How religion evolved and why it endures, with Robin Dunbar | Humanists UK Convention 2023

When did humans develop ‘spiritual’ thought? What is religion’s evolutionary purpose? And in our increasingly secular world, why has it endured? Every society in the history of humanity has lived with religion. Evolutionary psychologist Professor Robin Dunbar tracks its origins back to what he terms the ‘mystical stance’ - the aspect of human psychology that predisposes us to believe in a transcendent world, and which makes an encounter with the spiritual possible. Dunbar argues that this instinct is not a peculiar human quirk, an aberration on our otherwise efficient evolutionary journey. Rather, religion confers an advantage: it can benefit our individual health and wellbeing, but, more importantly, it fosters social bonding at large scale, helping to hold fractious societies together. Dunbar suggests these dimensions might provide the basis for an overarching theory for why and how humans are religious, and so help unify the myriad strands that currently populate this field.

[@erfan74ir]

very fascinating and informative lecture. However, why does the camera just show the speakers but not the slides which contain all the info about the lecturer's notes?

[@Odonanmarg]

Major fault with these types videos.

[@scambammer6102]

why humans developed religion: 1. Agency attribution (the noise in the bushes.) 2. Fear of the unknown, particularly death 3. Grief over the loss of loved ones 4. Promotes social cohesion, including parent and mate bonding and hierarchies. That's no different now from 10,000 BC. Only the details have changed to reflect changes in science and social structure.

[@ElkoJohn]

The promise of a life after death in a Heavenly Realm, with Divine Justice for the evil-doers is a strong incentive. What member of an oppressed class would not have a burning desire for this to be true?

[@njhoepner]

Don't forget maintenance of social hierarchies and power structures. Religion is very useful for keeping those at the top safe and those at the bottom compliant.

[@SuperBookdragon]

Other reasons religious leaders can pretend they believe to get power, control and money...especially today

[@josephbelisle5792]

We no longer need to fear the dark We know death better and life better We understand them psychology of grief We have many ways to promote social cohesion The main details of change is that we have evolved beyond religion.

[@njhoepner]

@@josephbelisle5792 And someday enough of us will realize it.

[@DoorknobHead]

Dunbar's number, and all the rest of it. Very interesting. So glad this topic is being explored more scientifically. Maybe the benefits of it can be incorporated into secular communities.

[@ossiedunstan4419]

The oldest secular civilisation is Australian Aboriginal's dated at least 65,000 +years, Do some research outside your own racist ignorance please.

[@Gr88tful]

"wokism'" ( not early woke but what it's evolved into) is quite similar- to my knowledge there isn't trance states and not one guru, but the community, the conviction, guilt .. guilt issomething he didn't mention, but is a key factor in many- if not ask- religions

[@DoorknobHead]

@@Gr88tful What has "wokism" evolved into, really? A right-wing authoritarian boogie man? Another thing to demonize? Soft-targets? I don't recall the history books being filled with world wars motivated by any form of "wokism". Unquestionable authoritarian right-wing propaganda, on the other hand, if one can look past the pretty uniforms, fills history books.

[@spudspuddy]

early religions were fear and ignorance, christianity and islam were deliberately created purely for control

[@kevinleecaster2698]

Bring introduced to Dunbar number gives me an idea on what made modern humans migrate so quickly out of Africa

[@mukeshsharma-iq8dp]

Prof Dunbar, i have an alternative reasoning why hunter gatherers were living in groups 20-50 people. Its a lot to do with food & sheltering resources that limits the range of how far they could forage. Only with the advent of agriculture 8-9K years back that they could build villages & and raise the carrying capacity of the group into the hundreds and later into the thousands which led to towns & cities in Mesopotamia, Uruk, Aztecs, Mohenjo daro-Harappa & even at the Yellow River, China. For your kind reconsideration. But to i support your hypothesis of >50 member hunter gatherer groups disintergrating becoz of social stress...that stress was the food & shelter limitations that were above the 'Carrying Capacity' of that population.🙏

[@luisgalleguillos4868]

I believe food and shelter played a minor role in the size of human bands or groups . It is human quarrelsome nature and passions whiich determined the size of the group. Some tribes like the Yanomami in the Amazon Jungle have still no chief and no concept of private property which results in deep jealosies and constant fights. Murder was very common as well as cannibalism .

[@gooddaysahead1]

You would be surprised how successful hunting and gathering groups can be. When resources are abundant and people are able to move to go where the food is, it's a very successful way to survive without hierarchies... which started with the advent of agriculture. The ones at the top prospered, and the field hands barely survived. Hence... today. Secondly, small groups build amazingly strong social bonds and protect each other as do kin. Unlike today! Research has shown that beyond about 200 individuals, people lose familial type bonds.

[@gooddaysahead1]

​@@luisgalleguillos4868Please show resources. There is much information that would disagree with your position.

[@toni4729]

Don't tell me, the families finally ran out of plates.

[@BrianPeiris]

Super informative. Thanks!

[@stuartgraca]

The earliest and most lasting bonding agent is sport, a form of competition watched and participated by large groups .

[@NickHewlettTHATCHIT]

Just Watched. Absolutely Brilliant !!! Talk .I . learned SO Much!!!! Very Funny at times as Well. Thankyou. Mr.R.Dunbar!!!

[@sharonhearne5014]

Maybe the point is “opting to make a firm commitment” gives peace - taking away many stresses - to the uncertainties humans face; it allows constant worries to take a nap, so to speak. Events may come along to revive the uncertainties but can be calmed again.

[@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb]

I prefer zen

[@sharonhearne5014]

@@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb I was trying to find a way to agree with the message without being an all out advocate for any religious practice. I am no longer religious but people do still seem to seek it out as an option. Nothing against zen…whatever works.

[@jordancollings5379]

@@sharonhearne5014can I ask what u put faith in for day to day life then… I’m struggling with finding anything for myself my Brian just won’t let me enjoy anything

[@Odonanmarg]

An extremely informative lecture. I learned a lot. But WHY did it evolve ? Being a student of history myself, I was waiting for Professor Dunbar to describe the moment💥in time when an ancestor of ours suddenly realized that they themselves were going to die someday. That all life had a limited time-span. Then they realized that they didn’t want to leave it all behind - leave the experience of living. They were not able to accept that. Don’t worry though, there is an afterlife.

[@Gregorovitch144]

Prof. Dunbar: you mentioned in this excellent talk that the cults/groups that last the longest are the ones that forbid the most things that people tend to like doing. Do you have any data on why that is?

