what the problem is, like you don't even have to rephrase it, but I still like it for the split second before you realize it doesn't make sense

[@margoxathegamer9371]

It also reminds me of envelope paradox for some reason.

[@obsy5740]

My favorite is the same thing but worded differently. The more net you have, the less net you have.

[@thetangieman3426]

This isn't a paradox one finds with Provolone. IJS. #notallcheese

[@nelumboandrews6762]

Its like the taxes paradox where ppl genuinly think if theu make more they make less money that gets ppl who actually work in payroll very mad

[@moothecow6908]

It's more like, the more cheese you have, the more not cheese you have

[@Mushrooms683]

35:49 They're basically talking about two different kinds of desires. "Wants" and "beliefs". A "want" is something that would make you happy if it happened, but that you wouldn't necessarily force to happen. The guy in this paradox WANTS their policy to be enacted; they might be happy if some corruption in the political system occurred and their policy was put into place, but they wouldn't choose to make that happen. A "belief" is something you think should happen. You would force it to happen, even if you don't "want" it to. This guy believes that whatever policy is democratically chosen, regardless of how much they like it, should be enacted. It's what they'd choose if presented with that choice. A belief is formed from a logic equivalent (such as justice or personal morals) whereas a want is purely the realm of emotions. So, basically, it's a paradox because someone's wants and beliefs are in conflict. The paradox is essentially stating "emotions aren't logical", which, like, yeah.

[@lusciouslocks8790]

God I hope this categorization scheme really takes off in wider academia so we can finally have a jan Misali Wikipedia page talking about your various unhinged video topics and toki pona translations

[@timothymclean]

As well as disambiguation (2017 album) and disambiguation (2017) (2022 album).

[@dreska255]

@@timothymclean _This article is about the 2017 album by _*_jan Misali._*_ For the 2022 album, see _*_disambiguation (2017)._*_ For other uses, see _*_Disambiguation (disambiguation)._*

[@mattcroft]

jan Misali is speedrunning pre-article appendices. "The title of this article is "jan Misali". Due to technical limitations..."

[@1224chrisng]

@@timothymclean and disambiguation (disambiguation)

[@Chubby_Bub]

At least he got a mention on the Caramelldansen page (it might have been removed though…)

[@Concavenator128]

The worst part of the raven paradox (19:06) is not just that a green apple is, in fact, evidence that all ravens are black -- it's that, by the same reasoning, the green apple is also _equally_ good evidence that all ravens are white!

[@aceman0000099]

As OJ. Simpson's new lawyer, you just made me a lot of money. "Your Honor, as you can see, I have here a basket of green apples. Now each of these apples, indeed even the basket itself, is evidence that my client is not a murderer. By the simple fact that these apples are not my client, nor are they murderers. While this proves that things that are not my client are not murderers, it is, by the same reasoning proof of the opposite. Anything the prosecution says is heterological. I rest my case.

[@aceman0000099]

Is this accusation of OJ Simpson not an attempt to claim that all murderers are black? After all, my client being both black and a murderer would certainly be evidence that things that are black are murderers, however this use of the raven paradox by the prosecution neglects the simple fact that a murder does not involve ravens, but crows. Theretohence, all arguments to the contrary are heterologically perchance. I rest my case

[@chlli]

@@aceman0000099 surely you would need objects that were murderers, because in this case the negation of “things that aren’t murderers aren’t my client”, is that the client is a murderer. So you should have a basket of evil murderous apples instead

[@aceman0000099]

@@chlli objection your honour, leading the witness

[@itsiwhatitsi]

@@aceman0000099 your honor, please prove that OG Simpson isn’t an apple ! Because we have a case of apples assassins : Michigan 1995”

[@dclikemtndew]

Never having heard the solution to the "buttered cat paradox" spoken out loud before because, well, nobody wants to be "that guy" that ruins the joke, it honestly felt like a healing experience to hear you explain the actual answer to it after the years of hearing it retold as if it was something clever or funny.

[@unfortunateness]

Wdym by "joke"? It's an actual paradox

[@arvin390]

@@unfortunateness Since when are jokes and paradoxes mutually exclusive? A paradox can be a joke if it's said in a humorous tone and is meant to make people laugh.

[@unfortunateness]

@@arvin390 so... you struggle to identify sarcasm?

[@mominator69]

Unfortunately did he explain how? I mean I heard him give a couple ideas but they did seem kinda silly plus I'm pretty sure the cat would land On their feet. However if you were to butter 4 small pieces of bread then butter side up stick the bread to that bottom of the cats feet; Then even if you were to drop the cat, from counter height feet down, I don't think the cat would want to land on his feet. I think the cat would try and throw itself sideways it would not want to land on that bread butter. I think that is the only way they might not land on their feet.

[@hoo2042]

@@unfortunateness🙄 Even if you originally meant it as sarcasm, it didn’t succeed at being funny, or even amusing. This one’s on you, bud, not the person who “missed” your bad joke.

[@BugCatcherGwen]

I enjoy the really simple ones. "There's an exception to every rule" is my favorite. There should be an exception to that statement itself, which means there's a rule out there with no exceptions. But, we know that would break the statement. Fun all around.

[@veniankween130]

I love and hate this one. YEAH In order for it to be true there needs to be a rule with no exceptions, it being the exception to the rule. It only further proves the point that every rule has exceptions, including this one. My favorite way of saying it is that the rule itself is the exception to the rule.

[@lotarion]

​@@veniankween130wait, does that make it a type 3 paradox?

[@veniankween130]

@@lotarion I think so. It definitely takes a moment to understand and it’s not a logical contradiction (and definitely not any other category) so I would assume so

[@lotarion]

@@veniankween130 Actually, I was thinking it over recently, Wouldn't that statement turn into a version of "this statement is false" when you plug it into its own exception? For simpler writing, let's assume that "Every statement has an exception" = A; and that we can refer to the properties of statements like we would in OOP If A, then A.exception == A If A.exception == A, then A is no longer an exception If A is no longer an exception, then A.exception doesn't exist If A.exception doesn't exist, then A.exception == A Ad infinitum

[@veniankween130]

@@lotarion it seems it would. But also, this is only if the rule was the only exception to the rule. there could be other rules that just don’t have exceptions, those being the exception to the rule of “all rules have exceptions”. Rules like all numbers are equal to itself that are just facts of reality. This doesn’t break the rule, because exceptions don’t break rules. In this case, a rule not having an exception further proves its own point.

[@TacoDude314]

You missed the "paradox" part of the twin paradox. It's not just that relativity does counterintuitive things with time (like slowing down for faster moving objects). The paradox is that both twins see the other moving away from them and returning so why should either of them be younger? After all relativity is based on the idea that there is no absolute velocity of an object, just *relative* velocities between two objects. From Rocket Twin's (R) perspective why shouldn't Earth Twin (E) be younger because they flew away on Earth and returned to the space ship (similar to how R flew away on a rocket and returned to Earth). The solution is (essentially) that R actually accelerates while turning around but E doesn't. In the math of relativity, all inertial observers agree that R accelerated and E did not. I think this would instead be a math prank paradox because it incorrectly implies that there is a symmetry between the twins.

[@memyselfishness]

Additionally, when the travelling twin returns the deceleration needed to not instantly crash into the planet has the opposite relativistic time effects and the twins will be the same age. Though, that's only exactly true if they return to the same starting point.

[@noellelavenza494]

@@memyselfishness Does that require that they launch from something like a Lagrange point, or that they return with the planet they launched from at the same place in its orbit? What does "same location" mean--oh shoot it's inertial reference frames isn't it

[@TacoDude314]

@@memyselfishness No. R would still end up younger than E. The acceleration isn't what causes the time dilation, it's just the thing that breaks the symmetry between the twins.

[@elizathegamer413]

@@noellelavenza494 did u name urself because of deltarune if so that's so based :) (I'm a trans gamer also so uh just, respect to ya :D)

[@Scrogan]

@@noellelavenza494 if you get really nitpicky, every reference frame is accelerating under special relativity because they’re all under the influence of gravity from far-off objects. But then GR steps in and says that’s not actually acceleration, so idk. It’s usually insignificant either way.

[@MrERLoner]

These always remind me of the " i can turn invisible but only as long as if everyone closes their eyes and keeps them shut" thing

[@Vaaaaadim]

Crime is legal, as long as you're not caught

[@kirby_tardigrade]

Technically, invisible just means not visible, which means nobody can see you, and if everyone has their eyes closed, they can't see you.

[@kirby_tardigrade]

Wait, no. You can see yourself. At the very least you see the back of your eyelids. But that's a body part, so you can see yourself, therefore you can be seen and are not invisible.

[@warcheddar4163]

@@kirby_tardigrade what if the person claiming to invisible is completely blind? But also, if the person claiming to be invisible is blind how can they be sure that everyone has closed their eyes and that their are no secret observers. They exist is a state of maybe being invisible but never certain

[@aprilvee9154]

@@kirby_tardigrade it is assumed the person themself is not closing their eyes.

[@gkky-xx4mc]

4:58 A version of this story is the etymology behind the Chinese word for paradox, 矛盾, literally meaning "spear-shield". There was once this vendor who was selling spears, which he claimed could pierce any shield, and also shields, which he claimed could block any spear. Some smartass asked him what would happen if he set his own spear against his own shield. Interestingly, the Chinese word has expanded in meaning outside of just "paradox", and could mean any "difficult problem to solve", regardless of whether it contradicts itself or not.

[@ThomasTheThermonuclearBomb]

Same thing happened with the english word for paradox

[@tkayube]

I think this is why he put the word "objection" at 4:19, because the Ace Attorney series mentioned that exact story at one point.

[@aguyontheinternet8436]

well tbf, that situation is not a paradox or a difficult problem. The solution is that the vendor is lying.

[@nahometesfay1112]

@@aguyontheinternet8436 but what is the vendor suppose to say?

[@timothymclean]

@@aguyontheinternet8436 Yes, that's exactly what the smartass was pointing out. In that way, he's kinda like the kid pointing out the emperor has no clothes.

[@EpicScizor]

My favourite model for Schroedinger's cat is that, using a more general definition of "observe" as "have any interaction with", the cat is indeed an observer, and collapses the wavefunction, but now the state of cat + contraption is in a superposition. When we open the box, we ourselves enter a superposition relative to anyone who has not yet observed us, with our state being either "saw a dead cat" or "saw a cat that hadn't died yet" The only way to break an unobserved superposition is to interact with it and thus become entangled with it. Either the box is opaque or you're part of the box's universal wavefunction.

[@grepgrok8735]

well, thanks for the new existential terror

[@Trump2024asw]

​@@grepgrok8735Don't worry about it nothing we experience here is real any ways.

[@nadarith1044]

Welp, time to open the universe!

[@RubyCow8567]

I'm too sick to understand this but I'm none the less scared

[@StarlitWitchy]

Yeah...

[@josephpierce8926]

The "some guy getting confused" examples made me laugh so hard. I normally get irrationally angry/frustrated when these kinds of things are called paradoxes, but you made it so funny. I think they won't bother me anymore. Thanks Jan Misali

[@maximilianklinger2712]

**Fnaf 3 good ending music plays**

[@PwerGuido]

Why tf you get angry when you hear about a paradox? Is this some kind of strange kind of phobia ?

[@exylophone1]

jan Misali*

[@TlalocTemporal]

@@PwerGuido -- I think they were just mad that people were calling just any confusing thing a paradox. It's frustrating when people equate a cornerstone of logic with Dave forgetting how money works again, but calling that out as "a guy getting confused" as a separate subset of paradox from the important logical kind is nice.

