Light Speed Computers: New Photonic Chip Explained

[@AnastasiInTech]

Download Opera for free using opr.as/Opera-browser-anastasiintech Thanks Opera for sponsoring this video!

[@rodneyericjohnson]

Opera was bought by China a few years ago. I'm guessing the recent ad blitz is a response to the tiktok ban.

[@nomadhgnis9425]

that is not a true optical chip. you must develop a true optical transistor that can deal with a actual laser beam. this design fails the test.

[@BoominGame]

Never thought I would pay so much attention to photonic computing, (I am going to use Opera for washing the car as well).

[@billcape9405]

YES! I would love a video on that

[@Dj_Sengal]

The possibility, "is still far away", of a mental-internet with a synaptic interface to human neurons with photonic-quantum processing connected in artificial neural networks, in which information is processed and decoded into qubits and subsequently converted into jpg. and or MP3/4 for human understanding, could be a way to advance technological development???

[@AngrySkyBandit]

I work in the field of photonic integrated circuits, and this is the most complex circuit ive ever heard of. Great video and analysis ! As you mentioned, true wall plug energy efficiency of photonic circuits do make it a less-attractive solution for computing, which is often overlooked in these papers. It often comes down to material science to come up with new ways to decrease the energy bill.

[@-_James_-]

Minor correction: Light *in a vacuum* travels at 299,792,458 metres per second, but light in a fibre optic cable travels 30% slower at around 200,000,000 metres per second. We could, in theory, increase that speed by using different materials for the fibres, but we will probably never get close to the vacuum speed of light.

[@Lost-In-Blank]

Thank you, although I'm not sure how minor 30% is.

[@andrasbiro3007]

@@Lost-In-Blank High-frequency traders are paying fortunes to reduce cable length by an inch.

[@Nilmoy]

such traders use air radio links instead of fibre optics.

[@trevinom69]

what's 30% amongst friends. It goes from INSANELY fast to just blazing fast...

[@nicodesmidt4034]

@@Nilmoyprobably because radio really travels at the speed of light ?

[@JackPunter2012]

Anastasi: "would you like me to do a video on..." Me: "yes!"

[@كرارمحمد-ح7ل9ش]

😂😂😂

[@Summerflame77]

A yes man..

[@khealer]

You're a gentleman and a scholar. You'd watch anything she publishes, even behind a fans' only paywall!

[@Kayvoyager]

I understand and agree completely with the proposal!😍

[@calicoesblue4703]

@@khealerLmao🤣🤣🤣

[@veganabolic8893]

This is insane, you explain it so well too! this is by far one of my favorite channels now, you rock!

[@TheAngeloMichael]

Awesome report Anastasia. The world is headed for big changes, this is a big leap. Thank You for your channel.

[@Showerskittles]

I love how animated and invested you're in things that interest you. I like seeing how excited you are each time you publish a new video.

[@julianfp1952]

I always think exactly the same whenever I watch one of Anastasi’s videos. It’s scientists and engineers with this sort of passion for their subjects that drives all these innovations that we see reported on here. (As well as being passionate about a subject some serious brain power is also required to push forward the frontiers of one’s field of course.)

[@SunshineJ4478]

The chip she is referring is the Taichi Photonic chip developed by TsingHua University in China. The diagram of the Taichi chip is shown in 11:18 of this video.

[@512Squared]

Well, definitely a separate video on how the photonic computing would work.

[@ryanmcgowan3061]

Isn't this video that video?

[@chrisfirgaira]

​@@ryanmcgowan3061he's referring to her comment at 4:30 about photon quantum computing at room temp :)

[@ryanmcgowan3061]

@@chrisfirgaira He must have forgot the word "quantum" then, because this whole video was basically how "photonic computing" works.

[@solosailorsv8065]

any university physics class will present a "light table" where lasers and lenses/prisms perform calculus operations at the speed of light. Very old an open tech. Many fighter jets from 30 years ago use "photonic processors" to achieve flight stabilization for example

[@cuteandfunnyearthlings2863]

Scientists from Tsinghua University China have developed Taichi photonic chip, if want to know more how it works then learn mandarin chinese.

[@dinarwali386]

This is very insightful and eloquently explained. Thank you Ana for posting it and please consider recording a video on quantum computers with photonics chip.

[@SunshineJ4478]

The chip she is referring is the Taichi Photonic chip developed by TsingHua University in China. The diagram of the Taichi chip is shown in 11:18 of this video.

