Let's Talk About PIE (Proto-Indo-European) - Reconstructing Old Languages

[@DrawCuriosity]

Just thought you might want to know, this video went up at Pi O'clock (3:14 GMT). HAPPY PIE DAY and as usual, sorry (but not really) for all the puns! CORRECTIONS: 4:00 - that's not Greek for mother, but for father 2:45 - forgot to finish the list with Finnish

[@QuizmasterLaw]

sighrony... I've reached my LIMIT with inexactitude, my patience is not INFINITE

[@knoet03]

I noticed that with "you" you used both "u" for Dutch and "du" for German. The Dutch one is a more formal way of saying you that the German one. Though I do see that those are more similar

[@altergreenhorn]

Interesting vlog but you somehow forgot to include the largest euro language family and thats are slavic languages ?

[@thegreenmage6956]

*gasp* How DARE you forget Finnish you naughty thing!

[@Nevermind301]

The Greek for mother is μητέρα (meetera) and in ancient greek it's μήτηρ (meter in attic and matar in doric), therby keeping in line with the trend.

[@AzrgExplorers]

Watch it, "you" doesn't belong on the *tuh tree; it was originally only used in the plural, from the separate PIE route *yus. The correct English cognate here would be "thou".

[@DrawCuriosity]

Trueeee

[@asshatteryengaged813]

@@DrawCuriosity - Wouldn't it be "þou"? Interesting vid. Earned my subscribble. Keep up the great content!

[@sgreum70]

þu would be the Old English and þou is the ME form. Though I'm probably wrong, I'm not even vaguely an expert. Also a new sub, very enjoyable and informative.

[@anguswu2685]

Stuart Graham you are correct

[@resourcedragon]

Yes, I noticed that too.

[@frislander4299]

A lot of the conservatism of Lithuanian is actually in the morphology, particularly nominal morphology, since it retains pretty much all the case contrasts which have been lost in the rest of the family. In other places, such as the verbal morphology as well as some other parts of the phonology, there are other languages you could call more conservative, for example Modern Greek I'd argue preserves more of the original PIE verbal morphology, notably the three-way aspectual contrast and the mediopassive which were both lost/replaced in pretty much all the other languages.

[@tannerloehr3399]

John Hutchinson id argue Armenia

[@godwannabe8976]

Well, I'm hungarian. We're surrounded with these Pies. I guess ill eat it.

[@gusty_scarf]

*THE HUNGARIAN EMPIRE WILL RISE AGAIN* **Insert Hungarian national anthem**

[@godwannabe8976]

@burak ayan Have a nice meal bro.

[@godwannabe8976]

@@gusty_scarf 😆👌

[@szobione]

My Hungarian friend, original PIE could actually be closer to the Magyar language. I am not sure you are aware that Hungarian, especially the Old Hungarian is cognate language with Old Latin, Old Greek and Sanskrit, not to mention Sumerian. There is a whole body of research, unacknowledged, showing this without a doubt.

[@godwannabe8976]

@@szobione I don't want to get in an argument, but I disagree. Peace.

[@notdaveschannel9843]

Mad connection of the day. The notion of P.I.E came about partly as a result of the work of philologist William Jones. He wasn't the first person to note that Sanskrit is similar to Latin but he was the guy who widely publicised it. The Greek letter π wasn't actually used by the Ancient Greeks for the mathematical constant. That came much later and was the invention of............. William Jones' father. (Also called William Jones).

[@Agras14]

In 3:56, while you had given the rendering of each IE language for mother, in comparison instead of "μήτηρ/meter" (mother), you gave "πάτηρ/pater" (father) for Greek.

[@TheZenytram]

well, you shouldn't judge if she identify as the father.

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

@@TheZenytram 😂😂

[@MarkoMikulicic]

absolutely unrelated to this small mistake, but I recently discovered that in georgian "father" is "mama" (and "mother" is "deda"). mind blown

[@gyohza]

Hmmm. As a lifelong speaker of Portuguese I must say: it's rather easy to understand Spanish, it is somewhat possible to understand Italian and it's borderline impossible to understand French.

[@benjamindilworth6057]

And actually impossible to understand Romanian. ^_^

[@kosukemiura1226]

@@benjamindilworth6057 unless you're brazilian

[@brunotvrs]

@@kosukemiura1226 I'm brazilian and my romanian friend can somewhat understad portuguese, but I can read like 1 in 10 sentences in romanian. It's quite hard.

[@KhAnubis]

I‘ve found it interesting how closely linguistic evolution parallels biological evolution. So glad you covered this!

[@surin925]

It's very simplistic though, and not as acurate as many people assume. Unlike with genetics, languages that exist together can very often influence each other, without being directly "related". That would be like two species swapping genes with each other because they happen to live in close proximity, as opposed to only sharing genes from common ancestors.

[@xway2]

@@surin925 Interestingly (and I might be wrong here, I'm not a biologist) I believe some life forms such as bacteria can actually do that. Again, I don't know where I got this from, so it might be completely wrong.

[@surin925]

@@xway2 I think there are some examples of this, especially from viruses, which aren't technically living organisms, but in general the analogy is fairly flawed for linguistics. One example, just from the PIE languages, is the Germanic language brach, which is some kind of a hybrid between PIE languages and another pre indo-European language that used to exist in Europe. And even the lady here in the video mentioned a couple things about Romanian having a decent amount of non PIE influences in it. There are technical terms for this in linguistics, but even in the study of linguistics, where they technically recognize this, I think they tend to overplay the "genetics" element of it a bit too often, just because it's such a convenient explanation.

[@idraote]

@@surin925 you are not entirely correct here: every single branch of PIE is supposed to have come in contact with one or more languages spoken in the areas they finally conquered and the influence of that/those languages is considered one of the main causes of linguistic differentiation between IE languages. This is valid, though, for all of them and not for Germanic languages in particular. Besides you use the term hybrid - creole would be more appropriate - which is a process we have no reason to believe ever happened as all old IE languages retains highly complex grammars when grammar is the first thing that undergoes a simplification when pidginisation happens.