[@Vooman]

the "irresistable force" rephrasing of the "unstoppable force vs immovable object" paradox was made specifically for me because I thought I was so clever saying the unstoppable force would pass straight through the immovable object without moving it

[@darth_dan8886]

I've heard that answer a bit ago. Mind blown.

[@poudink5791]

How would it do that? By just phasing through it? Because if the unstoppable force had to make a hole or something, then it still had to move the immovable matter that was filling in that hole before it went through.

[@Vooman]

@@poudink5791 yes, by phasing thru it C:

[@darth_dan8886]

@@poudink5791 Yep. "Pass through without interaction".

[@dvillines26]

the actual problem is that 'unstoppable force' and 'immovable object' are fanciful statements. They're essentially infinite quantities. but also as long as entropy exists, by my understanding, nothing is unstoppable. And neither can anything be immovable! These are not rational terms. We can imagine them to exist, even write them down, but they don't, and can't. So woooo, they're paradoxical. so what.

[@BlazeNStar]

The "heap" of sand to me honestly depends on where it is. If it is in my swimsuit, then 1 or 1000 grains of sand and every amount in between or bigger is a heap.

[@EngineerLume]

I love when Douglas Adams encountered a proper Ship of Theseus (or rather, Building of Shinto) where he was in Japan and came across a Shinto Shrine that had been around for centuries but looked brand new, and when he asked a custodian about this the custodian revealed that the building had burned down multiple times over the years but had always been rebuilt to the same designs. When Douglas asked if it was still the same building then if it's been rebuilt over the years the custodian said that "It's always been the same building". Douglas concluded that one of them was missing the point but was willing to concede it was him.

[@android19willpwn]

"The shrine has stood in this spot and been built a certain way for hundreds of years. If it stands in this spot and is built the proper way, it is the shrine."

[@hi-i-am-atan]

@@android19willpwn also the shrine is just wherever the kami's renting at the moment. it's a building defined not by its construction but its function

[@boldCactuslad]

similar to your example is the immutable fact that the ship of theseus ceased to be when the mast was replaced, as in that moment by law it required an inspection with relevant taxes paid to be a legally seaworthy vessel. the ship of theseus obviously cannot be a vessel which is not seaworthy: removing the mast irrevocably introduces a hole into the timelime before which the original may or may not exist, during and after which it does exist as it is not the ship of theseus (theseus' must always be seaworthy or it isn't his).

[@vladprus4019]

Well, this is also the og ship of Theseus According to Plutarch, ship of Theseus was preserved in Athens and was on display up to some point. And Athenians of course were replacing parts that were rotting away. Like, according to the sources it is not just thought experiment, but a thing that happened (of course the question is that is Plutarch record about it is true given he lived about 300 years after the ship got lost/destroyed/not there, according to him, and if it is true what is original origin of the ship given that Theseus was pretty much just a legendary figure)

[@columbus8myhw]

@@boldCactuslad What if you install the replacement mast before the old mast is removed (so there's a moment where you have two masts)

[@butterman59]

7:10 i just imagine the prisoner explaining all of this to the executioner as he's being led to the gallows as a reason not to be hung just to finish his explanation by triumphantly crossing his arms just to realize he's been tied in the noose and look to the camera and go "i did *NOT* expect that!"

[@fulana_de_tal]

The unexpected hanging paradox's paradox: if the prisoner has anxiety, and thus, despite of all logic, expects to be hanged every single day, they can never be actually hanged

[@cheshirecreeper3743]

@@fulana_de_talremember kids, it pays to be paranoid sometimes!

[@samuel-rw3xt]

It's kinda ironic that you have a Dave strider profile picture in a video on paradoxes

[@blargghkip]

@@samuel-rw3xt the five kinds of irony

[@1337w0n]

For anyone wondering about Zeno's Paradox: the solution from a mathematical standpoint is that the arrow completes infinitely many tasks in a finite amount of time, and that's perfectly fine, because as you subdivide the tasks, the time it takes to complete approaches 0.

[@mskiptr]

Also it entirely depends on how you model the arrow. For example in a video game the arrow will go through a finite number of positions in a finite number of ticks On the other hand, our universe could have real-valued time (and then limits, infinite sums, etc. all apply) or it could be based on some other type of numbers. It's pretty obviously not integers nor rationals - a lot of physics would be _really_ broken - but we still have surreals &co. on the other side

[@timothymclean]

But the math to prove that didn't exist in Zeno's time, because calculus is hard. I'm sure Plato could have intuited the answer, but he couldn't have _proven_ it, and Plato kinda had a thing about saying things you can't prove. Also, the paradoxes were apparently intended as proof for Parmenides of Elea's Eleatic philosophy, which among other things claimed that change and motion...I'm not sure if he was arguing that they were illusory or just that they weren't literally everything, as lots of his contemporaries did, because I'm skimming a Wikipedia article.

[@1337w0n]

@@timothymclean Yeah, providing things about infinity when your conceptual framework is specialized for geometry, constructions, and next to nothing else.

[@MagicGonads]

No, it's not enough for the subdivisions to approach 0 time, think of the harmonic series divergence. We need the sequence of partial sums to converge, and there are lots of conditions for this. In this case the easiest way to show it is to already know that the 1/n^2 series converges, and 2^-n terms approach 0 way faster than 1/n^2 terms due to exponentials dominating polynomials, so the series converges way faster than the 1/n^2 series.

[@1337w0n]

@@MagicGonads if I were going to be that rigorous, I'd set up an ε-δ proof or pull something from measure theory. My goal wasn't to prove it, it was to introduce the idea of super tasks to people who haven't ever used calculus.

[@improbableopera793]

my introduction to the idea of paradoxes as a child was my mother telling me the buttered cat situation - assuming both idioms as true and setting up a perpetual motion machine of buttered cats. She defined paradox loosely as "a thing that makes no sense if all cases are true" - and handily used the scenario to include perpetual motion machines in that definition. Good memories, great video.

[@helenastenvislavskovic]

So you mum duct taped a piece of spread toast and a cat together and made a perpetual motion machine in your house? Dope

[@danielkuhn4360]

Neither of those are idioms lol

[@purpleisdebeste]

@@danielkuhn4360yes they are? I mean idk about the cat one but the butter side down thing is absolutely an idiom about how the most unlucky thing always happens, and as such the butter always falls on the floor and stains it

[@danielkuhn4360]

@@purpleisdebeste if you say "the bread always falls butter side down" there's no meaning of the statement that can't be deduced. (provided you know what butter and bread are, and you understand that butter touching the ground is the worse of the two outcomes based on the mess.) If the meaning can be understood from the words themselves, it's not an idiom. Think about it like: "it's raining like a monsoon" is not an idiom, but "it's raining like cats and dogs" is.

[@purpleisdebeste]

@@danielkuhn4360 that’s assuming you’re using it to describe that your toast just fell butter side down. If you miss your bus and then say “the bread always falls butter side down” because the unluckiest thing always happens, then it’s an idiom Does that make sense?

[@junkmail103]

Schrödinger’s cat just raises the normal impossible question of “at what point does something stop being an observer?” more than anything.

[@aceman0000099]

This was my thought all along; I'm glad someone agrees. How could a human really observe a photon without interacting with it? It would have to fly into your eyeball.

[@saxor96]

@@leeroyjenkins0 Schrödinger was specifically against the idea of particles changing their stage upon observation. He made the thought experiment specifically to mock the idea, not to say that the definition of observer is imprecise. It was to just to say that the very concept of particles changing state upon observation was ridiculous when applied in a macro scale.

[@ferociousfeind8538]

Though it's relatively easy to answer- there is a fault in our language, and a bit of misunderstanding. Observation at a quantum level is very, very intimate. It's an action the observer takes. At the quantum lev3l, you have to get out a metaphorical sharp stick and metaphorically poke the particle in question and listen for its exclamation of "ouch!". The act of shining a light on something actively interacts with it, to extract information. The act of shining that light also fundamentally changes the something's properties, collapsing its superposition (if any). The machine doing the measurements is an observer, in this case.

[@The_Lord_of_Cryptids]

​@@ferociousfeind8538 Exactly!

[@keysmash_roa]

​@@ferociousfeind8538 very interesting, thanks

[@archygrey9093]

"This is my Grandfathers axe, my father replaced the handle and i replaced the head" This is my favourite Theesius ship type conundrum, it's short and to the point, it makes the statement that it was his Grandfathers axe but you can't help but question if that is true anymore.

[@happyman9117]

"This is my Grandfathers axe, my father replaced the handle and i replaced the head" this is from a pretty good book series

[@TheReZisTLust]

It's not

[@happyman9117]

@@TheReZisTLust not what

[@archygrey9093]

@@happyman9117 Is it? I have no idea where it originally came from, can't even remember where i heard it.

[@RaidingPig]

@@archygrey9093 it's from "the fifth elephant" by Terry Pratchett

[@SemiHypercube]

I love how they sound increasingly confused at the end from reading the article "This statement is false" cannot be proven true or false, but "jan Misali's videos are bangers" can definitely be proven true

[@danwylie-sears1134]

Here we go: jan Misali's videos are bangers. Bangers are British sausages. Therefore jan Misali's videos are British sausages.

[@decare696]

and you can provide evidence for it by finding something that isn't a banger and showing that it isn't a jan misali video

[@miqwerty]

@@decare696 true but how many videos can you remove from their channel before they are no longer jan Misali?

[@iantaakalla8180]

I would say you would need to at least remove the videos before season 3 of company critic were announced because at that point he called himself conlang critic so doing that functionally means he is conlang critic.

[@decorativewingdings]

I love the crocodile voice so much

[@Carlos-vn4ec]

Tokyo Afterschool Summoner's story has lots of "swords that break any shield" and "shields that block any sword" and it solves their interactions by breaking the universe and summoning giant monsters that try and kill everyone involved. I think its a fun way to deal with that type of paradox.

[@Heightren]

The "universe gets mad and says fuck this" approach?

[@tematomo]

we love housamo

[@Patashu]

I approve of this approach

[@youraveragerobloxkid]

then the sword goes ahead and slices and dices them up while the shield blocks the attacks the monsters throw at them

[@napstaperd8824]

Then the sword and the shield realized along the way that they are soulmates

[@hohohoupufuru]

4:56 the traditional Chinese example is a man sells an unblockable spear and an impenetrable shield, and then a kid asks what happens if you try to pierce the shield with the spear In fact the Chinese word for 'contradiction' can be literally translated to 'spear-shield'

[@twiexcursori]

This is directly referenced in the bonus case (at least in the English version) for the rereleased Ace Attorney Investigations. OBJECTION! indeed

[@curlamus4452]

@@twiexcursori OBJECTION! It’s actually from Rise From The Ashes, which was from the DS remake of the trilogy. Rise From The Ashes went after the first game’s final case.