[@Dina_tankar_mina_ord]

Coldfusion had an episode about the progress with graphene transisitors. Things are heating up. I love it. Thanks for a wonderfull reaserch news.

[@pyr0digm]

The video on analog computing by Undecided with Matt Ferrell is also worth mentioning.

[@Sven_Dongle]

bandgap too small.

[@dchdch8290]

actually she had an episode on graphene transistors as well, like two month ago: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rXjdc6ippbhsgKs

[@ZincFold]

Even with graphene's unique properties, photonic chips will be far more efficient.

[@acidGoatG]

weird world, eventually gaming PC RGB lights will actually increase performance 😅

[@ClayMann]

the term go fast stripe could end up being true. I love that more than I reasonably should.

[@SunshineJ4478]

The chip she is referring is the Taichi Photonic chip developed by TsingHua University in China. The diagram of the Taichi chip is shown in 11:18 of this video.

[@abh1yan]

Real scifi shit getting real

[@flyzeyefab]

I'm in the semiconductor industry (over 20 years) and this is fascinating! Thank you!

[@allenciuffo7576]

Thank you for making this phenomenally complex material comprehensible to a lay audience without simplifying it too much. I think you have hit the balance perfectly.

[@Cavewars]

i love the videos Ana uploads she breaks down complicated concepts for the uninformed like me and makes it interesting and fun

[@daruiraikage]

i subbed to your channel just by looking at the thumbnails and video titles. Now that i actually saw a video, im not disappointed. very informative.

[@chrisking7603]

I really appreciate all the effort you put into understanding the topics in order to distil a compact summary. Many thanks.

[@danielgharvell1739]

Thanks!

[@AnastasiInTech]

Thank you

[@herbieha]

Thanks!

[@kevinmjomba3394]

You explained it so well that a layman like me understood you 👏🏾

[@wolfvanghewitt3375]

I'm sure that I don't understand like I should, like being able to explain what you've said to an interested party but you are so BEAUTIFUL that i cant wait for the next one to drop.

[@JonS]

2:44 My father worked with Charles Kao at STL in Harlow, UK, but in a different team. My father developed the first plasma etcher while there. I can't say "invented" as the idea had been around for a while, but no one had been able to achieve useful etch rates before.

[@raul36]

Im sure you are proud of your father, man. Kudos

[@dianapennepacker6854]

Honestly ideas are cheap. I have ideas. I have ways to make those ideas work. Yet I will never make those ideas happen. Whomever makes the idea happen, and useful is the inventor.

[@thedubdude]

I love watching your videos. You are great at explaining things. Keep up the great work. Thanks. More photonics would be awesome.

[@kenzo111]

I appreciate the research needed to communicate this in a way that I can understand. Thank you. Your channel is one of my favourites!

[@marksanders4657]

I'm glad I found this channel. A friend of mine told me > 25 years ago that chips will be using light at some point. It made sense. Now here we are

[@ivantheterrible4317]

At some point in 2070-2080 when we will be dead. This technology matures too slow.

[@ZincFold]

@@ivantheterrible4317 The Taichi photonic chip featured in the video was developed in China. It is expected they will begin rolling these kinds of chips out within the next 3 years.

[@BrianFedirko]

Mattresses? Haha, oh, Matrices... Anastasi repeated what I thought to be "mattresses", until I put two and two together...Anastasi, please use a long "A" for that word as it will help with that beautiful accent you have, to a better understanding in English. She Rocks! In the realm of keeping us updated on esoteric chip design she's a Rock Star!!! Gr8! Peace ☮💜Love

[@joshau2346]

thats a racist comment

[@JosephOrgano-uc3re]

Your right, I thought I heard something wrong. But she's great !

[@barriewright2857]

I just love listening to your commentary on these scientific articles and explanation.

[@solapowsj25]

Wonderful. Important details have been presented very well.

[@babatumises.r.o.5568]

Díky!

[@AnastasiInTech]

Thank you

[@Arthur-ue5vz]

Anastasi, you have a good mind and you're very talented at making unimaginable complexity understandable for the average person. It also doesn't hurt that you so obviously love this field. I always enjoy hearing and seeing your intelligent deconstruction of advanced technologies. You're like the audience whistle-blower who reveals the how-I-did-it of magician's tricks! Not everyone has the skillset to pull this off but you do it - routinely! Every one of your presentations leaves me feeling a little smarter than I was before watching you. Thank you for your hard work and effort - it shows! I always look forward to your videos and I'm always glad that I watched them! Keep up the wonderful work!! 😊

[@longcimb]

Good presentation for someone who knows bit n bit of the working of photonic computing. Thanks to Tsinghua lab for the breakthrough. Hopefully this will break the US n Weat stranglehold on EUV machines in the future

[@scottwatschke4192]

Quantum photonic chip video would be awesome.