[@tsopmocful1958]

Yes, any analogy taken too far will always fail at the details, but comparing the two things in a general way can make it a lot easier to explain either linguistics or biological evolution.

[@QuizmasterLaw]

...may I BASQUE you a question?

[@holgerhansen5643]

Euskera is from Dogon.

[@plinyelder8156]

You CATALAN

[@fidenemini111]

Hello from Lithuania!

[@papaquonis]

Great video. Linguistics is such a fascinating subject.

[@bizbite2]

As a Lithuanian I basically blabber in PIE all day!!! Observe: God gave teeth; God will give bread. (English). Dievas dave dantis; Dievas duos duonos. (Lithuanian). Devas adadat datas; Devas dat dhanas. (PIE/Sanskrit).

[@RedHair651]

bizbite2 Sanskrit and PIE aren’t the same thing wtf

[@DillonOrbon]

Laba diena from the US. My Lithuanian family emigrated here less than a century ago. I'm so happy to see so much of the Baltic history finally being covered online so that I can learn about where we came from.

[@dashypertext]

​@@RedHair651 Sanskrit is the closest we have to the hypothetical PIE, It is also a well preserved language with written grammatical rules and text from over 4000 years, Because of it's unique writing system, the words are pronounced exactly the same way as they were pronounced thousands of years ago. The only problem is that very few people speak it natively and most have to be trained in it. Modern Indian languages derived from Sanskrit have drifted away from it but Lithuanian still holds some of the properties of PIE even though it being a modern language and is spoken naturally by lots of people, it isn't as close to the hypothetical PIE as Sanskrit is so comparing it to Sanskrit(a real language) makes absolute sense.

[@demonkastane3161]

I'm pretty sure Lithuanian is the closest to PIE, I could be wrong I'm Sri lankan Sinhala btw ( Sanskrit )

[@bizbite2]

Lithuanian is closest to PIE, for two reasons: being least changed since of all PIE, and also still being a still used daily - a living language. :)

[@MedlifeCrisis]

Is it wrong I wanted MORE puns? I have always found PIE such an interesting concept but didn't know much about it nor that it can be abbreviated to PIE. Very cool you got so many native speakers of all these languages although I'm not convinced PIE isn't just someone clearing their throat. Useless trivia: In India pariah dogs (ie urban strays) are colloquially abbreviated to pie dogs. I don't know what they're called in Sanskrit ;p

[@dc4457]

The throat clearing sounds are because of the laryngeal theory, which proposes that PIE had three or four laryngeal consonants. Think German, where you have the different "H" sounds in habe, ich and ach. Hittite, which was a very ancient Indo-European language or at least a sister to PIE was written in a Semitic script that had separate symbols for each kind of "H" and since Hittite distinguished those sounds linguists suspect that the distinction was important in PIE as well.

[@michaellamont2605]

It was PHIne with me, I could XIssed her 1.168 face. Most girls I need to have a few PHInts primarily. (Couldn't get יברת and Greek keyboard)

[@michaellamont2605]

Trivia is an ironic word, Tri, Via Three ways of learning..... Rhetoric Logic Geometry ????? I can't remember but good Tri Via🤓

[@michaellamont2605]

@@dc4457 ה hey ח chet/cket

[@Evan490BC]

Except that it's *not* pronounced as "pie"! See my other comment.

[@javiskii]

Your Spanish is flawless!

[@DrawCuriosity]

Thanks! Soy de Sevilla, jejeje

[@irishpolyglot]

@@DrawCuriosity On my first trip to America, not being worldly enough to know what language is spoken in Ireland, the students I was teaching Mathematics to complimented me on my English all the time hahaha.

[@RufianEmbozado]

​@@DrawCuriosity Your english is flawless, then. I think it has to have someting to do with "Dawson". Maybe not y me estoy pasando de listo. Awsome works anyway!

[@2300Kenzie]

I thought this would be a quick 10 minute video, but I had to keep pausing it to read all the slides. Good video. I look forward to seeing you again on π approx. day if not earlier.

[@XXRolando2008]

6:40 That was Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation tho :/

[@yankenbeanstrum648]

Yeah, originally, the sound "c" made was *_always_* the "k" sound.

[@pllpsy665]

2:28 Although "a trăi" is the more widespread word for "to live" in Romanian there is also "a viețui" which is also pretty standard and does indeed follows the same roots. The same is true for most slavic derivations in the language. There is almost always a Latin derived synonym.

[@jasonmuniz8802]

This is the cutest video on PIE

[@mheermance]

The Doctor owes you a Tardis ride so you can hear PIE for yourself.

[@gigglysamentz2021]

I love the attempted PIE at the end ♥

[@thegreenmage6956]

Everyone: That's right! Mother. Ok Greek, go on, your turn c: Greek: *PATERAS*

[@DrawCuriosity]

Hahahaha I know, it is corrected in the pinned comment 😅

[@Petethehun]

“The History of the English Language” podcast series would be interesting to those who found this video interesting.

[@kshatriyarajput4908]

Indo_Aryan And Irani_Aryan are Closer to each other than Euro_Aryan Languages, But Complete Abesence of Euralic Substrates and Names in Indo and Irani Languages Indicates The Origin of PIE is somewhere in B/w North India and East Iran. and also that Irani and Indo Aryan Languages are most Close to PIE than Proto_Germanic languages.

[@karmakanic]

Superb video. In 10 mins you managed to fit more concepts and examples than I've seen in hour long rambling lectures on the subject.

[@cheekychappy1234]

The languages used in the game Far Cry: Primal are also based heavily upon PIE. Andrew Byrd, your PIE translator, was one of the linguists working on the languages in that game.

