Jared Rutter (U. Utah, HHMI) 1: Mitochondria: The Mysterious Cellular Parasite

www.ibiology.org/cell-biology...
Dr. Jared Rutter shares new insights into the interplay between mitochondria, metabolism, and cellular behavior.
Mitochondria are integral to the metabolism of eukaryotic cells, yet many of their properties are not fully understood. In Part 1 of this iBioSeminar, Dr. Jared Rutter lays out the foundational knowledge of mitochondrial structure and origin, and shares what is currently known about mitochondrial roles in metabolism, protein homeostasis, and signaling. He ends by highlighting a focus of his research group: to unravel the functions of uncharacterized mitochondrial proteins.
In Part 2 of his talk, Rutter describes his group’s work to unravel the relationship between the activity of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) and the behavior of numerous cell types, including cancer and stem cells. His group found that forced expression of the MPC in multiple stem cell models led to reduced “stemness” and proliferative capacity, and that MPC inhibition could promote organoid formation in culture and tumor formation in vivo. These data indicate an important link between mitochondria, metabolism, and cell behavior.
In his Part 3, Rutter emphasizes the challenge of mitochondrial protein synthesis. How do the components of the electron transport chain (ETC) assemble in the right stoichiometry at the right time? Rutter introduces the LYR family of proteins, which aid assembly of ETC components. LYR proteins interact with a common binding partner, the acyl carrier protein (ACP), via a unique fatty acyl moiety on ACP. Rutter’s group showed that ACP acylation is necessary for assembly of the ETC and activation of oxidative phosphorylation.
Speaker Biography:
Jared Rutter is a Professor of Biochemistry and holds the Dee Glen and Ida Smith Endowed Chair for Cancer Research at the University of Utah. Dr. Rutter received his PhD from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in 2001, working with Dr. Steve McKnight. After receiving his PhD, he spent 18 months as the Sara and Frank McKnight Independent Fellow of Biochemistry before joining the faculty at the University of Utah. As of September 2015, Dr. Rutter is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In addition to leading his laboratory at the University of Utah, Dr. Rutter is also actively involved in translating these academic discoveries into therapies as a founder, consultant and board member of several companies and venture firms. Dr. Rutter also serves as co-Director of the Diabetes and Metabolism Center at the University of Utah and co-Leader of the Nuclear Control of Cell Growth and Differentiation at Huntsman Cancer Institute.
rutter.biochem.utah.edu

[@anjummadani]

What a superb example of didactic clarity! Thank you so much Dr Rutter!

[@wslee0727]

I really enjoy your mitochondria illustrated which help us understand the complicated biochemical reactions occurred in the mitochondria.

[@rebanelson607]

I had memorized info during a college chemistry course many years ago but seeing the illustration around 15 minutes blew my mind. Thanks for such a thorough lesson!

[@zagaberoo]

Fascinating stuff; thanks for sharing it so broadly like this!

[@peters972]

Excellent presentation and excellent slides! Thank you!

[@michaelb1785]

Thank you for sharing your hard earned knowledge! Fantastic overview. I can't wait to listen to the next two sessions.

[@iamfrankbiesta]

Great explanation even for a lay person in terms of cell biology like me. Thanks!

[@thefunkybassist9916]

Thank you so much for such clear overview of the energy processes in the mitochondria. It's just baffling how complex the processes of our bodies are. Amazing also and looking forward to a lot of insight about energy restoration during burnout or chronic fatigue.

[@thabetmuhsen]

This is pure robotic work with clear programmed instructions to make this sophisticated factory of mechanical, chemical and electrical harmony, the more I learn about the cell, the more I want to meet the creator of these genius machines

[@ketoonkratom]

Spirit is sculptor of material

[@Fragmentofbone]

@@ketoonkratom Vodka was behind everything!

[@MrCudlebuny]

@@ketoonkratom Bruh, stop lol

[@pieterduplessis6632]

Time, lots and lots of it. There's your creator

[@imaginaryuniverse632]