[@jordancollings5379]

Because it lets a person expierence more Awh naturally and moments of Awh create god

[@sootuckchoong7077]

​@@jordancollings5379Those religions has laws to say their God allow or don't allow certain things, and because it's a God Law, that most of them willingly complied. And so, social justice and happiness is maintained.

[@luizr.5599]

It'd have been good to see the slides

[@sootuckchoong7077]

The videoman should zoom closer to the slides. I hardly can see anything, unless maybe if I see through a laptop.

[@ivtch51]

One omission in this great presentation was the place religion has played in the development of society beyond the simple village. Up until the 1800s a religious class (clerics) in tandem with the ruling order has regulated society. Not only has religion instructed individuals in how to behave ethically and morally but it has justified a ruling class order as being part of a divine order. For example, the mystique of King Charles's coronation in his holy oil anointing. I consider religion as an essential ingredient in the evolution of human society and civilization. The big question is whether we have superseded it and got rid of it. When I see the rise of authoritarian governments and extreme ideologies I do wonder. As people seek an all-encompassing cosmology (life's grand purpose & meaning) I do wonder if we should look deeper into humanity's religious impulse. Is it easy to live without this ultimate meaning and purpose? Dunbar's picture is partial. His intent is verifiable-data limited. Other fascinating dimensions werte not discussed.

[@ramaraksha01]

Ethically? The same ones that say works don't matter, good works won't get you heaven? The way to Heaven is the corrupt way things get done in Corrupt/Communist countries - if you have the right contacts one gets ahead Billions of Hindus, Buddhists, Atheists - entire families, women, children, even babies - will be set apart based on religion and callously dumped into gas chambers in hell! Nazi ideas OPENLY promoted! And you are totally blind to all this

[@joshuatoledo8844]

"I consider religion as an essential ingredient in the evolution of human society and civilization" I wonder what the "cultures" that enjoy their life peacefully in America before "religion" may think about that statement.

[@ramaraksha01]

@@joshuatoledo8844 This comes from a slave mentality - ancient people living under Kings, Dictators used them as a template for God - think Putin Their goal - Heaven - pleasures of the flesh And guess who says - "you get that only if you go thru me"? Reason why they say Heaven is GIVEN, not EARNED! In a World where we look down upon yes-men, sycophants, prostitutes for begging their way to the good life - these religions say that is the way to go & amazingly even the best of minds, most moral of minds blindly nod! Hence - Religion ie God is essential or else how are we supposed to get that easy lazy life in Heaven?

[@davidbarr9343]

@@joshuatoledo8844 The Native Americans had and have their own religions. Also, even a cursory glance at the history of Native American tribes before the advent of European settlement/conquest would show you that their lives were anything but peaceful. They were just as warlike as any other human society on the planet.

[@jimgraham6722]

Essentially it's about exerting power and control without reverting to too much violence.

[@huskyinexile5]

Thanks!

[@poesie6279]

You could say any social dancing community creates numerous friends and good health

[@blairhakamies4132]

Fabulous🗝️

[@sleepycalico]

love this

[@derekyoung4729]

Fascinating talk. Thank you. And as evolution is an ongoing process.. all this nuggets of info are particles of evolutionary atoms as building blocks for whats to come..

[@CKWong-jk5st]

Great and entertaining talk by Dunbar. He concentrated his talk mainly in events / histroy in Europe and Britain. He did not give an explanation to the phenomenon of mega-churches in US and large and enduring cults in US (e.g. Scientology) , South Korea (e.g. Unification Church, Shincheonji, and many, many. SK seems to be filled with cults / fringe religions), China (Fa Lun Gong, and knowing some Chinese culture and history I do see why this cult is so successful), and other places (now Africa seems to be breeding many Christianity-related cults) other than a passing mention of hero worship. I am sure that he has his theory and explanation of these phenomenon. Hope he will be interviewed or give talks on those subjects.

[@cypherknot]

There is only so much time for a talk. The entire world of a subject can't be covered in that limited time.

[@CKWong-jk5st]

@@cypherknot Exactly, that is why I said: "I am sure that he has his theory and explanation of these phenomenon. Hope he will be interviewed or give talks on those subjects."

[@thedolphin5428]

Mass Churches are, I believe, a symptom of mass delusion syndrome -- the more crazies you put together the more the size of the craziness grows, like a football crowd which irrationally stampedes to their death.

[@ramaraksha01]

I love the use of the word Cult If I told you there was an organization that allowed pedophiles to freely molest little kids of their followers, would you not call it a cult? If I told you that this organization has much blood on their hands - they mass murdered a lot of innocent people for not sharing their delusions, would you not call it a Cult? But hey, get enough members and now you are a respected organization Might Makes Right - that's all

[@steveh7866]

Would you prefer that he speak from a position of ignorance?

[@Lividbuffalo]

What is the purpose of the man on the chair bang in the middle of the stage? If he is the moderator, they usually sit on the side, not exactly in the middle obstructing the screen behind.

[@michaeldillon3113]

He is the High Priest of Humanism and has to be centre stage !?😅

[@DurgaDas96]

The prof states that “ no one joins a religion for theological reasons, only emotional, or your born into it. Well, that’s simply not true. Many westerners, such as myself, joined Vedanta for “ theological” reasons, not emotional. Vedanta has a very sophisticated metaphysical system which isn’t based on devotion (necessarily) or emotion.

[@njhoepner]

So humans invent religions originally to explain the natural world they had to deal with in order to survive. Then, as human societies evolved, the religions evolved to match...human society becomes settled, you get settled religions. Human society becomes hierarchical, the gods become hierarchical. Shows pretty clearly what religion is.

[@jordancollings5379]

How do people study this and no end up depressed

[@user-ck9oy2ig9l]

Congrats on getting everything wrong. Did you watch the video?

[@user-ck9oy2ig9l]

@@jordancollings5379 Why would we be depressed?

[@njhoepner]

@@user-ck9oy2ig9l OK, prove it...what did I get wrong?

[@DavidMcKnight-jc3qm]

Can the slides be reproduced separately?

