How Horses Took Over North America (Twice)

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The ancestors of modern horses became so successful that they spread all over the world, to Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. But in their native range of North America, they’ll vanish for 10,000 years. Until another strange mammal brings them back.
The illustration of Equus Simplicidens--also known as the Hagerman Horse--is by Roger Hall. You can check out more of Roger's work at InkArt.net
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
Fossil Horses by Bruce J. MacFadden
www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-1...
www.jstor.org/stable/4522989?...
chem.tufts.edu/science/evoluti...
www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fhc...
link.springer.com/article/10....
www.nationalgeographic.com/ad...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
www.palass.org/publications/p...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstr...
projects.iq.harvard.edu/spier...
www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscienti...
facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/Evolu...

[@masoncafua5791]

You know as soon as the first horses landed in North America one of them had like a Deja Vu moment and was thinkin like "this seems oddly familiar, have we been here before"

[@Alex-kp5pq]

The woman who wrote the Ga'hoole and Wolves of the Beyond books wrote another series on just that, Mason Cafua. Sadly it wasn't great, but hey, it was something.

[@Polopony20.]

what`s that series called? My friend loves those books and horses so it`d be a great series for her!

[@daleross9357]

Mason Cafua reminds me of ice age the sloth he was to friggin funny 🐎

[@Xdalz27]

is this Initial D reference ?

[@shreyavoore173]

@@Polopony20. horses of the dawn

[@Copper389]

Hearing a hoof described as “one giant toe” made me more uncomfortable than I expected

[@dinosaurlady2]

lmao me too!

[@keannafox1635]

100% feel that

[@lunar3193]

You got a big forehead

[@justridexc]

Technically, it's a giant toenail, which surrounds the terminus of the limb (known as the coffin bone).

[@ohno2146]

Horses are really weird to be honest. Like look up a horse skeleton compared to a human skeleton. Also the hooves can fall off if their diet isn't right, and sometimes their lungs can bleed

[@RatKingShriggy]

this... explains a lot. i've always heard the apparently contradicting statements "colonizers brought horses to north america" and "horses were native to north america's large grassy fields" and i've always been so confused... which one is true?? both of them, apparently

[@honeyspice4014]

Bradipo Panzuto no I do believe they were brought over to South America

[@BHuang92]

It's a yes and no

[@VenomSnakee]

yes the horse were native to america, but that specific variation of horse died out while the eurasian version did not. settles brought the eurasian version of the horse around the world and that is the horse we have today.

[@irkendragon]

The variety of horse we have roaming wild in North America now is also very different even from its wild Eurasian ancestors. Domestic horses barely resemble their wild ancestors, in the same way a greyhound or a chihuahua barely resembles a wolf.

[@reaganfranks4579]

Bradipo Panzuto colonizers brought modern day horses

[@pegeonpera]

_"Chewie, we are home"_ -First horses on being brought back to North America by the Spanish (1525)

[@patzeuner3362]

So the Conquistadors brought the horse to the new world? You are aware of the size of the ships, only room for maybe 1 or 2 horses and probably stallions to be able to carry a man with armor. And mostly exploited central and south america, so if they brought mostly stallions, where did the mares come from to have produced the thousands of horses found west of the Mississippi and north of the Rio Grande in about 200 years. Colonization of North America really got started with the Pilgrims landing in 1620, in other words in the time frame, the horses that the Indigenous peoples in the west, figured out how to domesticate the horse by the early 1700's. Remember history was written by Europeans not the Indigenous peoples.

[@CalypsoRaven618]

@@patzeuner3362 What does that have anything to do with the original comment?

[@patzeuner3362]

@@CalypsoRaven618 the claim of the horse being brought back by the Europeans, the horse was already here. History of the horse in the west was written by the western expansionist. For the horse to be in the thousands by the early 1700's in the west, the colonists would have had loose hundreds of horses. Check the colonial history and then do some math.

[@Hambone3773]

Some species of West African horses have been known to spontaneously change their sex from male to female in a single sex environment.

[@mageofdoomsie1598]

Pat Zeuner a lot of the wild horses in the western parts of the US can trace back their genes to Spanish horses. MANY ships came over, so while not many horses could be carried on one ship, a whole fleet of Spanish ships can carry a lot, plus there were tons of back and forth trips. And other countries brought horses too.

