Late Triassic Mass Extinction Causes & Consequences | GEO GIRL

[@myamazingjack8366]

Always shocked that your view count is not higher, although it seems to be picking up. Considering everything, I can't think of any science channel on youtube that surpasses you in quality, all things considered, i.e. your content and your presentation. I really enjoy watching/listening to your videos.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! I am so happy you consider my content to high quality! ;D

[@punditgi]

​@@GEOGIRLYes, super high quality. 😊

[@anticorncob6]

People generally aren't a big fan of power point presentation-style videos.

[@warriorjason2763]

@@anticorncob6true but it's so much more helpful to keep track of

[@nicholasmaude6906]

IIRC a major factor in the Dinosaurs becoming dominant at the end of the Triassic is that they had a more efficient respiratory system than mammals, mammal-like reptiles, amphibians and other archosaurs.

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh very interesting! I am surprised my book didn't mention that, thanks for sharing ;D

[@nicholasmaude6906]

@@GEOGIRL I have yet to read your book, Rachel, however I do believe it has been mentioned in several YT videos I've seen over the years and I wouldn't be surprised at all if Scientific American has published at least one article on the issue. IIRC I read this in several books in which the Permian-Triassic extinction was mentioned and at the end of the PT extinction event Pangea was very hot with high CO2 and low Oxygen levels, the Dinosaurs bird-like lungs would've really helped them thrive when Mammals and Mammal-like Reptiles struggled a great deal to just survive. Edit: One scientist who you could query about this Peter Ward ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist) ).

[@ysc6896]

You are a genius Efficient respiratory system? You were there? Or you were told by morons? Pretty sad you are so smart

[@toughenupfluffy7294]

I've been looking all over in the journals and online, and I don't see any extinction events associated with the 'IIRC,' whatever that is.

[@nicholasmaude6906]

@@toughenupfluffy7294 You don't know what "IIRC" means? It's an acronym for If I Recall Correctly.

[@tonihalonen1260]

Kiitos!

[@GEOGIRL]

Ei kestä! ;)

[@lugnutdecepticon]

Another great video GEO GIRL!!!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@ericodijk]

I thought that the way dinosaurs breathe also contributed to their success during the Late Triassic Maas Extinction. You can see their way of guiding air through their lungs in modern birds: one sack fills with air, which is then pumped into the lungs and exits into a second sack (avian respiration). So they do not need to breathe as mammals do (in and out to completely fill and empty a lung) or other reptiles. Mammals evolved diaphragms which offer a different way of guiding air though a lung effectively. But as I understood, at the end of the Triassic, avian respiration, or the developing steps towards it, was their key.

[@takashitamagawa5881]

It is intriguing to think that feathers appeared so early in the evolutionary history of dinosaurs. By now most of the vertebrate paleontology community believes that birds evolved from dinosaurs, but feathers as a flight mechanism is then a repurposing of a feature that evolved for a different function (or functions).

[@tjarkschweizer]

Feathers are really just the reptilian version of hair. Except feathers are more flexible in an evolutionary sense.

[@davidschaftenaar6530]

1:37 GEO CAT sighted! 🐈

[@donaldbrizzolara7720]

The disappearance of the placodonts is interesting. Icthyosaurs and nothosaurs (evolving into plesiosaurs) continued on. Placodonts probably dwelled in shallow waters taking on a lifestyle akin to todays walrus (predators feeding on mollusks). Perhaps one of the causes for the extinction of the placodonts was actually loss of habitat.‭ ‬The placodonts seemed to have spread with the breakup of Pangaea as continental drift created new expanses of coastline and shallow sea.‭ ‬However the process that created the expanse of habitat was still on-going with the distances between the landmasses ever increasing.‭ ‬Possibly this would have reduced the amount of shallow sea habitat as well as isolating the placodonts to smaller geographical areas.‭ Also, as predators themselves their demise, in part, might be due to the Triassic extinction of critical prey sources. Nonetheless, it’s all very thought provoking. As per usual, Rachel, a wonderful summary of yet another fascinating dying.