[@mormacil]

Almost a reason to give that game a try.

[@StatedClearly]

Spanish has been way easier for me than French.

[@erkkinho]

You omitted Finnish from your non indo-european languages?

[@kkuwura]

what's your native language?

[@joshuddin897]

French insist upon weird pronunciation.

[@joshuddin897]

@@erkkinho finnish isn't an IE Language.

[@erkkinho]

@@joshuddin897 Yes. That was my point. It wasn't included in the category of non IE languages.

[@Werrf1]

My absolute favourite tidbit is that we know that the people who spoke PIE traded for gold and silver, but did not smelt the metals themselves. Given that we have _no_ archaeological evidence that we can reliably associate with them, how can we know this? Well, it's because PIE had words for _gold_ and for _silver,_ but they had no word for _lead_ - which is a byproduct of smelting and silver-bearing ore.

[@JD-jl4yy]

Ummm, is it just me or is this channel criminally underrated??

[@Mohamed-om2xv]

Watching this video was fascinating (great job!!) because I was able to see connections between the different languages I speak that I hadn’t seen before. Like you say, I can generally make out the meaning of French or Portuguese from speaking Spanish, and from Polish or Russian from speaking Serbocroatian, but your charts highlighted just how close they all are. Especially with the context of many different derivatives across different language families, you can actually hear the shifts in pronunciation and see where everything connects! Just brilliant!!

[@giovanni-cx5fb]

This is the first video of you I run into and I'm subscribing already. Thank you for your top-quality work.

[@2300Kenzie]

I thought about you today. It isn't your birthday but it could be a semiannual celebration for you. Today, January 23, is National Pie Day in the USA, which celebrates the beloved baked dish. I hope that you are having a wonderful time and experiencing meaningful adventures. Pies aren't such a bad thing with which to be associated. Neither is Pi. Cheers and felicitaciones!

[@countjulian]

It's not fair that one person gets to be this smart

[@michaellamont2605]

חכמה דעת בנה Knowledge wisdom understanding are like Gold! Some are born with it some can chase it or people like me can desperately try cram it in! As I've found, if you don't have a good filng,filling,fileing.... A system- it's all just a pile of paper that drives you NUTS

[@TVDandTrueBlood]

It's just being good at research. She didn't discover the things she talks about, just compile available information into an easily understandable summary.

[@irishpolyglot]

Love the video Inés! You covered it better than I would have, and I work in languages lol

[@idraote]

As a passionate linguist I am always glad to see people tackling these topics but there were some problems in this video. The corrections below are not meant to disparage your work which is fairly accurate for the most part. First, I know you're trying to keep the video short, but speaking that fast makes your pronunciation unclear which is a problem when dealing with lesser known words and ideas. Besides: 1.34 the similarities between Romance languages go far beyond retaining common root words. 1.37 the French and Italian opening lines of Don Quijote are kind of bizarre looking. 2.19 similarities between Catalan and French are limited. Catalan is very close to Occitan instead and to some northern Italian varieties. 2.49 Finnish is missing. 3.45 Linguists don't use recent languages unless the word is absent in the older varieties. They would never quote Danish, Norwegian, etc. when Old Icelandic is available unless they want to prove a point. The Greek word you include is the word for father, not mother and it has a strange ending (-as). 4.29 Celtic for "I" is clearly unrelated and shouldn't be mentioned. 4.37 English "you" is also unrelated. 7.38 Lithuanian is considered a conservative language but it is not by any mean the one that mostly resembles PIE. That honour is usually awarded to Sanskrit although there are theories that consider Sanskrit to have evolved very much from a situation more similar to that of Hyttite which would be, in this case, the closest to the original PIE structure. As far as the reconstruction provided by the professor... well, it is always dangerous to do such a thing. Besides I stand by my idea that hypothesizing more than just one laryngeal means looking for trouble.

[@troelspeterroland6998]

But surely assuming three laryngeals is the simplest possible way to explain what is observed. Assuming more is superfluous but assuming fewer will not explain the observations.

[@idraote]

@@troelspeterroland6998 when dealing with language reconstruction, we have to accept our limits and that we shall never know the full truth. Unless time-travel is invented, but let's leave that aside for a moment. American linguists, in particular, seem unable to accept these limits. I don't mean to say that the irregularities they try to explain are not real. But every living and dead language known to man is full of irregularities and phonetic systems are no exception. We simply shouldn't try to reconstruct a perfectly symmetrical phonological system that works - on paper - like a well oiled clockwork as it probably never existed in that form. The single laryngeal imagined by Saussure can and should stand in place for an indefinite number (going from 1 to N) of them. We can't even say for sure whether they had phonemic status or not, whether they were actually laryngeals or some other type of sound: they could just be a vocalic glide. Or a nasalisation. Saussure's schwa should have merely a structural function in PIE reconstruction; trying to give it one or more phonetic identities is, currently, an exercise in hybris. Besides, all these laryngeal theory stems from the fact that hyttite had what we think were laryngeals. And that many languages of the Caucasus have them. What if Hyttite is just a sister language of IE or even a totally unrelated language that got heavily influenced through contact? And what if the Urheimat were not in the Caucasus?