[@thearmadilliestone]

Real horse fans remember when Eohippus was around

[@DinoMaster54]

^

[@giddy7079]

ugh i hate fake horse girls ://

[@brigidsingleton1596]

The Armadilliest One ... I'm now 65 years old....& have been a fan of horses all of my life & yet.. Although I'd learned about eohippus when I was quite young, I don't actually remember them per se !! [Unlike my late Mum, who once remarked quite casually as I was watching a tv documentary about prehistoric creatures, "Oh.. I remember the *archeopteryx* !!" forr which she was periodically teased for many years afterwards ! *spell check required* ?! 👍😀💕

[@shsndkdk6424]

Remember 😂

[@cerberus2654]

Only Eocene babies will remember...

[@dandork20]

This is by far, one of the best produced, well written and most entertaining channels on youtube.

[@user-ge8yn4ql4i]

DanBrohare must have been the porcine episode :)

[@torbjornkarlsen]

If you like this, definitely check out Aronra's series about evolution!

[@michaelrauch8629]

Facts

[@therottenkingofficial1870]

100% Agree!

[@owensanfordstuff]

Yup

[@rursus8354]

Equi passing the Bering Isthmus: _"We'll be back!"_ Equi coming back on ships with the Spanish: _"Meet our new allies!"_

[@Francois2144]

Really fascinated. So horses are are a megafauna that came back to North America, unlike other megafauna like mammoths that died off completely.

[@HilBethJay]

So horses are technically not an invading species in North America, they're a reintegrated species.

[@Humberto4790]

Well, they've been gone so long since they were naturally part of an ecosystem that I'm not sure if they should be considered native today.

[@chainmaillekid]

In terms of ecology, its not that long. Most species around will have adapted more for there presence than their absence.

[@blastulae]

The biomes favored by horses of 10,000 years ago are largely extinct. Without human domestication, horses might well have gone the way of the woolly rhino.

[@blastulae]

Modern horses are indeed an invasive species. They're much larger and more destructive than their Pleistocene ancestors.

[@baneofbanes]

What are you talking about? Grasslands are still a major biome in the world today, and feral horse populations in the US tend to need culling.

[@MrJonnyPepper]

Why did the eohippus have a sore throat? Because it was just a little horse

[@thedude6762]

stop

[@MrJonnyPepper]

The Dude i don't know how!!! 😫

[@moustachepig43]

HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAGHAAHAAHAHAAHAHSHAHAHSHSHAAHAHZHAHSJDHASHDAAHWHSSGAHWHXUSSDOFHCPWOZGEOXAIADIDVIFSOJLFJSKjzkKKzzzldlflflfgjnznJsifjfjfjd

[@jonhohensee3258]

Shame on you.

[@Charlie-502]

Love it

[@alexandralee303]

As someone who used to read about this all the time as a young horse obsessed girl, I'm very disappointed to find out that it isn't pronounced "merry-chip-us". 9 year old me is quaking.

[@fartsquirel880]

at nine years old I would call it merry-go-round

[@Ron-qg6bn]

@@fartsquirel880 me too

[@CoalCoalJames]

The one thing that's not mentioned about the evolution of the horses hoof via wide open spaces that seemed relevant is that they never give up the ability to live in, flourish and traverse rough and mountainous places.

[@londoncintron680]

I'd like to see a video on how birds like ostriches and penguins went back to being flightless and why it was necessary.

[@krim7]

Penguins learned to swim for food. Swimming really well and flying really well aren't really compatible. So penguins learned to swim and thus list flight. It is not that different than the reason the ancestors of whales or seals migrated from land to the sea. It is difficult to be very large and fly. The ancestors of Ostriches likely found size to be a more desirable trait, and so emphasized it over flight. Eventually, they lose flight all together.

[@Spongebrain97]

krim7 aren't the fossils of the penguin ancestors that flew hard to come by?

[@professoroak3411]

logan cintron Aquatic adaption and bipedal proficiency/ size necessity, convenience and efficiency in being larger/ more intimidating and physically capable.