[@CKWong-jk5st]

In one of his videos on KZbin, he had a slide that listed Confucianism and Taoism with other religions. The "West" have a deep misunderstaning of these 2 things since the early Western scholars and Christian missionaries reported it that way back to their homeland. This is a complicated subject to explain is a comment. Suffice to say, Confucianism is definitely NOT a religion. The classic texts of Confuscianism did not invole thenselves with religion, god, creator, or dieties. They are not religious texts. From reading the texts, one could surmise that they perceived that there was some power above superior to humans in the realm of天, which mean sky; this is a concept that has been "taken for granted" throughout history of that land. Since it is not in the realm of human activities, it is not of any interest to the scholars who formed the Conduscious school of philosophy. They were involved in morals, ethics, political philosophy, and the "proper ways" to behave in life and the "proper ways" to govern a society and for rulers to behave, decorum and rituals in the Royal Court...etc. in order to achieve a peaceful and stable society. Taoism is a philosophy, and the classic Taoist texts are NOT religious texts. Later some indigenous folk religons usurped the the term Taoism and formed an amalgamation of folk beliefs, folk dieties, and some Taoism phiolosophy into a mess known as Taosim the religioin.

[@mukeshsharma-iq8dp]

The Confucianism is just >550yrs BC. China was well under an Agricultural Innovation a few thousand years before. It is a far cry from the Hunter Gatherer Society. So i think he has no reason to try to lump that theory into the Chinese Civillisation. I agree with you that Confucianism is not a relligion👍🙏

[@CKWong-jk5st]

@@mukeshsharma-iq8dp It was my bad for not clear enough. He was referring to the "Axial Age": Confuciansim, Taoism, Hinduism, Janism, Buddhism, Zorastrianism, Judaism.... etc. However, since he was talking about "Axial Age", he really should have separate lists of philosophies and of religions. But on that slide, he only had one list which lumped Confucianism and Taoism with a bunch of religions an no mention or list of the other major philosophies that emerged at that time. Since that was a talk on "emergence of religion", it could give a lot of people who are not knowledgeable of China and Asia the wrong impression that Confucianism and Taoism are religions since that has been the "treaditional/ "popular view in the West. Dr. Dunbar most likely knows better and he just designed the slide poorly. I don't know on an academic level how one should call the "religion" Taoism since those people call themselves "Taoism", but in fact that "religion" is just an amalgamation of folk beliefs, folk dieties, with some Taoism phiolosophy thrown it.

[@mukeshsharma-iq8dp]

@@CKWong-jk5st I totally agree with you. Thank you for sharing a detailed explanation that in itself helps people to understand the Chinese Culture & Philosophy🙏

[@ElkoJohn]

Taoism, A Mystical Philosophy, as written in The Tao Te Ching: -VII- Heaven and Earth are long-enduring. The reason Heaven and Earth are able to long-endure and continue is because they do not live of, for, or by themselves. This is how they continue and endure. -X- When the intellect and soul are held together in one embrace, they can be kept from separating. When one gives undivided attention to the vital breath, and brings it to the utmost degree of pliancy, one can become as a tender babe. When one has cleansed away the most mysterious insights of the imagination, one can become without a flaw. -XXV- There was something undefined and complete, coming into existence before Heaven and Earth. It was still and formless, standing alone, undergoing no change, reaching everywhere, and in no danger of being exhausted. It may be regarded as the Mother of all things. I do not know Its name, and I designate It the Tao, the Way, or the Course. Making a further effort to give it a name, I call it The Great, and passes on in a constant flow. Passing on, it becomes remote. Having become remote, it returns. Therefore the Tao is Great; Heaven is Great; Earth is Great; and the true sage is also Great. In the Universe there are Four that are Great, and the true sage is one of the Four. Man takes his law from the Earth; Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Tao, and The Law of the Tao is: ' 'That-It-Is' ' and the Being of ' 'All-That-Is' '.

[@xlntnrg]

TAOism is really about universal logic, in fact, if you go deeper into it you'll realize that the Yin Yang principle represents the GUT that science is still searching for. Traditional TAOism is just too obscure to be understood for what it is by most materialistic scientists (paradoxically since it scientifically speaking materializes everything including what is usually termed "spiritual", in the name of universal Oneness). Niels Bohr was very fascinated with traditional TAOism and his theories about quantum physics was probably for a good part inspired by it, but he didn't really seem to realize though that Yin Yang (polarity) is the fundamental principle in physics that explains everything else. The American philosopher Walter Russell did understand this however. Back in 1921 has was given complete insight into the logic of the universe through a 39 day long divine revelation, and he spent the rest of his life creating a complete "new age" science based on that insight. In reality this science is plain TAO logic explained in modern scientific terms, and he and his wife seemed to realize that at some point, as she changed her name to Lao after Lao Tzu. Nikola Tesla seemed to be the only scientist at that time who fully understood and recognized Russell's ideas, but he told Russell to "lock down his knowledge for a thousand years for humanity wasn't ready for it yet". Russell was considering this but decided not to do it anyway, so his works are available today but still not widely recognized or understood.

[@Cacofonixravi]

Organized Religion evolved from folk practices which was practiced by all tribes globally. Folk practices started worshipped whatever they feared to start with and whatever it helped them. Organized religion evolved with the intention to control the population so that it is easier to extract money and power. In this the pioneer is Zoraster who first invented the theory of heaven and hell. Judaism,Christianity, Islam all copies of it tweaking it. Why people are religious is because of conditioning from the day they were born. It's time religion is relegated to museums. If not now will happen in the coming century.

[@dreamdiction]

Religion started from people wondering where their dead relatives went to.

[@rohnos5643]

Dunbar's theory is a bit more convincing that yours!

[@chrisfreebairn870]

It's been that time for a long time, hasn't it? Yet it persists. Why does organised religion persist is his exact question, & he gathers data to understand this phenomenon. You, in contrast, with no evidence other than your gut reaction, assert your great wisdom as the superior prognostication. Do you comprehend the distinction between a theory supported entirely by anecdote & one sustained by data & formal scholarship? I suspect not. This is one reason why academics adopted formal attire & behaviour, so that a distinction may be evident between ppl that formally study things & those that simply assert opinions. Not to say that opinions have no merit, since formal study inevitably starts there; but that's the point - it STARTS there. The modern trend is for informality in all things, so now recognition of the value of scholarship rests upon the perception of the audience. Ppl now assert that their opinions have value equal to the conclusions đrawn from extensive formal disciplined study; which is to say that in failing to understand their own ignorance they instead assert it as fact. The term idiocracy defines & describes the kind of system of knowledge & governance that results from such absurd self promotion of opinion over studious truth seeking.

[@scambammer6102]

@@chrisfreebairn870 that's a lot of unsupported verbiage mr scholar. Hint: if you have a point, make it.