[@arkvsi8142]

You better eat a quantum bread

[@h1a8]

Quantum photonic AI being

[@beowulf2772]

kinda sounds like something from star trek

[@yeroca]

@@beowulf2772 I seem to remember "positronic network" or something similar in Data's brain. So they were using antimatter in their fiction :D

[@SunshineJ4478]

The chip she is referring is the Taichi Photonic chip developed by TsingHua University in China. The diagram of the Taichi chip is shown in 11:18 of this video.

[@Responsivefashiontech]

Nice summary of complex technology issues. I am in finance of sovereign funds where the investment into technology and value-add jobs is essential and understanding the future of technology development and commercialization is important. You do a good job in presenting not only the basics of complex technology development but also the issues of “gap” technology issues of commercialization.

[@keyscook]

Thank you for info on the latest advancements - Brilliant! - Cheers from Seattle 🍻 (very much appreciate your hard work)

[@Jandodev]

Excited for light based computers :)

[@zelogarno4478]

Thanks! I instal Opera from your link.

[@KarlieRuy]

your approach to content is so inspiring, keep up the great work!

[@JohnM-cf4rf]

I love how you said "Let me shine a light on it"! Hahaha, wonder how many caught that. You're not only intelligent but funny.

[@gator1984atcomcast]

I was in the Air Force at Edwards’s AFB in California in 1963 when s 23 year old soldier predicted that light would be used for computers. Electrons aren’t faster than electrons but communication with fiber optics suggests computation at the speed of information transfer.

[@petergerdes1094]

The hard part is that little red circle. Interference is relatively straightforward but if you don't do anything else you run into problems since light is linear so the smallest mismatch in the interfering signals can reveal a strong field far down the line. I presume they are either leaving the pure optical realm or using some unusual non-linear effect in the red circle but what is it?

[@rainaldkoch9093]

The speed limit is the round-trip time within that circle. If it is a hundred wavelengths long, the 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 s in the video's icon would correspond to a wavelength of the order of 3 nm. Off by two orders of magnitude. The nonlinearity is probably a change in the index of refraction depending on light intensity.

[@petergerdes1094]

@@rainaldkoch9093 Sorry, what is off by 2 orders of magnitude?

[@rainaldkoch9093]

@@petergerdes1094 The switching time is not 1 fs = 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 s but of the order of 100 fs, at best.

[@petergerdes1094]

@@rainaldkoch9093 Ok, but who said it was? Did she say it in the video and I missed it? I was just a bit confused bc it sounded like you thought I said that.

[@rainaldkoch9093]

@@petergerdes1094 1:11

[@calvingrondahl1011]

Anastasi, Thankyou for your insights into computer chips.

[@andrasbiro3007]

I've been hearing about photonic chips for 40 years now, so it's about time.

[@ZincFold]

Indeed, it probably would have taken longer if the U.S hadn't imposed the chip ban on China.

[@solosailorsv8065]

Great coverage of photonic processing. Not new though many jet fighters from 30 years ago use optical processing to achieve flight stabilization (same calculus being run continuously from sensors through near-instantaneous output) It interesting to see the "new chip technologies" to be commercialization of very expensive and proven military techniques from decades ago. RADAR to visual film was a great application of laser processors too, that goes back to the 1960's.....

[@platinumfalconm3891]

"Not new though many jet fighters from 30 years ago use optical processing to achieve flight stabilization" For example patent #5093802 publicly available from the US Patent office from 1989. Just the public patents show tech that is decades ahead of what the generally clueless population believes is new. AND the patent law has a classified section that is NOT publicly published. When an inventor files a patent the "classified section" decides IF it is to be classified "secret, top secret etc" The inventor is then made an offer "they can't refuse" and if those inventors have a problem with it......Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

[@antonberkbigler5759]

That makes me wonder about what the modern day military technologies are 🤔. Not that I’ll ever find out though.

[@ZincFold]

Not the same because the information from their optical sensors were still being processed by electrical based chips not photonic chips.

[@solosailorsv8065]

Good to know not all the tech is public , thanks !