Hark the herald angel sing glory to the new born king. Ribosomes means rib of the body and these create amino acids which are the fundamental building blocks of all life or biology which means mode of life the word. The Ribosomes create amino acids which are like letters that go together to form words which go together to form verses which form the Universe. The desires of the nucleus, Adam, Sun, are transcribed and sent across the cytoplasm which means word across the waters to the Ribosomes which form what appears in the world as things or idols. Phospholipids are the cell boundary which is like the firmament or heavens written of on the first page of Genesis. Phospholipids broken down syllaballicly means light bearer from phosphorus, lips give form to the word and id is what appears in the world like the id of man is how a man sees himself. I'll give another example of many, Our cerebral spinal fluid is the river of life it is powered literally by our inspiration which creates waves of cavitation which is the formation of cavities of spaces formed in a fluid where the pressure drops locally below the vaporization temperature of the gases held in liquid form which collapse in turn to create a continuous vibration of great forces within a mostly closed system. Regular breathing will create a coherence within the system visa vie a resonance from the source to the destination which is the fontanelle of our skulls and back again which comes into coherence at the blood brain barrier with the beating heart changing the electrical environment of the brain and thus the information the brain is able to receive just like turning a radio station because there is nothing vibrating in the Universe and everything we perceive is entirely dependent on the vibration of the receptors which are inseparable from the vibrations transmitted to the receptors in a feedback loop. The cerebral spinal fluid moves from the Sacral pump to the fontanelle, sacral pump means sacred pump of the fountain of life, font means receptacle of the baptismal fluid or Holy Spirit or Holy Water. Water , Spirit, plasma, air are all symbols of the formless which allows for the communion of wave patterns which allows form to appear within various boundary conditions all as organelles that resonate in a mostly closed system but also always as a part of many greater systems and environments as a part of one system or environment called the Universe which may be but a small part of a much greater Universe or have many similar Universes within it which are equally complex or any number of possible stories but all possibilities are found within a single being which is the creator of all possibilities. 🙏⚕️

[@nicholassteel5529]

Wow ....the process of energy production is incredibly complex!

[@biologylover1565]

Thank you i biology giving such type of lecture by great professor.

[@sukkulentdad9005]

great illustration!

[@CrumbleLives]

That's really interesting. Thank you!

[@chasingamurderer]

Finally, an INTELLIGENT video

[@ionutgabriel3102]

Thank you! Fantastic! As for mitochondrial communication and feedback loops I think bio photons should play a role. They are emitted in the process of cellular respiration, so it seems logical to play a role. I think that the energy of the photons might break some chemical bonds, so, if their energy is different various chemical reactions might be altered conducting the biochemical pathway to be different.

[@chissstardestroyer]

They're not parasites, it is a symbiotic relationship, essentially forming a totally new form of mocrobe that allowed multicellular lifeforms to exist.

[@imaginaryuniverse632]

They are sympathetic parasites. They are parasites because they get all of their food from us. They are very much like our pets except exponentially more helpful even compared to service dogs and infinitely when compared to cats. My Julius did try to save me in the shower when he thought I was screaming for help singing a song I wrote called Rice and Beans. 😘🐈

[@chissstardestroyer]

@@imaginaryuniverse632 No, they're not parasites at all, they are symbotes; as they provide a service; it is a symbotic relationship, simple as that.

[@imaginaryuniverse632]

@@chissstardestroyer I decided I should look it up again and unfortunately it turns out you are correct except for your spelling of symbiotic. As a reward I will grant you the lyrics to Rice and Beans and forfeit all claims to copyright. Rice and Beans, Rice and Beans, I'm gonna get some Rice and Beans! 👍🙏😘🐈

[@chissstardestroyer]

@@imaginaryuniverse632 Yeah, a parasite actually does *harm* to the host, yet a symbiote does help; so these bacteria are clearly not parasites at all.

[@rogerparker3422]

This is a brilliant lecture - so well put together. Thank you, Dr Rutter!

[@katherinegeorge4945]

How can it be brilliant when he has used presumption and not science saying that mitochondria were an afterthought. We can't live without them and therefore must always have had them and therefore they are part of us.

[@erwinrogers9470]

Great, attention, to detail 👏

[@bastiwala0808]

This is very nice and informative talk. Sir i have couple of questions regarding the ETS. My question is "how many numbers of electron transport system present in a single mitochondrion?". & next question is "how mitochondria sense about their homeostasis and decided to go for mitophagy."

[@aleclynch6186]

Fantastic video, thank you! One minor note, I think @15:144 he accidentally switched matrix and intramembrane space. You switched the audio, but not the captions. Would you mind editing the captions as well?

[@RandyStimpson]

You have presented a considerable amount of information in this awesome lecture which I consider to be evidence that mitochondria are not domesticated bacteria.

[@blacksnow129]

Yes you are right how would it be possible that such complexity not yet well understood could come to be by random mutations of a bacteria. It would be better to leave the evolution bit out of this lecture it doesn't fit and seems incongruous.

[@dezmoynes1]

Note: at 6:29 he references “animal cells”, but the point he’s making applies equally well to any eukaryotic cell which has maintained its mitochondria.

[@zakirzak1494]

Wow great presentation thank you 🙏

[@SquatFull]

Thanks for the great lecture on the MItochondria

[@cahayasenja7530]

Thank you so much for sharing

[@PaulHirsh]

What a great teacher!

[@MrTridac]

I'm fascinated by that stuff. And you've got some fine animations and graphics. Thanks for sharing.

