B lymphocytes (B cells) | Immune system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

[@johnmichael5135]

Mr. Khan, I've been watching your videos since grade 8... now im in medical school still watching ur videos. Thank you so much for your time and spreading your great talent of teaching to the world

[@VermHat]

wait what? He been around that long?

[@JoseHernandez-zh5tu]

John Michael Amen!

[@bucksquirty4873]

John Michael I'm pretty sure you go to my school, haha.

[@Just_nthombi]

+John Michael me too since high school atleast

[@CrazycruxGaming]

+John Michael Haha, I'm in pre-med and watching his videos.

[@lisachamussy6211]

I swear I would never understand any concepts taught in my lectures if it weren't for you teaching them in much better depth and explanation

[@MJforever5690]

I go to an elite Australian dental school and haven't gotten any sense of understanding until these videos. THANK YOU!

[@bliss7166]

Elite? Lemme guess Melbourne uni? 😂

[@ααα-ν6ν8ν]

يبدو أن التعليقات كلها قبل سنوات فقط انا من الحاضر ...شكرا جزيلا لك اينما كنت و بارك الله فيك❤️على هذا التوضيح الاكثر من رائع

[@kathrynmcintosh9374]

I love how excited he is about B cells. You're the best Sal.

[@debibaird]

I like to think of opsinization as "honey" that makes the target pathogen more delicious to phagocytes. Visual: bees to honey. "Bee"-cells respond, make honey, to attract "b"ears to eat them.

[@fullmetalsnowflake2508]

+Debi Baird hahaha I love it. Great mnemonic!

[@rgnap]

We had a Greek girl in my med school class that says opsonise comes from a greek word meaning 'to make something tasty'. Haven't forgotten it since!

[@pedroparamo4938]

Haha, Great trick for understanding and memorizing.

[@jeremymoore145]

That’s a good analogy.

[@nice18able]

I'm a final year medical student and this video FINALLY made me realize what I've actually been reading all these years. Thank you HEAPLOADS!!!! Love you to bits for this video

[@sherripy3932]

The world needs more teachers like you

[@philliphanna2307]

To g if h o d go is

[@philliphanna2307]

H HD Xbox ju cm if z sic ss di of b joy so if Eric fix chi is Xi if x di of di of UK NC to key in Co of mix x Ying togk c

[@wild.Petals79]

Sal I watched a lot of your videos in the past 12 mons. From chemistry to A&P 1 now I am taking A&P2. You are the best!! You make everything easier to understand since English is my fourth language (yes it's true). I got an A on my A&P 1 because of your videos of course my prof. too.. I want to say thank you but Thank you isn't enough, you are amazing u are a hero, u saved a lot of students out there.. Thank you

[@matthewkiel7221]

Reading books are confusing without your helpful videos. You are a life saver!

[@rachellevalenzuela357]

Listening to your explanations is the glue in my studying regimen. Thank you SO MUCH for these videos. I know I'm not only speaking for myself when I say that your videos are life savers.

[@anastasiamccarter3365]

THANK YOU! I have an anatomy and physiology test tomorrow and no matter how many times I read the text I couldn't comprehend this information. This is SOOOOO helpful!

[@aliharajli95]

6:35 me during quarantine: ahhh COVID-19

[@homophobe6250]

covid is nothing to worry about

[@medfreak1990]

I love it, was once so confused about all these innate, humoral immunity, all sorted in my head now!!!! FANTASTIC!!!

[@flogurl9]

I don't know why professors have to be so sneaky by omitting info and assuming that we'll somehow figure it out with the hundreds of notes that we have to study. You sound more passionate about what you're teaching than any professor I've known in medicine. Thank you.

[@jsin101]

I haven't watched a single video of urz that didn't help me. You give lots of information without making it impossible for the simpletons to understand. Thanks a lot.

[@franklia6681]

I see a lot of people are in Med School, but is there anyone watching that is in nursing school?

[@ayamjago1]

+Frank Lia Nursing student here

[@iahmed214]

+Frank Lia Hell yeah :D

[@destinyloar3255]

+Frank Lia I changed my major from Pre-Med to Nursing and I'm currently trying to get into the Nursing program. These videos are quite helpful when studying for the TEAS!