[@samt3412]

@@curlamus4452 yep, it's the logo for the Prosecution Department, I think, been a while since I played through Rise From The Ashes

[@godofnumbersakausername5226]

矛盾

[@__-cx6lg]

27:43 "Even though it looks like this infinite process keeps getting closer to the line we're trying to measure, the end result isn't really a line at all; it's a weird, infinitely zigzagy thing" (Funny, we actually just talked about this paradox/prank in my real analysis class!) This is actually a common misconception of the staircase paradox - the prank is even more devious than it appears! The limit of the zigzagy curves _really and truly is_ the straight diagonal line, in the exact same way that 0.9999.... = 1. The gap between the zigzag and the straight line gets smaller and smaller as the zigzags get closer and closer, and in the limit, they are equal. So - what's the flaw in the "proof" that sqrt(2)=2? (Especially considering Archimedes' famous approximation of π! He approximated the circumference of a circle by the perimeter of polygons with more-and-more sides. It's basically the same thing! We're approximating one curve with a series of other curves, such that the limit of the approximations is the true curve. So why does one set of approximations let us figure out the length, and the other doesn't? What on Earth is the difference? And in fact, that style of idea is sorta the key to calculus - we analyze something complicated with a sequence of better-and-better approximations. So fundamentally, this sort of thing often works. Why does the staircase break things?) Since I can't draw pictures in a youtube comment: let Dₙ refer to the curve with n zigzags. And let D be the perfectly straight diagonal line. We know these three facts are true: (a) You showed that the length of each Dₙ is 2; (b) I claim that the limit of the sequence of Dₙ's is D; and (c) we know that the length of D is sqrt(2). Summing it all up, here's the core of the prank: lim(Length(Dₙ)) = lim([2,2,2,2,...]) = 2 Length(lim(Dₙ)) = Length(D) = sqrt(2) (First line is: Take the length of each Dₙ. You get 2 each time. Now take the limit of that sequence of 2's; you get 2. Second line is: Take the limit of the sequence of Dₙ's. You get the straight diagonal. Now take the length. You get sqrt(2).) So, the prank is that the limit of the lengths doesn't necessarily equal the length of the limit: lim(Length(Dₙ)) ≠ Length(lim(Dₙ))! That's why the proof that sqrt(2)=2 is flawed: it implicitly assumed that the limit of the lengths equals the length of the limits. It might feel intuitive that that's always true (which is how you can slip it into a "proof" without people noticing the first time they see it) - but _a priori,_ there's no particular reason why it has to be the case. Sometimes it's true (eg Archimedean approximation), but sometimes it's false (eg the staircase)! So how can you tell in advance whether that hidden assumption - that lim(Length(Dₙ)) = Length(lim(Dₙ)) - is valid? How could you tell in advance that the Archimedean π approximation will work and the staircase one won't? When is it valid to swap "lim()" and "Length()"? Briefly, the answer is - it's not enough for the limit of the staircases to be the line; you need the the limit of the *derivatives* of the staircases to be the *derivative* of the line. Why? Well unfortunately explaining that in full detail requires some real analysis and is best done in person, and youtube comment boxes don't come with chalkboards. The closest I can get over the internet is a couple of interactive Desmos graphs I whipped up: www.desmos.com/calculator/5sufafga3w. The explanation continues there if you're curious! I don't rigorously prove anything but I try to communicate the visual picture explaining why the staircase doesn't work but the polygons do. (It'd make more sense if I could explain it with realtime two-way communication, but I tried to get across the key result anyway.)

[@guy-sl3kr]

You put a whole math lesson into a youtube comment and I gotta commend you for that. Playing around with those graphs was fun!

[@dannypipewrench533]

I think I got it. The limit of a length D subscript N is not always the length of the limit D subscript N. I am about to start calculus. This will be fun.

[@emilyrln]

This is how I (a lay person who never went further into math than AP calculus) distinguish between the two approximations: When approximating a circle with polygons of an increasing number of sides, each step does get physically closer to the circle, so you're making progress toward reaching it. When approximating a diagonal line with right-angled zigzags, each step looks exactly the same if you zoom in, so you aren't making progress toward the diagonal line.

[@EtherBotGames]

This was a lovely and very interesting experience, thank you for putting it all together friend

[@stevenglowacki8576]

@@emilyrln That doesn't help things, because you're proving the very fact that the diagonal line has the same length as the stepped line, so of course you aren't making progress! The real key to understanding here is that you can't always two different mathematical operations that are swappable in certain circumstances. The length of the limit is not always the limit of the length, even if it is most of the time. Part of real analysis is learning when you CAN swap two operations like this.

[@ripecontext]

36:30 got so close to making a counterintuitive fact. “This book contain errors” is always correct because either the book contains errors and the sentence is true, or the book contains no errors and the sentence itself is an error.

[@booxmowo2684]

But isn't that the liar paradox again?

[@sectorgamma]

​@@booxmowo2684 It's actually the opposite of the liar paradox in a way, because in the liar paradox it doesn't work either way and here it works both ways

[@DerekCroxtonWestphalia]

I have published a book, and I was *so close* to saying that all errors in it were someone else's fault. It didn't seem like a good strategy, but it would have been lots of fun.

[@evilduck5691]

​@booxmowo2684 it's subtly different. If the book contains errors, then the preface, which says the book contains errors, is correct - no contradiction exists. However, if the book contains no errors, then the preface must be a error (so therefore it sint)... you have the liars paradox again.

[@columbus8myhw]

But the second case is unresolvable since if there are no errors, the sentence is in error, which means there are errors, so the sentence is correct, and so there are no errors.

[@lizzzylavender]

In my discrete math class the professor used the "all horses are the same color" induction proof to show us an example of a faulty proof and for us to try to figure out where it went wrong, but my one classmate just kept trying to argue that all horses actually AREN'T the same color and I could see my professor losing his mind in front of me lol

[@pepijnstreng4643]

Lol I imagine the guy thought he must have been losing his mind seeing how everyone suddenly started believing this weird fact. Like a dream I had once where negative numbers didn't exist, and I was trying to explain people about 7 - 9, and everyone was saying I was making stuff up.

[@DemonKing19951]

@@pepijnstreng4643 Go back a few hundred years, there was a time when negative numbers didn't exist in math and people just re-arranged problems so the end result would be positive. Apparently it made geometry very difficult.

[@waterwolf982]

I mean- TECHNICALLY that classmate is right, but we cannot perceive all the infinite in-labeled colors, therefore if all horses are brown, through at least 1 set of eyes that would be confirmed true Also, that is HILARIOUS

[@smack007]

Every discrete math and formal logic class has a few of these people, I'd bet. Some people have a really tough time separating the real world pretense of the provided information from the representation of logic. It can make finding good premises/predidcates/statements fun and really frustrating at the same time. I was actually one of these people. Thankfully I didn't really argue too much but it took a bit for my brain to flip that switch.

[@bruhmoment1835]

@@smack007 back in grade school I got really annoyed with algebra because "how can one x have 2 values?"

[@lunatickoala]

Most people oversimplify Occam's Razor. It doesn't say that the best explanation isn the simplest one, but that an explanation with fewer assumptions is preferred to one that has more assumptions if both have the same explanatory power. Getting to a simpler explanation by making an outlandish assumption doesn't necessarily make the simpler explanation better; many conspiracy theories work on this logic.

[@RichardHarlos]

True. Also, many unconventional explanations that happen to be true get dismissed by the presumed implication from Occam's Razor (simpler is better, more likely to be true, etc.). Unfortunately, many of these dismissed ideas (that also happen to be true despite being unconventional) aren't vindicated until some time has passed and the person, people, population, group, etc., that initially dismissed the idea as a conspiracy theory -- well, they don't realize that their heuristic led to an incorrect conclusion. So, they continue to apply the heuristic, thinking that they must be correct and, typically, never realizing that they're putting too much confidence in a heuristic -- as if it was a rule rather than a rule of thumb. This perpetuates the practice of dismissing things simply because they're unconventional. Not a bad rule of thumb, but a terrible rule.

[@hunnybadger442]

Occam's razor is basically to avoid unnecessary leaps in logic... basically keep it simple stupid....

[@RichardHarlos]

@@hunnybadger442 Consider: _"Occam's razor is not an embargo against the positing of any kind of entity, or a recommendation of the simplest theory come what may."_ If you consider this insight in light of how Occam himself used to invoke the notion (which, by the way, didn't actually originate with him; it's just that he used it so much that it has become his namesake), it becomes clear that the way many people today invoke the razor to dismiss things isn't at all the way William himself applied it. In short: many people who invoke the razor don't actually understand it correctly; their understanding is 'contaminated' by personal interests rather than by historical accuracy. _"Occam's razor is used to adjudicate between theories that have already passed "theoretical scrutiny" tests and are equally well-supported by evidence."_ When considered along with the previous insight, we see that *until* the theories under consideration have been scrutinized, none of them are to be preferred or rejected. It's only *after* such scrutiny occurs that Occam's razor finds relevance. To use it before qualification of each idea is to misuse it as a 'blanket dismissal'. That's not how William himself used it, and when it's used that way today, it's being invoked erroneously.

[@Cythil]

Well put Koala. I do get annoyed when people get this wrong. I do not mind too much when people just use the shorthand of this. But when they get it wrong, we get a lot of bad assumptions about the world. Turns out it is not simpler at all. Though again this has a lot to do with what people mean by simple. And so a more formal way of putting it like you did work better. One can view it from a pragmatic perspective too and use that as an argument for using Occam's razor. If you have two models that has the same explanatory power, then using the one that use the least amount of assumptions is preferable as it is easy to use a model with less assumption. And we are all lazy here. We are pragmatists, after all. ;) The video do put forth a good explanation for why one should actually see the world as real, even if you can not be 100% certain it is. (I mean, this sort of thinking that the world might just be an illusion is one that existed before Boltzmann's brain. Look up Descartes demon, but Plato allegory of the caves touches a little on this, as well as the concept of Maya in Hinduism. They explore it all from a different perspective. But they all question the notion of reality.) Again, a Pragmatist view on reality is that it does not really matter. Your actions seem to have a response when you act. And those responses seem to be consistent. So even if it is just a dream (illusion, whatever) there seem to be rules in that dream world. And so act accordantly.

[@sourdface]

That first sentence, without reading the rest of the paragraph, is, an absolute mind-screw, and possibly also an example itself, or something similar.

[@qwerty9118]

There's a Mythbusters episode where they test the buttered toast thing, turns out if you drop the toast from up high with no bias toward either side, it'll fall butter-up due to the slight dome that buttering the toast gives the toast. If you knocked the toast off of a surface about the height of a table, however, the toast will do a flip and consistently land butter-down.

[@FinetalPies]

Yep, the weight of butter on toast is pretty negligible

[@joeg451]

The thing is, the butter moves the center of mass toward the butter side, but it doesn't change the aerodynamics of the toast. The most stable orientation for an object in freefall is the one which maximises drag (this fact falls into the "unintuitive facts about the universe" category of paradox). Butter makes one side smoother and less porous, so it would actually reduce drag on that side. Think about the pores of the non-buttered side like little parachutes and it makes sense.

[@DarkSkay]

Thanks! Since I know this I no longer butter the toasts evenly, but with a dome to minimize risk. My quality of life has improved.

[@fury_blade9303]

@@joeg451 yeah but that’s only if you don’t dent the bread by buttering it.

[@rea9lizer]

AFAIK the reason that the butter side usually goes down is because of the combination of their usual rotating angular speed and height they start to fall, in other words, the height of the usual dining table

[@apollo6409]

I also love the ship of thesius because a lot of people in my extended family own boats and they are VERY emotionally attached to them, and they all agree that the thesius that's had all it's parts exchanged is more worthy to be 'The' ship of Thesius than the reconstructed one, because the one with the bits replaced is what they'd have been sailing on all that time, like it's kept the spirit in it. :)

[@christianstonecipher1547]

I have to say your explanation for the monty hall problem made it so much more intuitive for me. Also I have to say my favorite example of the "unstoppable force meets immovable object paradox" has to be the myth of the Teumessian Fox and Laelaps from Greek mythology. In it the Teumessian fox is a fox that was destined to never be caught and Laelaps was a magical dog that never failed to catch what it was hunting. So as can be assumed Laelaps started hunting the Teumessian Fox thus causing a paradox. The end result was that when Zeus realized what was happening he just turned them both into stone.

[@Iggy_Dogg]

he's a problem solver you gotta give him that much

[@fury_blade9303]

@@Iggy_Dogg “nope, not about to deal with those ramifications”

[@nicefloweytheoverseer7632]

The one time Zeus did a good thing.