[@ramaraksha01]

Ancient people lived under Kings, dictators & used them as a template for God Hence we get all the - get down on our knees, beg, grovel, blindly obey(Kill my OWN innocent son? yes Master - and from that we got Terrorism - "God wants you to kill those unbelievers they are against God, kill them and God will be pleased") sing his praises and hope for a reward - eternal pleasures of the flesh sitting around doing nothing shamelessly sponging off God Think Putin - think any dictator how they reward their yes-men, sycophants and prostitutes These are the top Gods in the 21st century!

[@conniebeck9479]

Would have been better if we could have seen the slides! Excellent lecture however,

[@davidtunnicliffe4759]

An excellent and most entertaining talk. i am most fortunate in sharing one great thing with Professor Dunbar. He and I both exist in each others 'Dunbar number' having been close friends for over 50 years.

[@DoorknobHead]

Dunbar Domination #1. Nice.

[@ossiedunstan4419]

Please explain why HE left out Australian Aboriginals , so your as racist as he is, FUBOTH.

[@Myfilipinaqueenandpersianlion]

Is this data applies to British churches, because in America the numbers in tens of thousands

[@davidhogg1216]

“The earliest formula of Wisdom promises to be the last - God, Light, Freedom, Immortality.” This despite all the dry academic ‘research’ of these religion analysts like Prof Dunbar who remind me of the proverbial 6 blind men assessing an elephant.

[@Gr88tful]

Thanks for the " sin eaters"! Thats fascinating and ( could be said to ) has evolved into "body of christ"

[@GlobeHackers]

Do the mean the church that a dominating King made? ;-) This was an illuminating talk. I loved the book.

[@blairfranklin7320]

Faith and Religion help people cope with reality and have hope. It also gives people justification for opinions they already have.

[@jordancollings5379]

Is science not the same thing then

[@ivtch51]

I do wonder if religions and other belief systems (including material rationalism) are metaphoric. They are pointers. They are humanity's best efforts to approximate what ultimate reality and certainly are about. We are mistaken to think they will potentially give us existence's full truth. This is no excuse not to try but the humbly appreciate what we are about.

[@alicedeen720]

Great talk - thank you. I am very pleased to have escaped. Alice

[@FaughtyEmit]

Me to!

[@lauriemayne7436]

Alice? Of Wonderland fame? I never thought we'd hear from you again. Welcome back from the rabbit hole!

[@alicedeen720]

@@lauriemayne7436 You are so very welcome. Should I say, Laurie Partridge of The Partridge Family fame? Clearly, you remember me and I hope you have moved on with better thinking and logic.

[@lauriemayne7436]

@@alicedeen720 Moved on? From where? I wasn't down the rabbit hole. At least I don't think I was. It's hard to tell.

[@alicedeen720]

@@lauriemayne7436 OK be well.

[@ianbanks3016]

I think most don't care whether it's true or not, they just like the comfort the delusion brings.

[@jamescareyyatesIII]

According to Lacan, reality can only be faced through fantasy.

[@3irfaanschool751]

trying to build a fake evidence... Humanity is just a cover.. wa can't be a good human without God. Simple truth that you don't want to accept...

[@invictus9976]

And how do you know that it's a delusion?

[@jhake67]

Yeah… i feel you are right

[@tom-kz9pb]

​@@invictus9976How do you know it a delusion? 1) if a watch needs a watchmaker, then the watchmaker would need a greater watchmaker 2) the watchmaker, "God", has had 14 billion years since the birth of the universe to clean up his mess, and has failed to do so, despite supposed, total power 3) neuroscience says that human consciousness is not possible without functioning brain tissue, 4) human beings come in too many shades of grey to get credibly segregated into Heaven or Hell, 5) No credible "God" would blame the sad state of creation upon the created. Religion is sanctified superstitions, no better than a lucky horse shoe or rabbit's foot. Religion is organized neuroticism. Religion is a stench in the nostrils of rationality.

[@tonipearson4164]

What a really excellent talk. Will get the book.

[@kelvynification]

Just read ‘The Evolution Of God’ by Robert Wright. He explains in detail how it went from Hunter Gatherers belief and fear in the power of nature and their dependence on a benefactor that they might in some small way be able to communicate with, the gods of wind, rain, sun etc through to modern day religion. I find this talk to be a little unfocused and confusing.

[@ihatespam2]

Mortality denial softens your brain, so to speak. Our urge to live is in conflict with the reality of our inevitable deaths. We are vulnerable to any irrational idea that can soothe the cognaitive dissonance. Don’t fear death, it will be just like before you were born.

[@radwanabu-issa4350]

Religion and religious behavior is usually given to rituals, ideas and doctrines that are complex and can not be explained in simple terms! This means religion is a glomerate of many diverse issues and things. Now, to study something, it is important to define it in first place otherwise many diverse things are being studied and hope to make sense of sonething common and deep in us!

[@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb]

Ritual is part of our nature, why we have award shows

[@ramaraksha01]

Ancient people lived under Kings, Dictators and used them as a template for God Hence we get the - get down on our knees, beg, grovel, blindly obey, sing his praises and hope for a reward(Heaven - eternal pleasures of the flesh) No different from yes-men, sycophants, prostitutes who beg, grovel, blindly obey and sing the praises of the rich & powerful hoping for a reward - a life of ease & comfort Sad you can see none of this

[@andrewcolliver2642]

Much as I respect Dunbar’s work, I find the attitude here (and he’s not always like this, because I’ve heard him in conversation with some of our indigenous thinkers here) infuriating in its oversights and omissions, and its implicit condescension. The whole notion of evolutionary psychology, along with allied notions of stage development and civilisational progress, borders on the colonial/imperialist. He seems to be relying on orthodox hypotheses of development/change that, amongst others, Graeber and Wengrove have taken a blowtorch to (The Dawn of Everything). His epistemological disposition is disembodied, deracinated, and decontextualised, striving to draw useful generalisations about ways of knowing and experiencing that are opaque to the limited paradigm of scientism. Which is unsurprising, so smug and self-satisfied are we with our technology and presumed intellectual superiority. Like, what can we really determine of the animate world when our insentience, our brutality and our technology has caused it to retreat from us? If you cut down all the sacred groves, what do you seriously expect will happen to the other-than-human entities instantiated in the web of life there? (If that sounds too woo-woo, just think mycelium.) We have trespassed gravely - so gravely that how and upon what has become invisible to us. What is intrinsic to religions is not just mystical froth and bubble, not just social inclusion, and certainly not just a prosthetic aide for the psychologically crippled. It’s got something to do with our responsibility and duty in the network of planetary life with which we have horrendously interfered. The problems we face today as a culture derive from the failure to rightly situate ourselves in the world, to fully acknowledge, respect and participate in an interdependent ecosystem of different voices and agencies. We will not get out of this one by defining targets and measuring metrics; and we will not get out of it by utilitarian models as limited as the one Dunbar uses. We must find more viable and enlivening modes of thinking, feeling and living where belonging again becomes sacred, embedded in the Animate Everything. I’d suggest that spiritual sensibilities and practices can hold some key to what life requires of us at a time of profound trouble, when being grown up demands we come to understand obligation and responsibility. None of this is a blanket defence of religions, past or present; but it is a plea for epistemic humility: to approach them with some respect and to take heed of their better inclinations wherever we might find them.

