Dr. Bret Scher - 'Low Carb Diets - Known Benefits, Theoretical Concerns'

Dr Bret Scher graduated from Stanford University with a B.S. in biology in 1994 and then Ohio State University Medical School with a M.D. in 1998. He is a board certified cardiologist from San Diego who also works with clients as an online health coach at LowCarbCardiologist.com. He completed a preventive cardiology fellowship at Scripps Clinic in San Diego and has been in practice for over 15 years helping people reverse and prevent heart disease.
Dr. Scher also has a passion for spreading the message of prioritising health and has run the Low Carb Cardiologist Podcast as well as The Diet Doctor Podcast. He is currently the Medical Director at Diet Doctor, has an active blog and authored the book, 'Your Best Health Ever! The Cardiologist’s Surprisingly Simple Guide to What Really Works'.
Please consider supporting Low Carb Down Under via Patreon. A small monthly contribution will assist in the costs of filming and editing these presentations and will allow us to keep producing high quality content free from advertising. For further information visit; / lowcarbdownunder

[@winnac01]

Keto changed my life 320lb to 185lb over 3 years my weight has stayed stable at 185 for 18 months, total reversal of type 2 diabetes, im in better health at 48 than I was at 28. My doctor is delighted with all my numbers.

[@y.g.1313]

Wow, good.. yet, r u sure the doctor is delighted? Maybe just putting fake smile on, being scared sh*tless inside, since this is dead end for ALL his tools in his pitiful toolbox (big pharma junk)

[@LittleRadicalThinker]

Same can be done with vegan, must be whole food, no French fries no beer. But it’s true “clean” keto diet is human’s miracle diet. Sadly I wasn’t able to get to keto level, but I was able to lose 20 lbs over a year. Sometimes it’s just so sad to see the vegans, like those vegan godfather figures like the one mentioned by Dr Scher, Neal Bernard , kept saying keto only solve the symptoms, getting rid of obesity even diabetes, but refused to acknowledge keto is the solution. 😅 Not sure if their brains are wired properly.

[@aspinallsandy4810]

Well done

[@eugenesmith8420]

Thank goodness I was so happy on thanksgiving and our friendship of our ofamily and our Orlando and ofamily our ouro is grateful oour we will owill have to miss oout ok lol our family our our hearts our of Orlando and Orlando are ok owith thank ook ok we will our 😂😥

[@kostar500]

Do u fast on a daily basis?

[@johnc.8298]

Thank you so much "Low Carb Down Under" for this fabulous "community service" you have provided to the world. The people in the audience either paid to travel to this symposium or paid to attend or both. This symposium cost much money to host yet you offer it here free to all who desire to benefit. I also thank your audience who willingly paid to attend and thus made it possible for the world to benefit. My thanks to all of you!

[@rosalbadelriogarcia9598]

I second that and I'm sure there are many too that can appreciate that you said and that we all appreciate it. Thx always to all that are willing to always appreciate them that are so helpful to all of us..

[@stephenn3727]

Bret Scher is a true hero. I wonder how many lives he has saved with his message. Thank you sir!

[@largejack1000]

Apart from where he calls for AI to be mixed with humans.

[@Waitaminutesilly]

@@largejack1000 Like or not, AI is here to stay and it is inevitable

[@LittleRadicalThinker]

This is like, watching low carb down under and diet doctor at the same time!

[@patriciawalters6778]

Not "like"! That's exactly what it is!

[@patriciajohnson9299]

The last Doctor I had told me that my Low Carb Lifestyle was “Extreme”!! She actually said it in a confrontational tone…. I knew I would be discontinuing my coverage through that Plan after that statement. I decided then that I would stop looking for a better more knowledgeable up to date Doctor & just have medical insurance as in HMO & order my own Blood Test & Educate myself to try and monitor my own Health.

[@touchofgrace3217]

If a doctor ever tells me a low carb diet is “extreme” I am going to point them to the Institute of Medicine who says point blank that carbohydrate is not an essential nutrient. Hmmm, if carbohydrate is not essential then the only two nutrients that need to be consumed is fat and protein. A balanced diet would then become a 1:1 ratio of protein to fat by weight (which of course is a ketogenic diet). It seems to me filling half to two-thirds of your diet with an unnecessary nutrient is extreme. 😆😆

[@kenadams5504]

@@touchofgrace3217 Also , seed oils in processed Food cause oxidation of ldl that ,with glycation of ldl , results in "small dense " ldl (the troublesome ldl). Don't just eliminate carbs/sugar without also eliminating seed oils; (the oils that are included in most Processed Food /Supermarket Food).