[@glenbe4026]

@krim7 There is something very very strange about why Ostriches no longer fly (and it is something scientists have still not been able to fully explain). Because Ostriches are ratites. And ratites from around the world seem to have lost the ability to fly separately from each other. So it appears that ratites (Ostriches/ Emus/Cassowaries/Kiwis/Rhea/Moa/Elephant Bird/etc) evolved into their flightlessness multiple times. It is very strange. Their anatomy is such that even if they had wings of a suitable size and strength they would not be able to fly (a bone or bone modification is missing). So having this class of birds. evolve flightlessness separately, multiple times separately in a similar manner, is very mysterious/intriguing/interesting

[@glenbe4026]

@Creepy Closet. Yes, penguin fossils are hard to find. But a few have been found in New Zealand. (Giant Human-sized ones recently)

[@cptjockitch]

Now do cows please

[@underoath41148]

Cptjockitch or goats

[@LuisSierra42]

And then Unicorns, that'd be great

[@Spongebrain97]

I like the image of a cow, pig, and chicken stacked on top of one another

[@HenrikGJ]

Yes! We want cows.

[@edman79]

I'd rather do slim girls.

[@lavenderscare4995]

When i first heard of this evolutionary path, it instantly became one of my favorite. There's just something so poetic about a species becoming common in almost every region in the world, disappeared from it's home, and then reappeared millions of years later, even if by there return they could be called an invasive species.

[@niclas3672]

The evolution of dogs/wolves would also be pretty interesting. Maybe a video on different domesticated animals and their evolution.

[@jakenaylor9138]

Apparently, dogs evolved from a now extinct wolf species other than the gray wolf. But there are other extinct animals that paleontologists call dogs. I'd like to know more about that and if those dogs are related to our wolf-descended domestic dogs and African wild dogs.

[@Dodoraptor4]

jake naylor I’m pretty sure the extinct wolf was a grey wolf subspecies so...

[@kotarojujo2737]

@@Dodoraptor4 extinct grey wolf subspecies to be exact. Modern domestic dog doesn't came from any modern wolves subspecies.

[@Dodoraptor4]

hachi roku that’s what I meant

[@marlyjung4102]

@@jakenaylor9138 yes, they found what perhaps could be the common branch of both wolf and dog. A perfectly preserved puppy 18,000 years old in Siberia's permafrost.

[@joaophilippe]

I think the Great American Interchange deserves a full episode. And why not one about the much bigger Columbian Interchange?

[@luisurdiales3091]

Didn't they make a video about the great american interchange already? Or am I getting confused with another channel? Anyways, I'm sure they've at least mentioned it quite a lot and if they truly do not have a video on that already it'd be awesome to get one :3

[@beback_]

0:16 “Eohippus may be small just a half meter tall; but it’s also fast and well adapted to grass...” Sick rhyme Blake! Keep it up.

[@liamryan7239]

Arya Pourtabatabaie If only he actually said grass

[@danimanriquem.6133]

I would love to see prehistoric tiny horses they seem so cute :3

[@surrealfarm]

A very little known fact is that the Vikings also brought horses with them, and a few of them went feral and established a small northern population long before the Spaniards brought horses over to the New World. Also, early Russian trappers brought horses back over here from Asia. The Appaloosas bred by the Nez Perce were descendants of the Russian horses.

[@futureDK1]

Seen a ton of wild horses in Wyoming basin on my CDT hiking trip. They are majestic af!

[@brandon074]

I'm from Wyoming. Did you go by the Pryor Mountain area in the Big Horn Basin? There's lots of wild horses there.

[@GordonGarvey]

OnlineDater69 sorry for being pedantic but technically they're feral.

[@futureDK1]

Brandon Allshouse Yes actually.

[@FirstDagger]

I agree with Gordon O'Gairbhith, horses in America should be called feral horses and not wild horses, as the later is endangered.

[@maidros85]

Must be awesome to see those horses running free and knowing the circumstances behind how they got there.

[@oddowlomen9921]

How differently would civilization have arisen if the horse had stayed and succeeded? The Old world would have never had chariots and the Mongol empire would never have existed. How many wars were won on the backs of the horse? The Romans? Would the Native Americans have domesticated the horse, or not? Would their societies growth have been expedited? I AM SO CURIOUS!

[@stafer3]

People in old world would probably switched to some other domesticated animal, I mean when we can use elephants for warfare, other species won’t be too far-fetched, maybe mongols would went around Asia on camels or something like that. New world on the other hand would be pretty much different. Domesticated horses would mean that they would have something better to use for agriculture. And agriculture (staying in the same place) plus domesticated animals (living with animals in one place) means a lot of diseases. And lot of diseases and plagues over many generations means better immunity. If those first humans in America from ten thousand years ago didn’t wiped out those native horses their descendants in 15.century would be much more chill with the whole germ exchange.