[@jamesdewane1642]

Yes, infuriating to have a smart guy so blithely assume that nothing that happens in a trance has any significance beyond the social behavior that it facilitates.

[@ToddDouglasFox]

@@gooddaysahead1the world doesn’t need to become rational, it’s TOO rationally based. It hangs its hat on being rational. What it needs become and shall become is itself. No amount of brain mass or lack thereof interferes with becoming ourselves. Stick around, we are interesting but not because we think but rather because we are and neither you nor I has or will stop us from being and becoming our beingness. Go outside and watch a bird fly and feel it (don’t wonder about its thoughts, notice it being). And if that is not sufficient for you to understand my simple words, go outside and feel the wind and watch it ripple through the trees. Do not wonder what it is thinking, just notice it being, being and becoming. Religion and religiosity is about thinking, it’s okay to think and of course to think rationally however it is NOT WHO WE ARE. Thinking and doing does not explain us, being and becoming expresses who we are. I’m using thoughts, concepts, words but really at its essence I’m communicating my beingingness to your beingingness. Allow. If more humans used telepathic ways of communicating I would not even need to express these words to you. Again, it’s fine to think and communicate thoughts, it’s simply not the ultimate way of being whether its rational thoughts or irrational thoughts. Be, become.

[@ToddDouglasFox]

You’ll enjoy picking this apart! LOL The masculine (yep masculine energies) took over the planet and projected the rationale for the take over onto the feminine energies. It tells us when to jump and how high.The masculine perpetrated and has perpetuated that we are not one and thereby we have to reconcile fear and self preservation by taking action against “the other” while trying not to destroy everyone and everything. A take over cannot be rampant, it must be controlled. Control must be done mostly through competition and a warring way of interacting, which by definition is hate thy neighbor. The masculine by default had to come up with all types of ways to regulate fear and self preservation so as to prevent annihilation and complete collapse. And it bolstered itself by distraction and nonsense. Control and distraction came in the various forms of religion, govt, policing, monitoring, taking control of medicine (healing modalities) and food production (land, sea, and air) as well as reproduction. Control is in part the basis for every religion, every form of govt, every man made bastardized technology (rather than utilization of the pure technologies of earth and the universe), every relationship and every fiber that exists in the physical world. These days it has been scientifically observed that toxic substances have infiltrated every living cell that has been investigated. Again, we are ultimately one. Nothing exists as it’s self if every other part of the whole does not exist. Additionally nothing in essence can truly be destroyed so everything has value and that specific value is what we humans call eternal. We are returning to the feminine (harmony within being), nothing will stop it because everyone is sick of the distortion of power, control, loss of sovereign being, terror, horror and slow, painful ways of usurping the self. Yes, I put this entirely at the feet of the oppositional masculine (of which is primarily embodied by males but everyone has bought into it to an extent). Not to knock you personally but I highly doubt this will clear things up for you as to what I mean by “ultimately who we are”. Either you know this in your core or you are mentally processing. Regardless, you won’t be left out.

[@erikraudzens7975]

Evolutionary psychology and colonialism. Really? They don't even occur in the same centuries. Your moralistic posturing reeks of religious zealotry.

[@ToddDouglasFox]

@@gooddaysahead1 You cannot understand my simple words, as you put it rational words. Did I say do not use rationality? I said rational thought is not the end all be all. Why do so many who say they want rational thought to predominate throw out the baby with the bath water? We are being and becoming. Our rational way of explaining ourselves does NOT in anyway diminish this truth. Don’t let it diminish you any further. Get outside more and breathe and be.

[@chetna0]

Great lecture. But could you not arrange it in such a way that we could see his slides clearly as well?

[@ponyhorton4295]

The only issue I have with this is the poor audio quality due to on-scene speaker feedback causing that damn high-pitched ring every time he speaks clearly into the microphone. Their sound engineer must be deaf.

[@gregorydsouza1330]

Dear mr what is humanity. If you today are great people that is because of your religion whichever religions you belong🙏🙏🙏

[@stevepax2809]

Quite reasonable.

[@hn6187]

Necessarily simplified eg. there must be more to bonding than endorphins eg. timing of release, moles per litre blood, all the other hormones / neurotransmitters; but you sense something profound floating above the general message.

[@Rico-Suave_]

Watched all of it 52:08

[@jdryak]

According to Wikipedia, on September 3, 2023, the utopian commune of new harmony was centered in Indiana, not Nebraska as the lecturer indicates.

[@shrabonibabu]

Religion filled the social and emotional comfort and guarantee for individuals when the close bonded hunter gather social life gradually faded. Acceptance of science, getting defined answers of live issues and commerce supporting needs of life, emotions are neglected to be rediscovered. Knowledge or meditative practices had rescued some but too difficult for masses.

[@leonstevens1382]

There are three causes of religion. The first is fear of death, so all religions promise “life after death,” be it heaven, Valhalla, reincarnation etc. The second is insurance against catastrophe. “Please God doctors say my son will die, please perform a miraculous healing, as you have before!” The third reason is loneliness. When you’re so boring that nobody wants to talk to listen to you, God always listens and with a little imagination, will speak to you.

[@mairca80pais96]

Wow you are brilliant. You solved the mystery.

[@joverstreet24]

@@mairca80pais96Another smug atheist. They always have the facts.

[@johnbusaka3619]

Economic states depends on that theory to be proved by outcome of the upcoming generation.

[@nickgray8072]

It is simply a way to show how man is to live and have zero conflict resulting in combined unity reaching our higher potential quicker than our present situation in our hobby in making the biggest and best way to liquidate lots of other fellow man who sees differently..tho differently does not mean wrong combined somehow with another way of being rssults in creation and blending of knowledge making large things happen in good ways......it could be but selfish comes first it seems

[@josephbelisle5792]

It's amazing how many people posted that this video is in support of religion. He shows that religion can have a positive influence so argument done. Sigh. Skipping the issues on data collection, its a pretty good argument on why religion came into being and why it has persisted. As a humanist organization and his joke to the audience regarding all that you have been mising as non relgious, i assume he felt no need to express any of the many problems with religiin and the many reasons it is not needed. What it really broke down to is that it is still around because it is a familair methad to many to feel good. Which does help people live longer. But it is also without conscience as the rules of religion defy community union as it invariably alienates bewtween 15 and 80 percent of a community. You will feel better about yourself joining such a group but only if you are willing to harden your heart to certain other types of people.