[@corinnegaleria4387]

I had a doctor tell me my Carnivore lifestyle was a terrible lifestyle ...he was plant based and actually pushed it on me! I made sure to never have an appt w him again! How unprofessional....I had lost 124 lbs naturally, got rid of my asthma, joint pain, depression and anxiety and a huge lost of other things..yet he said it's terrible lolol

[@mikewhiting5707]

With all the evidence of low carb, how is it not negligence and malpractice by physicians not applying this medicine in their practice?

[@gloriaharbridge4986]

I agree.

[@EarmuffHugger]

The institution is seriously freaking out. Probably why WHO wants to keep jabbing everybody.

[@eatdafat7101]

I’m sure your question is rhetorical, but with big food/agra, pharmaceuticals, and insurance funding and sponsoring the medical boards and schools the guidelines won’t change to hurt their business models. Unless the conflicts of interest get severed, I don’t see the guidance changing and we'll continue with the small population of independent thinking physicians and common folks questioning the nonsense.

[@pointshealthcoaching8474]

Yup. And there's more where that comes from... keep looking

[@rogerveal1336]

That's simple. Tried convincing someone to try Keto? Addiction and convenience win every time. It takes real conviction to cut out sugar, wheat and seed oil which cuts out all processed food. Generally I see converts that have a medical emergency to motivate them to get educated.

[@DoctorJanakaWannaku]

such a great information. Thanks a ton. Low Carb is really making a change in peoples lives.

[@healthylongevity5051]

This fellow sure is a fountain of wisdom!

[@michelegreen4522]

Absolutely love Brett. One of the best speakers I listen too. Xxx

[@faimohkihfaimohkih8223]

This was great! Thanks so much Dr. Sher! One my favorite podcasts/KZbin channels on nutrition and health!!

[@Pinkorchid72]

I love Dr. Bret Scher!

[@떡볶이나리]

That was an amazing talk!! Really enjoyed it a lot!!

[@cassieoz1702]

Oh how your presentation style has 'polished' over the last four years. An engaging and informative precis of the subject as always

[@djmingia0981]

Never understood a physicians reluctance to schedule a CAC before throwing statins at people.

[@sherryllynnjones7077]

Thank God I get hives as soon as I take a Statin!🙏❤️🙏👵

[@YourLifeRedefined]

I absolutely love these talks but wish that they’d include the studies in the notes. Also, why is Dr. Eric Westman wearing a facial decoration? 😂

[@Broeske3]

Great post. I wish you post the link of the studies in the description. Thank you.

[@eugeniebreida1583]

Please - provide us links or Slides! (videographer showed seldom/too fast)

[@scoobtoober2975]

Walk in lab is a good site. I used once. Easy to just type it in. I did a lab quest regular blood and metabolic panel. But labcor now does the NMR, or advance lipid panel. Which includes A1C. YAY. It is 250$ but well worth it. The base blood test is good to see. If you are hyper responder and high LDL or TG then get the advanced. This variation in people is very tough to wade through. Thanks for helping break some of this down to what matters.

[@Norman_Gunstan1]

Thank you for this 😁

[@scoobtoober2975]

I'm glad to hear the radiation dose is getting less. My in-laws have a history of the contrast dye causing major inflammation and some times major events. One description was, it was like battery acid being sent in. Their body was set on fire inside. I hope this change can help that.

[@JamesBond-wx3nz]

🏆Excellent Video!!!🏆👍 Beginning to end, including the Q & A🏆

[@billb5732]

Engineer POV: Calcium tells us that there was injury IN THE PAST. Soft plaque means INJURY HAPPENING NOW. Statin or not?: Treat current condition; not past (assuming better diet now). In absence of plaque score, high TG:HDL and/or HOMA-IR (maybe A1c) tells us more than LDL-c. LP-IR looks like an excellent tool, but mostly tracks with A1c.

[@OIOnaut]

Good Talk. LoL that blue penguin is an adult King Penguin with frost on its feathers so a normal individual as all the chicklings will become as such in time. Good analogy :)

[@jack6111]

It's Kinda funny, because blue penguins are already a species of penguin anyway. But they are rear.

