How does NAND Flash Work? Reading from TLC : Triple Level Cells || Exploring Solid State Drives

You can hold all the data in the American Library of Congress AND all the data from Wikipedia on a small stack of solid-state drives especially considering a single SSD's capacity can reach up to 30 TB of data. In this video, we'll explore how tens of terabytes can be crammed into such a small space. This technology is called 3D NAND, and specifically, we'll explore the physics and concepts on how 3 bits of information can be written to and read from individual cells.
Video Sponsor: Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives:
business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd...
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Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Setting up the Puzzle
01:26 - Microchips in the SSD
02:00 - Layout of Millions of Memory Cells
03:20 - What's a Threshold Voltage?
04:53 - Function of the Charge Trap
06:05 - Quick Recap
06:37 - Storing 1 Bit of Info
08:12 - Exploring a KIOXIA SSD
09:21 - Storing 3 Bits of Information
11:04 - Storing Information in Pages
12:16 - Wrap-up
This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how 3D NAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) Overview of SSDs and 3D NAND: • How do SSDs Work? | Ho...
2) Abridged overview of SSDs: • How do SSDs Work? How...
3) How information is written to a cell: • The Engineering Puzzle...
Key Branches from this video are Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits,
Erratum:
6min 49sec: Right side note should be "A LOT of extra"
Animation built using Blender 2.82a www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro
Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]
Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.
Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]
Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer
Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.
Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley
Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
www.kitguru.net/components/ss... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
KIOXIA, Business Products, Enterprise SSD. business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd... (Accessed09/30/2020)
Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
www.samsung.com/us/computing/... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020
Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-rea... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
#SSD #VNAND #3DNAND

[@Quantum_Dots]

This channel should be part of engineering course

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Thanks a ton!! The hope is to indeed be integrated into engineering courses and high school science courses.

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Agreed

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Agreed

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The simplicity with how this channel explains some of the most complicated topics of modern technology and still manages to leave nothing untold is astonishing. I was about to ask exactly how electrons are stored in the charge trap and immidiatly after the video points me toward the answer. This serie is a true work of art. Thanks for sharing.

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[@StephenRayner]

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[@johnnysparkleface3096]

Yeah, I couldn't keep up with the explanation. I believe it was all perfectly explained, but it was all techno-jibber-jabber to me. I would have to watch this 1000 times before any of it made sense.

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Seriously. This guy puts a ton of effort into these videos. And the animations! Again, the animations! They're always exactly what he's talking about and showing. I wonder if he does those as well, or if that's outsourced. Either way, extremely impressive

[@benedictmaloney7387]

0 . . ,

[@Psychopatz]

Omg, I didn't even know 30 terabyte capacity SSD already existed. What a time to be alive!

[@TheAnimystro]

hold on to your papers!

[@nihil_._sum]

@@TheAnimystro you just have to wait two minutes for them

[@Psychopatz]

@@silverliniing Wow, thats crazy how much technology advances in such a short time. I guess I will not gonna be surprise if next year there will be flashdrive sized petabyte version of it soon.. yet here I am commenting using windows 8.1 with 32gb SSD Netbook....😪

[@maximodakila2873]

@@silverliniing Thanks, I just bought 2 pcs. It's too expensive yet, I can only afford 2

[@CyberMew]

Maximo Dakila 2?! That’s 80000USD for 200TB!

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Dude you destroyed my 4 years of college in just a single video.

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And this video was free to watch, how much did all those worthless college books cost?

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There’s less of a need for college every year. The tuition cost is exorbitant, the professors are hard to learn from, and free KZbin tutorials are easier to understand than the paid lectures. I’m not sure if I should dropout and learn on my own on my own time and risk a 4 year bachelors degree.

[@garfieldandfriends1]

*College professors hate him!*

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Hate seeing this comment everywhere as if a video like this was all you needed to know. It's a help, but it won't replace your hours of studying.

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@@snoowwe all the knowledge is freely available but unfortunately doesn't really look great on a resume

[@avisekhghosh2757]

Never been this early, I am proud to be studying electronics. I learnt more in these 13 minutes compared to all my cumulative study of a week. Full patreon support to this channel when I get my job!!!