[@RedRocket4000]

I have seen theory that Native Americans domesticated the horse without help and without seeing a white man. But it hard to rule out that at least the idea that domestication was done traveled​ up on the trade routes.

[@Motofanable]

true,some tribes have on their own domesticated the horse,

[@coleyboy1921]

Chariot warfare, horse back massagers, and later cavalry especially after the advent of the saddle would all be gone. Donkeys and mules wouldn't be available for agriculture and related labor, though oxen can fill this niche fairly well as they often did & still do in places. So the effects I think would be a small decline in productivity across the world, a harder time for states to spread and defend their borders, a large hit to the effectiveness of archetypal horse riding "barbarians" that traditionally threatened and often toppled/ took over old world kingdoms. So perhaps greater local autonomy, especially inland, slower growing but longer lasting empires/ kingdoms , more gradual ethnic migrations and spread of technology and culture, and the race for alternative means of faster travel such as better sea and river-going ships, canal systems, better/ more direct roads, perhaps alternative domestication (beware the cow riders?). Would be fun to see, I envision a world where Rome and the Han dynasty share a border in the steppe with highly advanced marine and irrigation technology enabling their rule over the far reaches of their empires. Or alternatively a world of thalassocratic city states and local autonomy world wide

[@oddowlomen9921]

Yes, I think marine warfare would have determined the shape of the world. Powerful seafaring peoples (like the Norse) would have been the only kind of invaders to worry about. It would be an interesting alternate history nothing like what we would know today.

[@guerreiro943]

So apparently, according to the newer video horses were not domesticated in Botai, Kazakhstan at all, but instead in western Russia. I love that they bothered to correct their own mistake. This is how science works, beliefs and models change according to new available evidence. It's a beautiful process, in my opinion.

[@zerocount_]

I have a book that shows and explains the entire evolution of a horse. To watch a video explaining how they took over north america is very nice. Thank you Without horses, we would have lost a war. Can't remember which war, but without using horses it would have been lost and some things would be very different today.

[@lowercaserho]

I would love to see a full video about grasses. You briefly touched on it here, but they're such an important group that shapes modern ecosystems that it's kinda difficult to imagine the world before they existed.

[@fullup91]

Next on PBS EONS: How my Biceps Shredded My Shirt! 😂😂😂😂

[@siyacer]

Muscle Hank?

[@dethledr]

If Playgirl is still around, they need to give Blake a call

[@dante8478]

Better than nothing

[@klyanadkmorr]

Yeah they're trying to dress our guy hosting to not be so delicious to ogle!! EYES UP AND WATCH THE VIDEO & LEARN!! hehVs Misogynist I guess I'm a Androgynist? "Blake if you weren't so sexy hawt beautiful I wouldn't have to ogle you and cat call in the video comments!! It's your fault." Yes, it does sound stupid and wrong so shouldn't be done to anyone male or female. But the irony is funny.

[@runnininthe80s84]

I was thinking that, like wow that guys shirt seems to small.

[@KendrixTermina]

Wow, so horses we're originally from the Americas! I never knew! Sort of ironic how they got hunted/eaten by humans, and then some different humans brought them back.

[@fog1962]

Camals to...

[@muhamadsayyidabidin3906]

@@fog1962 many animal genus evolve in north america, but when extinct. Many go over land bridge into south america or asia, when they thrive there. It's crazy when north america is like cradle of many animal (mostly mammals) species, like Africa in the old world

[@whoreofdragonstone1031]

@@muhamadsayyidabidin3906 primates actually evolved in north america lol

[@nickisnyder3450]

Every time I go hiking here in AZ by the salt river I see wild horses....Im glad they are back!

[@jacksonwilliams8971]

One of my favorite hands-on paleontology experiences was filling in cladograms from Miohippus to Equus based on fossilized teeth. It sounds tame but I found it fascinating how quickly “horses” adapted to grazing in the fossil evidence itself

[@MossyMozart]

@Jackson Williams - It DOES sound fascinating.

[@cs2d20]

So are we gonna act like this man isn’t gettin swole? Dude peep the gains man😂💪🏽

[@ciscovolkswagen8853]

coolsub 20D yass. Omg the definition in his forearms amazing. Super attractive and super entertaining with all this history on horses

[@fullup91]

Woah!!! Steady guys! Reign it in and buckle up! Dismount your saddles... and ....... bareback? 😂😂

[@fbcvxbnfgdgh]

Keep it in your pants ladies.

