Immunology - Antibody Somatic (VDJ) Recombination II

[@WRAABB491]

I am sure you get this a lot but I learned more in your 12-minute video than I did in a 90-minute lecture of the same exact topic by my professor. I really appreciate it, thanks.

[@maureenmasara2483]

Me too Thankyou so much

[@cifer_owo]

lol same. Literally i got more info from this vid and fully understood. he's my 2nd professor

[@jonuriah5274]

i know it is pretty off topic but do anyone know of a good site to watch newly released series online?

[@ignaciobronson7051]

@Milan Ahmad yea, have been watching on FlixZone for since march myself :)

[@jonuriah5274]

@Milan Ahmad thanks, signed up and it seems like they got a lot of movies there :D Appreciate it !!

[@aaronsmith5736]

I read my book over and over and didn't understand it! now make sense!! THANK YOU!

[@saraha.3860]

This video is 9 years old. Old but Gold. Thank you so much!

[@rachel1030]

This was the best instructional video I've seen throughout my whole academic career.

[@Alvo1996]

Dude, you're GOD DAMN AWESOME!!! If, by a miracle, I pass on my Imunology Exam tomorrow, you may take all the credit for it :P

[@freddie6234]

did you pass?

[@hr8994]

Did you pass?

[@Alvo1996]

I did pass!! xD In fact, I finished my degree this year!

[@booboo2734]

@@Alvo1996 congratulations

[@alpcelebi4759]

TdT is maximally expressed during heavy chain rearrangement, so "the addition of nucleotides" occurs generally in the heavy chain rearrangement. This process is called N-nucleotide addition. TdT acts much less on the light chain genes!!! However, in the light chain rearrangement process, nucleotide addition occurs by DNA repair enzymes, called P-nucleotide addition. N-nucleotide addition and P-nucleotide addition are quite different mechanisms.

[@BFSeep]

I didn't know about this , thanks!

[@alpcelebi4759]

You are welcome. I used the textbook Janeway's Immunobiology and i am quite happy with it, so keep in mind if you ever need a reference on such topics.

[@jessicakaushal3327]

thank you !

[@marinamoreira32]

Hey, I'm a student of biology in Brazil and u saved my life with all ur immunology videos. I've watched them all! Thank u so much, they are great, ur explanations are precise and simple at the same time. Ready for my test now! Thanks!!! (:

[@mallakaljarawen888]

From Middle East, those are golden , wonderful, and informative videos that summarize many lectures .

[@nrazdan8]

I wish I had watched these before my exam a few weeks ago!!! I was soooo confused before and now I understand so well in just a matter of 12 minutes and 48 seconds! Thank you for making this!!!

[@panopol9433]

Thank you soooooo.... much!!!!!! Im a medical student in China, and the textbooks here are so long and difficult to understand. I even need a VPN to watch your videos on KZbin!!!! You saved me! You are so awesome! Thank you very much for making these series, this must have taken you a long time

[@harshtelang5091]

the fact that I understood in one go ??? Excellent video.

[@sogolpahlevan9174]

I just learned this in medical school and i was clueless what was happening, but your videos do a much better job at explaining some of these concepts than any of my lectures. thank you, thank you, THANK YOU!

[@whyfai7168]

I literally have an immunology exam tomorrow and this is the only topic I cannot seem to grasp the heads or tails of, I hope that this video becomes my saving grace because I'm positively panicking

[@sciworanil9280]

Armando your works is really commendable its too professional. Gives a fast brief review of the essentials of a topic

[@anweshadas9611]

My professor couldn't do in those lengthy classes what you did with a 12mins video. Thanks for saving my life.

[@tenochtitilian]

This vid deserves a double like

[@eam5608]

I cannot put into words how much I loved this video

[@gabriellerichards6195]

"There are two classes of light chains... as in... two classes" lol

[@PepsiT98]

So you're telling me that I was able to skip reading 15 pages of reading my textbook just by watching your thorough video?? You are such a blessing, thank you so much!

[@SmashingKinpumps]

what's more amazing are the scientists that discover this stuff.... i can barely wrap my head around an intro immunology course lol

[@golapemadina7177]

You are the best immunology teacher... Thank you so much for easy explanations

[@annychen5194]

Not much people in China do this kind of drawing about medical stuff,thank u sooo much for helping us understand.Wish I can do this too to help students here.

