The basal ganglia - Details of the indirect pathway | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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[@KirstenMongie]

I wish I could be paying you guys instead of my University for all this helpful information! The material was presented in such a simplistic, yet efficient manner.

[@Dr.Phoenix]

Kudos to the first person who figured out this stuff

[@ayeshaayub8678]

not a single word still

[@cyndylarsen7142]

Love the analogy of the puppy!! That was so adorable!! Wish I had teachers like that when I was in school

[@medschoolradio]

Love your videos! You have made these complicated concepts so easy to grasp!

[@nhanguyenlt7225]

thank youuuuuu, it's soooo comprehensive!!!

[@hungryasian9883]

so direct pathway is only for decrease inhibition of thalamus to increase movement, but indirect pathway has 2 systems so it can control thalamus to be active (increased movement) and not overly active (to decrease movement)? Please help me understand better

[@ST3RDz]

I love your analogies so much lol. Great video as always!!!

[@golubvolodemerovich7512]

Thanks a lot! I'm a genius! You have really made it easy, appreciate it.

[@cristofherparada8628]

is it me or the excitatory part of the strium comes from no where? or are we assuming already there was a signal from the motor cortex? or are we impllying an added acitivty from substantia nigra pars compacta suddenly changes the movement inhibition?

[@Mstravly]

Your videos are amazing! Thank you so much!

[@nkiruogene]

It has taken me months, now I understand this so well. Thank you so much.

[@wadierassam1728]

absolutely brilliant thank you so much :))

[@andyk4676]

Great quality content

[@wsheri11]

THANK YOU SO MUCH!

[@louiseroberts8976]

Thanks so much for this video I understand this topic so much better now! One thing I'm unsure about though is from what I can understand, both pathways start with the striatum, so how does the striatum know which pathway to initiate?

[@SebastianG81]

They actually start with the cortex. The cortex decides what is to be moved and what is to remain still, because it's at the top of the hierarchy, functionally speaking.

[@cristofherparada8628]

@@SebastianG81 so what sends signal to the motor cortex?

[@stanleysurjanto5572]

@@cristofherparada8628 it depends! The M1 motor cortex receives inputs from SMA, PMv, PMd, and S1 (supplementary motor area, premotor ventral and dorsal, and somatosensory cortex, respectively) and each of these areas receive information from different pathways from our spinal cords all the way from the receptors in our limbs! for example - lets say you touch something really warm but not hot enough to 'reflex away' - this is a voluntary example, the receptors in your fingers/hands send an action potential up to our spinal cord and up the spine through the dorsal medial lemniscal pathway (DCML) towards S1; S1 then EVENTUALLY communicates this to the M1* to "hey lets move our hand away", and thus the direct pathway takes place in the basal ganglia *Note: the M1 is responsible for ACTIVATION of movement and not 'planning' movement, in general again this is a SUPER simplified example, there are so many more pathways and little details IN the pathways itself - but basically everything communicates THROUGH the spinal cord and up to the cortices

[@cristofherparada8628]

@@stanleysurjanto5572 Well when I made this comment I was looing to study what was the path way involved in the intentional tremor but what you mention sounds like related to different functions what I was searching might be connected to the thalamus-amygdala since it seems that intentional tremors are affected by anxiety response,For a moment Inferior cerebellar peduncle seemed relevant specifically Vermis and intermediate parts of the hemispheres

[@smithf9948]

wonderful lecture!!

[@jonathansabido5430]

I love the the information as well. But is there any ways to raise the sound? Maybe I'm just old. I have the volume completely up and my speakers are Bose Speakers so i know that's not the problem. I have come across several videos that i just simply cannot hear.

[@tota9868]

Perfect 😭 Thank u so much!!!!

[@emmadavern3877]

amazing video!! Couldnt have been put in a simper way! thanks a lot!

[@haseopshin9728]

voice so soothing

[@n.jay_8978]

mesmerizing💯

[@kathmandunepal9547]

Date with crush? When did that start happening!

[@n.jay_8978]

😅😅

[@edgardejesus594]

In the last connection between the Substantia Nigra and the Subthalamic Nuclei, wouldn't the axon be excitatory to increase activity of the excitatory fibers going from the STh to the GPi? I think that would ultimately stop movement by increasing the activity of GPi.