[@jeffeidson2526]

Looks like we got two tickets to the gun show.

[@giorbymiranda]

dad.dy

[@tinamclaughlin1991]

I love horses! Especially the East Coast ones on the outer Banks (OBX). You guys are so great about covering all cridders for Eons past.

[@12ze34]

1st horse in the Americas: "-Feels just like Home!"

[@TheSaneHatter]

I've long favored the horse (esp. the Mustang) as the mascot of America, rather than the bald eagle or even the wild turkey: it's a perfect symbol of the New World and the Old coming together to create something new and better.

[@warhawkjah]

The mustang is kind of an alternative symbol of you think about it, after the bald eagle and the bison which are official. The P51 was named after the mustang which in turn inspired the name for the car.

[@TheSaneHatter]

It's a vicious, patriotic cycle! ;-)

[@jamestang1227]

I mean I guess the mustang makes sense. It came over to America on ships and is a technical newcomer to the continent.

[@TheSaneHatter]

Except that the horse *evolved HERE first*. Didn't you watch the video?

[@jamestang1227]

Domesticated horses aren't the same species as the horses that died out in America.

[@mihailkondov4773]

It is fascinating to see how horses made a slow journey around the whole earth. Just imagine how different our lives would be if the Bering strait had never turned into land!

[@terapode]

When I was a kid my mother bought me a book where I learned about eohippus, mesohippus and other hippus family and because of that for a long time I wanted to be a paleontologist.

[@jasonb4076]

Thank you, it’s 2:20am I was about to go to sleep but got curious about horses. Can now rest easy.

[@The_Viscount]

Anyone else find that ending beautiful in a poetic way?

[@DaiBaNANA]

Love your channel! Can I suggest a video about cactii? I'm curious about how they relate to other plants, but I fear that maybe there are not a lot of fossil evidence about them :(

[@guillaumejacky9834]

PF Sosa the plural of cactus isn't cactii. #stopLatinBS

[@DaiBaNANA]

Guillaume Jacky you are right, I learned another thing thanks to this video

[@practicaloccultist231]

That would be amazing! Living in AZ makes me wonder time to time how catus came to exist

[@kayrosis5523]

Maybe not fossil evidence, but there should still be genetic evidence

[@firethylacine1976]

Guillaume Jacky I like how cacti sounds though

[@rafaelmarques1773]

Absolutely gorgeous and enlightning work, truly greatful to have a nice one like this no KZbin!

[@jonahmiller7]

I love your videos. Prehistoric animals was always a favorite topic of mine when I was younger. I love learning about lesser known prehistoric animals that are the precursors to our modern animal friends we share the Earth with today. Please keep these videos coming.

[@jamesvargas4124]

Please do a video on the evolution of the australian animals!! Especially platypus. Thanks!!

[@rasmusn.e.m1064]

Yes! And the camel! xD

[@istvansipos9940]

Neptune - I've created a bird. It cannot fly, lives on the continent of snow, and "flies" under water. You can't come up with anything weirder, I'm sure. Nature: - oh well... Hold my beer, dude.

[@SmartinatorPlus]

Yeps it'd be interesting

[@zako8424]

Making a long story Short. *A Duck and A Beaver fell in Love* Platypus

[@Bmoreflow]

Rafael Lopez it is a strange animal lays eggs and had a beak like mouth more like bird n mammal

[@citiesskyscrapers4561]

Your channel is absolutely awesome! Keep it up!

[@MagneticDonut]

Outstanding incredible content as always. Is a marvel being able to access this type of knowledge in this amazing way. THANK YOU for your incredible work!

[@sirloinofbeef9683]

These horses are brought to you by evolution and viewers like you, Thank you.

[@kilgoretrout6938]

I love all of your videos! I'm a pre-K teacher and I bring a lot of what I learn here to work with me to share with my class. I have a little girl whose dream job when she grows up is to be a paleoentomologist -- she'd be totally blown away if one of your more kid-oriented shows did an episode on prehistoric bugs :)

[@zell9058]

Never knew a horse’s hoof was a single toe !🤯

[@zell9058]

I checked out some sites and it looks like if they fuse it must be very early on. By 65 days of gestation the limbs are easily recognized as a single bone and hoof.

[@jakenaylor9138]

I believe the hoof is actually the toenail.