[@springwoodcottage4248]

Fabulously clear, interesting & exciting! So useful to have all these new developments explained & described as the world moves relentlessly towards the remarkable power of AI that has the potential to be an extraordinarily great blessing for all of humanity. Thank you for sharing!

[@AnthonyElsom]

It's wonderful to be kept on top of leading edge development, You're doing an outstanding effort with this, Anastasi..Thank you so much and I'm always looking forward for your next delivery. 👌

[@dchdch8290]

this looks like the first useful optical computing chip. thanks a lot for this episode.

[@ZincFold]

It is China's response to the U.S chip ban.

[@jeffbrinkerhoff5121]

I'm bestowing to you my "Mr. Wizard" honor for your wonderful science explanations. Mr Wizard was a man named Don Herbert whose kids' tv show taught basic "tabletop" physics on a kitchen set with random kids. He was one of my heroes as a kid and as an adult for his kind respect towards the kids. In a similar fashion your pleasant concise delivery makes learning a joy. Thanks

[@mgeldern]

"Watch Mr. Wizard". Never missed it.

[@jeffbrinkerhoff5121]

@@mgeldern Mr Herbert died on my birthday, 12 June. I loved that guy.

[@_AmandeepSingh_]

This definetly going to power the next age of computing devices….I have been betting on this for a long time

[@matthewcalifana488]

Yes me too , Had the idea over 20 years ago . Also had an idea for a laser powered lawn mower two years later it was for sale for about a million dollars .

[@BatPoopBatPoopBatPoop]

@@matthewcalifana488sure buddy. Sure.

[@thetroytroycan]

What company should one invest? Graphine computing breakthrough major just announced too

[@BatPoopBatPoopBatPoop]

@@matthewcalifana488sure buddy, sure

[@wizzyoflegend2947]

What company is she talking about in this video??

[@nickush7512]

Splendid: in every possible which way. Very enjoyable instruction, learned a lot, thanks :)

[@collinstanton]

SHARED to my FB and Twitter/x and LinkedIn

[@AnastasiInTech]

Thank you

[@tahaatef8847]

I always love your interesting and exciting content on technology

[@ImagesOfCountries]

Awesome presentation ! ... 👍

[@aliceoliviermusic]

THANK YOU - your channel is one of the best of KZbin verry interessting content of high quality even visually verry nice - and your ever lasting smile a real pleasure again THANK YOU

[@BrianBrian-w2n]

I love these videos. Thank you for all the hard work you put into them

[@CCampana64]

This sounds very promising, thank you for explaining it so well 😊

[@overbe]

You are awesome! I like everything about this video. Your humor too :) Keep it up

[@climatesciencejournal]

Excellent explanation of aria in Opera, too, looks interesting. Thank you for the very competently presented discussion on photonic computing, Anastasi.

[@AnastasiInTech]

My pleasure!

[@LucasGalfaso]

Inside a fibre optics, light travels at 2/3 the speed of light in the vacuum. While this is indeed quite fast, it is not close to the fastest way to transfer information on earth. One way that it is faster is using mmW. Note: This later method has the drawback that there is a need for line of sight between the two ends, so it would not be a good replacement of the existing fibre optics network (and I think that not that many users care about the difference in latency).

[@swedishspymuseum]

Back in the 80's, I was working at the Swedish chip factory at RIFA (later Ericsson Components) in Kista outside of Stockholm i Sweden. I worked as a layout designer for CMOS and special projects. One day, I was requested to design a 8x8 multiplexer that used photons instead of electrons to communicate. We used a new material that was named LiNb (Lithium Neobath) and it had some exciting features. If you designed a junction between three LiNb traces as a "Y" and added a field plate on top of the junction, you could make photons jump between the two different legs of the Y. We managed to make the worlds fastest MUX and held the record for some weeks. The switching speed wasn't that impressive with today's standards however, the communications speed, was. It was fully possible to transmit femtosecond pulses and switch them between 8 different outputs from 8 different inputs. That was BACK IN THE 80's. I'm not sure what difficulty in the processes occur but we only made one batch of 5" wafers.

[@Wonders_of_Reality]

Настенька, спасибо Вам огромное за столь увлекательный рассказ о фотонных чипах! Будем надеется, что со временем они станут конкурировать с традиционными транзисторами. Следим за миниатюризацией. Рекламу не перематывала. Благодаря Вам узнала, что в «Опере» есть светлая тема! И отдельной строкой хочу отметить Вашу царственную причёску. Мужчины будут от Вас в восторге!