[@ysc6896]

Too smart, all you dinosaur experts here posting expert information As if...you've all been there? No? Just books? Trust everything, don't question nothing Fair enough. Hopeless cases

[@bencake28]

Ohhh GEO GIRL dropped a video, I see... 😱 I directly let fallen everything down and watch it - now! 🥳 I really like in wich way you shown us all this fascinating game changers in Evolution. Mass extinctions. Step by step and always the eye of all the things whom work together. Love it! ❤️ The whole triassic is such a amazing time. Cause of many reasons. And now, we all see how this Epoch comes to a rude end. 😬 Thanks for your great and amazing Work. 🤗🦖

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks! So glad you enjoy my videos ;D

[@sayagarapan1686]

Brilliant. You're easy to learn from so I only have three complete noob questions- Okay, so if seeded plants died out and ferns took over, how did seeded plants make a come back? Seeds, I assume, or did not all of them die out everywhere? Theoretically, was the atmosphere conducive to apelike or even modern human life at any point in this period? I expect no, but would like to hear it explained. Was the C.A.M.P. vulcanism the source of the bedrock uncovered by glaciers in the Great Lakes area today? Thanks Professor. Asking for a friend.

[@GEOGIRL]

1. Sorry, I didn't make it clear in the video when I said 'ferns took over' but that means they were clearly dominant during the interval right during and after the event, but the others, like seeded plants did not die out completely, they were just diminished to very small numbers. Then after the event they came back from the remaining species. 2. Yes, as long as the atmosphere had enough O2, which it did at that point, humans could survive no problem. The greater amount of CO2 in the atmosphere always makes people think it must've been inhospitable, but the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere actually doesn't matter much (within reason), the thing that matters is if it changes rapidly. When it goes up or down too rapidly then climate changes so quickly that geological processes that balance out the change don't operate fast enough to balance it in time to prevent the change - that's when mass extinctions occur, then the extinction event ends because earth finally balances itself out again over time. For example, modern climate change isn't dangerous because of the magnitude of CO2 increase in the atmosphere, it is dangerous because of the *rate* at which it is increasing. 3. My guess is no, because I think that region was east of the camp volcanic region, but I am not totally sure, I could be wrong ;) Hope that all makes sense, thanks for the great and engaging questions!

[@mikemiller5062]

You may be watching This for school, I’m watching it because I’m high and I liked dinosaurs…when worlds collide

[@armanddeperdussin3897]

Your channel is my go-to for geology and evolutionary biology. In your Late Triassic Mass Extinction video I offer one caution. Note this text from the video, "... dinosaurs had already developed insulating coats of feathers to access vegetation toward the poles." The word "to" could be interpreted to indicate the coats of feathers were developed for a specific purpose (accessing vegetation). Evolution has no sense of time or purpose. Those insulated dinosaurs were lucky to have this exaptation.

[@pierrearmand2793]

I enjoy your videos but.... So when you show the crustal extension it would be nice to see what is happening below to cause the crustal extension (so you can understand what's at play). I am listening to the Rise and fall of the dinosaurs and when he talks about the breaking up of Pangea, he makes it sound more dramatic, so you get the sense that this volcanic event is or (tectonic event) is having a dramatic effect on the shape and life on the planet. I don't know if you have read that book (rise and fall of the Dinos), but it is a great book. When I took geology, back in the early 80s I did not get much of a sense of anything, I got the facts but not the a picture of what was going on. Not sure if it was me or the way things were presented. That is why it is great to have videos like this.

[@GEOGIRL]

I haven't read that yet, but I will check it out! And thanks for the feedback, that is a great point. I have been immersed in geology so long I can just picture the mantle convection when I hear the words "crustal extension" but I forget that that is not a well known concept to everyone, so I will try to be better in future videos about showing those internal mechanics :)

[@pierrearmand2793]

@@GEOGIRL It is the geology equivalent of Harry Potter.

[@pierrearmand2793]

In the sense that it is an easy read. I drive a lot for work so I am listening to it on Audible. New York Times Best Seller. He also has a book on mammals.

[@a.randomjack6661]

Bon dimanche Geo Girl, et merci ✌

[@GEOGIRL]

Bon dimanche! ;D

[@nachog2041]

Great video and cool shirt.

[@punditgi]

Geo Girl rules! ❤🎉😊

[@SandhillCrane42]

Don't let the dinosaurs keep you down.

[@onurturhal6814]

Great video!

[@georgefspicka5483]

Hi Geo Girl :) I think I’ve mentioned that in addition to identifying fossils for the NHSM, I also do my best keep up with the research concerning extinction and climate events. I recently read that the Mid Triassic, Carnian Pluvial Episode, is starting to be considered as a Major Mass Extinction event, and that this too gave dinosaurs an evolutionary boost. In central Maryland, we have the LateTriassic Gettysburg and New Oxford Formations, which are part of the series of rift basins that comprise the Newark Supergroup, with exposures extending from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. A number of theropod grallators have been identified. At the NHSM we have a set of tracks that have tentatively been identified as belonging to a running Coleophysis. - - - - - Something new to me, I just read about an End Ediacaran, Mass Extinction event. I’ll have to find out more about that.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yea, someone else commented about the mid-triassic one as well, I will have to look into that and maybe do a follow up video in the future! If you know of any good papers/books that discuss that event, please send the link or title, thanks! ;)

[@georgefspicka5483]

@@GEOGIRL That's one thing about the time we live in, with regards to geology and paleontology, it's like we're in a golden age of discovery :)

[@janicegipson4691]

Good chuckle at the end. For me, from very early in life, the meek shall inherit the earth meant cockroaches, lol. Surprised to see it in print!