[@vivientakacs5599]

@@zell9058 If you look at it better, you can see that the two other bones didnt disappear completely, they are just very thin, but you can still see the bones. By a few thousand years, those bones will probably disappear too

[@Polopony20.]

dare you too look up a newborn foal's hoof. its creepy! lol, also you can still see the remnants of at least one of those two other toes on modern horses. its called a Chestnut, and its on the inside of the legs just above the knee (front) or below the hock (hind). Idk if this is true, but i think the bump under their fetlock hair is the other toe (on the ankle)

[@projectmalus]

I think the grass family has been incredibly influential for different species, including our own...can you do an episode on Poaceae?

[@littleloulou1]

Including the Salem witches lol

[@Blender1slushy]

I love these videos, they very informative, the art is beautiful, the music fits the tone of the scene and the people and their voices tend to be relaxing yet intriguing to listen too.

[@brettherold87]

please make a video on areas that have been isolated to their own evolution. like Madagascar!

[@Spongebrain97]

BH Productions same with australia

[@Nilguiri]

And Washington DC, by the looks of it.

[@COVID-19_Crab]

And the island dwarfism and development of swimming sail for Concavenator

[@ramirosan145]

Galapagos too

[@daleross9357]

BH Productions and Maryland Chincateauge island one species lives on dry barren land the other side of the island beautiful and lush they won't go to the other side of island bizzare 🐎🐎🐎

[@tv9mpeti]

Thank you for making this video, I've asked for it not long ago, I'm happy that you actually made it, and I didn't have to wait for it a long time! Love your channel!

[@jameslyons3320]

Just a thoroughly informative video, well presented! Thanks and continue this series!

[@nishanthsurendran7721]

"Another strange mammal." That made me chuckle really heartily.

[@redheadedstepchild5432]

Another strange mammal is the name of my autobiography lol

[@Platyfurmany]

I love the way y'all turn these subjects into captivating stories. Well done!

[@whelanky]

I loved the detail of this episode! Going in depth with the history of a single species and evolutionary pressures is incredible to hear from experts. Keep up the good work!

[@JerBear1990]

This was the most mind blowing episode yet!!!

[@JordanBeagle]

I love this channel so much! The millions of different worlds in the past are amazing!

[@joeys4289]

I drop everything i'm doing when I get a notification from this channel, I don't know what you're doing and how you're doing it but I'm hooked. Ok now to watch the video

[@joeys4289]

Exquisitely done #PBSESONSISLOVE

[@chegeny]

I love this show. Glyptodonts would be nice to see fleshed out. Also, I've always been curious about early vascular plants during the Silurian, maybe Cooksonia. Thanks!

[@brianmessemer2973]

PBS Eons: making Hypsodonts hip again since, well, whenever you guys started this channel. You guys and gals over at PBS Eons are awesome. Keep on doing what you do.

[@ninjanerdstudent6937]

Steve has supported so many of these videos. Thanks Steve!

[@lonjohnson5161]

Topic suggestion: The invention of sleep. Cephalopods and humans both sleep, but aren't closely related. Is there a common ancestor that invented sleep or is it one of those developments that just happen repeatedly? I know this one is tricky to answer from fossils, but so is the mitochondria question and you handled that one nicely. It is also tricky since you have to define sleep and even dividing cells appear to sleep just before division.

[@matheuscastello6554]

This channel is overall so high quality! Just wanted to say I’m a big fan of the content :)

[@whakabuti]

Wow I'm discovering so many Fantastic PBS channels in a matter of hours! This is my favourite so far!

[@Strangerbridgerland]

Thank you guys for the show! I love your videos. I’m such a nerd for history and pre-history

[@brc9739]

This channel is genuinely amazing. I get exited every time - crazy how often you upload considering the quality!

[@2030games]

Great episode, and I took the survey; I hope it helps!

[@kevinc9065]

Survey takes less than 5 minutes, help out some great programing!

[@nathandomke2721]

Dude you are awesome! Love your concise delivery and clearly well-researched info. Thanks for the vid!

[@Quotate]

This is my favorite KZbin channel! I always learn so much!

[@friedchickenUSA]

horses are cool more such videos about how a certain species we know today came to be pls

[@raybellows9851]

Love you guys. Keep teaching me!

[@guerreiro943]

Another amazing video from this channel. Thank you.