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So what are you now?

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Well said!

[@ThermalWorld_]

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[@OiVinn-eq1ml]

I learn more in this one video than my entire electronics engineering course

[@fzigunov]

I'm so glad you got sponsored, this is a great recognition of your awesome work!

[@BranchEducation]

Thank you so much!

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The way this channel explained all the concepts are fabulous..this is the way colleges should teach.

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Probably the best educational channel on electronics, engineering and technology. Keep it up!

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I love this channel so much. Everytime an explanation brings up a new question, it is answerd right after. This type of teaching is extremely impressive.

[@gobbel2000]

Now I just wonder how these tiny and complex cells are built.

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this is future hahahah

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Aliens

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@@ikramramli6410 OMG IT'S BEEN ALIENS ALL ALONG I'LL POST THIS ON MY CONSPIRACY FACEBOOK GROUP (I'm jk)

[@lexciobotariu]

I’ve been looking for this comment

[@Alorand]

Very carefully... lol 🤣

[@MentalEdge]

This also makes it very intuitive to understand why QLC, TLC and MLC can't physically be as fast as SLC.

[@94D33M]

One of the most underrated channels on youtube. 300k views only? That's very unfair

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First time I don't skip an ad within the video. Great job at making your sponsor actually relevant

[@swankitydankity297]

I can't convey just how wonderfully clear this video made this topic for me, the animations and diagrams are excellent and the narration was perfect, explaining everything step by step, with nothing in between left unexplained for me to ponder. Thank you and well done!

[@Shakrii]

Thanks for including the detailed comments, they are vastly appropriated.

[@Gosu9765]

I was always wondering how TLC flash works and what that means exactly. Really glad KZbin recommended me this channel.

[@VaderHater1993]

That Kioxia comparison at the 9-minute mark was the incredibly effective advertising for a product.

[@pushing2throttles]

I absolutely love this channel. I'm sure a lot of work goes into the animations and I just wanted to say thank you. Y'all are appreciated!

[@akashkumarmahtoprotech6855]

I am waiting for the video for a long time ,thank you so much BRANCH EDUCATION to provinding us a amazing concept through 3d animation . LOVE YOU

[@TheRealLink]

The level of information here is just insane, yet illustrated and broken down in such an easy way to understand! Going to go find your Patreon stat.

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I am really grateful for being in this timeline, People who understand the complexity would agree

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Man this is some the hands down best explanations I have ever seen

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This channel is a gem for tech lovers

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Thanks for the vivid information about display and memorisation of information in cell phone.It is clear to me.❤

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The quality of this content is astounding. Such high quality visualisations and explanations. A truly excellent job. Hats off to the creators.

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The fact that people even designed this technology is so remarkable to me

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Thank you for this unmatched quality of educational video. I don't think there is any other channel that comes this close to illustrating this simply and with this much sufficiency. But please make lots and lots of videos. There are only few.

[@RayMak]

Ssd are getting better and better

[@SilesianWarrior]

Indeed, the ability to store exabytes of memes draws near.

[@yamatsukami987]

@ yes i think their will come a time when SSD's will need a large cache of faster more durable cells at this rate. Tbh tho i think SSD's are fast enough for most things right now, and RAID exists for anyone who really really needs the fastest speeds.

[@yamatsukami987]

@ well it's not like they are getting slower, just means you might not be able to read dozens of gigs a second off a single SSD without making some compromises if they can't. That said I think we are further from the limits of memory technology than CPU's, it just might take a fundamentally new approach to memory storage.

[@kevikiru]

And slower and slower, relatively. Those levels of voltage leads to slower performance as opposed to single voltage cells

[@dragoon8675]

I have seen you comment in 12 of the video's I have watched lately...

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thank you for this video, amazing to have someone doing this, most ppl just care about performance but some of us want to know in which way it achieves performance

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The technical details of this videos dramatically increased, add to it beautiful graphics and you just got a brilliant piece of art.