[@Inlocked]

Next tell about Precambrian

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha, it's like you predicted my next move ;)

[@meepsheep3151]

I just want to say Thank you very much, GeoGirl, me and my friends survived our final examination by binge-watching your videos. We love your videos, and I hope you will continue these educational videos, love ya from the Philippines here!!!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much for this comment! I am so glad my videos helped you all get ready for your exams! :D

[@ecurewitz]

CAMP is visible not far from where I live. It’s about an hour drive to the Mount. Holyoke and Mount Tom ranges in New England. Fault block ranges caused by the breakup of Pangea consist of the basalts that reached the surface at that time

[@JasonKale]

I always learn something new!!! Thank you!!!

[@GEOGIRL]

So glad to hear that! Thank you ;)

[@Byronjesk6004]

I love the depth of your presentation

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you, so glad you enjoyed it! ;)

[@sussekind9717]

Another great video, girl! I've been slowly going through your archives, as I just discovered your channel a couple of weeks ago. I love your content! Thanx, and keep up the good work.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you found my channel and are enjoying it ;D

[@davidgrech4574]

Thank you for your awesome video and I will be looking forward to seeing more from you 🙏❤️

[@sayiansweet]

@Geo Girl. I have now seen all your extinction videos, and appreciate your well-constructed information provided along with your clear and concise reasoning. My question for you is "based off the geography of the Earth, how could the Earth go from a Unicellular organism to the Cambrian Explosion of complex multicellular diversity?" What was the cause and condition to transform to such an incredible state for life when the last Billion years had relatively no change? Thank you for any insight you can provide!

[@JB-yb4wn]

That was the day we all became premium gasoline. 🦖

[@punditgi]

Watching Geo Girl always makes my day! 🎉😊

[@nicholasmaude6906]

Here's a link to Ben G. Thomas's latest video, Rachel, on how the Sauropods got their long necks - kzbin.info/www/bejne/gZyulJh4gNiSi9k Enjoy😃.

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha What a coincidence! I just watched it before seeing this comment ;D

[@martinkitt2947]

You and your channel are phenomenal. Love your videos.

[@meesalikeu]

another enjoyable and informative lecture, and pardon me but i am just going to whisper again that when you get back to covering other planets and moons in the solar system that team triton over here is waiting patiently for you to present -- thank you ;)

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha I love that you are such a huge Triton fan lol, I promise someday soon I will get on that (there are unfortunately not many books that discuss triton so I have to look to papers, which are a lot harder to make introductory level videos about haha)

[@Beastclub679]

Hey ...geo girl...nice video..🙃❣️

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you!

[@Beastclub679]

@@GEOGIRL most welcome..😇🙃

[@spindoctor6385]

You have an amazing gift for teaching. Nothing can substitute for the genuine enthusiasm you obviously have. I think you could make your picture bigger on the screen. The graphics are good but I am learning from you. You are great on screen, don't underestimate the effect that can have in expressing yourself. Maybe even a setup like pbs spacetime with you on the first 1/3 of the screen and the graphics to the right of that. That is just my opinion. I will watch either way. Thank you for consistently great content.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks for the suggestions! I am so glad you are learning and enjoy my videos ;D

[@sobertillnoon]

If most of the vertebrates all died off when the ferns took over, how do we know the ferns didn't murder them?

[@DrSmooth2000]

I suspect mutant fungus in the PTEE

[@desktop5212]

Hi, may I ask if there is any evidence to show the early dinosaurs in Triassic had feathers? As far as I know, the earliest feather fossil record dated back to the Jurassic period about 165 to 160 Ma, far later than the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Although pterosaurs had feather like structure, but I think it is too early to say that feather was the common feature of all avemetatarsalia animals.

[@aaronvogel6951]

What do you call a famous geologist??? A Rockstar!!! I needed a laugh after the cockroach bit...

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha I love that! ;D

[@dukecity7688]

Oh no - the cockroaches - nooo.

[@robbabcock_]

Fascinating stuff!