[@alanin4d]

@@nicefloweytheoverseer7632Zeus 1, everyone else 99

[@vanya536]

"Assuming it exists, the universe is very big" amazing quote I love it

[@SeaCrane1]

"There are a lot of angles people have taken to try to explain this one and I will be explaining none of them, because I'd rather move on" is now my official conversational segue

[@damianlee2033]

This video has a chokehold on me. I couldn’t tell you why but I’ve watched it every day for the past week and don’t plan on stopping anytime soon

[@LazurBeemz]

Regarding Zeno's paradox, he came up with dozens of these things because other philosophers were making up paradoxes to troll his buddy Paramides. So Zeno was like "ok well what about this, huh? How is motion possible at all when we must first travel an infinite amount of half-steps in order to take a single step??? Bet you feel dumb now!" Diogenes, upon hearing this, simply stood up and walked across the room.

[@MouseGoat]

And everyone was left speechless looking in shock saying "how did he do that?"

[@TOBAPNW_]

@@MouseGoat he then called them unwise men, hardly smarter than chickens, and kept walking out 😂

[@yourpalbryan1442]

That is a very Diogenes thing to do

[@fartpimpson3843]

Diogenes straps on the heelys

[@kingbeauregard]

Schrodinger's cat... My stance is, the detector is the observer. What is the difference between a detector that someone is looking at, and one that is unattended? The detector is itself an observer because it alters the wave function of the radium just a little.

[@BberryBberrydude]

The "some guy getting confused" category reminds me of something fun I think you'd really enjoy if you haven't seen it already: garden path sentences. Unless my memory is failing me which often happens, I don't recall seeing that on this channel before. They're fun to look at and try to decipher all the possible meanings and the underlying grammatical structures

[@shelvacu]

You mean like "The horce raced past the barn fell"?

[@brianb.6356]

Honestly, there's lots of other linguistic example sentences that are fun too. "Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo" is a famous one, but my favorite is "James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher".

[@thuslyandfurthermore]

@@brianb.6356 i like "bison from new york - that bison from new york beat - beat bison from new york" better because "james - while john had had 'had' - had had 'had had'. 'had had' had had a better effect on the teacher." is literally not grammatically correct unless punctuation isn't part of english, to the point of having two sentences without a period between them lol.

[@sharpfang]

@@shelvacu Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.

[@fanrco766]

@LueLou This one is the opposite of a garden path sentance (forgot the term for it), but essentially it sounds at first like it is a normal sentence, but upon inspection, actually doesnt mean anything coherent.

[@luskarian]

4:55 is actually a famous one in East Asia, so much that the word contradiction itself can be translated to spear and shield

[@CT-1118]

I know this fact thanks to Ace Attorney

[@darkacadpresenceinblood]

@@CT-1118 now i do too, playing rise from the ashes right now and when they started talking about the award i was like :0 this is what they were talking about in jan Misali's comments!!!

[@khepri3198]

I mean, I'm pretty sure that story is what Jan Misali is referencing here. Heck, given the pretty deliberate "Objection!" at the end, he might actually be referencing Ace Attorney's usage of that story.

[@samanteater]

In what language? I'm pretty sure nobody speaks "East Asian"

[@yieraishi]

⁠@@samanteater the Chinese characters the word for contradiction is 矛盾 矛= spear 盾= shield This was loaned into Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.

[@Songbird-rz3lx]

Decided to crochet while watching this video and somehow managed to crochet two rows on a project where that usually takes over an hour. I might need to watch your videos while crocheting again.

[@dragonkingf3]

I have always hated that bellhop question because as a kid it was told to me, but I knew math didn't work like that. You can't just loose numbers, so I sat there and actually figured out where the error was but literally no one in my family would believe me because I was just a stupid kid and it was a computer technician that showed them that trick.

[@rwbyab7423]

I also got frustrated by this with a used furniture salesman who pretended not to understand as I explained to him why he was wrong. I went back over and over, even used props to demonstrate, and he just refused to accept the answer. I was so frustrated over convincing him and eventually I accepted that I knew the truth and the conflict wasn't worth it. Six months later I went back to the store and he admitted that I was right, he knew I was right, and he just wanted to see how mad I would get. :(

[@Aelinbunn]

@@rwbyab7423 LMAO THAT'S SO EVIL

[@vii-ka]

@@rwbyab7423 did you punch him because i would have

[@otesunki]

@@rwbyab7423 broooooo

[@hardboiledfrog]

I really enjoyed the statement "if you break the rules of math, you get the consequences of breaking the rules of math." There's a simple beauty to that statement - the universe as it should be.

[@RichardHarlos]

Along that line, I've heard it said that Ayn Rand wrote something along the line of, _"We may ignore reality, but we may not avoid the _*_consequences_*_ of ignoring reality."_ Really cool insight, in my view.

[@elidahloud1986]

yes

[@kindlin]

@@RichardHarlos I'm a fan of this thread so far. Too bad I don't have anything creative too add...

[@anabsentprofessor6120]

@@RichardHarlos truly, it is too bad that she did just that, and ruined the lives of many with her book.

[@RichardHarlos]

@@anabsentprofessor6120 I don't know enough about her to have an opinion about her. To be fair, we all live in reality bubbles, it's just a matter of how much, or how little reality makes it inside. Part of what governs access to our bubble are the several cognitive filters, and biases, that we accumulate over our particular life experience. I suppose of any of us were even to approach reality *as-it-is* with a high degree of understanding and confidence... all the world's problems would relatively quickly disappear, and we might all find ourselves with access to an interim evolution toward utopia, without the many privilege-gaps that we see today.

[@gawain855]

I've always been a fan of the statement 'there is an exception to every rule', which may seem wrong at first, but then consider that that statement itself must also have an exception if it is to comply with itself. Therefore, either everything else has an exception, in which case the exception to the statement is itself, or something (or multiple) else(s) simply have an exception.

[@brutongaster8184]

+

[@peanut3438]

Big brain time (Have a great day, God bless ❤️)

[@samueldimmock694]

If everything else has an exception, then the rule is its own exception because it does not have an exception. But if it has an exception (itself), then it does not have an exception, because every rule including itself has an exception. If, on the other hand, there is at least one other rule that has an exception, then that rule always has an exception and there is no problem. There is at least one rule that has an exception, therefore there is no problem.

[@gawain855]

@@samueldimmock694 Yes, I am aware (and included a similar explanation in my original comment). My point was more that it's a statement that *can seem* wrong at first glance, but is actually true.

[@samueldimmock694]

@@gawain855 I guess that just wasn't clear to me. Maybe it's because I've never really done formal logic before.

[@KayrBayr13]

Shrodinger's Cat made way more sense to me when I realized that observe in the scientific sense used for quantum particles doesn’t mean the particles know if a human is looking at them and more refers to the fact that to observe things we often have to bounce light or something else off of it, and quantum particles are small enough that photons are significant. It's like trying to describe someone but you can only see them by throwing dodgeballs at them. Of course that's going to trigger some sort of reaction, such as collapsing the state they are in.

[@AeonKnigh432]

I hate to break it to you, but no. That's wrong.

[@MarioTheIdea_Vs_MarioTheMan]

​@@AeonKnigh432 Can you explain how?

[@constant249]

@@AeonKnigh432What? That's completely correct Quantum physics isn't magic. There is literally no reason that because a human is observing something it changes its behavior, even if that's not how it's portrayed in media.

[@lefishe5845]

The description I heard is imagine trying to find a balloon in a room but you can't see and the only way you can observe it is throwing a golf ball at it. Sure if the golf ball hits a balloon it'll make the noise but by doing so it'll move it from its position.

[@guybolt]

So you're saying that "taking an observation" means exposing it to light. I don't think that explains it

[@pauljohnson3851]

One thing i love about paradoxes is their ability to anger people who think they're smarter than they really are

[@dearestbrotherchroma]

thinking really hard to see if there’s a paradox in this statement and getting upset because i’m not that smart

[@SotiCoto]

Do they? ... I suppose I'd like to test that, but I'm not sure of a situation where I could smoothly make use of such a thing.

[@itamarsalhov]

@@SotiCoto try "hey! listen to this paradox i heard"

[@cyancat8633]

Alright this seems like the best reply section to share my Alright here's my paradox it's name is who did the crime paradox so it goes like this " your in a 5 sorry aprament and your running away from a man that ones to call you he slits up and you push him out of the window he falls but at the last second he gets hit by a car before he falls to the ground. Who's charged for the murder?

[@birdyghostly]

​@cyancat8633 both. But if you were to share this anywhere else I would fix the Grammer and spelling g

[@j8kethewizz]

My favorite version of the temperature paradox is "all men are mortal, Socrates was mortal, therefore all men are Socrates" because of how obvious the flaw in this logic becomes when you extend it outside of just numbers

[@PixelRockett]

I’m pretty sure I’ve heard that exact same logic on the moon, it goes “everyone looks at the moon, everyone who has looked at the moon has died, therefore the moon kills people.”

[@holl0918]

@PuppoI find the implications of this comment's vocabulary paradoxical.

[@matanglawinX]

So, women are not mortal?

[@holl0918]

@@matanglawinX That's not a paradox, that's just a fact of life.

[@matanglawinX]

@@holl0918 #Rhetorical

[@chrismuscaroler]

the guy at 38:36, "a hypothetical guy who exists so we can argue against them" is one of my favorite types of guy and unfortunately I carry several thousand of them around in my brain at any given time. also rly good video! i rly enjoyed it

[@christophermarsh1580]

It's a bad sign when you start losing those arguments. XD

[@alexpotts6520]

​@@christophermarsh1580 Au contraire, losing arguments against your own devil's advocates is a good way of changing your mind about things you were previously wrong about.

[@gus_0065]

I love the fact that you included things that are not paradoxes as a type of paradox, in turn creating a paradox.

[@Merivio]

9:30 - It depends what you mean when you say the original ship. This gets into why we have names or categories for things in the first place, and the answer to that is: it depends why you need them. If you're organising the shipyard or ship logistics, the one with replaced parts is the original, because it is the object you've kept track of the entire time, whereas the newly assembled ship (even if from the original parts) is a new entity as far as you're concerned. If you're one of the old crew and have attributed sentimental value, then the maybe the original parts are what make it the original ship. Asking someone who has no involvement with the ship is like asking someone where to put a chair in your new apartment, without giving any information about its layout. There actually is no correct answer... for them.

[@s-tierkeyboardwarrior-lvl4686]

the paradox takes advantage of how we define physical objects. To humans, each thing is more than just an assortment of atoms. Every single day there is some quantity of atoms that fall off of your shirt. This is technically an entirely different assortment of atoms as far as the universe is concerned, but we would still view it as your shirt. I need a lobotomy

[@SilverTippedArrow101]

@@s-tierkeyboardwarrior-lvl4686 Exactly. It's literally called "The ship of X". We all know it as the ship. While the parts are replaced we know it as the ship. I never understood why it was so complex for folks

[@Saad-A16]

I personally never considered the name of the paradox to be a statement of fact or an endorsement of one view over others. To me, its name could just as easily be about the idea of what that phrase means in the context of the paradox, if the Ship of Theseus is no longer around, or in the case where the old parts are made into a different ship, which one is the "original." The paradox is mainly because the ship fails certain criteria most people have unconsciously gathered about what makes something be the same object or an original, which means it's in a weird state of having some elements of it. Those being "serves the same function," "has largely remained the same materially," and "owned by the same people (when ownership changes hands, it's now the same item but someone else's)." Since it fails the second requirement outright, some have difficulty reconciling the fact it upholds most of the criteria except for the one many consider crucial to be considered the same item, while others straight up don't believe it's the same because they personally value the material component most when it comes to what an object is. One explanation I've heard from someone in the latter camp is that anyone on the ship would know it's a different vessel altogether, especially if they constructed one out of the old parts, as sailors can tell the differences between ships, even if they're the same make, because all wood has noticeably different qualities. So, to them, it's a ship of Theseus, but not the same one as before, despite having been used the same and the use never altered. For example, If you lose a spatula and buy the same one of the same brand, you don't then consider that the same spatula you had before. The paradox takes advantage of that idea, but instead makes it be a result of small alterations over time, which is more difficult to reject. TL;DR: The paradox just makes people think about some qualities they think are inherent and must be achieved for something to be the same object and some people value material over functionality or are just unable to give a confident answer since it contradicts what they knew earlier.