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Absolutely amazing channel! HUGE thanks to the creator for all the diligence going into creating these videos.

[@VirginiaGreco_Scrapbooking]

Another amazing animation and great explanation!

[@UnimatrixYoutube]

Very useful! Thanks Branch Education and Kioxia. Btw, the animator did a good job in showing those massive caps on the enterprise version (as opposed to the consumer version which probably lacks these :P ).

[@BranchEducation]

Haha- yeah! they do have pretty good size caps on them.

[@dibyadrastasahoo1765]

@@BranchEducation Dear Sir; Thanks for all these videos.please upload more videos regarding NAND Flash starting from ground level to high level.

[@kieroto5372]

Thank you for these quality education videos! The research, credibility and production quality of these 3D models is very high! You deserve so much more subscribes!

[@user-km5vh1nt7j]

Hi, I'm an engineer from SamSung Semiconductor, our spec about SSD said data on NAND will be kept for 3 months when poweroff, not years, we give our promise to customers too.

[@EnergeticWaves]

that arbitrary bit pattern you show in the captions is quite fascinating.

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Oh shit this channel is gold! These high quality animations, narrations and education right here. I appreciate your work 👌

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Superb Video!! These things are really black box for many of Engineers!!

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This channel is so damn great, learning stuff has never felt so effortless. Very good job as always, keep going :)

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Jeez the animation here is just incredible.

[@soontaek]

Mind blown by the technology and the animations. Thank you.

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What a stunningly excellent and eloquent explanation for NAND. I’ve read the details but I never really thought “how does it function-physically?” Thank you very much! Sub’d.

[@echoo200]

These videos are awesome. Not too fast, well versed. May have missing information by any chance but I don't care that much, the whole thought is there for an average person to understand. Kudos

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Outstanding stuff! This is the only KZbin channel I like the most...

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Amazing. The comments are huge level up for the explanations

[@rahsaansargusingh6557]

Lovin the recap section. This channel provides information better than a school

[@nathanndruwin1782]

Finally.. I now understand where the theoretical Solid State Physics class is applied. Thank you so much. Can't wait to share this and rest of the series.

[@channelname1238]

Fantastic series, I hope your other videos are just as great but this series alone has easily earned a sub from me. Great job at explaining this in a way someone like me (ie not an engineering student) can understand without making it super basic. Thanks for your content

[@garethkipkoech]

I've learnt so much complex stuff from your channel in the simplest ways... thanks alot.Your work is great.

[@BranchEducation]

Happy to hear that!

[@garethkipkoech]

@@BranchEducation how do you get the presentation or the visualisation?

[@BranchEducation]

@@garethkipkoech its animated in Blender

[@RakeshBalakrishnan]

this excellent visualisation!, having been in flash industry for last 9 years, this is the first time am seeing such !

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Sir, I am very Happy after seeing your Video. Its So Beautiful. Not one video, yours all videos in 3d view its a magic...

[@GeneralAlgren]

Fantastic video btw! I would love if you did a video on how a traditional platter hard drive works at this level and maybe include how storage density has evolved on this medium. Nice work!

[@dxgl]

The 550MB/sec figure is for SATA SSDs. Thanks to PCI Express and NVMe, there are consumer M.2 drives reaching over 6GB/sec on PCIe 4.0 systems.

[@CElectriX]

This is really good explained, for getting the main idea! Thank you for sharing! 😀👍

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This is a very good engineering education channel! A must for everyone following current technologies.

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Absolutely amazing explanation, intuitively done! Kudos to team

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Hello friend! It's pleasure to see your channel growing very fast. You deserve it.😊😊

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks! Much appreciated

[@GyanPrakash-pl5ct]

Awesome! contents are amazing. Can't explain how happy I am after seeing this video about NAND internal mechanisms. Great work!

[@winterarkwright4743]

It's so complicated yet it all makes sense. Mind blown.

[@bob_smite]

This is so cool! It's crazy how we can manufacture electronics that are measurable by the atomic scale. It makes me think that connectors on the motherboard (like the SATA and PCIE ports) will shrink once technology grows smaller and smaller.