[@kwinter2541]

Amazing how much we can know about these events that wiped the primary species out .

[@billroberts9182]

Looking at your graph @ 0:14, the mass extinction actually occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary, not the end of the Triassic. The rise of dinos may have developed toward the end of the Triassic but the extiction occurred earlier yielding the niches for the dinos. I know, I'm being a bit picky and maybe the graph isn't technically correct. Love your content Geo Girl!

[@GEOGIRL]

Well, that was actually the extinction event before this one, they are two separate events: the end-Permian Extinction event and the Late Triassic Extinction event. You can see in the diversity graph that the permian event was much more devastating to diversity, but the triassic one was still devastating to groups like therapsids. Anyway, thanks for the comment and so glad you enjoy my content! ;)

[@noeditbookreviews]

What is this "join the channel" about? I'm already subscribed, but I've never heard of joining a channel.

[@GEOGIRL]

You can 'join' to become a channel member to support the channel and get extra 'member-only' content, but this costs a monthly fee compared to subscribing which is free. The monthly fees for members range from 2 dollars to 10 dollars a month depending on what rank you choose, but you certianly don't have to join, just subscribing is already amazing of you, thank you!! ;)

[@noeditbookreviews]

@@GEOGIRL I see. I appreciate you taking the time to write out such an explanation.

[@gonzaloNMF]

As a paleontologist, I'm glad to hear a geologist talking sense about paleontology.

[@benshaine]

Thanks! Curious about the relative roles of the End-Triassic and the a-bit-earlier Late-triassic Carnian Puvial Episode in the transition to dinosaurs. Work over the past few years is going in the direction of attributing the dinosaur take-over to most likely the Wrangellia eruption off what's now the American west coast then? Apparently led to, among other things, a couple million years of rain! (Dal Corso's research, etc.) Living in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, it feels like being immersed in that history, with Wrangellia greenstone basalt cliffs looming. Would be useful to have a video about that, if you can get to it. Helpful for our Wrangells field studies teaching, and a lot of local residents would appreciate it, too.

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh wow, that's so interesting! I didn't know about the millions of years of rain! I'll have to look into that, thanks for pointing that out ;D Maybe I can make a future video about that and it's effect on this extinction event.

[@rossk7927]

First time viewer here. Please invest in a lav mic. My first impression was of the piercing treble and, far less annoyingly, room echo and I almost bounced. Sound Quality > Content > Video Quality -- people don't watch good content with bad sound but they'll watch mediocre content with great sound.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks for the input, I actually have a new mic that I've been using for my more recent videos (I unfortunately filmed this one and the rest of my November content months ago before I got my new mic, but December and onward should be better haha ;)

[@williamchamberlain2263]

I like the current set-up - standard videos are pretty bland-sounding

[@vincentcleaver1925]

Second time watching and I just noticed you point at the dinosaur on your tee shirt... 8-P

[@Clearlight201]

This great presentation makes think that there's evidence here for the idea that a group or clade's ability to survive an extinction event depends on whether they were beginning to flourish or were already declining prior to the event (amongst many other factors). It's an interesting light in which to consider the theory that non-avian dinosaurs were already declining before the end-Cretaceous event.

[@jamesthompson3893]

That diversity chart at the beginning really shows how dramatic the end-Permian mass extinction was. Also, I didn't know very much about this late-Triassic extinction, so this was a really interesting video thank you 😊

[@GEOGIRL]

So glad you found this video interesting! I actually didn't know much about it either until doing to the research for this video! haha But I must admit I was very intrigued after learning about it more, I agree it is super interesting!

[@meesalikeu]

i found the number of families on the chart most interesting -- aside from the extinction events it built up to such stable levels for so consistently long --- and then suddenly so many more starting in the cretaceous period. also that the jurrasic was kind of umm, underpopulated, but we don't think about that rather famous epoch like that.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@meesalikeu Well, remember number of families represents diversity, not abundance. So the Jurassic was heavily populated, but just not as diverse because it was mostly dinosaurs, with few other groups since the dinosaurs were dominant and kept anything else from reaching dominance. ;) I should note too, I believe much of the increase in diversity in the Cretaceous is due to insects and plants since the co-evolution of flowering plants and many insect species during that period really thrived off each other :)

[@Get_to_the_Point]

Anoxia is the absence of oxygen. Hypoxia is reduced oxygen. I found this vid to be fascinating as usual from you.

[@patrickjernigan1062]

Much like the plesiosaur, you had a little monster (felis catus) in the background too. A fuzzy, cute, cuddly, little clawed kind of monster with sharp teeth. Great video sweet little kitty 😺

[@MrGuzmanra]

How long did this extension event take? hundreds or thousand of years or more? From start to finish?