[@jobrown8146]

Excellent - thank you.

[@LawofMoses]

I have lost almost 80 pounds, from 215 to 140 by eating only between noon and 6pm and I stopped all sugar and carbs and also eat kosher. I have experienced 2 syncope incidents though and not sure what's going on. I do still actually eat some carbs such as rice based pasta and potato.

[@francinedavis7224]

Do you get enough salt?

[@cybersal7]

Are you on BP medication’s? Also, have you tried artichoke pasta you can’t be on low carb if you’re having the two you mentioned.

[@떡볶이나리]

Yay, Bret!! 🌸

[@scoobtoober2975]

I'm guessing i'm not a hyper-responder. I want to share my results. On the SAD diet. HDL was 42, ldl was 142 , tg 85, one year ago. Have been doing LCHF OMAD mostly 4 month of it. hdl 53, ldl 133 (chart says high >100), tg 64. Then 2 more months after this last tests. Results are hdl 62, ldl 106 tg 134. total cholesterol went from 192 to 204 to 191. I fell way better, lots 50 pounds 212 to 168, muscle added. 6 month change is what this diet/lifestyle has been. bp 150/90 ish to 115/70 ish. It does fluctuate like most. But somewhere in there. Moderate exercise and resistance training. A bit more than in the past year. Compared to the past 6 months. Previous i was avoiding red meat and saturated, but not a focus. I would eat fast food trash often and was hungry right after. We'd eat bread and butter most days. Red meat 3 out of 7 days a week. Skip meat once a weak. Now it's meat meat meat. Every day all the time. OMAD or TMAD. I wake up on time and usually early, less alarm clocks are needed. Pants do not stay on my thin hips. LOL Love you doctors that care and know what can work for lots of people in the situation.

[@maxim0697]

Glad that the title says there are no concerns

[@Bazza1968]

I'm 54/M ketovore for 2 years, last (home- Mission 3 in 1) blood test gave TC 442, LDL 362, HDL 66 and TGL 70....In rural Scotland, NHS is on it's knees ready to be sold off to the salivating private sector and don't even want to get a test done at the docs as they are GP's- "GENERAL" Practitioners who know nothing about nutrition and would be obsessed with getting me on statins, they're jack of all trades so to speak. Blood pressure is fine, generally IF on 2MAD, fasted BG seems fine, again never had any tests for insulin either but last PF was 14 days late Oct 21 so that's probably ok!! Cycle a lot, recently maxed the ticker out at 181bpm and I'm still standing.... Any advice as to where to go from here? Nearest "affordable" private CAC is 600 miles away, or should I go for one of the "23andme" type tests and find out APOB status? (Docs could maybe do this but first I'd need a blood test to freak them out, then fight off their cheap/quick solution of statins and ask for CAC scan and a gene test, and tell them I have none of the criteria otherwise for FH than high LDL)

[@susanwood4927]

Hi Barry. I am interested to see your comment as I am in similar predicament here in UK... 53, Keto since Feb2022 and feeling amazing. Received a request from GP Surgery for routine Health Check blood tests. In retrospect it was a mistake to go along as LDL 317, HDL 181 TGL 23. My GP is concerned...has written statin prescription which I refused and is referring me to Lipid Centre... All my other blood markers are good, BP too and I am IF 2MAD. I have never felt better and like so many on LC have seen improvements across the board with sleep, energy, focus, muscle strength etc etc etc. I keep fit, don't smoke or drink and based on my research I actually feel I fit the profile of Lean Mass Hyper Responder. When I mentioned this I think my GP thought I'd lost the plot. My gut instinct is to ignore and carry on as before but my family are obv concerned and want me to get checked out at Lipid Centre. I'm assuming they want to rule out FH... (Ps. the nurse who carried out my health check felt I should put on some weight and suggested a few more spoonfuls of sugar in my tea. What a joke!)

[@vas4739]

Would LOVE for someone to “update “ my cardiologist. I’m doing keto/IF anyway even though he objects. Willful ignorance or cognitive dissonance…. Whatever!

[@LTPottenger]

He makes a lot of money putting those 19 stents in you

[@samuelreiter6412]

If he’s a pill pusher, you aren’t a good client.