[@troelspeterroland6998]

@@idraote I agree that many American macro-comparativists went too far in their search for proto-languages and in comparison with them we should certainly be humble. But the limitation we should accept is above all Occam's razor. If I may have the audacity to quote Indiana Jones, "Archaeology is the search for fact, not truth". This is the case for historical linguistics as well. But the facts of the findings are, as I am sure you are aware, quite complicated, and the reason why all mainstream Indo-Europeanists assume three laryngeals is that if you assume less, the findings would have to be explained by a massive number of assumptions about additional sound changes (whose triggering factors would be unobservable and speculative) and sheer coincidences (and although levels like semantics and even morphology contain many irregularities, sound change is characterised by its overwhelming regularity - something that looks like an exception is usually an additional (regular) sound law). Therefore, assuming three laryngeals is far more parsimonious and in line with Occam's razor than assuming one plus all the speculation. And therefore, science must choose this way. I' can't actually see how it would render the phoneme system more symmetrical or beautiful. Such an ideal should be discarded in favour of parsimony but this is indeed what we are doing. We cannot know the pronunciation precisely, that's true, but if you want to assume that Proto-Indo-European was actually spoken, it would be necessary to assume some sort of phonetic values beyond mere "structural function". I'm afraid that it is quite wrong to state that the laryngeal theory rests only on Hittite. It was developed even before Hittite was deciphered, and today it rest on Hittite compared with a massive number of different observations from other Indo-European branches (and thus explains these observations in the most parsimonious way). Although Hittite did branch off from Proto-Indo-European first, It is quite impossible that it whould have the phonology, morphology or syntax that it has if it were not thoroughly an Indo-European language. Since nobody knows what the laryngeals sounded like, we actually don't compare them to Caucasian languages, and this is of little relevance because it is generally assumed that the Urheimat was not the Caucasus but the Pontic-Caspian Steppe (only Colin Renfrew still speaks about Anatolia).

[@idraote]

@@troelspeterroland6998 Caucasus is just a little south of the Pontic Caspian Steppe which, by the way, is such a large (gynormous) area, so amply stretched west to east as to allow comparison with quite the number of different language families. Certainly in accord with what we may infer culturally on the basis of common IE vocabulary but just a theory. I am not aware of anyone talking about laryngeals before the study of Hittite with the obvious exception of Saussure who called them coefficients sonantiques if I am not mistaken thus questioning from the start their real phonetic nature that modern scholars so firmly believe to be laryngealic. Some care to find them in Armenian but the whole modern theory rests exclusively on Hittite and its partially known sister languages. You are of course very right when you state that the facts leading to the three (sometimes four) laryngeals theory are very complicated. There are so many things about IE vowels and their development in the attested languages that cry to heaven for linguistic vengeance. Trying to give a phonetic/phonological content to the structural role of Saussure's schwa is perfectly legitimate from a scientific point of view but - for me - linguistics lies unstably on a middle ground between science and human studies. Language is known to evolve for reason very different from what can be explained through science (think about the history of French uvular "R"). I can concede to you that the three laryngeals theory is the best possible scientific explanation for several phenomena but I will still stand by the idea that, unless new languages - possibly far from Anatolia - are discovered and studied and yield confirmation, assuming a single structural schwa remains more correct from a historical perspective. I understand that I won't be able to stop the current trend - started, once again in the US, alas - of considering every discipline, even literature, a science to be studied, therefore, with scientific method, but I firmly believe that studying linguistic evolution only by scientific means will necessarily lead us astray.

[@troelspeterroland6998]

@@idraote Well, all science is "just a theory" but it is still sound science, though. I am actually not aware of any serious proposals linking Indo-European and NW Caucasian or NE Caucasian. But I am aware that after Saussure, laryngeal theory was developed by Hermann Møller who proposed the three laryngeals and their ability to influence vowels both progressively and regressively. This was actually 35 years before Hittite was deciphered. It gained acceptance slowly back then but it is the mainstream view now. As for the phonetic nature, the term laryngeal is not actually used in contemporary phonetics, so I'm afraid it would be difficult to say that contemporary linguists propose a "laryngeal" point of articulation. The word does not have a phonetic meaning but is simply retained because of tradition, and there is no unanimity as to the phonetics - they are assumed to be glottal, pharyngeal, uvular or velar. And again, laryngeal theory does not rest solely on Hittite (which only preserved reflexes of two of the laryngeals). It involves indirect data from all IE branches, interpreted in the most parsimonious way. It's the least complicated way to cut through all the complications - far less complicated than a one-laryngeal theory would be. I'm afraid I don't actually understand what you mean by "more correct from a historical perspective". To me (and others) it's the parsimonious principle that matters in this field. I'm afraid I also do not understand your expression "cry to heaven for linguistic vengeance", so I can't comment there. I also do not understand your distinction between science and humanities. Humanities are science too where I am from, although I agree that it is certainly "softer" science. The scientific method works fine for phonology, though.

[@Nova-pr5cw]

The origin of the Russian word gorod (Old Slavonic grad) meaning ‘city’ can also be traced. In ancient Russia and in India the cities were built to serve as forts for protection and defence against aggression from an enemy. The corresponding word in Hindi is gadh which means ‘fort’. In modern Russian the suffix grad and in modern Hindi the suffix gadh are used to form names of cities: such as Leningrad (the city of Lenin), Peterograd (the city of Peter) and Bahadurgarh (the city of the brave).

[@joemacleod-iredale2888]

There are a lot of extremely bright educators on KZbin but your the truest polymath I can think of.

[@Doctor_Manhattan777]

Seriously the more PIE the better - one of the most fantastic interesting subjects - lets all start speaking reconstructed Proto-Indo-European - taking bets on how long it takes to create a new family tree

[@JordanBeagle]

She's brilliant, love her enthusiasm

[@omggiiirl2077]

It's very interesting because not only did these have a vast influence in thier area, but on seemingly non related languages and cultures. A good example is Korean, from my research, it seems that modern Korean is a mix of Sino Korean words, Native Korean/paleo siberian words, and words from unrelated language families like Indo European. This also lends more weight to the legends of Indian/Korean blood relations. Some examples are two, plural/dool, foot/bal, father/appa, mother/eomma, there's more but these are just the few that come to mind. Korean is from a different language family, but has influence from both Dravidian, and Indoeuropean languages, in addition to the historical exchanges between it's neighbors/invaders/trade partners.