[@SlowmotionSomatics]

How does Buddhism fit into this schema. Seems it doesn't very neatly.

[@bernardhurley6685]

Neither do religions like Daoism and Mohism. The schema seems to fit the Abrahamic religions best.

[@andrewmccabe8352]

And even then when you go deep in to the Abrahamic religions we see they have similarities with those like Bhuddism - it is just a lack of understanding of what underlies religion@@bernardhurley6685

[@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb]

& zen can solve all this, lol

[@markaxworthy2508]

Organised religion allows a sense of common interest to develop beyond kinship, linguistic and national groups.

[@henryvoigt4791]

Religions are the mother of consciousness…

[@EnglishforaBetterWorld]

“The foundation of irreligious criticism is: Man makes religion, religion does not make man. Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself, or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man - state, society. This state and this society produce religion, which is an inverted consciousness of the world, because they are an inverted world... Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo. Criticism has plucked the imaginary flowers on the chain not in order that man shall continue to bear that chain without fantasy or consolation, but so that he shall throw off the chain and pluck the living flower. The criticism of religion disillusions man, so that he will think, act, and fashion his reality like a man who has discarded his illusions and regained his senses, so that he will move around himself as his own true Sun. Religion is only the illusory Sun which revolves around man as long as he does not revolve around himself.” ― Karl Marx

[@gregmonks]

Yeah . . . the problem with this godder stuff is that no one mentions non-belief, which has always been there too. My family ditched the godder stuff beginning around 1790.

[@glennsimonsen8421]

Wrong. The Gospels deal directly with non-belief. A man came to Jesus asking for healing for his daughter. Jesus answers you must believe to be healed. The man answers, "I believe, Lord. Help my UNBELIEF". And there is much more in the Bible regarding human struggle for faith demonstrating that it is a normal condition. Jesus heals the man's daughter anyway showing that God does not expect perfect belief, nor faith in his people.

[@gregmonks]

@@glennsimonsen8421 This is all hearsay, not evidence.

[@thisthat-ku2dr]

religion: the oldest grift

[@invictus9976]

Collections were made to help poor women who had kids and their husbands had died. The Catholic Church keeps making those collections exactly the same way, as it did 2000 years ago, it's the same Church after all.

[@Lee-Van-Cle]

23:00 As far as I know, the chemical for social bonding is not Endorphin, but Oxytocin, which comes by through touch or grooming.

[@australiainfelix7307]

And there you have it. Another clever boy, a secret king.

[@mohdnorzaihar2632]

muslim start their journey by learning "what is desire" and grow on how to handle bad desire, greed etc. and keep handling@managing our lust-bad desire-greed etc till the day we die

[@user-qk3sc8rq9r]

I've had a lot of contact with the psychology profession and they say, universally that humans are social animals. This always confused me since being around people always made me uncomfortable. I kept my mouth shut but felt to be a bit of a freak. Professor Dunbar is the first I'v hear say we're NOT social beings. It makes me feel just a slight bit more normal. I thank you very much, I think I'll go out and make a friend.

[@charleswhite758]

Human beings ARE social animals, study anthropology. You are not normal, that's OK, people come in all forms, your abnormality is valued. You are not a sheep, congratulations! But "normal" human beings (in the statistical/scientific sense of that term) are social animals, designed for communal living in tribes.

[@Lee-Van-Cle]

Not exactly, human nature is very complicated and of fusion-fission social character. Besides, the chemical for social bonding is not Endorphin, but Oxytocin, which comes by through touching or grooming.

[@robertsouth6971]

Religion emerges in deep jungles and on desert islands. Maybe its a response to something real in nature. But the reason people turn to religion in civilization is that the secular society is somehow inadequate or intolerable. That's why the secularization hypothesis holds true only in some modernized places and not others. When the secular society is so well run that people don't need anything else they don't need religion. So do it in the right order.

[@MeMyself-jz9ms]

I think that’s a very valid point. Scandinavia where there’s the highest mean and average standard of living and happiness levels have been very secular for a while. Now in the uk and US but also throughout Europe and other continents too as societies are disintegrating, there’s a popular resurgence in religious involvement.

[@catlarry]

I learned almost nothing from this presentation. His conclusions are plausible but not likely.

[@user-vl5ps1mf3w]

he is conflating cults with religions, also the social bonding effect is interesting and important but religion has way more meaning. they 'did the research' but the research was focusing on a tiny sliver of the phenomenon therefore he doesnt have anything to say about religion

[@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb]

Some religions ARE cults & attempt to indoctrinate communities

[@supplican]

The only difference between a cult and a religion is time.

[@behtereen4187]

​@@supplican Not just time. Size is key. The larger the body of believers the greater the chance of it being classed as a religion rather than as a cult.

[@jjohnston7837]

The camera work is TERRIBLE, but not unusual for these kinds of presentations. Why can't the camera people figure out that the visual presentation is essential to the whole presentation. It's so obvious to anyone, except of course, the people running the cameras.

[@marilynncox4074]

got the same thoughts

[@theomnisthour6400]

This guy is very challenged by the logic of cause and effect. Typical of those whose entire world view is based on false assumptions

[@larryparis925]

Which false assumptions? And, what are your assumptions and beliefs relevant to this topic?

[@theomnisthour6400]

@@larryparis925 The false assumption that religions are created by people only, for starters. A very naive humanist conceit.

[@jakobusphsteyn3500]

There is definitely a lot to say for these insights and might even help humanity on its path for knowledge of self and better ability to live and work together.

[@josegaleano6932]

Not with lucrative invented bias

[@kevinsysyn4487]

Humans invented religion for one reason... They're afraid to die. Every religion provides for pie-in-the-sky eternal life.

[@hughmorton9246]

Not true. Look at the older Judaism of the Hebrew Bible. They did not have a concept of the afterlife. The new testament mentions the Sadducees sect did not believe in life after death either

[@computerhelpcc]

Nope. Judaism consistently avoided the after-life sometime around the time of the temple getting destroyed a second time, in that case, by the Roman empire. Even to this day, you just don’t find Jews dwelling on an afterlife.