[@bobwheeler8101]

The jokes were really funny and the tongue in cheek commentary on inferring interference was an excellent follow up on the last episode. Additionally, the information was inspiring and I can’t wait to see more.

[@SureNuf]

Appreciate your hard work Anastasi, I learn so much from your videos. Thank you.

[@jasonneugebauer5310]

Awesome video. Very high potential technology. Thank you for your time and effort producing this content on photonic computing technology.

[@Reach4OurStar]

This is one the best chip videos on KZbin

[@pheonix-one]

Thank you for the explanation and for the layman’s view of the tech. It will be interesting to see how this will combine with layered chips.

[@WilLSOwNs]

I’ve used opera since the 90s, still do. So you lay them side by side and layer them for even more computational speed.

[@PythonAndy]

ngl i love this topic, could listen to it for days :)

[@venkatasaipatnana8408]

excellent way explaining, i am so glad

[@pouryaahmadi615]

Hello, its been a long time that this topic has been on my mind? Thank you for your updated information 👏👏👍👍

[@JBdeCABOURG]

Laser is a coherent light because only 1 waves go out not necessary focused ;) , the best way to use photonics is in using matrice you can calulate all matrice in 1 times ;)

[@edwardpaulsen1074]

Fascinating delve and update into a subject long in the mostly speculative world. Thank you!

[@AnastasiInTech]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@dilaton1]

Very interesting. So much has changed in the industry since I retired 12 years ago, it's hard to keep up. Also I've used Opera for years, solves all the little irritants of Chrome and Firefox, but this is the first time I've seen it advertised.

[@gator1984atcomcast]

Electrons have waves too. For instance, the electron microscope uses electrons instead of photons to imagine. In like manner, electron waves could be used to compute at higher clock speeds than light.

[@SwanOnChips]

Thanks for pointing out the overall energy requirements comparison with semiconductor chips. From an SoC design methodologist.

[@JustWasted3HoursHere]

Classic computing has kind of been stuck on a certain plateau for a while now and we need a big breakthrough to move on to the next thing. Photonic computing is probably 10 years away for practical home applications, but it's exciting to see the first steps.

[@dijikstra8]

This is very interesting. I would love a follow-up, it appears there is now a Taichi II chip.

[@paulfrayne6519]

Absolutely yes, make another video about this technology!❤

[@bdr420i]

How are you Italian and based in Singapore 😮 your accent is amazing and your content is breathtaking, thank you ❤

[@ZincFold]

I was hoping you'd cover China's indigenously developed Taichi photonic chip and you most certainly delivered. Thank you.

[@valentinofshteyn9246]

Yes, please, make more videos on photoinc computing.

[@SevenDeMagnus]

Cool, we'd like Anastasi to create another video about it. God bless.

[@GiC7]

Thanks, master lecture, be blessed sister

[@AaronJames2780]

This is ....just so amazingly cool.

Thank you for this wonderful and informative video about this new tech.

[@Henshusuru]

Brilliance and beauty combined. Anastasi too, of course 😄 Unfortunately this will take quite some time till it reaches the consumer market.

[@ButlerBeachTray]

@anastasiintech Not only do you have a stunningly beautiful mind, but you compliment it with great, and much appreciated humor - I love the inclusion of your cat in showing the REAL value of lasers! :D I believe capturing and training photons to participate in our processing needs is the holy grail of computing... As you say, "1000 times" speed improvement. LOve the vids!

[@waynelast1685]

17:13 is there a concise way to visualize compare the operating efficiency between photonic and electronic chips? I’m somewhat confused. For example… # devices x # operations/sec x # channels… ? Then we can see how much improvement is needed? They have miniature lasers now which are not the size of a table, so why can’t these be integrated on a “ board” or chip?

[@D.u.d.e.r]

Reminds me of what Optalysis once offered now upgraded to next level. Great vid, thx for sharing😉

[@shotgunfred6708]

Fantastic work

[@Dbean48]

I did enjoy the explanation of this next generation optical operation and new functions and 40million configurations and quantities of information being processed while still actively being passed on through the logic gates, light frequencies 🌈 by color and phasing technique of synchronous waves versus differing interfaces wave creates attenuation light intensity of information for control out of 1 to 0.. 💥 You definitely need to make the quantum computing interface clip. Thank you for the breakdown for those trying to understand the new generation photonics’-chips..😎🗝🙏🏼✝️🇺🇸

[@Br3Br2Br1]

ho scoperto il tuo canale solo ora! Video molto interessante! brava! ....guarderò gli altri tuoi video...