[@ChaseNoStraighter]

Great job of providing quality science that is accessible to those not in the field!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;)

[@icanfartloud]

So, great teacher

[@leeshackelford7517]

Your quote at the end....sounds like Gutsick Gibbon

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha it kinda does, I love Gutsick Gibbon!

[@michaeldy3157]

This disaster hit our ancestors hard just like the permian one. Which you show very well. Awesome video .

[@johnfox9169]

Beautifully done!!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks! Glad you enjoyed it ;D

[@MichelZongo-q3r]

I love this amazing video.

[@ltsgobrando]

Awesome video! 11/10! Side note: I really want to make a joke about "diversity being the safeguard against a mass extinction event"... but I at the risk of offence I'll keep my humor to myself. Seriously though awesome video, and I except many more! Subbed, liked, and commented ❤

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! :D

[@Alexnz935]

cool video more with the kitty co-presenter, I think you woke the kitty up, I would watch your back

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha yes, she always hates it when I film, she wishes I would just be quiet and let her sleep!

[@realcourte]

Triassic mass extinction... T'was time 🤣! Now we can go to the beach without worrying about the scenery! 🙃

[@Edgarbopp]

I know this is about dinosaurs benefiting from a mass extinction but feel we also need a introduction to the adorable furry mammal that makes occasional appearances in the background.

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha ah yes that thing... maybe someday she will just take over the whole lecture for me ;)

[@Alberad08]

Thanks a lot for this new one! You describe the fur insulation of dinosaurs as a main point of their success. Others have put the main focus regarding this on the outstanding efficiency of their breathing system. I can see, how both properties might have pushed them so much forward in relation to other types of animals.

[@stephenelberfeld8175]

I was looking up some fossil clathopteris on Google, I had collected from the Rt. 202 road cut in Holyoke, MA in the 1980's and there was an article about the high iridium content in the upper Triassic/lower Jurassic clathopteris zone in Holyoke. It is obvious that this implies the extinction event was caused by another meteorite strike. I looked at a specimen under magnification, because it seemed unusually shiny. The dark fern impressions seem to be embedded in quartz. It must have been baked into the "sandstone", as I have not seen these ferns preserved in other Triassic/Jurassic strata. The Triassic columnar basault in Holyoke is also well known along the approach to Mt. Tom.

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

Could you just imagine if Cockroaches became the dominant species? Lmfao Great video, I love geology and paleontology, I find it so interesting.

[@AgentMercer]

Terra formers moment

[@shinlanten]

Were there any events like the Triassic Mass Extinction linked to the Ontong Java Plateau?

[@wwoods66]

"The early, short-duration eruptions of OJP coincide with the global Early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (known as OAE1a or the Selli Event, 125.0-124.6 Ma) that led to the deposition of black shales during the interval 124-122 Ma. Additionally, isotopic records of seawater in sediments have been associated with the 90 Ma OJP submarine eruptions.[7]" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_Plateau

[@doctorofart]

For an alternative view on the dinosaur destruction event please see David Allen Deal’s did initiate work in the subject, “the day behemoth and leviathans died” Those five extinction events were only one and it was substantially bigger than expected and accepted in modern geology. It never hurts to read an alternative opinion, especially when that opinion is minus anomalies. Look forward to watching more of your content.

[@billkallas1762]

Did Supercontinents stick around for long periods because Plate Tectonics were weak because the mantle was hotter than it is now? Won't the same thing happen in another 800 million years when the Mantle cools more than it is now?

[@GEOGIRL]

Great question! So the mantle being hotter than it is now would've increased plate tectonic speed not slowed it down. However, I think for most of Earth's history (after the Archean), plate tectonics has been occuring at a very steady rate. The only time the heat on Earth was great enough to cause faster plate tectonics was on very early Earth, during the Hadean and early Archean Eons during its most hot and bombarded period (however I am NOT a paleo-plate tectonic expert so I could well be wrong, this is just the general understanding I have based on my reading/education). And as for future, you are right that the mantle is becoming steadily cooler as the heat from radioactive decay steadily dissipates, however, I believe the sun is also becoming steadily more intense and heat from solar radiation would balance out the heat lost from the mantle (but again, I am not an expert in solar radiation or evolution either and I could be wrong, but this is what I have heard so I think this would be the case) Hope that helps! ;)

[@billkallas1762]

@@GEOGIRL Some things I've seen and read mentioned that by 800 million years from now, the average temperature of the earth will reach 100 C. Enough to start boiling the oceans. This is just what other people have said. I, myself haven't been in a University level Geology class since the Dark Ages, so many of the things I learned have changed, or even been discounted. PS. I'm Hooked.....Subscribed.