[@otomackena7610]

I've heard of the story of the legendary Korean queen Heo Hwang ok of Indian descent who suppose to have travelled from either (Ayodhya or Ayut),India to Korea.

[@omggiiirl2077]

@@otomackena7610 yes actually that's the story of my Mothers clan. And there's more than a few words we share with Tamil, even some of customs are very similar.

[@orsonjaques2583]

After all my years doing experimental writing and looking through Webster's Dictionary at the etymology section and everything else and looking at the thesaurus and the rhyming dictionary and all that it warms my heart to see someone going after lexicography with such Deft enthusiasm thank you for the video

[@markgarrett7428]

This is by far the best PIE video I've found on KZbin. Subbed!

[@annafirnen4815]

Funny thing is, my language is from the Slavic family but I find more similarities in words from sanskrit here than proto-balto-slavic lol o_O

[@Zai_Ji]

Slavic and North Indian languages share a common Vedic culture and Sanskriti heritage from ancient era.

[@zazaa124]

@@Zai_Ji Turns out the early PIE speakers into India (I think called Yamnaya) originated in the Ukraine

[@Zai_Ji]

Ashok Joshi Yes I’ve read about that hypothesis. It’s very interesting from a cultural and linguistic point of view. What we need is more effort and funding towards archeological, genetic, and linguistic ventures with scientists from all over Eurasia working together to discover ancient root of PIE and where our common culture and heritage originates.

[@wothin]

At around 4:00 you did a little mistake as the Greek word means 'Father'

[@DrawCuriosity]

Sigh, I knew this was bound to happen! Thanks for pointing it out. Sadly cannot change the video once it's up, but I'll try to put an annotated card to corrections

[@HotelPapa100]

Heh! That's funny. I don't understand Greek, but I thought: "Strange, how in Greek "mother" seems to be formed analogous to "Father""

[@pierreabbat6157]

Mother is μητέρα.

[@Agras14]

@@pierreabbat6157 Or "μήτηρ/meter" (mother) in its original Ionic form, or "μάτηρ/mater" (mother) in its Doric form.

[@Firewalkerbg]

Draw Curiosity Well, the Greek for ‘Yes’ means ‘No’ in Bulgarian and Bulgaria and Greece share a border. Your mistake might be correct after all 😂

[@mpking7565]

Why so many videos skip slavic languages😞 Ok russian was there for 2 sec

[@allegoryofthecave8064]

There is no Russian language, there is Hungro-Bulgarian (first slavic translation of the Bible) that was forced by Peter the Great onto the population of Principality of Moscovie. Even today around Moscow, there are about 100k speakers of the original native Finno-Uralic language which has nothing to do with Slavic languages. Modern "Russian" language is ~80-90% Hungro-Bulgarian mixed with small degree of the native language and Turik language of Golden Horde since Moscow was its tributary until ~1700. From all the studies I have done, the original PIE language is somewhere on a spectrum between Lithuanian/Polish/Ukrainian, Iranian, and Sanskrit. Ukrainian language often gets overlooked and it deserves more consideration. It seems to have many of the root words and their derivatives that ought to be in PIE, probably more so than Lithuanian.

[@ClifffSVK]

@@allegoryofthecave8064 Russian is a Slavic language. You should stop using drugs during your studies.

[@colinp2238]

This is really interesting. I am interested in Norse mythology and have been watching Dr Jackson Crawford's videos about the reconstructed Old Norse but I didn't thinnk that it would be possible to reconstruct PIE as there are no written examples. You also made it very entertaining. Well done and thank you sub earned straight away.

[@edcotter5452]

These same sound shifts occur regularly in Irish. The sound switch from c to g or p to b etc can be seen in the Dative case of nouns where the initial syllable sound mutates and also in the genitive case plural where similar changes occur . Prison is priosún dative case in prioson = i bpriosún genetive case plurals ballaí na bpriosún = the walls of the prisons. Ar an gcapall = on the horse(capall) gort na gcapall(the field of horses)

[@marctelfer6159]

PIE Day should be on August 5th or May 8th. So, today's Pi Day. I'd like to take this one step further... Pie Day on either May 8th or August 5th. Pi*e = 8.5397. πe... pie...

[@DamnedEyez]

Honestly, I only use yyyy/mm/dd unless I'm forced otherwise...date is a larger function of time, so larger values should be to the left. But nevermind that...languages and linguistics alwasy interested me, so having that for Pi day is a pleasantly new thing.

[@SciencewithKatie]

As I was told in school constantly “cad’s a fish”, “cad é” means what! “Céard” and “cén” also mean “what” - Irish is painful! 🙈

[@irishpolyglot]

'Cad' can mean "what" in other ways though, such as "Cad a tharla?" (What happened?) 😀😉 There's no one direct way to translate "what" from English (and this is true for translating it to many languages), so "cén" for instance usually precedes a noun. Teachers in school would correct us because you can't say it by itself like we would in English. So, while it may be a non-sensical sentence to just say "Cad", I think in the context of this video, Inés is fine putting cad alone like she did, for single-word comparative purposes 🤓. [Feel free to shout "neeeerd!" at me]

[@SciencewithKatie]

Benny Lewis haha that’s so weird, I was brought up to say “céard a tharla”! Must be different in different dialects! I could never understand a bloody word in the Donegal cluastuiscints 😂

[@irishpolyglot]

Fun fact for ya, @@SciencewithKatie, "céard" is actually originally from "cé an rud" ("what is the thing?"). 😀, but yeah céard is more typically used in Connemara vs cad in Ulster Irish! To understand Donegal Irish, just imagine you're on a rollercoaster constantly going up and down, and you'll be grand!

[@luanlopes9415]

Interesting that Ireland come from Éire Land-> Land of aryans like the Arya/Iran for Persia and very common in India this word-root...