[@Morhgoz]

Your videos are both informative and relaxing. And as person with Autism Spectrum with fixation to both animals and history it also ticks that box for me. Best stress relief for me. Thanks for excellent videos and keep them coming. Your channel is one me favourites in KZbin. P.S. Unfortunally only support I can give you are likes and comments as me mental physical conditions forces me to live with lowly income of disbility pension.

[@magnuspeacock5857]

I appreciate the pronunciation of "niche"

[@Quinnknights]

this

[@A.coconut08]

this

[@kishorbhatta5918]

I love this channel

[@ilavazquez293]

Loved this history of horses! Great refresher on early horses!!

[@Taxafolia]

I love these videos and I hope you guys keep making more!

[@dumbledoor9293]

Thank you for a great history 🙏

[@thecreature7608]

Aww yeah, more awesome stuff to learn, and at such great quality as well, tomorrow. It is, regrettably, way to late for me to watch this right now, but I'm sure that this will give me something to look forward to, as well as incentive to wake up early. Keep making this great content for a long time to come. I look forward to it.

[@mongislort6440]

I admire your self discipline.

[@ShelleyBeanie]

This totally made me cry ;-; I love this video so much!!!

[@DeliahAyala.2.14.91.]

This was so interesting and educational! Thank you so much I'm sorry I'm watching a year late and can't do the PBS audience survey :( but I liked this very much!

[@iAmStillNotCody]

You should make a video about the "Great American Biotic Interchange."

[@qrower]

great video, and completed the survey!

[@sambhrantagupta3522]

Amazing explanation,as always!!Eons rocks!!!

[@christinestill5002]

Great series; wish they were longer & more detailed Thanks

[@DrDrastic_]

I’m in love with this series I love it

[@orangelion03]

Fascinating!! Was just reading the section about domesticating animals in "Guns, Germs, and Steel".

[@MajoraZ]

Gun, Germs, and Steel has a LOT of problems. It's not entirely meritless, but you should reead other books that talk about thee stuff it misses or gets wrong too, likee 7 Myths of the Spanish Conquest, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, and 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created

[@luannnelson547]

Great video! Thanks for excellent work!

[@everich1175]

I love this channel, please keep up the amazing work! Maybe you could do a video about other animal family trees too? This was really cool.

[@SperberMeister]

I'm studying geology/paleontology at university. Really enjoy your videos. Keep it up. Maybe you could make a video on ammonites (paleo/meso/neo), the structure of their septa and how they became like this or what their advantages were.

[@Rotsuoy]

I love this channel and would love to support it by purchasing merch, but absolutely none of the items you have for sell appeal to me. They all feel very hipster and minimalist in style. The only shirt I'd buy, if I had no other options, would be the Stay Curious one, but even then, I don't really want to purchase a shirt I'll rarely wear. If you did some shirts with artwork similar to the posters you have for sell, I'd gladly buy them in a heartbeat. Also, you should put a link in the description of your videos so that people can find it easier!

[@keithlowery9708]

Bro love this channel and your delivery you are the man

[@mikeschmidt3362]

Love these videos! Keep ‘em coming!

[@Kevin15047]

I want a time machine just to go back an hug an eohippus. Who's a good little ancient horse? You are, yes you are.

[@redheadedstepchild5432]

I can confirm that if I were a time traveler I would hug all the cute extinct animals

[@ixtacayaotl1205]

My elders have told stories about how we once used to have horses here before the colonization of our people but were wiped out due to hunting from another tribe that came in from the north. Kinda interesting to see this because the horses we saw, rode, domesticated and talked about were kinda like the ones we have here today but bulky and hard to ride.

[@pimpompoom93726]

Excellent summary. Thank you.

[@Jesse-B]

Excellent snapshot, thank you.

[@thelionheart7178]

I LOVE THIS CHANNEL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@YukiteruAmano92]

7:59 What about Przewalski's wild horses?

[@somedude140]

Recently discovered to be descended from domesticated horses through recent genetic tests.

[@aidenthesnork3055]

Przewalski's are from Central Asia and Mongolia, meaning that's the type of horse they were referring to.

[@thatonedog819]

Christian Schiller really?? I'm about to get nerdy then lol

[@silvertiptetra1771]

Jack Bugden They don’t have time to research everything _that_ thoroughly.

[@jakenaylor9138]

Christian Schiller--yes. I just read a short article about that. P-horses are now considered feral, not wild.

[@merriem24]

Thank you for this !!

[@lefterismitrousis1309]

Don't ever stop making videos you have the best scientific channel in all of KZbin CARRY ON!!!