[@bitegoatie]

One has to start somewhere. Miniaturization takes time. Doing reconfigurable complex calculations at relevantly higher speeds than traditional silicon components has long been a hurdle left for early photonics chips to achieve before we could consider them for general-computing tasks. With this set of new developments, we see a real path forward on these issues - with actual hardware to show for the modeling and preliminary research. That is already a huge leap forward for light-based computing. Working through the problems of scaling gets a huge boost because of the parallelism and speed you rightly highlight. If progress happens on that as quickly as this development did, with this new chip/set, the miniaturization issues will have plenty of length of runway with which to work. Analogue and photonics are looking increasingly important going forward. Thanks for sharing your impressions of the Tai Chi and the field.

[@richardsparks4207]

TY for this explanation & creating this video.❤

[@chabanehacene]

I love this channel so much. All your are like "the chip that will change everything" and it's true everytime 😮 This is why TwoMinutepaper says "what a time to be aliiiiive"

[@davidoakdale7603]

This looks very promising! And thanks for the asmr 😊 :)

[@mgeldern]

Just a little ditty from the past... At Bell Labs (where the Laser was invented for the eventual Maser application to fiber optics which was also invented there), in around 1991 there was a small group of Physicists that were developing a "quanta gate" that they hoped could eventually evolve to replace the transistor (also invented there) based 4 and 5 ESS (electronic super switches) in their Central offices. The Bell System was broken up shortly after, and the labs were disbanded into what is now a Nokia office complex. Love your videos and your enthusiasm. I wish you were my daughter. 🙂

[@Leadvest]

I mean moving photons around aught to be more efficient than moving electrons around right? I feel like this all really comes down to the discovery that high purity silica fibers can transmit signals orders of magnitude further than the shoddy stuff originally used to assess the value of the technology. That, and all the other material property discoveries made over the past 40 years in the field of optics finally coming into practice. Silicon photonic computing being a bit of an academic/business community effort in Europe right now and all. As far as I know Bell labs also headed the movement to continue analog telephony over digital. Which would have been unreasonably expensive, and overcomplex, but arguably could have lead to a ground up analog internet. We could have had live video conferencing over fiber optics in the 60s. Worth noting that there's still a similar planning, and funding problem holding us back now, we even "over-invested" in fiber infrastructure at one infamous point telecoms history(although there were bigger problems at the time, and the public was hungry for scapegoats). The complexity scaling of continued analog development would put the timeline in a comparative stall-out for a while, but at some point the high exponential growth on continua data computing would blow digital out of the water. I like to think we met the problem somewhere in the middle and used digital as a well timed stop-gap. 🙂

[@laymer7]

⁠​⁠​⁠@@Leadvest Currently working at Nokia myself. Nothing related to the Bell Labs department but still in the area of large-scale telecom. I think you're spot on with your conclusion. There is an aspect of telecommunications that we often forget : it's not only phone calls, but also the Internet. There is an high degree of complexity at the application level in order for us to enjoy the benefits of watching KZbin in 4K from any device anywhere in the world. Intuitively I would say the bottleneck is the pace at which we can route traffic, which is more of a decision making process rather than purely scaling up. Perhaps now is the time for another step forward, or should I say "a step backwards". Exploring the past and the technological discoveries we discarded might allow us to make further progress than we think.

[@electrolab2624]

I much like the way you explain the principles and mechanics involved in chip construction. Had no need to correct your terminology. Obviously, you know how to explain what you are talking about which is far more important than the exact wording. Having said that, the way you clarified this here was fun! - Very interesting video, thank you.

[@alfredogonzalez1280]

Great explanation !!

[@dlorde]

ISTR hearing about chip-scale tunable lasers a while ago, which would certainly help with miniaturisation...

[@vtrandal]

@3:25 DWDM comes to mind as you're reviewing the history of photonics. DWDM is dense wavelength division multiplexing which is an unfortunate name. Fortunately, the entire electromagnetic spectrum upto some limit (wavelengths approaching the Planck length) seems to obey the mathematics of orthogonal decomposition as in linear systems.

[@KAKA-qh5ql]

What is the size of the optical chip? Do wavelengths need a distance in order for their ripples to form in some way?