[@Nova-pr5cw]

I live in North India And " Cae " also mean what in my Local Tongue ( Dialect of Sanskrit) That becomes "Kya" in Hindi devnagari Script. Tu = you

[@Yorgarazgreece]

At 8:40 the language spoken sounded awful lot like the language used in far cry primal. Very interesting

[@DrawCuriosity]

Indeed, Dr. Andrew Byrd was the same consultant for the PIE spoken in Far Cry Primal

[@kevinbaugh4147]

Oh man, I love PIE and you did an amazing job going over it. Random Proto-Indo-European trivia incoming! * Their (reconstructed) gods influenced those of Greece, Rome, German, and India (Dyēus Pətḗr the Sky Father becomes Zeus, Jupiter, Tiwaz (Tyr), and Deva) * They MAYBE had a base 60 counting system, which would be why an hour has 60 minutes and a circle has 360 degrees. * They didn't think of things separated into "one" and "more than one". They thought of them as "one, two, and a lot" which is why there are so many different words for "two" (like 'duo'). * The pair thing was even part of their religion with the veneration of divine "founder twins" akin to Romulus and Remus, and a pair of Horse brothers. * They (may) have also been behind ideas such as the world tree, dragons (and fighting them), and an underworld that you have to cross a river and sneak past a very angry dog to get to. If anyone wants help with pronunciations, this can take IPA symbols and speak it to you: voice-synth.surge.sh/ (ignore the default inside joke)

[@DrawCuriosity]

Thanks! 😊

[@РичиЯркий]

Dyaus in Sanskrit, devah is from deiwos (god)

[@Tyler.8046]

This video was phenomenal and you kept something as dry as word pronunciations and origins upbeat and interesting far beyond what should otherwise be possible. Your pronunciation was crisp and easy to distinguish, and I never knew how sexy it could be listening to someone recite Don Quixote De La Mancha back could be. The audio was so good, it sounded dubbed after the fact, and while the Don Quixote recital may have been, its impossible to tell. Your editing and recording were phenomenal and they really helped pique my interest, look forward to seeing more!

[@briandeschanel23]

There are 13 branches in Indo-European languages; your focus is only on 3 branches. I'm sorry but this is not complete. You missed out focusing on 10 branches, which, one of them is the largest and probably the oldest and most crucial of all branches (Indo-Iranian). It is estimated 425 languages in Indo-European family, which 320~325 are Indo-Iranian. I speak, read, and write fluently in 3 languages, all from 3 different branches, and the similarities between them is far more than what's been demonstrated here. The origin of all Indo-European languages is from the Caucasus region, between the Caspian and Black seas. But, all aside, she's cute, cheerful, and smart, with high potentials. My favourite kind 🌷

[@bayodebadu5834]

why should indo-iranian be the oldest branch? isn't it more likely to be one of the youngest?

[@LionKing-ew9rm]

You didn't mention the Iranic branch of IndoIranian and the BaltoSlavic branch!

[@Eugensson]

No satem languages then?

[@redwater4778]

You say because you didn't watch the whole video

[@almishti]

And Albanian. :)

[@Eugensson]

@@almishti btw is albanian centum or satem?

[@redwater4778]

@@almishti Albanians complain a lot . They always fell left out

[@PolAdd22]

Just a small correction Πατέρας in greek means father Μητέρα (mitéra) is the word for mother Amazing video nevertheless

[@OmegaWolf747]

I wish we could know more about the Indo-Europeans. What were they like? What sort of culture did they have? Were they peaceful, bellicose, a mix? Were they the first to domesticate horses and did they invent the wheel?

[@Pseudonyymi568]

2:49 I'm triggered. You forgot Finnish :(

[@pnkcnlng228]

Man, Finnish is not PIE

[@Pseudonyymi568]

@@pnkcnlng228 Neither is Estonian, Hungarian, Basque, Turkish, Sami, or Maltese. She listed the exceptions, and forgot Finnish

[@ahmetkaraaslan8429]

In German dialects there is zwo for two, or in Berlin they sey ik for ich and it is more similar to proto-Germanic. I think probably north dialects have older sounds but it's harder to understand north dialects too (Niederdeutsch)

[@Brahmdagh]

Interesting. 6:55 Lithuanian: Dubus (concave/deep) In Sindhi/Punjabi etc it can also both mean anything from Pressing/Pushing AND Dunking/Drowning/Sinking

[@Brahmdagh]

7:21 Goose we can Hans

[@adamclark1972uk]

The English equivalent of German "du" and French "tu" is not you (which is actually the plural form) but thou. 4:34

[@seanparker7415]

was, not is.

[@arcitejack]

8:28 “can-tucky” for “Kentucky” which is deliciously said. I don’t know how one person can be this educated. These vids are a delight.

[@gigglysamentz2021]

That was very interesting!

[@macdermesser]

Fascinating! The lilting delivery of the presenter is most engaging. Good job. I wonder if the familiar North American menu item "P.E.I. Mussels" is the result of some kind of shift and how one would say this in P.I.E.

[@luciusavenus8715]

Oh my god! The way she says "brilliant". Such a cutie PIE!!

[@ImissSaganCarl]

I would give my left xxx to be able to go back in time and listen (and record!!) how Latin, ancient Greek, Sanskrit and PIE actually sounded like.

[@amitnegi361]

If you want to hear sanskrit, just come to India. There are still a lot of Sanskrit speakers here.

[@cicad2007]

Very interesting video. Thanks Toby!

[@DarkMoonDroid]

Actually, I need to see and hear the way the word for Angle was spoken. I have a suspicion that it is related to the word Angel and I want to see the links. So far, I've been able to find the words, अङ्ग, anga, hang, henge and arc all making connections. Mostly of the geometric type. But when you look into the origins of how circles were constructed using a compass, and the esoteric metaphors associated with it, you can see the connection.