[@zfrancis9843]

There is an excitatory signal (via glutamate) being sent from the STN to the Gpi, but is smaller in magnitude than the excitatory signal that would be sent without the influence of the D2 receptors. Thus you still have inhibition of the thalamus by Gpi, but it is less than the amount of inhibition observed if dopamine had not bound the D2 receptors. This occurs because D2 receptors inherently result in inhibition when they bind dopamine. As a result there is less excitation in the striatum (at the synapse between the excitatory and inhibitory neurons), which results in less of an inhibitory signal (GABA) sent to the Gpe. Since the Gpe is less inhibited, it can send a greater inhibitory signal (GABA) to the STN. Thus, the STN is more inhibited, and it sends a smaller magnitude excitatory signal to the Gpi. As a result, the Gpi still sends an inhibitory signal to the thalamus, but it is smaller in magnitude since the Gpi recieved less of an excitatory signal from STN. In short, the end result of the pathway still occurs (which is inhibition of the thalamus), but the magnitude of the effect is dampened down when dopamine binds the D2 receptors.

[@darkaction123]

my m1 is telling me nooo , but my thalamus my thaalamus is telling me yess

[@RomajaneAbrenio]

Thanks!

[@fortheangels3335]

I have no words to say..... It's just amazing so that I can't stop learning. Thank you so much

[@abdisalamjamadhahar4681]

thanks a lot

[@kennym8357]

What is the role of the subthalamic nucleus at rest? Does it excite or inhibit?

[@user-ej6qy5fs4y]

Thanks

[@suyonojohanes3573]

I have a question, in parkinson disease (lack of dopamine) it causes tremor and so on. How does it work accordung to this video? This video explain that dopamine is loosen "the leash", it means the higher the dopamine level more movement (am i correct?). I still confused please enlighten me, because the patophysiology of parkinson disease is a little contradicted from this video. Thank you in advance.

[@mrjollyguy25]

Thank you so much! You're making my life so much easier!

[@manonch9272]

Thanks a lot for this video! I might have a little objection though. I'm pretty sure the activation of D2 receptors leads to the decrease of D2 neurones' activity. And these neurones are the ones that project to the globus pallidus and are inhibitory (GABAergic). There is no relay between substantia nigra and projection neurones from the striatum, or is there ??

[@kemchobhenchod]

Very interesting to come back and review this a few decades out. Much deeper understanding of its mechanism of pathology and decay in Parkinson's and other movement disorders.

[@jameslim3641]

What stimulates the subthalamic nucleus???

[@yousufrawashdeh2001]

Amazing

[@RR-gi9vo]

So what is happening to people when they constantly hold their shoulders and never relax? Thanks

[@songheartzou7423]

谢谢您耐心细致的讲解!比起书上一大堆冗长又不着边际的文字，达到了四两拨千斤的效果！

[@davidlien4433]

If dopamine (secreted by substantia nigra) binds to the striatum and ultimately loosens the leash on the thalamus (which causes more unmovement), then what explains the symptom of "resting tremor" in Parkinson's disease? (where the dopamine neurons die and less dopamine is secreted, which would inhibit the thalamus and INHIBIT unwanted movement)

[@shreyagandhi1462]

im confused, i thought D2 neuron receptors targeted no movement?

[@Ivanrur]

Same🤔

[@camiyyb7530]

Now i know why she spilled coffee on our first date

[@TheMegaKidBoy]

She wasn't able to inhibit the movement :'(

[@vajeehasajid9823]

😂😂

[@malak2858]

Is this the same thing as the extrapyramidal tract?

[@tragisscott]

hey there. not exactly. extrapyramidal tract is one of the collection of motor pathways along the central nervous system. indirect pathway is a regulatory pathway in which our motor pathways are regulated. so by right, there are involvements of the direct & indirect pathways (basal ganglia) in the motor tracts, that includes extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts. so, they do not equal but rather, basal ganglia plays a role in controlling the input and output of the motor tracts. hope this helps! do correct me if i'm wrong.

[@piersonel5213]

Really oversimplified to the point of being confusing. Please differentiate between the pars compacta and pars reticulata. Very important.

[@user-oo7bk3gd2g]

wtf in the video with direct pathway you said that thalamus is inhibitory in general

[@zenovier7689]

actual lecture starts at 2:49

[@yousufrawashdeh2001]

Who is this lecturer?

[@niyatirajpopat6322]

👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼

[@taqdeesgohar3203]

I'm gonna name my puppy 'Thalamus'.

[@a.7325]

Honestly, I don't understand what you are talking about, according to the last video which is about Direct pathway, you said that Thalamus is an Inhibiting place, if it is blocked then more excitation occurs but in this video you didn't mention about that and also gave a new information that Thalamus is always want to activate Motor cortex... Why you confusing me like this, btw thank you for your video.

[@cesarfiladelfo]

Thalamus is not an inhibiting place. Instead, thalamus has the most important excitatory fibers to the motor cortex, but it's under inhibition by Globus Pallidus Internus when no movement is programmed.

[@a.7325]

Thank you so much for your explanation.

[@brownboy899]

can't you speak a bit louder !!!!!!!!!