[@GlynWilliams1950]

Very imformative Thank you for your ilucidation

[@mwj5368]

Thank you Dr. Rutter for a very cogent and lucid video. I'm only a lay person and wondering about Omeprasol, a proton pump inhibitor, or "PPI" as medical people say. Can 11 years of taking Omeprasol cause ongoing problems with the Mitochondrion maybe not replicating as well? I had multitudes of cysts (benign) in my stomach. Two years ago cysts 2cm and larger were removed, many. My GI specialist at Mayo Clinic said he started seeing cases like mine once the "PPI's" came along. Being 66 yrs old, I take that into account, but every day there is a time where I have to take a nap or I'm very weak. I wonder if maybe my mitochondrion do not replicate as they use to and even though I'm off Omeprasol I have lower energy levels at times. Could that be true?

[@JuliaHelen777]

One comment to keep in mind. Thank you! Got prescribed Omeprazol years ago. I remember, back then, reading some of the negatieve affects & effects. Ever since I was wondering about its working mechanisms and not taking/will take any in until in depth understandings. The same principle I try to apply to many other drugs in general. Unfortunately, I have not become wiser hereabout, yet. Nor, can I add with concrete additions along. Still searching for connecting dots. If you, on the other hand, have arrived to more in depth knowleadge path ways, please share. All the best! 🤗

[@Fossilized-cryptid]

your cells would make for interesting research, too bad i could never get your cells, too far

[@stefanbabel9354]

Would it be possible to modify the mitochondira to accept electrons from a metal wire instead of using NADH ? This way all cell could be powered without nutrients but with pure electricity. Is there any research on that ? :) Just curious.

[@ice010]

Are there any vestigial metabolic processes from before mitochondria?

[@JpDV96]

Handsomest teacher ever!

[@deanmindock5020]

It is great that all those functions going on within the cells are done without us having to be directly involved. :-)

[@JohnSmith-lf5xm]

15:25 WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOWWWWW!!!

[@tomislavkurtovic3624]

That animation was incredible!

[@CarterColeisInfamous]

thank you great talk!

[@ME-dg5np]

Fantastic ! Tks Bro !

[@maureen-paulbarnes-vonkulm480]

Given all this dazzling complexity, how do we experience life in such a smooth and seamless way. And just what are we anyway?

[@242phaded]

We're the result of approximately 4 BILLION years of evolution. We are the universe experiencing itself.

[@ChrisRedfield--]

an assembly of really tiny nano bots.

[@melanieturnbell6747]

Do you really wanna know ,, I don't think you are ready for the truth, tell me what's you perspective , are you religious, any idea about law history , language, gematria, biology, geology, ect, heliocentric, or geocentric, done psychedelics , you see not everyone deserves the answers , humans are ignorant, selfish, self centered, egotistical, materialistic, and needy, they have no desire and no fucks given to where what how and why of anything that they believe gives no return or value to them , besides they are all teenagers, as they know everything anyways, if the idiot box or magazines say avocados are healthy and contain the right fats for the body , there's a new craze and beliefe for the masses ,, all these experts and truth seekers are fools , compartmentalized, and stuck down there own Warren thinking they got it all figured out , do what Yoda said before you start your journey, and think biological, and electromagnetic, electric and magnetic, one last hint , torus, and don't stray from biological. Good luck , don't be like this bloke , he's indoctrinated and compartmentalized, brainwashed,

[@SpiderF27]

That's the machine, that's not you. You use this machine in order to experience and explore the 3'rd dimension.

[@garyha2650]

@@melanieturnbell6747 Torus, hmm. Do electrons have the shape of donuts, turning in on themselves, wouldn't that be interesting. Cool them down enough and two suction sides can stick together to make superconductivity for some reason given the right material.

[@loolaloola7313]

Thank you Doctor It was very good explinatioy

[@stanhopkins6959]

I understood every word to. It's the sentences that I need research further.

[@Beevreeter]

I understand every word!

[@TheAlaskansandman]

Maybe i missed something but could some one explain. What Nucleotides make up the double helix of MtDNA? Is it still ATCG? I know the double helix forms a circle but i cant seem to find info on what Nucleotides make it up.

[@KenJackson_US]

All DNA is made of ATCG.

[@lindae6035]

Excellent!

[@tomc6122]

If a mitochondria was once a bacterium that was ingested by a eukaryote, can you speculate on the environment that it evolved in and the tolerances of that extracelular environment including chemical, thermal, Ph, biologic and electromagnetic? Also, how would their presence modify or contribute to that environment?

[@Mendelmandela]

can they perform an actual experiment in the present era where they can actually prove this hypothesis ???

[@beinghimself]

@@Mendelmandela they can never « prove » something but they can do experiments that make this theory more favored, and they did. You can see other videos and examples. I think they discovered protection mechanisms and other things that make the mitochondria very clos to an actual cell

[@chadaitken5476]

Thanks Dr J. What if the answer to either create ATP or Repair is if it’s creating enough/extra ATP? What about Ketones? Or nutrients needed to optimize the Mito. B Vits? Nad? Onto part 2. 👍

[@peetsnort]

I remember in 1977 when I first saw the mitochondria in high school and was fascinated and instinctively knew it was special We had to draw the cells in biology classes and I loved it. My most interesting one today is the telomeres and the progress of knowledge of how we age as the telomeres get shorter every time they duplicate

Thank you so much

[@herauthon]

Are they all the same in all people - or are there tiny/large/specific differences ?