[@musicmasterplayer4532]

However, religion often makes the life to come even more fearful than current life, with a universal day of eternal judgment. That is frightening enough to want many of us to wish that religion is not true.

[@hughmorton9246]

@@musicmasterplayer4532 I don't disagree. The thing I take issue with is the assertion that all religions promote an afterlife. This is demonstrably false, as I described above.

[@bramwillemsen6891]

How British monarchy evolved and why it endures? Shouldn't you get rid of it? Rather than explaining or defending it as some sort of eternal devine law?

[@drcrispyjohnson2242]

Take a shot everytime he says endorphin. 🍻 Endorphin the humanist Eucharist. 😄

[@andrewmccabe8352]

He talks a lot about trance but has not understood the psychology and physiology of its impact and purpose, has he considered reading Carl Jung for insight in to why people are religious? The subconscious mind is barely understood, the path of human development is barely understood, and the role of archetypal psychology often not recognised to atheists and this is their pitfall in why society has religion in this time.

[@markmitchell8374]

As always Dunbar is simply wonderful in his tone, kindness, and respect for the evolution of religion.Many elites, lots of academics types, have contempt(superiority) for those involved in religion.Dunbar doesn't have that.Religion is very human, bonds us and makes us feel good and helps with suffering.....so go to church.lol:)

[@37Dionysos]

Historian and poet Barbara Mor---the clapping/singing/dancing group raises energies in their own midst that becomes to each a kind of experience of Divinity (immanent in Nature and the body); and the rituals and values that emerge from this become the beliefs of a particular group. The more those become divorced from Nature, the body and direct/shared experience, the more dead the religion becomes. So our deep discontent with "established" religion is still in our bones, and that's a good thing.

[@markwrede8878]

Religion binds. That which binds is finance. It is the opposite of faith, which divides. The Abrahamic faiths do not identify extortion as a sin. Adam Smith advises that this extortion is the substance of the practice of capitalism. The faiths are swindles of the capitalist religion of extortion for tribute, a practice obtaining for 15,000 years upon the Mongolian prairies.

[@edithseichter6302]

These people are talking about a shadow of Religion that they think they understand. Only the dedicatet, patient silent thinker may know it.

[@beachcomber1able]

You mean delusional people 🤔

[@chrisfreebairn870]

Yeah, bc wtf does endorphin know about anything right?!

[@klausgartenstiel4586]

to everyone who finds my sheer presence stressful and annoying, i want to say one thing: hello!

[@zipperpillow]

If he is so right, why are people abandoning religion like never before?

[@rolandlao7527]

Not true

[@glennsimonsen8421]

Yours is a naive and provincial view. Christianity is growing rapidly in Africa, Asia and South America.

[@zipperpillow]

Is that you, Grandpa? I thought you were in Heaven? Oh, wait, that's right, Heaven is bullshit. You're just dead. Great talk.@@glennsimonsen8421

[@rolandlao7527]

True. Also Islam is growing very fast around the world.@@glennsimonsen8421

[@Liberated_from_Religion]

Long explanation, lots of studies and slides, but one comes to the same conclusion by just reflecting on what religion is and does.

[@chrisfreebairn870]

And .. ? So we dispense with science bc you figured this one out? Can you think of any other great wisdoms that, arrived at after long and serious reflection, were found to be arrant nonsense? Reflection was all we had until the scientific method formalised the process, engineering high levels of robustness into what was a rather shaky methodology. Logical reasoning is demonstratrably flawed, to this day; the scientific method buttresses hypotheses, making it possible to test logic & inference, thus refining understanding, explanatory & productive power. Figuring things out by reflection & reasoned thought has substantial utility, but to infer it is equal to scientific study is .. well, ignorant. Many ppl don't care to understand why or how things are as they are, which is fine, but it is important to understand that the success of humans in resisting Nature's brutish tendencies rests substantially upon the shoulders of those who do, & maybe it's not a great idea to demean & demoralise those ppl, bc if they all went on strike .. it'd take another 500 years to resurrect civilisation from the warlord hell it would rapidly decend into; and having dispensed with the historians, we'd not even know that we tried that & it wasn't very nice.

[@Liberated_from_Religion]

@@chrisfreebairn870 How's the weather out there?

[@chrisfreebairn870]

@@Liberated_from_Religion Good, how is it with you?

[@Elizabethpacey]

Are you aware You Tube deliberately put a conservative Jewish religious ad before this video. How cynical they are

[@tinkeringtim7999]

Maybe he should have a look at how atheism evolved. Since that's something which actually happened and actually has evidence.

[@oakbellUK]

Have you missed out one of the key factors in the need for/success of religion? That they provide the framework for the success of families. We know that society works best irf children have two parents etc. We also know that enduring pair-bonding does not come naturally: women crave more powerful, richer, stronger men and men crave younger, fertile women. Left to our own devices we get what we see in modern western society - the collapse of secular society. The beliefs offered by religions and philosophies across the world are different, but their rules regarding families are remarkably consistent.

[@scambammer6102]

"We also know that enduring pair-bonding does not come naturally: women crave more powerful, richer, stronger men and men crave younger, fertile women." That's a false dichotomy and the first half is simply not true. Humans have conflicting impulses regarding sex, bonding and families. Religion does play a role in regulating that, but so do many other social institutions, like marriage and parental rights.

[@ianbanks3016]

Not sure what you mean by 'the success' of families? Are you talking about the social institution of marriage? Sure, it encourages marriage. Two-thirds of the prison population of the USA identify as Christians, so might as well also say it encourages crime.

[@njhoepner]

Families predate religion by a long ways. Religion provides explanatory myths that maintain status quo, especially hierarchies, including patriarchy. Religions generally don't encourage the "nuclear" families that many religious people presume today. The Abrahamic religions in particular consider the basic family to be an extended, patriarchal, polygamous group. Marriage is used to cement membership, rank, and create alliances with other patriarchal groups - the ones getting married have little voice in it. The current Western fashion for monogamous marriages is a product of the European manorial system of the high middle ages. The idea that this monogamous family unit is the basis of society is a product of the late 19th century, second industrial revolution. As these ideas became normal, people reinterpreted their religion to make out that it was "always" that way.

[@user-hu4lv2ml4q]

Your talking like Atheism is anti family. I can think of a lot of families hurt by religion. Hate to tell you but most atheist will agree that a stable family is good for children. How does a Christian killing another Christians parents for heresy help with family stability.