[@vas4739]

@@samuelreiter6412 you’ve got that right. He as usual tries each year to push statin & baby aspirin to which my current retort is “Why? Am I statin or aspirin deficient???” What irritates me is my PCP’s acceptance of “reference range” and I’ll keep on my keto/IF regardless of their or anyone else’s opinion.

[@vas4739]

@@LTPottenger I agree, it’s sad…

[@vas4739]

@@LTPottenger I’m a pat down client with the TSA at the airport.

[@terkelalgevind529]

My doctors office including all 5 doctors here, lægekompagniet nordals, wanted to diagnose me with a psychosis diagnosis for asking to many questions and a study on LDL like this to them.... I have been loosing so much weight, from nearly morbidly obese to nearly a six pack and 2.5 inches extra around the biceps, bigger shoulders and a insane back and gluttes that make most women jealous. But because I put questionmark at the doctors office wanting me to pull back from all the fat and low carb I eat to become so shredded, they tried to have me impounded with psychiatrics drugs for daring asking any sort of questions!!!!! Anyone else have problems? I cant seem to find a doctors office who is "keto or lchf friendly". Denmark is worse off then the USA, I think, at least from personal experience I see way more then 68% obesity in the men and about 80% in women around here....

[@cankerbloom9015]

Wow. I did not expect that from the Danes

[@DebraRN1195]

Wow, I thought the USA was the fattest country.

[@EricaNernie]

I just stay away from doctors altogether. Makes life easier. I only use them for a "full blood count" every 2 years. If they suggest a statin, I just say "I'll look into it".

[@eugeniebreida1583]

@@cankerbloom9015 Unless it’s changed a good bit since I was last there … very well proportioned, fish and dairy/cheese eating people.

[@stevec3872]

2 years ago just as I was starting keto I asked for a CAC test & my score was 474--high & so my dr. offered to put me on a statin but I said "no". On keto I lost 40 lbs & my trg/hdl ration went below 1. So last week I asked my dr. if I could have another CAC test since it had been 2 years with a major lifestyle change & he ordered one for me. I hope it will be lower than the 474 of 2 years ago.

[@DebraRN1195]

Let us know your score!

[@xKoNFuZioNx]

What were the test results? :)

[@ZeeshanKhan-ij4qs]

what is ur result

[@DK-pr9ny]

I have the same results and Dr Scher is also recommending a statin. How did your next scan come back?

[@Shakerhood69]

Did your score come down?

[@eugeniebreida1583]

Note to Videographer: Show us The Slides!! This vid is having me tear my hair out!

[@pointshealthcoaching8474]

Ppl who have lipedema (disordered fat accumulation of lower extremities) also do better with keto/ low carb

[@jokekelleey2071]

You get addicted to food and habits and taste so if you use a little bit of willpower and start eating right foods then you're going to get addicted to eating right I think it works every time

[@majipoorcat]

I agree but it is hard. Even though I am full it still takes willpower to stop. For a brunch today I made regular coffee cake cupcakes for those who wanted. (Not everyone like alternative sugars). and keto/low carb muffins for those who want it. I only ate the low-carb but I had a second one later in the day. I didn’t eat the bagels, just cucumbers with the lox. The choice I make is to be healthy. Still something was missing but I was satisfied.

[@contrarian717]

Joke great comment so true for me. I was chocolates, condensed milk and fruit. I've changed to macadamia nutbutter (I freeze it) and eggs without bread and also avo. And after 4 years of this I'm honestly still addicted to the taste. When in a queue at a till and I see a chocolate, I know my nutbutter waits for me and I'm setlled immediately. When I see people with a nice hamburger and fries I know deep inside my healthy perfectly made scrambled eggs are just as nice. Etc etc etc

[@vas4739]

CAC test was not recommended for me because I have 19 cardiac stents (full metal jacket) and was told they would show as shadows on the test.

[@barblacy619]

Trust God and soldier on with your low carb diet! Your goal of optimum health is attainable whatever the baseline you start with. Be vigilant in your food choices and avoid all that poisons. I’m praying for your continued success on your journey. Bless you.

[@mikewagenbach1787]

Maybe look into a CIMT test instead?