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I really respect you for doing magnificent and easy to understand videos. I hope you keep up, these videos are so educational.

[@zhifengchen1093]

Thanks a lot for the highly quality video. I learned a lot from it. Looking forward to the manufacturing process of the 3D NAND.

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So detaild and easy to understand at the same time! I would live to see similarly excellent videos about CPUs or GPUs.

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Thank you a lot, very clear to understand and beautiful to watch thank to your awesome animation design. 👍

[@prashantchauhan1573]

your animations are way better than reality …..awesome job . May god bless you for the educational information you are sharing with your domain of expertise in video editing and theoretical knowledge. Love from India ..!!!!!

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From magnetic core rope memory to this.. Amazing..

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Very good video. Logical progression, clear explanations.

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You deserve a million subs..the content you are making is marvellous..😍

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You're Awesome Sir. You explained it better then anyone else could.

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I'm so amazed to the way this technology works. It`s incredible how far we can go, makes me fell hopefully about our specie, regardless the way things are nowadays.Also wanna say that the explanation makes it easy to understand.This channel is awesome , congratulations

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Every tech geek should watch this video!

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God damn... This whole concept is BIG BRAIN!!

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How do I get to the Creator’s Comments?

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Wonderful explanation ....Really u r videos makes people intelligent ...

[@nagaguard]

I had so many questions about what a page is, how a cell can store more than 2 values, how does it even work to have all your gates sharing an input, how can multiple cells be read in parallel. This video answered all my questions.

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Thanks a lot for all the animations!💕🌟

[@RealityMixer]

I’ve never been this early

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Last time I was this early, computer memory was still woven by hand. I'll leave this here just in case: kzbin.info/www/bejne/b5aVhH9ra6uGd9k

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Same

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What an odd conversation. I love you internet peeps. Hope you are all well

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I really like the detail of information and the good to understand explanations on this channel. As I’m an it administrator and mostly know those things I often point colleagues to your videos because I could not explain such things better then you do.

[@BranchEducation]

Much appreciated!

[@fortun8diamond]

Changing the reading technique can improve the amount of data stored in the same object.

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Enjoyed Watching your Video & Got Idea how SSD Works.... Thank You Sir.

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This is jsut such a great chanllenge! Thanks for making learnung fun even at 1am...

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The visuals here are just crazy cool

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Such high quality materials, I wish I had this when in undergrad

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Very nice explaination, understandable.

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Thank you so much. Very useful!

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Now I understand why I had to learn about octal numbers in programming. Never used them, though.

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This is really great and you are working hard to make these videos.

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Thank you for the nice Explanation

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EXCEPTIONAL LEVEL OF ANIMATION AND CONTENT...BEST EVER SEEN.....💖

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Thanks for your nice work and letting me see the beauty of art of electonics (subscribed and will dive into your video list asap)

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Very cool and well illustrated 😎👍, very well done 👏

[@ubermakee]

Very interesting and informative video, but it raised further questions in my mind as well. For example, how can electrons be removed from the charge trap? If the same voltage increases in all gates in a page, that should attract electrons into the charge trap in every cells. How is that prevented? How can only a single cell be modified? Knowing the general characterictics of an SSD/cheap VNAND, how can a cell be damaged in case of writing and why is it getting worse by increasing its capacity? I would highly appreciate such explanations in a similar, incredible quality educational video.

[@BranchEducation]

I made a video about writing to a cell. Basically the write voltage is 18- 20v and read is 0-4.5v

[@ubermakee]

@@BranchEducation Thank You for your reply. :) Keep making such contents, they are really great not just in explanation but in visualization as well! One of the best chanels I subscribed to!

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I love your explanation and video images.

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I have learn so much from this videos, this is so interesting learning bout this.

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Hey, love your videos ! Will you consider making videos on various sensors in smart phone also ? Probably it might ve already occured to you ! But cant wait to see their explanations in your way of depiction 😍 !

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Thanks for the lecture good sir. You made it easy to understand. Keep it up. I subbed.