[@minchen_2265]

German has actually two language groups. Your example featured the main german group "High German". The people in the northern parts of the country (Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ..) originally belong to the Low German language group. Low German is more similar to the other germanic languages (english, Danish, ..) Two (engl) - twee (dutch) - zwei (high ger) - Twei (low ger) I love (engl) - Ik lieve (dutch) - Ich liebe (high ger) - Ik leiwe (low ger)

[@jasondaniel918]

However logical your argument might be, I prefer to be irrational and celebrate Pi Day on March 14th. (See what I did there?) It is a habit I embraced over 50-years ago, and I am too old to change. This video is a good introduction to PIE. I am accustomed to seeing Grimm's Law presented in circular graphs. I was a bit surprised that it was not presented in that way, but I am an old guy and those sound shifts are most probably presented differently today.

[@trueopsimath]

πατερας is "father" in Greek

[@Lyle-xc9pg]

i dont like greeks

[@makisroumpas5512]

@@Lyle-xc9pg no one cares.

[@烏梨師斂]

@@Lyle-xc9pg T*rk

[@georgel9841]

@@Lyle-xc9pg and we don't like you:))

[@geogabr7066]

@@Lyle-xc9pg thats sad considering you have greek genes...

[@s.baranowski1043]

First of all - I'm really glad you're interested in PIE and did this video! But, in the most benign and benevolent way (of course), I want to mention one drawback of your video. To show the similarity of the languages, you use i.a. modern Greek. To me it's a great mischoice, because modern Greek is a product of more than 1500 years of changes, simplifications and influences of other languages (e.g. Italian and Turkish, if I'm well informed) from ancient Greek. Ancient Greek is a way more close to PIE and represents even more clearly than modern Greek the sound changes you show. Compared to Latin, it also shows the differences in those changes you show, and many others (e.g. ἕπομαι and sequor (PIE *sekʷ-), where the initial 's' becomes and aspiration in Greek and labialized voiceless velar plosive [kʷ] become voiceless bilabial stop [p]). Usage of ancient Greek is even more reasonable if you trace greek words back from PIE in the graphs. Whence it would be a pleasure tu see μήτηρ as mother, τέτταρα (or τέσσαρα in ionic dialect) as four, πούς as foot, κρυμός/κρυός as cold (but it comes from other stem...; what is your source of word γελανδρός?) - and also to hear ancient, not modern Greek (which is different and vague) pronuntiation. To sum up - ancient Greek is more useful. ;)

[@nathanbeer3338]

"... we've already established that July 22nd is the best approximation to pie". Me: *Sighs in calculus*.

[@petersellers9219]

A wonderfully engaging video. Thx

[@chairwood]

i feel bad for that Icelandic pronunciation guy, seems so sad.

[@SaranyaMano]

Hi! Great video! I wish you'd shown more examples from Indo-Iranian languages in the changes since they form a majority of Indo-European languages spoken today. It doesn't make so much sense to go from Sanskrit to Norwegian, I think

[@BurnBird1]

That's just one branch though.

[@davidkgame]

Did anyone else go a bit wibbly when Ines was speaking Spanish?!

[@eaterdrinker000]

Positively. The Iberian accent adds to the wibbles. Here in Noo Yawk, the Latino-American accents have grown rather pedestrian. But what do I know, I don't speak any languages!

[@CASTSTONE]

I don't speak a word of spanish but I can still tell her spanish is perfect.

[@johannesschutz780]

Yas my faviourite topic. So glad it pops up on youtube more and more.

[@emysimo]

This is so well done and well explained!

[@michaellamont2605]

Hebrew has incredible Gemantria, Amazing for maths as you will see In Hiam Shore's book- coincidences in the Hebrew language and the bible (Old testament) שמש 640 ירק 310 ארץ 291 Is enough to blow ones mind alone אמת 441 vs שקר 600 Is my project. It never stops growing

[@luanlopes9415]

Hahaha with all respect, a barbaric languague of a people irrelevant, Just deserv to talk with horses😂

[@michaellamont2605]

@@luanlopes9415 Israel/Jews highest No per capita of Noble peace prizes and chess masters. I'm not sure you understand the definition of Barbarian. What's your counter argument/more information dense language???

[@michaellamont2605]

מה אתה דבר לסוס 45 406 206 156???

[@dg-hughes]

My province in Canada is called PEI (Prince Edward Island) not PIE but close enough.

[@clvrswine]

CA = California. Not Canada. Enjoy!

[@troublewithweebles]

2:07 Albanian just pushes straight down through history unscathed.

[@kinganko6857]

😂😂

[@nakenmil]

8:32 I've noticed that quite a few (younger) Brits seem to prononunce some tucked-in "Rs" as a kind of very loose, soemwhat ambiguous "W" or even an "V" (or somewhere between. In this case, "proto" almost sound like "pvoto" or "pwoto". This isn't mean to bring attention to some kind of speech impediment (I've seen some call it that, but it seems so common that I'm doubtful) - but rather I'm wondering: is it a dialectal feature, or maybe some kind of currently undergoing linguistic shift in British English in some areas? I've heard it has something to do with how children learn to form "r" initially, something to do with the positions of the tongue and lips and all that. Sorry, I'm not super-knowledgeable about it.

[@DrawCuriosity]

Tom Scott made a very good video explaining this phenomenon: kzbin.info/www/bejne/opWWcmaHeNWLmpY It is indeed a British accent thing, though as a good Spaniard I can also roll my rs when needed. :)

[@dashypertext]

A correction, Sanskrit is the closest we have to the hypothetical PIE, Unlike PIE, Sanskrit is a real language and is also a well preserved language with written grammatical rules and text from over 4000 years, Because of it's unique writing system, the words are pronounced exactly the same way as they were pronounced thousands of years ago. The only problem is that very few people speak it natively and most have to be trained in it. Modern Indian languages derived from Sanskrit/PIE have drifted away from it but modern Lithuanian still holds some of the properties of PIE. Modern languages aren't as close to the hypothetical PIE as Sanskrit is so researchers try and compare modern languages directly to Sanskrit(a real language) rather than the hypothetical PIE. There are clearly issues in this kind of comparison but it is the best that we have today.