[@nehavats8751]

it was really hard to understand this topic before. Thank you very much

[@츄루루-u6g]

Hello iam korean stutent learning immunity.Your Lecture is awesome!!! Thank you I feel i get better grade !

[@구독자500명되면이같은]

Hi qt

[@mrsdiggory3211]

Amazing, I'm gonna watch your videos again and again until I understand every bits of it. Thank you for doing all these amazing videos!

[@lobert74]

This video is already so old but exactly what I needed just now! Somatic recombination was one of the few topics I didn't get of my immunology class, so THANK YOU! you saved me hahah! Keep up the great work. And I love your drawing skills by the way

[@arinarakhteenko579]

Thank you for awesome materials and illustrations!

[@geronimojones2]

2:00 I thought you weren't going to fill in that arrow and I was about to punch my computer. Thanks for the great video

[@rahulchoudhary5980]

really appreciable work with great pics .

[@amandaagazio9569]

TdT addition of nontemplated nucleotides in the light chain is a very rare event.... fyi. more likely to occur in the heavy chain, which is why the heavy chain accounts for most of the diversity exhibited by any given antibody.

[@jakejiler5240]

This is an important detail! Thanks for bringing it up, I was confused when I got to that segment of this video so I'm glad you had the same understanding that I do

[@jenniferfunmilayo4824]

I think you just earned me an A in Immunology this semester. Clean explanation! Thank you!!!!!!!

[@skmurray2484]

Thanks so much for video 1 and video 2. I was lost in my lecture, and was worried I'd have to spend all weekend digging through textbooks. Not the case now! Super helpful.

[@Lyl22-ux8og]

After 11 years now this video save my life 🫡

[@iggydoos]

Nice video for a quick revision for me. Not an easy topic for non immunologists.

[@armandohasudungan]

Thats an interesting question. Antigens are chemicals in itself. But if you mean chemicals as in enzymes or inflammatory mediators, then yes some can act as an antigen. However its better to say that the chemicals usually disrupt, inhibit or enhance the antigen receptor recognition to an antigen, by binding to them somewhere.

[@feifeishuishui]

I have a question that I was never able to figure out: Since you are adding random number of nucleotides, you may add 3+1 or 3+2 nucleotides and cause frame shift, then will new terminal codon occur frequently or not? I am asking because in most other genes, if you have a new insertion that causes frameshift, you will most likely have a premature stop codon soon after the frameshift insertion. And if the premature stop codon is before an intron, you will likely to have nonsense mediated decay of the mRNA and has nothing translated.

[@zie2210]

your videos will help me a lot for my exam this wednesday. thanks dude :)

[@MeshaMichaelSavio]

Helped me out so much for my immunology quiz!

[@kunmunnayak3575]

Your videos are truly amazing and helpful, the concept was explained really well. Thank you for creating such awesome content 😊

[@TheCheerup123]

great explanations for quick overview!!

[@habibjoukhdar]

you are a god among late second crammers and confused biology/medical based students!! Thanks!!

[@Axe10011]

There are two classes of light chain, as in ... ... two classes. But seriously, great information and explained well.

[@massimogagliardi7734]

Thank you very much for the video it has clear many of my doubt….you are very incredible in drawing and explaining…Armando you are great!

[@melyssarowell6534]

Love your videos! They have saved me for this class. What about videos on hypersensitivity? or tolerance? Great work, thanks a bunch!

[@anickakhan9344]

Thank you soo much for this video. it defiantly made it much more easier for me to understand the process

[@sister587425]

I hope I can give hundreds of likes for this! This video is awesome!

[@matthewfranzen8902]

VERY good video. (few critiques) would have liked to see inclusion of the delta constant reigion for the heavy chain as both delta and mu are transcribed in immature b cells. Also there was no distinction between P-addition and N-addition of nucleotides during hairpin cleavage, they both occur in heavy chains but only P-addition occurs in light chains. lastly there was no mention of junctional flexibility in the joining of gene segments and resulting productive/nonproductive rearrangements.