[@raomorusupalli1174]

+Destiny Loar lol i'm studying this for high school biology

[@nargesmaskan6591]

+Frank Lia Studying this in undergrad - Molecular and Cellular Bio major.

[@Ultimatec09]

6:29 hit different in 2021

[@Dnjeb]

I'm currently taking immunology this Semester and this Video helped me a lot! Textbooks couldnt help me comprehend these concepts but right after watching this video? I am ready for tomorrow's lecture :D Thank you! :D

[@bjyjean]

Just starts new project in immunotherapy as grad student. This is fascinating! Thank you so much!

[@Wakoyantanket]

6:29 freaked me out. It's now 2021 & COVID has completely destroyed parts of society. Knowing this vid was made 11 years ago is wild.

[@MsCarolynRae]

Don't you just love when it all "clicks??" Dangg I was confused until I watched this :)

[@taongakamanga343]

I just love how you make everything seem so plain and simple. Thank you.

[@kathrynstillman8957]

Thank you! I’m studying to challenge the blood bank technologist boards on my own and it’s so hard teaching myself, but this helped so much!

[@michielkrukkert9288]

'Immunoglulobing' 'Teaching biology really stresses my perspelling part of my brain' Laughing my ass off hahaha!!

[@yassinhany3569]

Thank you for your great efforts in making this videos you cant imagine how helpful they are im in engineering school and im still grateful.

[@hibarehan9735]

6:36 *corona virus intensifies*

[@MercyBeYou]

thank yu thank yu thank yu!!!! my teacher is a BORE and these videos actually keep me up when I'm studying at 12:30 in the morning...PLEASE KEEP THEM COMING!!!

[@rafasauriorex]

I finally understood after so many years

[@maud6524]

10 years later this is still incredibly helpful, thank you !

[@softpotato5564]

8:22 alright corona B cell, now is your time to shine

[@haleaydn8014]

I just hate the way my professor describes these but you just nailed it. Thank you!

[@user-bd4mt3js8z]

7:35 the way he says "particular", oml

[@ahmedkhayoon3203]

6:35 Seeing this to help me with my report in quarantine!

[@berniedmjm4108]

I'm taking micro now. This what I was learned. It's different in the way of an invader presenting itself so to speak. B cells see Ag. The Ag attaches to the immunoglobulin binding site & processed inside the B cell making Ag fragments (epitopes). MHC2 attaches to the Ag making MHC2-Ag complex. It will then go to the surface of the B cell to display itself for the TH cell to recognize it. TH cell attaches it to the MHC2-Ag which will release cytokines to activate the B cell to Clonal expand. The clonal expansion will make some B cell, memory B cell & developing into antibody producing plasma cells.

[@oisselaissor]

B stands for "Borsa di Fabrizio", an organ characteristic of the birds. Girolamo Fabrizi d'Acquapendente (1533-1619) is the nome of the discoverer of this organ and he gave the name.

[@mustapha1403]

It took my professor 3 lessons to explain this , you did a waaaaaay better job in 14 minutes !!!

[@84sounakmajumdar45]

Imagine a 10year old video looks so fresh on KZbin

[@amazingrose5932]

Finally im able to connect the bits of pieces that i have been studying. Thank you Sir now i have a better picture of Immunology.

[@RamirezHD]

Pharmacy student here...Thanks again for teaching...It would be nice if you could replicate like B cells, and fill up all classrooms along the nation.

[@phoenixveal6517]

I'm doing GCSE extension science and you've literally saved me for my biology exam tomorrow

[@musheeramohammed2596]

I don't know how to explain how much I appreciate and respect what u do.... thank you very much .... u r rely helping us,,,pllllllz keep it up

[@AldrupMixer]

He was meant to call that place on the cell to which the antibody binds an antigen. antigens are like antibodies consisting of peptide chains and the peptides have some areas to which the antibodies bind (which means thyat the antibody binds to specific areas, not the entire antigen). These "active seats" are called epitopes and are only a small fraction of the entire antigen

[@MrToxicSausage]

Antibodies can neutralise pathogens by binding to the active regions. Antibodies can also bind to pathogens and tag them for phagocytosis. Or the antibodies bind and signal NK cells to kill the cells.Or the bound antibodies allow the binding of a C1 complex to the pathogen surface and allow the complement cascade to destroy the cell. Hope that helped

[@brcarter1111]

since the variable regions of B-cells are assembled randomly, there is a chance they can become autoreactive, or react against healthy antigens within the body. Just like T cell receptors, B cells must be tested and autoreactive cells must be eliminated. The mechanisms controlling T cell "training" have been elucidated, but the mechanism for B cell training has yet to be discovered. Maybe it will be you, I'm sure there is a Nobel prize in it for ya for added incentive

[@SimplementBelle]

Brett Carter can you explain more please

[@unwanted1slave]

i am a master student..ur video jus help me revised all my undergrad knowledge...u r a very great teacher!!!