[@DavidFMayerPhD]

Whatever happened to the crocodilians which dominate land vertebrates during the Triassic????

[@erlgunslinger7344]

Geogirl, can you please do a deep dive video about the Appalachian mountains? The history, geology, age of rocks and how they formed, historical ecosystems and fossils in the area.

[@GEOGIRL]

It's on my list! ;D

[@erlgunslinger7344]

@@GEOGIRL 👏🏼Tysm

[@sayagarapan1686]

@@GEOGIRL Excellent. Ever since I heard a rumor that everything East of the Mississippi River is buried under several feet of eroded Appalachian Mountains I've been wanting to hear about them as well.

[@sayagarapan1686]

Good subject. Want to hear about them as well.

[@geodad4782]

@@GEOGIRL Come visit me out here in Kentucky. I can show you some nice road cuts with trilobites, brachiopods, crinoids, and gastropods. 🙂

[@Sejalphagosia._]

Btw where is the summary 😢

[@miguelisaurusbruh1158]

loved this, thank you

[@DulceN]

This is a most fascinating subject. If I had another chance at life, I would be a paleontologist, but for the time being I just resort to collecting fossils of all eras.

[@richardmiklos466]

Are you on Twitter?

[@GEOGIRL]

Unfortunately, not. I mean I have an account (@the_Mo_we_know) but I never get on lol

[@larrypinkston1448]

You don't mention sulfur dioxide released by the CAMP. Carbon dioxide is not the only gas related to volcanism and mass extinctions.

[@GEOGIRL]

Right, but CO2 is what caused the warming which (based on what I've read) was the major cause of extinctions along with ocean anoxia. The only thing SO2 causes is acid rain, right? Which to my understanding would have had devastating local consequences but likely not global effects unless the volcanism was very explosive getting as high as the stratosphere, which I haven't seen for this period. Let me know if I am correct in this thinking or if I am missing something about the SO2 at this time, I haven't seen anything discussing the sulfur at this time so I may well be missing something, thanks!

[@paintfatpurple7394]

I thought the devastatingly low oxygen levels is what killed. And Dino’s developed lungs able to handle that. Hence leading to the evolution of birds.

[@TheCadman069]

GREAT video, thanks :)

[@ZephrusPrime]

What advise would you give a 12 yr old who says she wants to become a Paleontologist?

[@GEOGIRL]

I would say go for it! And watch my videos lol I mean I would have a lot more advice to give if she was a bit older and heading to college soon because at that point I would tell her to think about doing some undergraduate research while she's in school because that will look really good on the CV after she graduates. However, it really depends on the goal. If she wants to go into research and/or academia, grad school is necessary after undergrad and this is where having the research experience really helps. However, if she doesn't want to go into research or academia, then she may not need grad school, it just depends. There are lots of options out there, but as a 12 year old, I think my only advice is to have fun! Go fossil hunting! Keep shooting for your dreams! I wouldn't think she'd need to worry about any of this college stuff to much later ;)

[@xwtek3505]

"Despite the lesser known" Carnian: Hey, what about me?

[@opcom64]

Am still puzzled what made us think our planet or any other planets remains the same size over these period of time.. my wild guess it caused dynamic changes that affected animals survival..example, the larger the planet greater the gravitational force make moving animal requires more energy and size matters- dino size 😜.. another wild guess, it’s difficult to figure out if planet shrinks?

[@GEOGIRL]

Well, I am no astrophysicist, but it's my understanding that after the initial bombardment period in the solar system's history, there was minimal growth of the planets due to minimal impacts, so Earth has stayed the same size ever since it accreted 4.5 billion years ago. As for losing matieral, or shrinking, geologists can track volcanism through time and loss of material on other planets that lack atmospheres and therefore track the rate of loss of material (i.e., the rate they are shrinking) and how much they would've shrunk over 4.5 billion years (assuming a constant rate over time). However, Earth has an atmosphere that wouldn't allow any material from volcanism to escape, and because we know the atmosphere formed as Earth was accreting, it is clear Earth has not shrunk, nor has it grown, since 4.5 billion years ago, long before the dinosaurs evolved, or any life for that matter. However, I love that you brought that up, because on other planets and moons with the potential for life, that could play a major role in evolution! Because many of the moons that may host life in our solar system have very minimal atmospheres and thus, may shrink over time from loss of material. Thanks for the comment! It's so fun to contemplate this stuff ;D