[@QuizmasterLaw]

1) Prior to PIE is Nostratic. I speak Estonian Russian English French German Spanish and Chinese. I'm all-in on nostratic. Words like: mud/madala are NOT loan words. 2) Prior to Nostratic is proto-world. Words like: ear/耳 are NOT loan words! Btw Roman I II III? Guess what these three words mean in Chinese? 一 二 三 Yep. 1, 2. 3. You're super cute and this is SUCH a great topic. YOUR ACCENTS ARE AMAZING. You must come from outer space because it's like a lazer just hit me!

[@anguswu2685]

Nostratic and Proto-World are widely debated upon to not be convincing enough since for it to be valid, regular sound changes must have occurred, which we don’t clearly see in Nostratic and certainly not proto-world. In addition, it is very common for words in unrelated languages to sound similar and have a vague similar meaning, but those are often false cognates (like English much and Spanish mucho). English “ear” and ear in Chinese (regardless of dialect) are not cognates either since the English word came from PIE *ous- and the Chinese word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-na; those words are NOT cognates. Comparing similar sounds and meanings of modern languages will mislead you since they are caused by coincidences, but if regular sound changes are observed, it is a proof that the languages were related.

[@QuizmasterLaw]

Except we know now that at one point a few tens of thousand of years ago the entire human population of earth was reduced to around 20,000 people. I'm not Chomsky and arguing that universal grammar exists for genetic reasons in the sense of biology of the brain. However SVO seems just about universal and so do a lot of really basic words. like ma/mama ba/pa baba/papa. This isn't because of the wiring of the human brain it's because there really was a point where there were so few humans. It's a hypothesis and likely unverifiable but then again people thought Troy was just a myth for a long time etc.

[@anguswu2685]

Ann Onymous actually, the reason why mama and papa seem so universal is because it is widely agreed upon by linguists that those sounds are the first sounds a baby can produce, which makes them easy words for babies to pick up to identify their parents. While it is most probable that a universal language existed due to Occam’s Razor, there is still no proof of an universal language

[@MultiSciGeek]

This was quite interesting! Would love to see an IPA PIE video please.

[@nickc3657]

The way she says “Kentucky” is so cute, I’ve never heard it said that way before! Brits and Americans mispronouncing each other’s place names is endlessly adorable.

[@neurotransmissions]

Great video Inés! Historical phonology sounds so fun. I’m curious if the shift in cognates was to make pronunciation easier? It sounded pretty tough to speak. Haha

[@greerlouise1826]

I wonder what you understand about Calendar words...SEPTember is from latin for 7(when it is the 9th month), OCTober latin for 8 (when it is the 10th month)..etc etc...So. this means we have a calendar which has been changed/shifted ..just sharing knowledge x

[@WigantX]

This is what I found wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-did-the-months-of-the-year-get-their-names

[@pat3743]

What evidence is used to show the relations between Indo-European languages and to re-construct Proto-Indo-European? Would you recommend some book or articles where we read about this time?

[@faramund9865]

ACTUALLY the Dutch word for you is "jij/je". This comes from a weird process where "du" was the original "you", but a polite way to say you was "gij", which was originally the plural "you". Then "gij" developed into "jij" and became the normal way to say it, leaving a vacuum for a polite way to say "you", which then became "u". And the plural form of you is now "jullie", which comes from "jelui" meaning "you lot". So we went from: You (s) = du You (s), polite = gij You (p) = gij to: You (s) = jij (from gij) You (s), polite = u (originally dative/genetive form of gij) en.wiktionary.org/wiki/u#Dutch You (p) = jullie (from jelui)

[@gargoyleontheroof]

Girl has WAY too many brains for me to identify with and I didn't understand a word she said, but I still enjoyed listening to her! Except now I want pie and I don't have any!

[@Walduhu]

Just discovered you via Tom Scotts Channel. And this introduction really made me smile. I suppose you're the cute nerd girl everyone's talking about. Subbed :)

[@dreamchaser4822]

Thank you!

[@sleipnersvadilfarisson7653]

Bs don't soften to a P, they harden to a P. Or in some cases, like with Danish, Ps soften to a B (also K to G and T to D). Norwegian skap = Danish skab. Norwegian røyke = Danish røge. Norwegian mat = Danish mad. Not that Danish comes from Norwegian, the other way around is the case (for Bokmål Norwegian anyway, not so much for Nynorsk), but Norwegians stuck to the original hard consonants rather than switching to soft consonants.

[@greensprite6067]

(PIE) ph₂tḗr>(Proto Germanic) fadēr>(Ingvaeonic) fadar>(Old English) fæder>(Early Middle English) fader>(Late Middle English) father (ˈfaː .ðer)>(Early Modern English) (ˈfɑː .ðɚ)>(US English) (ˈfɑ.ðɚ)

[@violet_broregarde]

I didn't know you did linguistics stuff too. Linguistics and biology are 2 of my favorite subjects :D More of this please

[@jimatreidēs]

In Greek, “mother” is μητέρα (mētéra). What you have is the word for father…

[@Ratchet4647]

Where are you from Inés? You have a beautiful pronunciation of Spanish(and English for that matter!)!!!

[@DrawCuriosity]

Thanks! Both are my native language - my parents are British / spoke English to me at home, but I grew up in the South of Spain, though at 17 I moved to the UK.

[@DillonOrbon]

@@DrawCuriosity Your Spanish was a pleasant surprise!

[@dimkoutrou4238]

πατέρας in Greek means father ( u put it together with the Indo European words for mother)