[@not-high-on-life]

So neatly explained, was looking for good explanation for weeks. Finally!

[@cat.227]

This channel is helping me right now in Grade 9 O/Levels. ALL HAIL KHAN ACADEMY!

[@cenotosa1]

It's something in birds that makes B-cells. In humans, the B should stand for "bone marrow", which is where they're made in us.

[@AlifeGuard]

This video is so good

[@qais84able]

First thank you for this wonderful illustration. I have some questions. 1. Where does these processes take place? I mean do all of them happen in the bone marrow? plasma or lymphoid organs? 2. U mentioned that B-cells can recognize an antigen, but can they activate themselves spontaneously?? or they need helper t-cells as well?? 3. what's about the role of b cell receptors (BCR) in recognizing antigen? 4. How does hypermutation play a role in B-cell activation? Thank you for your time & help

[@benjanibenjani]

superb! succinct, concise, informative, these lectures are fantastic. you are saving my skin!!!

[@SickOfLacking]

You sir, I love dearly right now. Thank you for these amazing videos. If I pass my test, it is single-handedly due to you.

[@Hunchoupti]

oh my goodness this was actually soo helpful... thanks so much Khan academy

[@lublin54]

world need more teaches like you.Thank you.

[@hansemand]

Extremely helpfull for my nurse exam. Among the best educational videos i found on YT.

[@Sudip_Sardar]

Thanks Khan Academy, for making this video. It's really very helpful. 6:31 Covid-19

[@raymondcerv1370]

This video aged well on that aspect.

[@munmunchowdhury2614]

How he makes the difficult things so easy!

[@gigawatt01]

best b cell video on the net, thank you i have an exam in 2 hours, you made it clear!

[@fmn128]

Am in college and am listening attentively. Then Khan throws a joke and i chuckle. "Yah that weirdo with the headphones!!" Thnaks Khan for the smile i never thought i will have while listening to this.

[@chocolat0428]

I love this raw lecture style. Too beautiful narrating makes me sleepy.

[@slavuleteolivia2001]

I loved it! The process can be easily understood after seeing your video.

[@youtubec8563]

In short, before 5:50 the B cell was drawn with antibodies attached. Interestingly, individual B cell produces different antibodies. The antibodies are different due to their difference on the variation part, the (pink and orange colored part)

[@youtubec8563]

^add to before 5:50, B cells are involved in humoral responses. The mechanism of having different membrane bonded antibodies in B cell is the same as T cells. There are 10^10 combos of antibodies. These antibodies on membrane are also called immunoglobins

[@youtubec8563]

Up to 8:35. The example is a new pathogen. This pathogen's epitope will have to bind to one of the antibodies's receptor in the 10^10 combos of antibody out there (it's actually not 10^10 since some don't actually attach to any pathogen's ) and the when the pathogen attached, the B cell with that particular antibody becomes activated

[@youtubec8563]

Up to 11:11. The activated B cell will replicate into much larger quantity. Some of them will become memory cells, which will live for a long time and bind to the same "new" pathogen. Some will become effector cells, which will make the same antibodies of the original B cell

[@marcelamartinez8103]

I just go to my classes because of the attendance. My real lecture is right here. Thanks so much!.

[@Rodrigues1337]

I have test in histology coming up and this really helped. Your work is amazing!:)

[@TheJfranco9]

About 92% of all human cells are microbes; then one can ask what "are" we? My true interest is quantum mechanics, but I started education late so getting my PhD in biology before switching to sub-atomic particles. I want to research and publish work in regards to how subatomic particle interact to create such products, i.e. at 5:45 I want to know what quantum mechanisms occur in order for these variables to shift.. Science is amazing, good videos.