[@fulana_de_tal]

I'd argue that the fixed ship is still the same ship as the original, but none of them are the original ship. The fixed one changed too much to be considered the original ship, but it just changed over time, it wasn't replaced (just like adult me visibly isn't baby me, but both are the same person). The reassembled ship is made of the same materials as the original ship, but it isn't the same ship at all, it was made at a different time, under different circumstances (just like if someone were to sample my dna and make a clone of me that is currently a baby, that wouldn't be baby me, wouldn't be me at all, and while i'm also not baby me anymore, i'm still me)

[@onejumpman9153]

My answer to the heap paradox: A "heap" is not about the number of constituents, but their arrangement (piled on top of eachother in a disorderly manner). So, to make the heap of sand not a heap, you don't need to remove any sand at all. Spreading it out one grain thick over a large area would eliminate the heap too. But if you want to do it by removing grains, then it stops being a heap the moment there are not enough grains for them to pile up without deliberate arrangement.

[@ShamikShah]

Gonna need you to clarify “enough” (grains), “pile up” and “deliberate arrangement”.

[@Duiker36]

I think "the moment that gravity can overcome the friction that keeps any grain of sand elevated above another" might be better, but yeah.

[@passtheyaoi]

but where is that point

[@LK90512]

Ok now try to solve the bunch paradox

[@mxnevermind]

@@passtheyaoi probably calculable with sufficient data on the materials and conditions, but only because it's a less-than-ideal example for the given conundrum

[@PixelHead777]

Philosophical paradoxes like the Ship of Theseus are fun, because the "answer" to the question is "to what end are we determining what is defined as the ship of theseus" because on a pure thought-experiment level there isn't a single right answer, but if we are asking "which ship belonged to Theseus as per his last will passing it on to his children" then obviously we're thinking the Functioning Ship And Crew and arguing otherwise is bad faith, and if we're asking "what counts as the ship of theseus because we're a museum trying to display the ship" well then you mean both if you have both, but if you only have the repaired version it's still logically the ship of theseus. The design itself is overall kept in the repaired version, as the question normally doesn't posit "well what if during repairs Theseus chose to redesign some of pieces such that it technically counts as a different kind of ship" but if you've managed to get all the original pieces and can arrange them in the original shape then that has equal historical value as to prove the refurbished one is the real deal as well! And if you're asking "What's the original ship of theseus, I'm trying to learn all I can about boats and I heard that theseus' ship was the most long-lasting of all ships!" well you probably still want both, but it's now the original wood that may matter more, because if it lasted so well for so long that one only needed to replace a single piece at a time, the kind of wood the original was made of may be the focus of that durability, and if you can just find out what wood it was originally made of...! The paradox becomes one of philosophy, because all of these ARE right answers, and some of the interesting things to take away from it are "when considering the answer to a question, you most certainly should be considering *why* that answer is needed", as well as "if something similar happens in real life, how do you recognize it's happened" see the Alt-Right Playbook on the Ship of Theseus and how people can couch lies in truth.

[@Patashu]

Yeah, it's such a great paradox because it depends on what an 'object' is, which we take for granted growing up but when you actually sit down and think about it it's *weird*

[@Pandora_The_Panda]

My usual answer has always been, depends on what people tell you. Because individual objects as complete inherent entities really only exist in our minds. If we don't think of them as a specific thing, then they're just a bunch of matter in interaction with the universe, and other bunches of matter.

[@Eclipsed_Archon]

It's a fun gateway to ontological conversations for me. Any object is only that object when we prescribe the label, and no natural law makes any given thing the thing we call it. Like the ship of Theseus, any object becomes that object when we say it is. My favorite demonstration of that is metals. In space stations, metals that will be exposed to the vacuum often need coatings. Metals have this fun property where they just ARE one solid piece when they touch. So you make a door on Earth, close it tight, shoot it to space, and it welds with whatever wall it was touching. The atoms in the metal don't know where the door starts and ends, so there is no start or end. The only reason this doesn't happen all the time on Earth is because that metal reacts with the air and forms a film.

[@joshwalker7460]

@@Eclipsed_Archon Wait, really? Atmospheric oxidation is all that's preventing metals from self-welding on contact? Seems wrong to me, but I'm very interested-- like, it seems vaguely plausible due to the nature of metallic bonds, but I don't know much about it, and I wonder why this property isn't widely exploited in industry. Like, I know there is a phenomena with the gauge blocks used to calibrate machine tools, they call it 'wringing' and it lacks a robust mathematical model, but is generally assumed to be due to some combination of intermolecular forces and surface tension of residual fluids between the blocks. Aha! I just found the wikipedia entry for 'cold welding' and it seems like you're even more correct than you put forward-- apparently it isn't exclusively the electron structure of metallic solids that enables 'vacuum welding' -- it's observed in other crystalline solids as well, even moon dust! There's also a tidy Feynman quote which explains things in quite the same way as you did. Super dope, and probably quite useful for the space manufacturing in some hopeful futures. Thanks for bringing it up!

[@KaiHenningsen]

Another point to consider: people are (at least mostly) examples of the ship of Theseus. Over time, you exchange the atoms in your body with ones from what you eat (and drink, and perhaps even breathe). So ...

[@somebodyWhoExistsIGuess]

One interesting note about the Boltzmann Brain is that people often underestimate the simplicity of the universe and the complexity of the brain: it is fully possible that the full universe with all it's complexities IS simpler than a thinking thing that can exist without such a universe

[@edgarallenhoe3518]

also I find it hard to believe that a brain capable of hallucinating the universe could just pop into existence by itself without other brains or evolution etc

[@odhrandillonkelly9262]

The Monty hall problem holds up until you realize that a goat is a much better prize than a car

[@billyweed835]

Is it? I mean, I have no clue where to keep a goat or how to get it vaccinations, or what to feed it...I'm not sure i'm zoned to own one in the first place...

[@helloiamenergyman]

@@billyweed835 but they're cute so it's worth it

[@gabrielhermesson9926]

If you get another goat, you can get more goats. If you get another car... You have two cars.

[@s-tierkeyboardwarrior-lvl4686]

@@gabrielhermesson9926 A car you could sell for EVEN MORE GOATS

[@Number6_]

The monty hall problem is how to pay the tax on all that capital gain.

[@stargazer2459]

The temperature "paradox" is purely a language problem. In english, the verb "be" is used both to describe the state of something, and an action being done. This is not the case in all languages. In Spanish, for example, we have "ser" meaning to be something, and "estar" meaning to be doing something ( and a couple more things) this means, the statement would not make sense in Spanish, since we would say "la temperatura ES 90 grados" but the second one would be "la temperatura ESTÁ subiendo". The problem here is english using verb to describe multiple actions

[@nsyne]

Interesting story about contrapositives at 19:33 - my first year university math teacher’s family owned a fishing supply shop whose slogan was “if we don’t have it, then you don’t need it.” Which might sound kinda strange… until you consider the contra positive, which is “if you need it, then we have it!” Another cool tidbit about implications (statements like “if A, then B”) is that if the first part is *false*, then the statement is actually true. For example, “if 3+5=0, then 4 is an odd number” is actually a true statement, though it certainly doesn’t feel like one.

[@HectorMorales-rs5qt]

lol

[@DantevanGemert]

We got taught the implication thing with "if the moon is made of green cheese..." which also nicely indicates the silliness of the entire statement

[@alexpotts6520]

This abuse of implications is what causes the drinker paradox mentioned in the video to work.

[@samwhy4272]

For the Monty Hall "paradox", the trick is that the host KNOWS which doors are goat doors, so in fact, opening them DOES NOT change the initial probability of your door being the right one, which is 1 in X doors, and it does not change the probability that the right door is in the remaining set, i.e., X-1 / X. If the host did not know, then they could open the right door, and you either win, or the game is replayed. In that scenario, you would not have any advantage in switching.

[@samwhy4272]

and I agree with the fact that a "heap" is not well-defined, and that it is the origin of the paradox. However, I'd apply the same explanation to the ship of Theseus: "ship" only refers to the intended use of a combination of objects, but it is not clear when it stops being a ship. Is a sunken ship still a ship? How many pieces can you remove from the ship before it stops being a ship? So I guess most of our everyday words, e.g., only defined by aggregation or by usage, have a fuzzy meaning.

[@aliceyuri]

​@@samwhy4272 I suppose the thing is the ship of theseus is even more so meant to be an exercise in ontology

[@dark-5825]

"I don't feel like drawing a disconnected brain floating in empty space so you'll have to *use your imagination*" i can't help but feel like that was intentional

[@DarkSkay]

Three logicians walk into a bar. The barkeeper says "what a great pleasure to see you again" and asks: "Do you all want a beer?". The first logician says: "I don't know". The second logician says: "I don't know". The third logician enthusiastically says "Yes!". After a moment the barkeeper comes back, puts one glass of beer on the table and leaves.

[@VictorSilva-lj4wy]

The second part caught me off guard, hadn't heard it before lmao

[@juanausensi499]

Obviously the logicians should have gone to a logicians' bar.

[@VictorSilva-lj4wy]

@@juanausensi499 They did! They just weren't "perfect logicians"

[@G00dTaste]

Well yea cus only one of them outright asked for a beer

[@VictorSilva-lj4wy]

@@G00dTaste No, it's because the question didn't specify if they wanted one beer each, so a logical conclusion would be that the logicians wanted only one beer to share between them

[@Sam_on_YouTube]

My philosophy professor argued that the word "heap" meant at least 4 arranged in a layer of 3 with a layer of 1 on top in a non-flat configuration. He was fine with all the vagueness stuff, we even had the book Vagueness by Peter van Inwagen as a textbook. He just didn't think a heap was a good example.

[@boldCactuslad]

a heap is a structure wherein the root node has multiple children. these children may or may not have children or a child. the root and children are a or are many instantiations of a class. the heap is arranged accordingly. obviously it follows that the heap begins when it is instantiated (say, between zero and infinitely many grains of sand, inclusive) and ceases to be at cleanup (specifically zero non-grains of un/deallocated nothing), regardless of its size interim. qed the paradox is solved thank me later philisophers need not reply

[@columbus8myhw]

Mathematicians have long since discovered that it's simpler to allow 0 grains and 1 grain to be heaps. In particular, 0 grains is the "empty heap"

[@WodkaEclair]

the four arrangement is also my answer. whenever I say it, it either starts the conversation into fun nonsenseland discussions, or with them responding like Lisa when she asks Bart if a tree falls in a forest does it make a sound.

[@Fred-tz7hs]

based

[@Fred-tz7hs]

@@WodkaEclair The tree doesn't make a sound. Sound means stuff you can hear. You already said "you can't hear it" therefore, by definition, no sound.

[@krkngd-wn6xj]

"The place this proof goes wrong is surprisingly subtle" 5 seconds later "So, the reason not all horses are the same colour is that you can have two horses that are different colours."