[@vas4739]

@@barblacy619 you are most kind, thx so much. Nxt month is 4 years of my keto journey and my PCP called me yesterday telling me I don’t need any blood draws fo resting my markers (since I had it done in April) because I’m doing great. He suggested if I want to evaluate my journey to wait until late September. So in spite of my cardiologist who’s against keto I don’t need to see him either.

[@michaeldillon3113]

There was a comment about iodine reaction regarding angiography. Dr Ken Berry ( who I have the greatest respect for despite my ongoing vegetarian tendencies !) has done a pretty convincing video that debunks the iodine ' reaction ' myth .

[@longyang888]

I live in Sydney west, Australia. Anyone knows of any cardiologist/ GP who is not obsessed with LDL and Cholesterol, but more concern on Insulin Resistance and Inflammation as the major cause of heart disease ? Please kindly let me know. Thank you very much.

[@contrarian717]

Your question is actually so funny, so ironic. Weird world we live in! Try get info from Dr Mason office?

[@EricaNernie]

You'll be out of luck, I'm afraid. GPs are more or less forced to follow the guidelines of their organisation (or risk being sued/disbarred). So do your research, and go with information. They will just note in their files "discussed xyz with patient. Non-compliant" to cover themselves, even if they know/suspect in their heart of hearts that the whole cholesterol/heart link is a scam. Check out Dr Paul Mason and his talks.

[@sherryllynnjones7077]

@DrPaulSaladino. Been watching Dr. Ken Berry, saw your interview & following now. I've been Dx with CKD stage 4a. Can I do Keto or Carnivore, please??? Thank you very much!🙏❤️🙏👵

[@johnny7808]

its easy to take one of his comments out of context so I'm gonna point it out. He was very surprised that those with ldl>190 and persistent zero cac had the highest likelihood of avoiding ascvd in the Razavi study. But its actually not surprising when you consider the comparison cohorts, as second place belongs to those with a 7%-20% 10-year risk which is of course a known at-risk group. I really wish that study had a cohort that was not an at-risk group to see how it compares to the high ldl group.

[@jmwhitt]

You mention vit k2. A recent study showed that it does nothing to reduce plaque. Can you back up why you still use it?

[@CynCopeland-TheAnswerIsMeat]

32:00 - so many points in this talk I was nodding and thinking 'this guy is providing SO MUCH insight and guidance' resisted commenting each time ;-) However at this point, and being a Blue Penguin, his comment about me not being an average patient is a sad reality.

[@scoobtoober2975]

Talked with another, they said. You wont like what I eat for breakfast. I said, hold on. I bet I will like it. He didn't believe me. They eat eggs and sausage and a biscuit just about every day. Or cereal. They were 89 and flying on a plane with no chaperones. They travel all the time. I said eat the eggs and meat, skip the cereal. Very active, even if they were both obese and medicated in various ways. I think the saturated fat has protective effects for sure. I gave them my two cents and hope they keep moving. They've heard of keto and one meal a day. Or twice a day. They stick to that in general. I did say i'm not a dr and your dr wouldn't want to hear this stuff anyways.

[@jokekelleey2071]

Stop eating sugar bread basically when I say stop do a fast for a couple months and then just eat a little bit everyday because I see people eat sugar bread everyday and that's all they eat everyday is sugar bread and fruit

[@vas4739]

What do stents look like on CAC score & any dangers of the 4 milisieverts?

[@lynnewilley9464]

My state of NY you can't get labs outside your doc WHY ??

[@lovinglife3847]

The system is corrupt. Same situation in Michigan.

[@I_need_a_better_username]

Cut out added sugar. No fast food and sodas. Eat low glycemic fruits and vegetables. Don’t worry so much about carbs. Especially if you exercise moderately

[@waynerichardson1051]

Exactly!

[@thalesnemo2841]

Modern fruits are just toxic tree candies! Too high in fructose and too high in glucose! Carbs are NOT essential in the human diet. Best just to eat fatty meats !

[@NessaNZ]

Flour is still a problem etc

[@greendeane1]

Call it the halberg trial

[@jokekelleey2071]

Use a little willpower and start eating right and I think you'll become accustomed to the food and then you prefer good food over bad food witches to name a few bread and sugar chips Doritos soda alcohol bread vegetable seed oil it's actually not oil vegetable

[@RA-sd1kf]

I had hypercholesterolemia show up after taking an aromatase inhibitor following breast cancer. Just an fyi to the one person.