[@maryweima9135]

So clear, I found your videos very helpful.

[@kathepac210390]

this was great!! I'm at medschool and it really helped me :) THANK YOU!

[@judyshin1220]

Thanks so much, this helped a lot with studying for my pathophys. test tomorrow!

[@tokelauankidd]

Thoroughly enjoyed this video series. Very clear and informative. Thank you

[@ahmedzinati]

Thanks alot you are really great teacher

[@eduardovazquezvilla8361]

amazing how you make it so easy to undestand thank you, it really shows you're very passionate about your work/job

[@Agus1912E]

What is really really REALLY interesting !! hahaha he's so passionate about this.

[@MsSreyDa]

You are the best. Much better in illitrating and explaning this than both of my college professors. :)

[@yuliyalovesali]

Bless your soul. I love your videos. I feel so much better about immunity. Thank you so much!!!

[@kevigard]

I really enjoy how you present and explain your information, I wish you were my bio teacher

[@jenniferlin3448]

”some new virus that shows up that the world has never seen before" ... watching this in 2022 gives me chills lol thanks b cells

[@Wellphew]

so the antibodies which are attached to B-cell are receptors. antibodies coming out of plasma cells are not receptors. Receptors mostly are found on the surface of cells, that receive signals for the cells to do something like replicate, die, allow certain molecules to enter or exit.

[@FocusWLN]

thankyou so much! I recognize your voice from somewhere? Better lesson through squiggly lines and a voice than i've had in a long time!

[@aloutfy720]

@Giesinger07 an epitope is a small part of the antigen that binds to the antigen binding site. It is about 6-8 amino acids in length.

[@tharininawodya852]

Watching this in 2022.. when i heard the word a "new virus that world has never see" kinda blew my mind 🤯🤯🤯

[@themarchiones]

you are a wonderful teacher, thank you!! I just was not understanding adaptive immunity until now!

[@apollo575]

I listen to this guy teaching while i sleep.

[@MayaCreatesChaos]

these videos make studying so much less of an effort. lovee

[@rem1736]

I was taught that each antibody is specific for a single antigen (the lock and key model), but recently I have heard that scientists will mix serum from an individual with an unknown pathogen with a variety of known pathogenic viruses and bacteria. In this way, the antibodies to the unknown pathogen will react will one of the known pathogens that is closely related to the unknown one. This will give the scientists a clue as to the structure of the unknown pathogen. Is this correct?

[@amandapappa]

Khansacademy is literally the best information site on the internet!!

[@webberfan23]

Great teaching guy! seems more personal when trying to grasp the concepts, nice!

[@kosionwudiwe5975]

Ive been following you for a really long time now... your videos are awesome

[@Ka3kay]

look up "somatic recombination"

[@kspcheung]

Actually, the thing that the antibodies bind to at first is an epitope of an immunogen. Then secreted antibodies from the effector B cells bind to the antigens of the foreign substance.

[@crabmeat88]

Didn't understand this in class at all. Thanks Sal

[@democolor42]

Really enjoy of these videos, he interprets everything so well

[@amandarios448]

I like that he explains the meaning of the words and everything. Of you just spit out a bunch of names & deliver it in a very dry way, it doesn't get memorized. So it's like he makes a little story for each section of what he is explaining & think that's why his method works so well :)

[@robotmiah]

Jazakallah bro :')

[@fleurlilac]

A billion times better compare to my A&P teacher this semester.

[@wolves4ever10]

You will be the reason I pass my upcoming A&P2 exam fr

[@lorenrendino3220]

your videos are very helpful! i think a bit of restructuring the organization of material presented could be helpful as well as numbering your videos in the order they should be viewed. THANKS!

[@tenochtitilian]

+Loren Rendino FYI on the Khan Academy website they're listed in order in case you wanted to know the intended sequence of the immunology series.

[@adthomas218]

Thank you thank you thank you! I was getting really annoyed with not thoroughly understanding the entire concept by reading my text book....you make it interesting!! :) Thanks again!

[@ThugRandles]

SO GOOD! Don't ever stop making these videos man, you rock! Thanks :D

[@cbouhlel]

This is amazing. THANK YOU!

[@MrToxicSausage]

most of the time B cells are activated by helper t cells. There are also 2 types of t cell independent activating.