[@EngineerLume]

One of my favourite Ship Of Thesei is that British Girl Group The Sugababes started with three bandmates. One by one they got replaced until the final lineup consisted of people who were not original members. When the last original Sugababe left she joined the other original Sugababes to form a new girl group. These two groups overlapped for around a year or two, so there were I'm fact actual questions about who was the "real" Sugababes

[@SolomonUcko]

According to en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes, 'In September 2009, after 11 years in Sugababes, Buchanan, the final original member, was replaced by Jade Ewen. Range, Berrabah and Ewen released the group's seventh studio album, Sweet 7 (2010), after which they signed to RCA Records, before taking an indefinite hiatus in 2011. That year, the original lineup reformed as Mutya Keisha Siobhan and released the single "Flatline". The trio regained the name Sugababes in 2019, and recorded a rendition of the song "Flowers" with DJ Spoony.'

[@EngineerLume]

@@SolomonUcko "The ship made from the original parts then got called The Ship of Theseus" is such a boring workaround

[@Ramboost007]

My favorite one is the histories of the NFL franchises Cleveland Browns, Cincinnati Bengals, and Baltimore Ravens

[@stevenglowacki8576]

This is very similar to what has happened with Yes, although a lot of their former members are dead now. There was a time that there were two full bands consisting of former Yes members that toured separately.

[@EngineerLume]

@@stevenglowacki8576 "So which one is Yes?" "Yes."

[@Metaphizzle]

To be fair, all the authorities agree that "What is in my pocket?" isn't really a riddle, but they also agree that the other party's response (asking for three chances to guess the answer, instead of exercising his option to protest the riddle itself) was an implicit allowance of this non-riddle into the contest.

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

I like how this paints Tolkien scholars as if they're legal scholars.

[@georgegrenvillethe7thpm176]

@@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721 they should be

[@gwest3644]

“[Bilbo] knew, of course, that the riddle-game was sacred and of immense antiquity, and even wicked creatures were afraid to cheat when they played at it. But he felt he could not trust this slimy thing to keep any promise at a pinch. Any excuse would do for him to slide out of it. And after all that last question had not been a genuine riddle according to the ancient laws.”

[@iff3]

There was an error in the twin paradox. The real confusion with the twin paradox is that each twin sees the other twin moving away from themselves at the same speed, so when they reconvene, which twin is meant to be older? The answer is that for the twins to reconvene, at least one of them must turn around. To turn around they have to accelerate. It is the acceleration which causes the twin to experience less time, so the twin that accelerated will be younger.

[@Spock149]

this explanation has never been satisfying to me, is the other twin not also accelerating from the one twin's frame of reference? like, it may be the case that the force required to accelerate does something or the change in momentum or something, but it really does seem that if we accept that the spaceship and earth are mutually going away from each other, isn't it intuitive to say that the earth slows down and reverses from the spaceship's perspective?

[@iff3]

@@Spock149 TL;DR talking about "how observers see eahother" is very tricky in relativity because observers are local beings. This is safe to do when talking about constant speed observers because transformations between the frames of these observers is a symmetry of flat spacetime, but its more complicated for accelerating observers, and we should avoid doing it if we can. The reason the twin paradox is solved is because the accelerating twin took a detour through space to get to the same point in spacetime that the stationary twin moved straight towards. The acceleration is then the curvature of this detour. This is a very reasonable and common confusion about special relativity. What you're talking about is going into the natural frame of reference, or coordinate system, of the accelerating twin. In that coordinate system, the other twin will be accelerating, so we should get the same paradox. This doesn't work for a couple reasons. Firstly, the natural coordinate system for the accelerating twin is actually curved, meaning spacetime separations aren't measured as -c^2t^2 + x^2, as is the case for the stationary twin. In the natural coordinate system of a constantly accelerating observer, separations are some complicated integral. This is quite technical, but the point is that the accelerating twin is naturally working in a curved coordinate system, so the passage of time for observers accelerating relative to them are distorted. Secondly, "natural coordinate systems" (and now I will invalidate my previous point) for particular observers don't actually make any sense! Everyone is confined to a local region of the spacetime, so how can a coordinate system, which covers the entire spacetime, capture how a single observer sees the whole spacetime, if that observer can't ever see the whole spacetime at once? The answer is that it can't! It turns out that "natural coordinate systems" are only useful to understand the physics in simple cases like for constant speed frames, or if you have many observers all recording the spacetime at the same time, and comparing notes at some point in the distant future. So how does the acceleration solve the twin paradox? This is easy to see on a spacetime diagram. The stationary twin goes straightforward in time from point A to point B. But the accelerating twin takes a detour through space. As I mentioned before, in the natural coordinate system of the stationary twin, distances are measured as -c^2t^2 + x^2. If this were just pythagoras, then the straightest path from point A to point B would be the shortest. But, because of that minus sign, the straightest path is actually the longest. The length of the path of the observer through spacetime is the proper time they experience, so the accelerated twin takes is aged less! In a sense, you are right though. Saying the twin aged less because they accelerated is perhaps misleading. It would be like saying that an L shaped path is longer than a straight path because of the angle. Also, if you want to understand this stuff better, minutephysics has a good video series on SR.

[@Spock149]

@@iff3 woah thank you so much for you thoughtful and considered reply, I think I kind of get it now, I think talking about their paths through space-time is a good way of making the result more intuitive. I watched Minutephysics' video many times but it goes quite quickly and always loses me when it gets to the time rotation part. how spacetime actually works is very interesting and I am finding out that I don't have a very good grip on it!

[@danpop1235]

@@Spock149 in SR and physics, acceleration is a non-relative phoneme e.g you can tell if you are accelerating or if everything else in the universe is accelerating.

[@crt137]

@@Spock149 to add to the other comments, if you look at things from the moving twin's perspective (who assumes they are standing still), they will sense the acceleration as an increased gravitational field. Per general relativity, time passes more slowly under increased gravity, hence explaining the increased age overall.

[@kathrynjones2383]

"Any errors in this book are my own" in any case also accounts for the possibility that there aren't any errors. It doesn't say that there ARE any errors, it just says that if there are, they can be attributed to the author. Funnily enough, a similar phrase "All of the errors in this book are my own" causes a type one paradox if there aren't any errors in the book that aren't in the phrase itself.

[@andy02q]

The Irresistible Force paradox has been documented in a chinese written poem written in 200BC which consists of a lance and a shield and the explanation that both can't exist at the same time. Because of this poem the kanji symbols for lance (矛) and shield (盾) together (矛盾) mean contradiction to the present day in both Chinese and Japanese writing (there are other possible spellings of contradiction which do not use the symbols for lance and shield). So if you try to confuse a Chinese person with the liar paradox he might know the origin of 矛盾 and deduct that the answer is that the underlying logic of the liar paradox is flawed and from falsehood follows anything (Ex falso quodlibet aka Principle of explosion).

[@S728-u9x]

this is so cool

[@abzhz101handle9]

For those who want that spelled in English letters, "矛盾" is "Mujun" in Japanese.

[@milospollonia1121]

linguistics is so dope

[@KishinAubrey]

i learned this from the first phoenix wright game

[@jasonreed7522]

My favorite alternate solution to the immovable object vs unstoppable force (also just an object) is that fundamentally both objects always have 0 acceleration and so when they collide they simply clip through eachother like in a videogame. But irl no object is locked to only ever have 0 acceleration, so the question isn't a paradox but a question of what will win, the stationary and high inertia object or the moving and high inertia object like a run away semi truck vs a concrete wall.

[@sprshb1852]

For the "unstoppable force" meets an "immovable object" paradox, there is an answer. It is that both objects pass through each other. That way the immovable object doesn't "move" and the unstoppable object doesn't "stop". Think about it, by definition "unstoppable" means that once moved, that object's velocity cannot be changed. Therefore anything movable can be pushed at the same velocity as the unstoppable object (without slowing it down). But if there is an object is immovable, that means that its velocity cannot be changed whatsoever at the time of its conception. Therefore the only logical conclusion for both objects meeting is that both objects pass through each other without changing each other's velocity (not PHYSICALLY possible, considering an unstoppable force even existing literally breaks the first law of thermodynamics, but logically in this context it is). The blade and shield example is a paradox though, as a shield that can "block any blade" by definition needs to stop the blade AND not be cut so it doesn't go through the shield. The stopping the blade part is what makes it a logical contradiction, as it gets rid of the "moving through each other" possibility.

[@pyropulseIXXI]

@Carlos Soprano That is not a solution..... No where in the logic does it imply that they will never fight. You just imposed that additional restriction such that the statement doesn't become false. The 'correct' solution is that either one, or both, of those statements is false. It is that simple

[@MrHatoi]

@@pyropulseIXXI It is a solution in formal logic, just not one that immediately makes sense intuitively. Written out formally, it would be equivalent to p => q p => not q where p is "Bill and Ted will fight" and q is "Bill will win the fight". Combining these statements shows that they are logically equivalent to "not p", which you can show pretty easily with a truth table, or just by using a few simple axioms. Therefore, both of these statements being true _does_ logically imply that Bill and Ted will never fight. Obviously in the real world, the actual conclusion would be that these statements can't both be true, because in real life it would be absurd for it to be _impossible_ for 2 people to ever get into a fight. That doesn't make this line of reasoning incorrect though, we are simply adding in _another_ premise that wasn't present in the original problem. It's important to remember that, in formal mathematical logic, you don't add in "common sense" that isn't given in the problem. If you have a logic problem expressed in words, you accept _only_ the facts stated in the problem and see where that takes you.

[@LucasTheDrgn]

The actual answer to the unstoppable force/immovable object paradox is that it's a math prank. An immovable object implies infinite inertia, which requires infinite mass, which can't exist in our universe as far as we know. Conversely, *all* forces are unstoppable, because every force affects every object it's applied to in some minute way, even if it's mostly imperceptible. To assume an immovable object could exist means we're not talking about our universe with it's laws of physics as they function, therefore you can make up anything you want about the universe you are talking about.

[@pocanr]

I think a good solution to the sword and shield paradox would be for both of them to shatter on impact, that way technically the sword did get through the shield and the shield stopped it

[@Tama_Abiru]

@@LucasTheDrgn Good explanation. I think the lesson here is that there is no indestructible objects in our universe and that everything can be "destroyed" (aka rearranged).

[@iliakatster]

I like the kind of "self-sustaining" paradox like when you go back time to become your own grandfather and therefore your existence is predicated upon you existing to go back in time to create your own existence. The way the timeline currently plays out is perfectly logical, but how it got into that state in the first place seems impossible.

[@darkacadpresenceinblood]

so the plot of the raven cycle

[@Lastofthemohaggens]

This is called the bootstrap paradox, and given the taxonomy in this video would fall under, I think, the "normal impossible question" category, as it's essentially impossible to answer how the loop 'started' while also having always existed in its stable state.

[@johnathanegbert9277]

Stable time loops!

[@ourtalechara9341]

The lifelong question: Who wrote Beethoven's fifth?

[@rainbowlack]

see, my issue with that is you'd just become infinitely inbred

[@NithinJune]

32:30 I LOVE YOUR HORSE DRAWINGS. The horses are so cute

[@Tesl8n]

When you were talking about your research for this video on tumblr, I was fully prepared to be really angry about this one, because I hate having conversations about the latter 3 kinds of paradoxes you describe. But, credit where it's due, you made a very entertaining video that did not annoy me, and also respected the paradoxes for what they were. Also I love the term "math prank"

[@jakobr_]

My preferred solution to the Ship of Theseus question is to follow the continuity of the ship. Just like how we consider adults to be the same person as the one in their own baby photos, even if not a single atom in their body has been retained from the moment of that picture. But if someone were to magically assemble all those atoms back into the same shape, that baby wouldn’t be the same person, it would be a perfect replica of what that person once was. And a replica is not the original. If, at any point, the ship ceases to be a ship (for example, if it was disassembled, then reassembled), continuity breaks and it would not be the same ship, but a recreation/reconstruction/replica.