[@sixinghong7709]

Fascinating

[@tarka38tara34]

thank you so much

[@jamesdevine620]

excellent.....a wonderful machine that works on favors

[@SteveHazel]

so a third of the proteins of mitochondria aren't understood? 1/3 of those used in the mitochondria or 1/3 of those created by the mitochondrial dna? and about how many is that in a (rough) count? pretty cool tho !!

[@Fossilized-cryptid]

you have something called the internet, look it up, the genome has been mapped..

[@ehenkes]

New Studies obviously have shown that the 34 ATP per glucose are not correct. Perhaps the value of 28 ATP (10 * 2.5 from NADH/H+ and 2 * 1.5 from FADH2) for human beeings is correct. The resulting 32 ATP maybe a little bit too high due to some protons that are used for other transports. This results in 31 ATP. Stryer proposes the value of 30 as long as we do not know exactly what happens.

[@FosterBaba]

Before I watch these (I saw there are more videos about it) I have an idea, and please stop me if it’s stupid or wrong. Could this be used as a biodegradable alternative to lithium batteries? What I’m looking for, specifically is something that stays alive while charged, but breaks down in the absence of easily obtained conditions. If potatoes can power clocks, could this be artificially refined for more complex technology?

[@frankb508]

It would be like having a potatoe that is like an electric eel, how do you harness the energy of the electric eel to run a clock & make potaoe happy ? That's your mission, if you get caught or captured we will disavow any knowlege of your mission or your identity.

[@blkbbw8295]

@29:18 Does the rest of the cells in our body also have unidentified proteins?

[@georgehan7806]

Human genome is generally well-annotated (as opposed to Xenopus laevis, for example), but I still believe there are some unidentified proteins and more identified proteins with unknown functions.

[@fredsmith1227]

How would the mitochondria do the 10 functions a cell *must do:* energy production, selective gateways, active transport, information processing, manufacturing, auto assembly, automated repair, sensors, signal processing algorithm, actuators, control systems, central coordination ! And how did the host cell produce energy before a mitochondria was present ?

[@mrclds6869]

Excellent. Thank you ! A question: the mitochondria came from outside the cell. How did it become part of cell replication?

[@UltraGamma25]

Symbiosis. This happened long long ago. Think amoeba. When creatures were microscopic. It was more effective to work together than apart.

[@ankyspon1701]

​@@UltraGamma25 You didn't answer the question! Symbiosis does not account for how the original cell, which ingested the mitochondria, was able to replicate another version of itself, that also included another mitochondrion inside! All cells have their own unique DNA which is the code needed to replicate 'exact' copies of themselves, usually via mitosis. The original cells DNA would not contain the complex genetic information needed to make a mitochondrion, so when the original cell replicated itself, the exact replica would not have contained any mitochondria! Most people have no understanding of evolution beyond what they were taught in a few minutes of dinosaur lessons at kindergarten, this does not give all those commenting here any authority to make informed decisions on evolution whatsoever! True scientists need to have open minds, do the research, listen to Dr Steven Meyer or Gunter Bechly on here and you will see Darwins theory is still only that, a very vague hypothesis that can easily be disproved, it is certainly far from the truth! This entire video demonstrates one of the biggest failings of the so called 'theory' of evolution, as it totally overlooks the most crucial questions, how something as complex as a mitochondria evolved in the first place, then how the cell that ingested the mitochondria was able to make a copy of itself that contained more mitochondria, when the mitochondria design was not part of the original cells DNA, so could not have been replicated. A mitochondrion is not just a simple cell, it is a highly complex and specialised organelle, it did not and could not 'evolve'! According the fossil record it spontaneously appeared, with all the incredible biochemical abilities it is capable of. Evolution is relying on miracles, it has to be, because it is cannot explain the complexities in design or function of even the most basic single cells or proteins. Mitochondria defy all logic. Go to 17.30 in this video and look at the chart, then realise how utterly mind bogglingly complex all those chemical processes are. How can we be expected to believe that a mitochondrion simply 'evolved' to do all those complex chemical processes, when it had no need to? Try doing any of those processes in a lab and it would take decades to get the sequence right. Further more, none of those processes are needed for the mitochondria to survive and non of them offer any evolutionary 'advantages' to a mitochondria's survival. So why/how did the mitochondria 'evolve' to be able to produce ATP etc and what was the point? Only when a mitochondria is inside another living cell, do the chemical processes it is capable of become of any use, and even then, those processes are only useful to the symbiont, not the mitochondrion! Life had to have been created here on Earth, or was seeded here. This is clearly seen by the spontaneous appearance of mitochondria in the fossil record an event that is even more significant than the spontaneous arrivals of other fully formed creatures in the fossil record such as the Cambrian and other 5 similar explosions.