[@opcom64]

@@GEOGIRL "I am no astrophysicist"... for the record am just a computer engineer, specifically a Linux Operating System engineer (rusty). Used to be an engineer now after realizing we are the carbon footprint I quit early 2022, now teaching kids and teenager about life. Am aware about planetary bombardment period, where orbiting planets collided with other space materials ... which am surprised how clear it is today, the space between our neighboring planet. It is like planet have rotated every inches of the space around them... entire ORBIT! ... it is like your feet collected/push away every pebble on the ground, every time you walked to college.. it sweeps clean the walk way ... the zeros value in BILLION years makes sense. The part I challenge you is the "core", which these volcano lava pushing through... if I am not wrong Mt. Everest was once ground zero before it is lifted as the highest mountain region in our planet, correct me if this is a myth - bare in-mind am a nerd. There is this push to lift material above ground and another goes the opposite direction, and this is where my point is. I am agreeing the fact that earth atmosphere don't allow material to escape, which is why I rejected the pollution theory affected our planet simply you can't use planet's material to pollute it. The part I am not sure but fall into believe is our Earth's core is a molten rock, it is constantly compressing planet's material and release hot gases as by products. The compression of material is where I think the missing piece in planetary sizing, maybe because we assuming it would be like the continental shift with planet's under ground plate movement which moves slowly, not a sudden drop because the supporting structure failure ... wild theory: you'll lost entire record when such structure failure occurs :) .. lol ... i have one additional question to you, do you read or study all this? now days I finding people read what others wrote without questioning/challenging (the study part).. am creating video too based on my thought process, not as beautiful as yours - you look amazing anyway .. thank you for sharing your thoughts on this, this makes us more valuable... update: just checked out xA1E6dAQtIE, thank you

[@malcolmrothery9861]

You need to get someone who is a lot better at transcription. There are a load of errors in what is written at the bottom of the screen that often makes no sense. Apart from that, very interesting, thank you.

[@bkjeong4302]

The big competition for dinosaurs that went extinct because of this disaster WEREN’T therapsids but croc-line archosaurs. Additionally, dinosaurs were actually poorly suited to handling hot, arid climates compared to other archosaurs-if anything it’s their ability to handle very COLD temperatures (so the OPPOSITE of what’s usually claimed in most discussions) caused by volcanic winters that allowed them to make it.

[@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394]

All this ruling of the lands... you make it sound like these animals were out there fighting over the Holy Scepter. Who will get to wear the purple mantle?

[@danpatterson7108]

I took a look at that graph, why can't i see the cretecious extinction on there 65 million years ago?

[@DrSmooth2000]

Second chart to show 'modern' CO2 levels are lower than just before and after Great Dying?

[@wbiro]

My mother said they all died out because they didn't go to college.

[@daveanderson718]

FYI, Therapods, presumed to have the same lung/O2 respiratory system as modern birds, is much more effective than that of therapsids and modern mammals, thereby allowing them to survive the Permian and also to a leger extent, the Triassic extinction. I love your enthusiasm, but you really gloss over deeper knowledge.

[@peterkavanagh64]

By not bringing nano texh and other mechanical help . What will in a speies himans evokde firther . I see wqlong aboug

[@BillHimmel]

By the time of the LTME there weren‘t „proto-mammals“ anymore, just mammals! Mammals developed at least 205+ years ago. Of course, there were other synapsids, but these weren‘t „proto“ either, but an entire different group of beings (though related to us- our „Cousins“ so to speak!) !

[@asgautbakke8687]

Another advantage dinos had over pre-mammals. Has anyone noted the feces of brids (relations of dinos) and comaped with feced of mammals? Feces of birds are far more conctenrated than mammals for water and could better torelande a dry and hot climate mammals - more mammals could.

[@Talent_decode]

Mam you are so intelligent as well as cute 🙂😇😊

[@mathewritchie]

We greet our cockroach overlords.

[@maxplanck9055]

Has anyone considered the three bolide impacts at the beginning of the Triassic came from Venus and landed in Norway and Australia giving the world snakes ✌️❤️🇬🇧

[@AgentMercer]

Bruh what

[@nyoodmono4681]

You are talking abot CO2 causing several degrees in temperature, where do you got these numbers from? The CO2 climate sensitivity is UNKNOWN. There is a dilemma since when it warms the oceans release CO2, so one has to be careful with cause and effect. You are always nice in your replies and say "Right i should have mentioned that", but then you just go on repeating your possible mistakes.. The main reason for the warming is tectonical plate movement. Antarctica left the south pole in the permian triassic. The reason why CO2 does not peak as high as before is the longterm ongoing sequestration of CO2 into limestone.