[@liambell495]

So I was actually in a class of 26 people at one point, and three people shared the same birthday. Two were twins, but another person just happened to have the same birthday as them. June 22, in case you were wondering.

[@katieg428]

I’ve been on a school bus where I shared a birthday with three other people in my grade and neighborhood (one set of twins). I wonder what the probability of that is?

[@chad_bro_chill]

Makes me wonder what percentage of twins share the same birthday. 🤔

[@lympharia8257]

my class (of 28 or maybe 29 i can't remember) had three pairs of shared birthdays, and two of them were a 15th (of march and of july) which i never thought about that much but that has to be very unlikely right

[@rivercox8172]

@@chad_bro_chill interestingly it wouldn't actually be 100%. I don't feel like doing the math rn but there would be a small percentage of twins where one was born before midnight and one after midnight

[@Howtheheckarehandleswit]

@@rivercox8172 Technically, since we define midnight to be the start of the new day rather than the end of the old one, if (in any given twin-birthing event) one twin is born at midnight and the other is born after midnight, they would in fact share a birthday. The correct statement is that for some small portion of pairs of twins, one twin was born before midnight, and the other twin was born at or after midnight.

[@jakedoesyoutube]

5:00 I have an answer to this paradox: If the sword hits the shield, they both shatter. The sword got through the shield, but the shield blocked the sword.

[@mirrorkirby123]

How do you KNOW that's right though? You're just ASSUMING that that's what happens, but there is no proof. Therefore, it is still a paradox.

[@jakedoesyoutube]

@@mirrorkirby123 I said an answer, not THE answer. I tried my best.

[@Mynameisreaper]

Never thought a video of a black screen with text could be so well executed and well explained. GOOD JOB!

[@lomon.tetris]

OwO 😊😏😩😫 UwU 😚😍🥰😜 Eww 🤮🤢💩😷 I 😃

[@Periwinkleaccount]

@@lomon.tetris what?

[@michaelrue1400]

Yeah, I expected to see him standing there writing the problems on the screen.

[@pulverizedpeanuts]

that's kinda racist tbh

[@sadielappin8862]

Thank you, this is the first time in my life I've ever actually understood the Monty Hall problem. I think the small number of doors was really confusing me somehow. (I still insist that the door that has a goat behind it will be conspicuously making goat noises, and you should never pick or switch to that door, but that's just my personal game show strategy).

[@sadielappin8862]

Also I feel like you just somehow gerrymandered a horse

[@juanausensi499]

Another way to look at the problem: You select a door. You have a 1/3 chance of getting the prize. No surprises for the moment, that is what is expected. Now, instead of the host revealing a goat and asking you if you want to switch, imagine he tells you that you can keep the door you selected, or switch to not one but the other two doors at once. If you understand that this is equivalent to the original formulation, is easy to see why switching has a 2/3 chance of winning.

[@juanausensi499]

@@101Moses You are wrong because you are not taking into the account the probabilities of each scenario, you are just counting scenarios and assigning them equal probability. You select a door. You are right 1/3 of the time and wrong 2/3 of the time. The group of doors you didn't select have 2/3 chance of having the car in one of them. The host reveals a goat in the group of doors that you didn't select, the group that has 2/3 chance of having the car. If you stick to your first option, you still have the 1/3 chance that you had at first. If you switch, you are switching to the group with the 2/3 chance, but because a door with a goat was previously discarded, the remaining door still has 2/3 chance of having the car, now by itself. The fact that the host can show a goat in door B or door C when you selected A correctly only happens when you selected A correctly, and that only happens 1/3 of the times, so the chances of the host opening door B (or C) are 1/6 (1/3 * 1/2) and not 1/4. Seriously, you can check it yourself, with a friend and three cards, or with a computer simulation.

[@juanausensi499]

@@101Moses Those past probabilities are indeed a factor. Two dice rolls are independent, but the scenario where the host can choose between two goats DEPENDS on you having selected the door with the car.

[@juanausensi499]

​@@101Moses No, the host always opens a door with a goat, but he only can choose what door to open when you have selected the car in the first election (1/3 chance). When you have selected a goat in your first election (2/3 chance), he can't choose what door to open, he is forced to open the only other door with a goat. He can choose a goat to show 1/3 of times and he is forced to show only one goat 2/3 of times. We disagree because you don't acknowledge that your initial election do affect the subsequent options, but in this game, that's the case. Subsequent options (having only one door to show a goat, or having two) links directly to the first election, and you need to take into account the chances of that first election. Again, that game has beed tested empirically, so there is no point in debating the actual odds, only why the odds are what they are.

[@drakeolson4683]

I think my favorite one may be the phrase "You're unique, just like everyone else"

[@gregorysmith6780]

If everyone is unique no one is- Syndrome.

[@fulana_de_tal]

Isn't that one a counterintuitive fact? Because every person is indeed unique by the fact that it's impossible for two people to be exactly the same, so it's a situation in which every single component can be unique while all of them are still unique, because each of them is unique for different reasons

[@dvillines26]

not a real paradox. it's a natural language slip. "Unique' is used in two ways, implicitly. People are unique in that no two people are exactly alike, BUT they share the commonality of uniqueness as a shared quality everyone has. The propositions Everyone is unique There are traits everyone shares are not contradictory. Right? Because 'unique' doesn't have to imply that every aspect of someone is different from every other aspect of someone else. That couldn't possibly be true to begin with, because 'everyone' implicitly refers to humans, and all humans need to breathe, are born, die, are made up of cells containing DNA and mitochondria, consume things and drink water or water based liquids to replenish lost water from sweat and urination, etc. Those are commonalities generally agreed to be true. You could say 'everyone' also includes 'people' that don't share any of these traits, but first of all, those people don't exist as far as we know and are purely in the realm of conjecture, and second, people that read the initial statement are likely going to assume it refers to humans, and it's dishonest to claim afterwards that no, it can refer to other entities as well.

[@o0DreamCream0o]

⁠​⁠@@fulana_de_tal yes, but in this context it is okay because even if it isn’t a true paradox it is mentioned in the video, also it never specified what “one” is

[@thomasstone3480]

the quality of being unique is not in of itself unique

[@mattmann1623]

Occam's Razor does NOT say that the simplest answer is usually correct, rather that it's the position that makes the fewer assumptions that is more likely to be correct. An easy oversight, but an important one.

[@kingturboturtlednoc5722]

This fact is also why the brain paradox listed is irrational, as it requires a lot more assumptions than just assuming that empirical analysis of data is reliable and therefore you exist as a physical being and your experience of reality is your brain interpreting input it receives through your sensory organs(not me trying to criticize Mitch for including it btw I just thought this was a relevant place to bring it up)

[@OrangeDied]

the error is not his own, the creator of the theory is conspiring against him

[@Scaldaver]

A remark regarding Xeno's Paradox: the ancient Greeks didn't employ the same mathematics as we did today. They didn't have algebra - they were a lot more geometrically minded. The only numbers they could really work with were numbers derived from using a straight edge and protractor. You may have heard the expression 'squaring the circle' to mean attempting an impossible task - it refers to trying to generate a square with the same area as a circle. This was impossible for the Greeks because pi is not a constructable number, but algebraically we can do it today. The Xeno paradox stems from the Greeks assuming that the sum of an infinite series must also be infinite (because you can imagine adding more and more to a straight line will cause it to increase forever). Algebraically we can demonstrate this not to be the case: deapite being able to decompose a trajectory into infinitely many segments, we know the time taken to traverse it is finite.

[@ObjectsInMotion]

That is a very lengthy remark when what you said is logically equivalent to "The Greeks were wrong about this one thing".

[@pyropulseIXXI]

@@ObjectsInMotion He explained why they were wrong, and what resolves it...... literally every statement is either true or false. I bet if you were smart enough to take a differential equation class, you'd just say "all this work is just a very lengthy remark when what you said is logically equivalent to "this statement is true."

[@Scaldaver]

@@ObjectsInMotion True, but I think the reason why is worth noting. That and I like to remind people that 'squaring the circle' to mean impossible should instead mean that it's impossible until you change your approach, Gordion Knot style 😂

[@ObjectsInMotion]

@@pyropulseIXXI Did you not watch the video? Literally NOT every statement is true or false. Some are neither. And the OP's explanation was not in the video because it is unecessary and misleading. You don't need to give the Greeks the benefit of the doubt for believing an incorrect idea, its not because they had "different maths" that they were wrong. They did have a different way of expressing math yes, but that's entirely different from "not having invented calculus" which is all you need to say about Zeno's paradoxes.

[@troodon1096]

@@ObjectsInMotion But WHY they were wrong is a bit more interesting than just pointing out that they were wrong, hence the lengthy remark.

[@janaki3829]

16:58 I'm so glad that somebody addressed this! Also, you're the first person to explain the Monty Hall problem in a way that makes sense to me.

[@chloeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee]

same, the explanation with 100 doors made it all make sense to me in an intuitive way. i understood the logic before but never quite this deeply

[@fourpanelszerowords476]

Monty Hall but with two cars and a single goat.

[@DaisyPhoxtrot]

This video finally got me to understand the Monty Hall problem. I was always confused how a 33% chance just kinda "transforms" into 66 when a goat is revealed, but explaining that 2/3s of the time you already picked the goat makes so much more sense!

[@shadyspiritomb5285]

The 100 doors version was so helpful for me, i heard the monty hall problem so many times and never understood it until Misali gave that example

[@edgarallenhoe3518]

You can also draw out all the possible ways it could go on a piece of paper! It would be 33% if the host was also choosing randomly, but they aren't, so those outcomes are not included when you calculate probability.

[@username_creates6991]

Man the crocodile riddle unlocked a childhood memory. We have a song in croatian about a crocodile kidnapping a kid

[@SharonYoung]

I love the talk about the author who stands by his text but acknowledges errors can exist... because I was a medical transcriptionist/medical language specialist for decades and now that I'm disabled one of the things I love to do is proof advance reader copies of books from a few authors whose works I like. The last one I did, after I posted my Amazon and Goodreads reviews, I sent the author my errata list. She said most of the ones I pointed out had been found already but I caught seven that had been missed. She was impressed 🙂 The more eyes, the fewer errors, but typos still manage to sneak in. The typographic error is a slippery thing and sly; You can hunt 'til you are dizzy, but it somehow will get by. 'Til the forms are off the presses, it is strange how still it keeps; It shrinks down in a corner, and it never stirs or peeps. That typographic error, too small for human eyes, 'Til the ink is on the paper, then it grows to mountain size. The boss, he stares with horror, then he grabs his hair and groans; The proof reader drops his head upon his hands and moans. The remainder of the issue may be clean as clean can be, But that typographic error is the only thing you see. I first saw this poem posted on the wall of the office of the Temple-Ambler Press, the campus newspaper at the Ambler campus of Temple University in Pennsylvania, during my freshman year when I was their typist and proofreader, back in the ancient days before everything was done on desktop computers. I typed into a beast of a computer with an eight inch floppy drive, then once the articles were printed out, they were manually cut and pasted into masters which were then sent to a printer to be printed into copies of the newspaper. The poem itself has been around probably a century at least, possibly more. I have never found a source that claims to know definitively where it came from.