[@UltraGamma25]

@@ankyspon1701 Omg shut up

[@ankyspon1701]

@@UltraGamma25 Som epopee are trying to have logical conversations on here, your reply shows the limited understanding of even basic evolution. Neither you or anyone else on here can explain how a "simple" cell such as a mitochondria could simply 'evolve' to perform so many advanced chemical processes, which reply rely on an entire chain of different chemical reactions, to give an end result, such as ATP. You have done what all the so called evolutionists, do, you are ignoring the first steps and attempting to oversimplify evolution, because the true origin of even the first cells cannot be explained. Have you listend to Steven Meyer? You talk about an amoeba as though it really is a simple creature, when the truth is, an amoeba is incredibly complex and in evolutionary terms, would have taken trillions of years to evolve as it is. Research the cell membrane and see how complex it is, then explain not only how it evolved but how it was capable of selectivity, osmosis or active transport (right from day one). Research a protein and see how complex they are, each one is a machine, with a specific function, they could not spontaneously evolve out of the primordial soup, it is impossible. Have you ever looked at DNA, its a Code, impossible to form without intelligence. Added to that, proteins, like sugars also exhibit chirality, and yet they are all right handed, again, an impossibility in nature. If you really want to know the truth at least listen to some of the scientists who explain how the 'amoeba' etc could not have evolved, otherwise you will only ever believe what you were taught in first grade.

[@UltraGamma25]

@@ankyspon1701 Epopee

[@chissstardestroyer]

These tiny bacterium are energy-plant workers in the cells; they aren't destroying molecules, Dr. they are disassembling the molecules and changing them, and then putting them back together in different ways- a lot like subassembly workers in some form of manufacturing business... I've done that kind of work in the real world in my past; an awful lot of it is "you take things apart, change them in some small degree, and put them back together differently." for a job summary- well: these guys take apart molecules, change them by recombining them in different ways, and then export them to the next workplace... simple as that.

[@joseyang5098]

Hi, I’m a medical student and biology is one of our studies. There is one thing that is quite different to what we have learned from our biology professor and Campbell’s Biology ver. 11th. From 4:51 to 5:00 in this video, would you mind to provide any information or proof to show that the inner membrane of mitochondrial is indeed completely sealed and is impenetrable ?

[@Tinky1rs]

It's not impenetrable, but it doesn't allow for a lot of diffusion. To my knowledge CO2, water and oxygen cross freely, and by various transporter proteins some ions can be transported (Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), mtNOS, RYR1, LETM1, mNCE etc.). There's also mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). Increased transport through mPT pores (mPTP) are seen during mitophagy, but also in apoptosis or necrosis.

[@joseyang5098]

@@Tinky1rs : I see. Thanks for your reply!

[@kofipapa2886]

​@@Tinky1rs The outer membrane is very porous but not the inner membrane. The inner membrane is highly selectively permeable relative to the outer membrane. Like you rightly alluded to, respiratory gases diffuse easily across the membrane. But also pyruvate from glycolysis also enters into the matrix of the mitochondrion. Only fifteen percent of the proteins required by the mitochondrion for its biochemical processes are synthesized by the mitochondrial DNA. Ask me if you wanna know why?😅 So the remaining 85 percent comes from the cytoplasm in the form of unfolded/inactivated proteins via TOM and TIM. Apart from that amino acid and fatty acids also enters and get converted the to pyruvate in a process called gluconeogenesis. So what am I saying in fine? The inner membrane is differentially permeable whereas the outer membrane is quite porous.😅 Let's talk more about biology. I like to but I don't find like-minded folks easily online.

[@erwinrogers9470]

Love it 🔥

[@pintopinnock]

Brilliant

[@nicholasivanderstoop4282]

Brilliant clarity even for a layperson like myself, I read the comments below , I agree with all. We are the Universe the same building blocks used incredibly creative. It leads to one thought, the incredible wonderful complexity is all involuntary, can you imagine if it was voluntary, us humans introducing democracy to the cells and give them choice. As in time we are absurd enough to introduce democracy to the Bee hive. Guaranteeing very little homey will ever be produced and honey will be become the new currency like bit coin for the super rich. This presentation teaches us understand it fix it if need be but leave by and large ‘ Well Enough ‘ alone. As species we underwrite our own epitaph. Mars here we come.

[@eliasmaldonado3897]

What should we do to prevent damage

[@kimbalcalkins6903]

do mitochondria differ in liver cells from those elsewhere ?

[@gianni7581]

I would like knowing How ATP goes out from mitochondrio.....maybe the membrane are permeable to the ATP?

[@jigodiieplinalumea4565]

I need a very detailed 3d presentation, with each actors involved pointed clearly out, to get something from this complicated functions.