[@giuliotarantino1962]

there is a small mistake regarding the KU 70 and KU proteins. They are simply DNA end-binding proteins which prepare the broken ends of the DNA for non-homolgous end joining, which is performed by DNA-protein kinase. the hairpin loop instead is held together by the RAG1 and RAG2 complex, also known as VDJ Recombinase.

[@deadsea2004]

hmm so it goes like this: 1. RAG 1/2 binds to 23/12 V and J segments 2. RAG 1/2 goes together and cleaves 3. KU 70/80 goes to the open V & J segment ends and form hairpin loops 4. Protein Kinase & Artemis opens those hairpin loops 5. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT) binds to those open ends and adds random nucleotide sequences 6. Ligase IV & XRCC4 "glues" everything together 1 question: what's the point of the KU proteins forming those hairpin loops, when its just gonna be opened again by Protein Kinase/Artemis? why not just skip that and have TDT just bind after RAG 1/2 cleavage? Thanks in advance =D

[@msgenevieveblais]

Ku is ubiquitous among all cells, including non-lymphoid - it is involved in all non-homologous end joining. Even though it may seem redundant, it stops enzymes from starting to break down the hairpins and serves as a scaffold for following proteins (protein kinase/artemis in our example) and thus nucleotides (i.e. from TdT) to be added later - essentially it allows for greater chromosomal stability.

[@deadsea2004]

Genevieve Blais thanks! even though my exams are over (got an A~), it's good to know =D

[@lyeraskylark1532]

N addition only occurs in HEAVY CHAIN, not in light chains. Thus Tdt only helps in adding new nucleotides during the heavy chain VDJ recombination.

[@AnishaShah12345]

Finally understood the topic... Thanks for the awesome video...

[@himalyadav5472]

Bro i have a presentation on somatic recombination and i have learned a lot from your video thanks a lot

[@brittophone6219]

This is perfect, literally it contains everything i needed to know!!

[@skydrake3]

I think that rum promo video is very good! Good work!

[@chompteeth7640]

Wow, much much clearer than before. Thank you!

[@Seevawonderloaf]

Excellent video! It was easy to follow with great graphics. :)

[@walidkayzer6354]

Dude, you're my hero :)

[@Heartabolical555]

Thank you so much its so well explained visually!!

[@chaimafaraji8921]

you are the beeeest! you really make me uderstand better ,even if i'm studying in french!!

[@luizatunes1641]

Although no biological differences between the constant regions of k and l light chains have been discovered, there is an advantage in having two separate loci encoding light-chain variable regions. Having two separate loci increases the chance that a pre-B cell that has successfully assembled a VH-region coding sequence will then successfully assemble a VL-region coding sequence to become a B cell.

[@shirleycheung1750]

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR EXPLAINING THIS SO WELL!!!! You're the best!!

[@enimangelixz]

thanks for making immunology easier!

[@hasanalayoubi7718]

Excellent explanation

[@sarahevans9829]

Yay thanks so much!! :'D you just saved my immunology grades!!

[@armandohasudungan]

Sure do my friend!

[@groupstudies6713]

This video is helpful. Thank you Sir.

[@pannagaprasadg3957]

The diagramatic illustration gives an idea how to write this answer in exams. But I think writing in all-caps making words hard to read sometimes..... It's also like words are "YELLING AT YOU! "

[@roshniprasad8550]

Thanx you make things easier to understand..

[@Wendie.Nguyen]

I always hate this process cuz I could not understand but only 2 videos from 11 years ago solve my problems with VDJ!

[@VANDANAKAUSHALvandy]

awsome video.totally understood da process.u r great at teching

[@emilybt93]

Where did you get your information regarding tangled configuration. I cannot find any information on this on the internet. Does it have a different name which you didn't use?

[@saketpandey3889]

Thank you so much sir 💜 Really helpful video ...

[@nayansuryawanshi9956]

Very nice explanation!

[@TheBookL0ver]

this was incredibly helpful, thank you so much! Your illustrations in particular were great :)

[@chitarrazzo]

Hi, very nice video....the problem is that I didn't get exactly if during the first recombination, like VJ recombination for the K chain, we are talking about DNA or RNA molecules....thank you for your time!!