[@invictus9976]

@@njhoepner, marriage is a middle age concept....it won't take long to read a few verses of Genesis, which I believe was written before the time you stated.

[@sideshowbobrobert]

that religions fragment is not such a big deal; that each faction proclaims to be the ONLY true path has become the defining issue behind most o' the worst conflicts in modern human history. i would also posit that capitalism has become a religion o' sorts; maybe not in theory, but in practice...

[@claudioelgueta5722]

Excellent research leading to the Dunbar number. Well Done. I entirely agree that higher than that is not natural, but imposed for reasons of power consolidation, which proves that the idea of nationalism is, again, imposed, not natural.. This drive for social control through coercive power, I believe, is also the reason why religion evolves from animism, something Robin fails to mention. But, most importantly, unfortunately Dunbar doesn't deal with the emergence of the human tendency to belief through superstition with evolves into animism, to start with. Pity. I could have helped him there. I think that neoteny explains what differentiate us from the other apes and makes us religious in the process. It is also the reason why it makes us more intelligent.

[@manueldumont3709]

RE🌞SPE(SEP=SED=SETH😈CT(ECT=CETh😈), to THE(oS=SETH😈)MAN🌛...whose cAVE>AR🌞t, gAVE INT(NIT=SITh😈)EL😇LI😇GEN(CEN🌞+NEJ=NET=SETh😈)...IT'S(SITh😈) G HEaD(CEaD=SETH😈)

[@Philip-bk2dm]

Can't see the graphics and all too often the presenter speaks too rapidly to be understood.

[@tom-kz9pb]

Religion was born in a funeral home. Inconsolable grief can only find comfort in fantasy. Religion thrives by the grace of many a bitten tongue. Who wants to contradict a person who is suffering from inconsolable grief? But when, then is there room for truth? Maybe here, in comments of a KZbin video.

[@jenna2431]

Humans love their stories. The End.

[@Brutuscomedy]

There are so many different views and opinions within both science and psychology so expecting one "true" expression of religion is kinda ridiculous. Clans and tribes grew all over the globe in different times and places. Religion reflects this, and who is to say each negates the others and something integral cannot be achieved?

[@stewartpink3117]

One reason he believes that it's just an emotional response, is because he's never had a spiritual response. He speaking on something which he doesn't have a clue about he might have some information, but he doesn't know what that information means he just thinks he does.

[@behtereen4187]

Kindly define "Spiritual" as differentiated from "Emotional".

[@stewartpink3117]

@@behtereen4187 Spiritual - relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things. Emotional - relating to a person's emotions. Emotions are a physical manifestation of a spirit reflected by reactions of the body and brain.

[@behtereen4187]

@@stewartpink3117 Okay I see. And do you see "Spirit" or "Soul" as an non-material entity that survives after death ?

[@stewartpink3117]

@@behtereen4187 Maybe it does, maybe it doesn't.

[@bardmadsen6956]

The Main impetus for religion was from the space debris of The Taurid Meteor Stream that caused the abrupt change between the Pleistocene and Holocene known as The Younger Dryas Impacts Theory / Fact. It is symbolically shown in Gobekli Tepe, mainly with Pillar 18 standing on a row of seven birds, the symbol of the Pleiades, which is the radiant of said stream. The Sky Gods were real, as comets and superbolides, this is best shown in the New Year traditions of the Chinese with two dragons chasing a bright pearl accompanied with fireworks compared with the 2013 superbolide event with the two counter rotating vortices behind the ablating meteor. Also the Thunderweapon, mostly believed to be lightning, is described and depicted with bolide attributes, such as curvy lines and cloudless skies. Plus, it is universally known to come from the Pleiades and we still commemorate The Ancient New Year with The Festival of the Dead when the Halloween Fireballs (The Taurids) fall. People should read my work that is full of scholars telling the story that make it abundantly clear how it all started.

[@ElizabethHalloway-nz7wb]

Blessed be

[@mawalir937]

So this man, I am sure a learned guy. But, he starts with the question (if I understood correctly) why people are religious in other words I thought he would go as the title of his talk boldly displayed on the screen says; how did religion evolve? So, to me the answer should be an attempt to provide the reason(s) why religion really got started. Instead, this "learned" man goes into telling us about the different forms of religion. This is what then I would call learned schmuckery!

[@karlmahlmann]

So, why is there anything instead of nothing? Whatever a person believes about the answer to that question, it is a religious belief, i.e. a matter of faith.

[@wernerstapela4616]

@karlmahlman while faith is usually associated with religion, it is not exclusively so. Most non-religious people also have faith (in something, someone some theory, etc.).

[@karlmahlmann]

@@wernerstapela4616 Well, I agree. For the Atheist who believes the universe has no creator, that is definitely a matter of faith. And to say Atheism is not a religious belief, is a distinction without a difference. So, I'm always a bit put off by speakers like this who talk condescendingly about other people's beliefs, when they themselves are obviously devout in what they believe.

[@wernerstapela4616]

@@karlmahlmann The presentation generally had holes in it, more focus on "origin", less on "endurance". On the subject of atheism I disagree, a non-belief cannot become a belief system. I don't believe in Peter Pan, I would hardly term that non-belief a belief system or faith.

[@jammRJ]

One word, politics !! Especially in a multicultural society .

[@josegaleano6932]

Religious evolved because is a real good Cartel business and they all benefit with this lucrative lies

[@mortyharenza9854]

Isn't the bottom line about some sort of life (spirit) or being after death. Our minds balk at the idea of nothingness for eternity.

[@DavidPerez-oj2dv]

THIER IS NO GOD NO HEAVEN WHEN YOU DIE ITS THE END

[@sergebureau2225]

Evolving does not mean improving, certainly not in the case of religion !

[@glennsimonsen8421]

I suppose in Paganism they have at least reduced their number of human sacrifices in many places.

[@Sociology_Tube]

to control dummies by violence of fear

[@syamkumarsivanandan]

A very informative video. The product is horrible. In such a controlled environment. Why this video very informative. Recorded as podcast with a faint background of what is happening in the stage. Why PowerPoint is not showing. Who made this horrible mistake.

[@johnbebos4897]

The three great monotheistic religions happened to to come by people's of the deserts. Its easy to imagine that only one deity can lurk in the desert. If god appears on earth today a lot of popes, muftis and rabis will lose their jobs. Most religions dont preach the existence of god but that of the devil. If only the existence of god was the issue religions ould not survive very long

[@richardcoppack5357]

One question: Is a community size of 150 is a result of the brain's capacity to maintain 150 relationships or is it because 150 people made the community more likely to survive.