[@TheHuesSciTech]

Go ahead and make the video you want to see, I'm sure others will appreciate it and you'll learn heaps in the process.

[@pauldirac808]

@@TheHuesSciTech great reply 👏🏻

[@Fossilized-cryptid]

nobody owes anything to you..

[@IMOLDIN]

We thank you I wish more would be like yourself. We will clone you you are valued!

[@joshua.y.el-brukevwe1041]

This is a great presentation and makes me understand what "Mitocods' are and how they work. I however wonder how this component of cell life and many other like it are as a result of evolution you are presenting them to us. Do you mean that the coding, programming, algorithm, precision and purposefulness, replicability displayed in these processes all happened by random chance. Do mean information processing procedure displayed in living cells all started by random chance and mutation. So information can emerge from the blues, coded and programmed and launched without designer and programmer? Please explain in a convincing way.

[@paulswannack1039]

Josh, listen. I’m sure your a perfectly nice guy, but your veiled complexity argument is transparent. Somewhere along the line, someone or something convinced you that complexity beyond your comprehension necessitates supernatural intervention. This is a well known fallacy. Recognize your preconceived bias, and open your mind to the possibility that life could evolve without supernatural designers masterminding every molecule. Whenever I encounter this tired old argument, I can’t help but imagine a toddler, barely able to grasp addition and subtraction, confidently proclaiming to a mathematician that the notion of a reliable calculus must be ridiculously absurd since it just doesn’t make sense! Therefore maths must be fraudulent or else too complex and ultimately unknowable to all but the gods. Do you understand that evolution is an observed law that permeates many scientific fields? it’s not just thrown into the conversation as a way to divorce gods from science, but rather it pops up repeatedly because of its predictively descriptive reliability. Believe it or not, even in the US, the vast majority of scientists in fields encountering evolution are religious and predominantly Christian. They accept evolution since it accurately and reliably aligns with their observations and results. My point is that you too can stop insisting that gods and evolution are mutually exclusive, and accept the possibility that all scientists aren’t simply trying to deceive you, but are acknowledging confirmed and repeated observations that are so predictable that once aware of the details, it would be perverse to deny them. Don’t despair but recognize that reconciling the coexistence of gods and evolution is then trivially easy to do, as many religious scientists can attest. You really have nothing to lose. If you really are curious about the items you listed above, then put aside any religious interpretations or caricature of evolution you may have built your viewpoint from, and instead seek out the information sources that the experts in these fields cite as accurate references for learning about evolutionary theory. What evidences do they cite as being compelling? Then take a look at the researchers exploring abiogenesis and all of the plausible pathways for simple life that they are exploring. Although our current knowledge is in its infancy, you too may also come to realize that absolute certainty that the only pathway to complex life is a supernatural deity, may not be as warranted as you may think. I mean no disrespect. My comments are meant in the spirit of friendship, not trolling.

[@fasterpastor1000]

Science doesn't even know everything about a single bacterium. What level of complexity would be sufficient evidence for a creator?

[@RandyStimpson]

Evolution and intelligent design are not mutually exclusive. All software engineers live this truth. The idea that this complexity can result from random mutation is contrary to entropy. Information does indeed spring from intelligence, not from random mutation.

[@RandyStimpson]

@@paulswannack1039 I would be happy to debate you any time.

[@blacksnow129]

​@@paulswannack1039 you obviously do not understand the mathematics behind random mutations which makes complex organisms understanding well out of your league, there are many biochemistry scientists who aknowledge Darwin evolution theory has been blasted by most recent knowledge. Instead of lecturing people open your mind to the myriads of molecular designs and connect with the multitude of galaxies. Then after much reflection leaving human arrogance behind you may understand there is a creator you don't have to call Him/It God. Peace be with you. ☺️

[@NickMarshallMusic]

It's interesting i have heard the cytochromes are red light antennas used to create water?

[@liyuling1984]

how important is NAD+ in this process?

[@Q_QQ_Q]

very

[@1111118257]

Could any one plz answer me how to differentiate between insulin and ATP mechanism cause all of them can serve energy?

[@Pseudify]

They are related in some sense. Insulin can stimulate the processes by which ATP generation occurs. Creating ATP is a very complex process with many inputs or controls. Insulin is just one of many of those controls.

[@miguelmarina5580]

wooow I am amazed of these results, we are basically made of microscopic machines, advanced nanotechnology, motors and even microscopic meshes!!!! also the way the DNA and RNA is composed, literarily it is programmed!!! and we are learning how to assemble these machines, design them and re-program them!!!

[@lindafoy638]

Is there information on female inheritance of mitochondria ?

[@Fossilized-cryptid]

there's a plethora of gigantic articles explaining mtdna inheritance in current day detail, in something called the internet.

[@JuliaHelen777]

Is the role of deuterium took into consideration in all of this?

[@defforadio6428]

Epic!