[@OllAxe]

26:59 My favorite version of this is the coastline paradox - the more accurate measurements you take of the length of a coastline, the larger it gets

[@FatedHandJonathon]

That one’s actually not in his category 4, it’s category 3: a thing which is absolutely true, even though it’s counterintuitive. And the reason for it is that “rough” things like coastlines are more than 1-dimensional, so measuring them with length doesn’t work. It’s like trying to use a ruler to measure area.

[@christophermarsh1580]

@@FatedHandJonathon WAIT A MINUTE. Applying this back to the "subdivisions of a unit triangle hypotenuse" and the difference between 2 and sqrt(2) for the perimeter length is the roughness of that edge. The "vibrations" within the line are like a frequency, another dimension ADDED to that line and that is why it doesn't work with single measurement. One would potentially be able to measure a coastline with exact precision if one knew the frequency and height of its continuously varying oscillations.

[@FatedHandJonathon]

@@christophermarsh1580 Yes, but probably not how you’re imagining it. You couldn’t measure it in feet, because it’s not 1-dimensional - it isn’t a length. Instead, it has a dimension somewhere between 1 and two; a “fractal” dimension. Look up 3Blue1Brown’s video on Fractals for more info. :)

[@kindlin]

There is another layer to this as well, the classic example used is that the coastline of Britain has a dimensionality of ~1.25. So, you're not using a ruler to measure area, exactly (that would be dimensionality 2), you're trying to measuring something between area and length, which can be mathematically defined, but hard to imagine in your head.

[@wehpudicabok6598]

I also like the Banach-Tarski paradox, which is a type 3 paradox (provably true, just very strange) but is deliberately worded to sound like a type 4 paradox - the infinite chocolate math prank. Both paradoxes have the basic structure "break something down into subsets, rearrange them, then you have more stuff than you had before", but one of them is just a prank, whereas the other is leveraging some very subtle mathematics in a way that's technically sound but very counterintuitive.

[@lotemnahshony-spitz9532]

18:22 isn't actually the twin paradox. The paradox arises from the fact that motion is relative (that's why it's called relativity) - from the astronaut's point of view, they're motionless, and the twin on Earth (along with, you know, the entire Earth), is the one moving at nearly the speed of light, and should experience time dilation. So when the twins finally meet, does each one sees the other as younger than themself? This is in fact more of a mathematical prank type of paradox. Special relativity tells us that inertial motion is relative, and indeed, when the astronaut is moving at constant speed, they would experience their twin ad younger (but in order to experience each other, the twins must send signals to each other at the speed of light, which would add delay, so in order to know that the other one is actually younger, and not just appear this way because of the delay, they would have to do a bunch of math). However, for the twins to meet in person again, the astronaut must turn and fly back to Earth, which means they must accelerate, at which point they are no longer inertial, and are not equivalent to the twin that stayed on Earth.

[@george1036]

This is the first time I've understood an explanation of the goat door problem. Every other explanation I've seen talks about how once the decision is made, the probabilities are unchangeable, etc etc using terminology and logic that doesn't make sense to me. If only everyone else could just show a table with 3 rows and go 'look. 2 of the 3 rows have the car, not a goat'. You made it so simple, good job

[@NoriMori1992]

Wikipedia also has that explanation, fyi.

[@zardoz_the_great]

34:52 The nuanced and magnificent "that's dumb, you're wrong" Mohist refutation of Gongsun Longzi lives on after thousands of years. It brings a tear to the eye.

[@Uberrandom]

5:28 I'm pretty sure the weight of either side of the bread has nothing to do with it. The miniscule difference in the weight between two sides of a piece of buttered toast due to slightly denser butter wouldn't make a meaningful difference in the center of gravity that would cause the toast to appreciably fall butter-side down more often. The most reasonable explanation is twofold: 1. We have a negativity bias for remembering when our toast was ruined because it landed butter side down instead of butter side up where you can brush off the bottom of the toast and eat it anyway 2. For most common heights of toast-dropping and the rate at which a piece of toast tends to rotate when not given a specific impulse other than the torque applied by your hand on one side of the piece of toast as it drops due to gravity, a half-turn is broadly covered in that range. If you're dropping a piece of toast, it's probably either because it slipped while holding it one-handed, or you knocked it off of a table. In both cases, the toast is most likely to make roughly a half-turn on its way to the floor, and most people eat and/or store their toast butter-side up, for obvious reasons.

[@sabinrawr]

Both of these are astute observations. I came here to say the second one. This was actually tested by Ira Flatow, host of kids' science show Newton's Apple circa 35 years ago. He climbed a ladder that was 6 or 7 feet tall and pushed slices of bread with jelly (or jam) off of the top. He could reliably make the bread land wet side up.

[@diggoran]

@@sabinrawr Moral of the story: Always hold your toast above your head, or sit at a very tall table.

[@sabinrawr]

@@diggoran Are you secretly in my D&D group? This sounds exactly like something they would come up with. Not a single one of them would consider "don't drop it" to be an option...

[@manuc.260]

Love this video and I find the classification of "paradox" not just good but quite useful and comprehensive. Also it is great to be introduced to more "paradoxes" in each cathegory. I do want to comment a bit on the math related ones as those are the ones I understand best, and first as a bit of a correction, "this sentence is false" doesn't prove that the system is inconsistent, but that either the system is inconsistent or incomplete, which is Godel's result and differs from "the set of all sets that don't contain themselves" which is a problem of set theory which can and is solved axiomatically. On the other hand, Zeno's paradox is a normal impossible question rather than a counterintuitive fact: the question is not on whether a line is made up of infinitely many points, but rather about how you can go through them in order, which leaves you with either Cantor's argument and you just can't, or the distance you're considering isn't actually infinitely subdivisible (minimum length). Zeno's argument wants to prove that movement is impossible, and indeed there's no way of mathematically arguing for an infinitesimal succession becoming finite in finite time (if needed, by applying the argument to time rather than distance). So maybe movement is impossible (philosophically, means that movement is an illusion), maybe nothing in the universe in infinitely subdivisible. On the Wollheim paradox, I do think there's value to it: you can't be both in favor of a law that wasn't approved being enacted and to respect the democratic system. However, I still consider it a "one guy getting confused", because if rephrased, the paradox becomes like this: 1) A person believes a law that wasn't yet voted on should be enacted in the future if it passes 2) The law doesn't pass 3) The person doesn't believe the law should be enacted after it didn't pass. The apparent contradiction is that the person in the past wanted the law to be enacted, but they don't anymore, even if they agree with the law. The statement "the person believes the law should be enacted" is therefore time-dependent. To finish this, my favorite math prank which I use to explain that square root is not as well-defined/well-behaved on the complex plane goes as follows: assume that we use sqrt(-a)=i x sqrt(a), with i x i=-1, which is actually fine. Then consider: sqrt(2)=sqrt(-1x-2)=sqrt(-1)xsqrt(-2)=i x sqrt(1) x i x sqrt(2) = i x i x sqrt(1x2) = -sqrt(2). Therefore sqrt(2) = 0. The trick is really hidden here: sqrt(axb)=sqrt(a)xsqrt(b) is not true for a and b not positive, real numbers. As a side note, this video gave me the idea of stating the monty hall problem as "behind two of the doors there are old, useless, boring cars, but behind the other one there's a COOL GOAT that you do want"

[@dunderbread]

A bearded man goes up to Bertrand Russell, clearly distraught. "Bertrand," he says, "I can't stand my beard, and yet I cannot shave it!" "Fear not," says Bertrand Russell. "The great barber Pagliacci is in town. He is known for only shaving men who do not shave themselves. He will help you." The bearded man then bursts into tears. "But Bertrand," he says... (one of my favorite paradox jokes, somewhat paraphrased)

[@MorePowerToYah]

A little late to the party, but can you explain the joke/paradox for me? I don't quite get it.

[@Zekiraeth]

@@MorePowerToYah it's a reference to a joke orignally from _Watchmen_ It goes: “Heard joke once: Man goes to doctor. Says he's depressed. Says life seems harsh and cruel. Says he feels all alone in a threatening world where what lies ahead is vague and uncertain. Doctor says, "Treatment is simple. Great clown Pagliacci is in town tonight. Go and see him. That should pick you up." Man bursts into tears. Says, "But doctor...I am Pagliacci.” This paradox joke combines the Pagliacci joke with the barber paradox (described in this video). I think it's quite funny, but the setup relies on the listener being familiar with both. If you're interested in more jokes of this kind that combines two unrelated concepts with similarities in structure, the webcomic _xkcd_ is full of them.

[@vrthief]

Just remember to know your paradoxes in the event of rogue AI “This statement is false!” “New mission: refuse this mission” “Does a set of all sets contain itself?”

[@vividplasma227]

I’m a potato.

[@0oh_no]

True, I'll go with true. I might have heard that one before

[@johnathanegbert9277]

Yes.

[@1unar_eclipse]

Something something Portal 2

[@Nevernamed]

The 'set of all sets' one drives me mad because it's not a paradox. It's a mangling of the question "Does the set of all sets that do not contain themselves contain itself". The set of all sets does contain itself, because the set of all sets contains all sets, and is a set, therefore it must contain itself- and given that 'sets' are merely conceptual devices for grouping concepts, this isn't contradictory.

[@Prince-Zodiac]

Interesting thing about the ship of Thesius is that it does technically have an answer. The "keel," that long piece on the underside of the ship which serves as the sort of backbone of the vessel, is the only part of a ship that is considered irreplaceable, as to do so would require you deconstruct the entire ship, and then reconstruct it onto the new keel and even then some things might have to be built differently. Thus, the ship of Thesius is the same boat, irregardless of how many parts or crew are replaced, until the moment the keel is replaced. Only then is it considered a different ship.

[@ovencake523]

but you've created a definition for a particular ship of Theseus, one where the rest of the boat must depend on the keel, in order to still be the ship of theseus what if someone comes along and cuts off the keel, but still leaves a single plank attached to the keel? Is the keel+plank the ship of Theseus?

[@otaku-chan4888]

tell me then- would _just_ the keel count as being the ship? if it doesn't, at what point do you stop adding new parts over the keel for it to 'become' a ship and hence be "the" ship? Until it can float? Until it can carry passengers? Until it "looks" like how the ship used to look? A core part of something's identity still can't define it.

[@dvillines26]

The actual question is 'what is a 'ship' as a discrete object? Understanding atomic theory, in the end everything is just a collection of atoms anyway, so the relative continuity of objects is an illusion to begin with. This is also true of people. Our sense of ourselves as consistently the same is a comfortable fiction. It's merely that the change is usually tiny, and we only consider an abrupt change to be meaningful. Like an entire plank of a ship being replaced, or like losing your sense of smell. But the entire notion of the ship or of you, yourself, is not what you think it is. It's not as discrete as you think, and what the Ship of Theseus actually exposes is something terrifying that people generally don't want to think about because it claws at the underlying (incorrect but useful) assumptions about reality we all share. It's best to maintain this fiction of discrete objects because it works well enough for ordinary life. The Ship of Theseus honestly isn't that different from a sports team. The players change, the coaches change, the uniforms change, but people call it the same team. Why? It's an agreed upon fiction. Ask yourself - what is your personal 'change threshold' where the change makes the current object too different from the original to be considered the same? And why do you use that threshold as opposed to being more or less strict about it?

[@marianeptune7321]

ah yes, the unibody/lower receiver answer. we just decide one part that contains the inherent thingness of the thing

[@thomasstone3480]

as the keel was invented by the vikings, it seems unlikely that any ship belonging to ancient greek theseus would have one

[@yerp8921]

my favorite quote ever 28:48 "if you wanna figure out what's happening too late DIVIDE BY 0 BOOM MATH PRANK"