[@buttman20]

chitarrazzo It's DNA, not RNA. You'll see at 1:38 draws out Chromosome 2, which is where the blueprint for Kappa Light Chain gene is (and is DNA). D-J (Heavy Chain) and V-J/V-DJ (Light/Heavy Chain) joining are at the DNA level, and then is transcribed to RNA.

[@francescodamato8532]

Perfect Explanation! You are awesome!!

[@gigglefeather]

This is terrific, thanks for sharing!

[@Irene-pz1bs]

Thank you so much!! So clear and helpful

[@sarinam.n.5560]

Thank you! It was so helpful 🙏🏻🌸

[@shahrizajuliana7803]

i love your lecture. Really make me understand better. :)

[@acolufreia]

11:10 the hairpin should be single-stranded, not double

[@aurelijacicilionyte4511]

Hey! Your video is really cool, but I have one notice: Ku80 and Ku70 aren't those which form the "hairpin". This does Rag1/2 after cleavage. Ku70 and Ku80 are needed for ligation: they invite DNA-PK and DNA ligase to come and to do ligation.:)

[@ndakoreware5833]

This video was so helpful

[@lolilolicapop]

Splendid video!

[@mhrtoo]

Great video like usual! Just a quick question: Forgive me if I'm wrong, but towards the end of the video when you talk about the RAG genes with recombination, this is junctional diversity, right? If so, in the example you were showing, the light chain wouldn't go through the N-nucleotide addition with the TdT (or very seldomly), mostly due to the TdT enzyme not being expressed during this stage. It just goes through P-nucleotide addition and junctional flexibility. Thanks for all your work! :)

[@nilanjanahazra]

Hey, saviour. Thanks a lot.

[@niiinjaaa3241]

First of all, thanks a lot for all you videos ! :D Secondarily, there's smthg i don't get... The DJ and VDJ recombinaison aren't occuring in DNA ? I mean, what i've learn is that the "product" of the recombinaison is still DNA, and THEN, it's transcript into RNA and linked to the constant part during the RNA splicing In your drawing it look like the recombinaison occur during the transcription into RNA and not (thus allowing the cell to further produce other antibodies by just doing the recombinaison with other V/D/J segments, and yeah, they don't...) Thanks !

[@surindermultani9245]

your fuckin awesome man.... i didn't understand anything prior to listening to this video.... keep it up ... ur helping a lot of people...!!!

[@Chintiki16]

Wow! you are a good teacher. keep up with the good work ;) I more of these if I want to succed my immunology class.

[@LITG7000]

6:21 Thanks for the video, cleared alot of things up and helped visualize from what i understood from my book, correct me if im wrong: there are twp types of RSS: one a nonamer 9BP and the other is a heptamer 7BP, and the spacers are separate, which is separated by spacers if 12bp and 23bp long. Segments 7 is 3' end of V and 5' if J. For D, segment 7 is on both 5' and 3' end. The spacers are between these segments. example: Heavy chain genes: V7-----23-----9-------9-----12----7D7---12----9---9----23----7J Also doesnt the 23/12 rule require a RAG protein as well?

[@fenitatan]

you're great! This is super clarifying! Thank you so much!

[@fundip43]

Can you make a playlist for your immune lectures

[@cifer_owo]

you just saved one person even i am not a english speaker buuuuut you did it international professor ;-)

[@gkasoulides90]

thanks this is really helpful! can u upload the picture please?

[@CktopShoOter]

Where is the photo on facebook for this review please? Thanks again for your explanations it was very useful :)

[@hetlar990]

thank you very much for present how the recombination and added to be unique like you cause your unique man thanks alot

[@sazalking]

The variable region in Kappa is 1-40V same as Heavy chain

[@ceeayenay]

Potential error at 6:34 --> There are several places in my PowerPoint for Immunology that say V is usually associated with 23 bp and J is associated with 12 bp in light chain recombination. the only instiance otherwise is in heavy chain recombination, V is associated with 12bp, D is associated with 23bp and J is still associated with 12 bp regions. Thoughts?

[@dhimandas8758]

I am very curious. how were these protocols discovered? it is quite complicated and in a specific sequence as well

[@ignacio7695]

you are the real MVP

[@LucidityAboveStarS]

This saved my day!