[@banjobandasan3725]

salute!

[@yannisvaroufakis9395]

I’m 66 and have a bit of hypertension. My dilemma however is that I am seriously UNDERweight and need to bulk up (endomorphic, 6’ tall, 139lbs). If I can be this skinny (and I have been all my life- I was 128-130 at 17) eating an entire pizza for lunch, how can a Low cab Keto diet benefit me?

[@lf7065]

It would stir you toward a more nutrient dense diet, one that is high in potassium which you might be lacking. A pizza is very high in sodium and lacking in nourishing vitamins and minerals. It's also full of additives, and very high in refined carbs and oils. You could be headed towards a stroke or heart failure. Potassium and magnesium in fresh produce is protective. Fresh animal foods like steak and cream are rich in healthy saturated fat and can help you gain weight.

[@chandrakantkanase2971]

agree that carbs are not essential nutrients because humans can make carbs / glucose as needed. We have a system for gluconeogenesis which uses amino acids and glycerol for glucose synthesis as required - but the mechanism is inefficient one . The daily capacity of human being for gluconeogenesis is estimated to be about 2.8 gm / kg body weight / day . About 200 gm / day for an adult weighing 70 kg. But if we consume carbs ( only sufficient enough) then requirement for protein will go down. Body will use ingested carbs for obligatory requirement. In this case proteins would be preferably used for other body functions. Would it be advisable to to eat carbs up to 120 to 200 gm / day so as to spare proteins for other body functions ? - protein sparing effect of carbs. Obviously the carbs should be unprocessed and no sugar !!! Any scientific argument would be appreciated -

[@dort5436]

CAC is not standard care. So jumping to CTA with much higher cost makes no cents

[@scoobtoober2975]

I've poked and prodded obease people i talk with. Friends or not. One example was a guy 50 pounds overweight, at least. Was trying so hard to eat right and exercise a little. The very common theme is they don't exercise much because they are overweight and hurt and are mentality drained. But with the one person, was trying and trying. They drank coffee, i said ok. Then said, oh i put some cream in it. ok, real heavy cream. Yes. I also add some honey. I only eat once a day. I can't loose any weight. Do you take a nice multi-vitamin. yes. I said, just keep the honey out. They said ok. I'm going to try that. 6 days, only. 16 pounds lost. They said, it's incredible. I can not believe it. Many are stuck in the liver/fat hypothesis. If you can't get you liver to take fat out of the reserves you will not loose weight. It fights you on it if you keep feeding it tiny amounts of carbs or sugar. I attest to this. I struggled with this type of problem my whole life. I would do one meal a day, but then gourge on that wrong things. For me the jam was potatoes or natcho chips. Super fat holding and storing with little energy given up right away. I would snack and eat 5 times a day and be hungry right after. Beef and cream, that is. I think for me that is highly sustainable. For 6 months of doing this. I needed a good multi-vitamin to get my body regulated again. Now I don't need it. If you feel good and have good energy. Keep it up. Get some proper blood work. Follow this KZbin channel. Bret thanks for keeping up with this and saving lots of lives. Mine was saved by lustig "sugar the bitter truth" and a guy in the comments saying OMAD. I never heard of that. It was paramount to my weight loss and energy success. I can exercise a whole bunch and feel great doing it. i dreaded running or doing anything, strenuous. I was an athlete in from 10 years to 25 years. I was never a good top performer. I was puffy and not happy. Now it feels super good today. I plan to do some competitive things again and hope to do better. Also, my balance before was trash. I think it'll get better now. If you have sore legs or PN. Hand stands every day. Or get an inversion table. You have to re-train your veins and cardiovascular to get that blood down and back from you legs. Cold showers too.

[@christopherellis2663]

The image of a boring consumerist existence

[@tonybennett638]

👍

[@user-rn3rn6nl3h]

So basically.... the medical industry at large is more driven by profit than health. 🤯 Hmm..... Where else have I seen this, right, the past two years...

[@jmwhitt]

Most of us are acquiring soft plaque as we age, and cad kills most people, good idea to do what you can to lower cholesterol, including taking a statin. Stains have few side effects.

[@oldbiker9739]

statins only give you 5 to 10 more days , lol

[@bossadave]

Can you please do shorter summary videos of 10 minutes not all of use have 90 mins to spare. Thanks