[@billdomb]

How did cells possibly function BEFORE mitochondrial self-incorporated???

[@zagaberoo]

Similarly to how prokaryotes like bacteria still function today: much less energetically. All multicellular organisms are eukaryotic, and the mitochondrion is a key enabler of that.

[@ankyspon1701]

Mitochondria, living proof of intelligent design... Can someone explain how the original cell which ingested the mitochondria, was able to replicate another exact version of itself, that also included another mitochondrion inside! All cells have their own unique DNA which is the code needed to replicate 'perfect'' copies of themselves, usually via mitosis. The original cells DNA would not contain the complex genetic information needed to make a copy of a mitochondrion,,, so when the original cell replicated itself, the exact replica would not have contained any mitochondria! The cells in this video arrived in the fossil record as is, with the mitochondria present and the ability to replicate them, this can only mean that the cell had to 'spontaneously evolve' with the genetic code necessary for it to be able to replicate itself with mitochondria organelles inside. Evolutionists seem to be relying on miracles to perpetuate their 'theory'. Mitochondria defy all logic and could not have 'evolved'. Go to 17.30 in this video and look at the chart, then realise how utterly mind bogglingly complex all those chemical processes are. How can we be expected to believe that a mitochondrion simply 'evolved' the ability to carry out all those complex chemical processes, when it had no need to? Try replicating any of those processes from scratch in a lab and it would take decades to get the sequences right. Further more, none of those processes are needed for the mitochondria to survive on its own, nor do any of them offer an evolutionary 'advantages' to a mitochondria's survival (unless it is in a host). So why/how did the mitochondria 'evolve' to be able to produce ATP etc and what was the point? Only when a mitochondria is inside another living cell, do the chemical processes it is capable of performing become of any use, and even then, those processes are only useful to the symbiont, not the mitochondrion! People need to look past Darwin, they've been trying to make the theory work for a hundred years and cannot do so, intelligent design is the most plausible explanation, what are people afraid of. If you can conceive the possibility of a multiverse, intelligent design is much easier to believe. Most people commenting on here have no understanding of evolution beyond what they were taught in a few minutes of dinosaur lessons at kindergarten, this does not give them any ability to make informed decisions, or statements of fact about evolution whatsoever! You know nothing and are being mislead. True scientists need to have open minds, do the research, listen to Dr Steven Meyer or Gunter Bechly on here and you will see Darwins theory is still only that, just a theory, the very vaguest hypothesis that can easily be disproved by true scientists, it is certainly far from the truth! This entire video demonstrates one of the biggest failings of the so called 'theory' of evolution, as it totally overlooks the most crucial questions, how something as complex as a mitochondria could have possibly evolved in the first place from a few chemicals. The cell membrane itself is talked about as though it is a simple single layer of substance when even the simplest of membranes is a highly specialised structure, with multiple functions, such things cannot simply 'appear'. A mitochondrion is also far from a simple cell, it is a highly complex and specialised organelle, it did not and could not 'evolve' to be able to do all those chemical processes. According the fossil record mitochondria spontaneously appeared, with all the incredible biochemical abilities it is capable of, a miracle... Evolution is relying on miracles, it has to be, because it is cannot explain the complexities in design or function of even the most basic single cells or proteins. Proteins are not a few amino acids clumped together, they have design, and are highly complex machines that with specific functions and purposes! We still know nothing about evolution and scientists are not looking in the right place. Life had to have been created here on Earth, or it was seeded here from somewhere else, then the question has to be, how did it evolve in the very beginning. Intelligent design is the only logical explanation at the moment! This is clearly seen by the spontaneous appearance of mitochondria in the fossil record, an event that is even more significant than the spontaneous arrivals of other fully formed creatures, as seen in the Cambrian and other 5 similar explosions.

[@imaginaryuniverse632]

It's baffling that people all that we see could possibly come together in any way accidentally. Of course the greatest scientists and discoverers in history all believed in intelligent design in my opinion. I believe the book of Genesis tells of the design of the Universe biologically and psychologically in the form of an allegory where the names of people places and things give there nature. Adam and Eve is the story of the interaction between the cell nucleus and the Ribosomes which reflects the wishes of the nucleus and how the subconscious reflects the wishes of the conscious and the Earth reflects the wishes of the Sun in the transformation of light or energy into the appearance of life. 🙏⚕️

[@laurawisniewski1007]

Can doxycycline (taking it for one year) destroy mitochondria?

[@yvesnyfelerph.d.8297]

The fact that you can watch and comment YT videos should give you a hint...

[@Fossilized-cryptid]

@@yvesnyfelerph.d.8297 completely wrong answer, that doesn't give a hint at all..

[@R.E.A.L.I.T.Y]

Astonishing machines within us

[@ronniewilson4769]

If you believe that this evolved and wasn't created y'all aren't as smart as you think y'all are. I watch this and it complexity and see a designer hey I do thank you for your research and dedication we are fearfully and wonderfully made

[@theoriginalmakaaka101]

4:24 See that? That's what happens when you pull the zip up too fast and catch it.