[@GEOGIRL]

The reason I continue to 'make the same mistakes' is because I filmed all these videos 6 months in advance, before you had commented haha. But yes, I mention the plate tectonics was the major cause (the CAMP volcanism was caused by Pangea break up). And CO2 peaking differently in the triassic vs the permian due to limestone sink doesn't make sense to me because limestone was around long before both period, so nothing should've changed in that respect between these two periods. Can you elaborate? Thanks!

[@nyoodmono4681]

@@GEOGIRL What i was trying to say with the sequestration into limestone and other things like coal is, that is constantly ongoing. In the precambrian CO2 was not a trace gas yet, then it was around 4000ppm during the ordovician. In the mesozoic it is already "just" around 1500ppm, despite the hot house climate. In other words: There is less and less CO2 capable of being released by the oceans and that seems to be the plausible reason why CO2 is not peaking that high anymore. In other words again: The limestone keeps growing. Aslo: I understand that you pre record this all months before, so apologees

[@williamchamberlain2263]

@@nyoodmono4681 would all that dissolved CO2 have made the oceans more acidic and made it harder for organisms to lay down and maintain shells?

[@nyoodmono4681]

@@williamchamberlain2263 It does not seem to be a repeating major problem, let alone the cause of food chains to collapse? Corals are adaptive and have differing types within the own family that are just waiting for these changes, to be the generation with an advantage. 'Acidification' is a wrong term. The oceans become less alkaline and it takes sheer endless ammounts to change the alkalinty. The oceans hold 50 times more CO2 then the atmosphere. Yes there is more disolved CO2, but since it is so much colder, the temperatures by themself will reduce biomass, draw it back to lower latitudes, and have the actual impact on life. Some argue that most marine species will benefit from more CO2, like the land flora does.

[@ronald8792]

Why would anyone claim to know anything about an event that happened trillions of years ago?

[@GEOGIRL]

Actually it was only millions of years ago, and it’s because the rocks kept records for us ;D

[@ronald8792]

@@GEOGIRL Oh ok, the rock records told you. What rocks did you find that had these records and where did you find them? Does acid rain etch the rocks faster than normal?

[@GEOGIRL]

@@ronald8792 Well the publications that have led us to all this data and an overall understanding of global earth history used rocks from all over the world and rocks of all different kinds too. Yes, rocks etch/weather faster due to acid rain. But thankfully, we have rigorous methods to exclude weathered or altered rocks from our measurements that are aimed at paleo-reconstructions. Actually, my PhD research is within this field. I study chemical signatures in organic rich black shales which contain numberous trace metals that can tell us loads about past oceanic chemistry because they only get preserved under very particular conditions :) It is SUPER cool! :D

[@ronald8792]

@@GEOGIRL I am 753- 0 when it comes to message board arguments....Correction: 753- 1 You Rock 😉

[@matthewmorgan7106]

Some mammals are cuter than others ....

[@terrywilliams2193]

So if humans want to evolve there most be an extinction event or gene manipulation.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

nah

[@eggreg]

In regards to the Climate Change United Nations claims… how very human of mankind to think it’s the center of the universe.

[@williamchamberlain2263]

Doubling CO2 concentration does have an effect

[@danx228]

Looking at the CO2 slide, and putting all politics aside, I see no correlation between biomass (that is, add up all of the living organisms on Earth and weigh them) and CO2 levels. For example, the Carboniferous and the Jurassic had comparable biomass but CO2 levels were dramatically different. Here is my central point. Plants love CO2. Animals depend upon plants. Kill the plants and animals die. You can sum up all extinctions with one cause - the plants died. In a really bad extinction, some plant groups do not recover at all, but usually the plants can recover within, say, 100 years. Of course, the animals died in the first months. Yes, CO2 is correlated with extinctions, but all that means is that whatever caused the extinction also released CO2. For example, vulcanism leads to acid rain. A sudden, sharp increase in acidity could kill plant life in both the oceans and on land. Examine the Permian - CO2 rises for 10 million years. Life adapts. Then within a period of 1,000 years we get 20 Yellowstones or worse. Sulfuric acid rains from the sky. The land plants die, the oceans turn acidic and plankton dies. What do we see 250 million years later? A CO2 signature. Correlation, not cause. My concern is that this reflexive focus on CO2 causes us to ignore important lines of research.

[@zitools]

I didn't know that first one is called a diversity chart.

[@王文-e4g]

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