[@gianni7581]

It Is incredibile...ATP Synthetase works like a byologic motor. It uses the potential different from Matrix and membrane interspace to turn the motor and blending ADP + P = ATP ....beautiful. in short mitochondrio Is a powerbank.

[@skeptischism1324]

It's really sad that this channel was forced to turn comments off on some other vids due to the religious fundamentalist fanatics that can't accept that their holy books creation story is pure myth. Truly sad. Great channel, and great insights into things I didn't really understand. I appreciate the work you guys put into this channel.

[@fasterpastor1000]

The atp synthase runs at 7,800 revs per minute.

[@pennycoin7110]

Oke, why does my body feels suddenly like a universe itself.. or how should the body of the universe look like?? 0:) Much love from Sadé from the netherlands!

[@martinzshow4361]

Every time there is talk about electron transport chain or electron carrying molecules - what don`t you use the language of generating electric current, and ATP - making batteries.

[@pramasauskas]

Does it needs red sunlight thru skin ?;

[@yohandsome]

15:25 ATP SYNTHASE GOES BRRRRRRRRR

[@PAYPALMEAARONLYSTILA]

love you utah

[@GlennDavey]

You gotta be the biggest Star Wars geek on the planet to make a 30-minute science video about The Force...

[@farzanaalaman3655]

Also known as the powerhouse of the cell!

[@krisoluich9119]

My mitochondria are my life.

[@davidschmidt6013]

@Astute Cingulus I've met a few folks like you. Stringing words together which impress YOU and thinking you're saying something profound. In reality you're showing yourself to be a self-inflated egocentric airhead.

[@garyha2650]

"mitochondria are normally inherited exclusively from the mother; . ... The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables genealogical researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time.:

[@mynamemylastname7179]

Yes 6000 years back.

[@aljohnson3717]

@@mynamemylastname7179 😂 I spilled my covfefe

[@fredsmith1227]

@@aljohnson3717 I don't wonder why ! Finding out you have been lied to by government schools since the 2nd grade !

[@sidmichael1158]

Can a damaged mitochondria be restored?

[@kohlrabenschwanz]

If mitochondria are damaged they usually Initiate apoptosis.

[@woloabel]

What is even more mysterious about the Genetics of Mitochondria and Its function is Inheritance thereof. Maternal DNA is the only contributory Genome in Embryogenesis and that is somewhat an unknown parameter. If the Symbiosis Hypothesis was actually true, then Prokaryotic Female Predilection might certainly be synonymous with possible genetic function of female component rather than the male Genera which too is uniquely characterized in Embryogenesis as the sexual essence in Genetic sense (Y Chromosome is the Sex Determining Gene Complex). The succinct nature of the genomic makeup is another interesting feature that is synonymous with the brevity of prokaryotic Genome but highly unlikely in the Vitality Sense of Respiration Metabolism Function of Mitochondrion. A parasitizing Bacterium of a Pre-Eukaryotic Bacterium highly undermines the membrane-bounded structures of many other eukaryotic Organelles, giving credence to the ideal that Eukaryotic Domain is synonymous with not just one parasitic bacterium but a host of (multiple) bacteria possibly giving rise to Nucleus, Proteosomes, Lysomes, just like the Mitochondria. Otherwise, I favor such possibility similar to my preference to the Panspermia Hypothesis of Biologicogenesis on Earth. Ph.D Jared Rutters, Diene Wissenschaft macht Sinn und muss moglich vermehren sein als zum Ende zu machen Leben eben mehr Machtvoll und Gesund. Ich beacte und suche die Moeglichkeit der Ewigkeit. Heil!

[@Petrov3434]

Read any of Nick Lane books.... - especially The Vital Question and Power, Sex and Death

[@mafarmerga]

A good explanation of mitochondrial function but I was disappointed that you repeated the old Margulis model of mitochondrial origins. There never was a proto-eukaryote that ingested but did not digest an alpha-proteobacterium. Ask yourself these questions that I pose to my first year biology majors: 1) Why would a cell ingest but not digest a prey bacterium? 2) What was the original selective advantage that drove the symbiosis? It could not have been ATP production because no bacterium is known to pump ATP into its environment. Such a bacterium would be a dead bacterium. 3) How did an anaerobic proto-eukaryote ever come in contact with an aerobic bacterium? The presence of oxygen would have killed an anaerobic proto-eukaryote. Spend some time looking at the syntrophy hypothesis and other papers by Bill Martin and Nick Lane.

[@parsathil4438]

Starts at 02:48

[@martinzshow4361]

Elegant system - but who built it?

[@dinomiles7999]

Dr. Jack Kruse.. on you tube .

[@kenciolek843]

It reminds me of the inner workings of the Tabernacle in the desert in the book of the law in the Holy Bible